Programming Logic & OOP

Programming Logic & OOP’s Concept
Basic understanding of any computer program

• Any activity whether in the real world or software world, can be broken into separate phases:
• The first phase is called the input phase
• The second phase is called the process phase
• The last phase is called the output phase
• The cycle of activities performed by a computer is referred to as the Input-Process-Output cycle or the I-P-O
cycle
• A computer consists of several components
• Each component participates in either one of the input, process, or output phases
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Cont’d…
• A computer is designed to accept input, process it, and generate output
• A set of instructions to perform a task is called a program
• A number of programs together form an application

Role of Flowchart
Flowcharts
• A flowchart is a graphical representation of the steps to be followed for solving a problem.
• It consists of a set of symbols.
• Each symbol represents a specific activity.

Flowchart Symbols
Symbols Used in Flowcharts
Symbol Activity
Input
Processing
Output
Decision
Subroutine

Cont’d…
Symbols Used in Flowcharts (Contd.)
Symbol Activity
Flow lines
Terminator
On page connector
Off page connector
Annotation

Example
Example:
Flowchart for preparing tea Start
The Steps for Preparing tea
Input Water, Sugar,

Tea Leaves, and Milk
Boil the Ingredients
Tea is Prepared
Stop

Cont’d…
Example:
Flowchart for manipulating numbers
Start
Get a Number
Add 1 to the Number
Display the Number
Stop

Cont’d…
Drawing Simple Flowcharts (Contd.)
Start
Input Units Sold
Input Unit Price
Multiply Units Sold

By Unit Price
Print Total Sale

Value
Stop

Quiz Time
• Rearrange the following steps in the order of correct sequence to add two numbers and draw a flowchart for
the same:
▪ Get the First Number
▪ Display the Result
▪ Stop
▪ Add the Two Numbers
▪ Get the Second Number
▪ Start

Cont’d…
• Draw a flowchart to accept five numbers and display the sum of the numbers.
• Draw a flowchart to input any number, multiply it by 2, and display the result.

Example
Variables and Constants
• Example:
▪ Flowchart to display the sum of two numbers
Start
Accept the
First Number
Accept the
Second Number
Add the two Numbers

and Store the Result
Display the Result
Stop

Variables
Variables and Constants (Contd.)
• The internal memory consists of different locations in which data is stored.
• A computer needs to identify the memory locations to be able to retrieve values from or store values in
them.
• The value of a variable changes each time the set of instructions is executed.

Constants
• The values stored in the variables are known as constants.
Constants
10 15 25
nNum1 nNum2 nSum
Variables

Example
• Example:
• Flowchart to display the sum of two numbers using variables
Start
Accept nNum1
Accept nNum2
nSum = nNum1 + nNum2
Display nSum
Stop

Example
Just a minute
• Draw a flowchart to accept item name, price, and quantity. You need to calculate the value as the product of
price and quantity, and display the calculated value and the item name using variables.
Start
character cltemName
numeric nPrice, nQuantity, nValue
Accept cItemName
Accept nPrice
Accept nQuantity
nValue = nPrice * nQuantity
Display cItemName, nValue
Stop

Decision making
• Many problems require decisions to be made.
• All decisions may or may not state an action to be taken if the condition is false.
• Following is a flowchart segment to compare two numbers and check for equality.
Is nNum1 = No
nNum2 ?
Yes
Display “The Display “The

numbers are numbers are
equal” not equal”

Example
• Example:
▪ Accept two numbers and print the larger of the two numbers
Start
numeric nNum1,
nNum2
Accept nNum1
Accept nNum2

Cont’d…
Is Yes Display “ The

nNum1=nNum2? numbers are equal”
No
Is Yes
nNum1>nNum2? Display nNum1
No
Display nNum2
Stop

Example
• Example:
• Print the value of nX only if the value of nX is greater than 10 and nX is an even number
Start
numeric nX
Accept nX
Is
No
nX>10 AND
nX%2=0?
Yes
Display nX
Stop

Quiz Time
Exercise 1
• Study the given flowchart and answer the following questions.
What will be the output when: Start

• nNum=7
numeric nNum
• nNum=3
• nNum=11 Accept nNum
Is Yes
nNum>10? Display “ GOOD”
No
Is Yes
nNum>5? Display “OK”
No
Display “REJECT”
Stop

Cont’d…
• Draw a flowchart to accept a number and then find out whether or not the number is divisible by 5.

Cont’d…
• Draw a flowchart to accept three numbers and display the largest number.

Importance of Dry Run
• Helps you do a logic check
• Understand the flow of control in a flowchart
• Evaluate the output of the program with a set of sample values
• Provides a step by step evaluation of values in the variables of the program

Example
• Flowchart to select a candidate
Start
Declare Variables
Accept Values and

Calculate nAverage
Is
nAverage>= 80 AND No Display “ Rejection
nTest1 > 75 AND letter to be sent”
nTest2 > 75 AND
nTest3 > 75 ?
Yes
Display “Interview
call letter to be sent”
Stop

Cont’d…
Using Dry Run (Contd.)
• Dry Run Table:
S.No. nTest1 nTest2 nTest 3 nAverage Output
1. 95 90 88 91 Interview call letter to be sent
2. 80 77 83 80 Interview call letter to be sent
3. 90 92 74 85.33 Rejection letter to be sent
4. 76 76 76 76 Rejection letter to be sent

Loops and Iterations
Iteration
• An important characteristic of a computer is its ability to execute a series of instructions repeatedly.
• A loop is a sequence of instructions that will be repeated more than once.
• A loop performs steps in a specified sequence.
• There are two types of loops:

• fixed loops where the number of repetitions is known
• variable loops where the number of repetitions is not known

Example
Iteration (Contd.)
▪ Flowchart segment to display employee details of 25 people
nCounter = 1
Is No
nCounter<=25?
Yes Stop
Accept cName
Accept cAddress
Accept cTelno
Display cName,
cAddress, cTelno
nCounter=nCounter+1

Cont’d…
Iteration (Contd.)
▪ Flowchart to calculate the total number of call letters and rejection letters sent
Start
Variable Declaration
Accept Values
Is
nAverage >=80 AND No
nTest1 > 75 AND nTotReject=nTotReject+1
nTest2 > 75 AND
nTest3 > 75 ?
Yes
nTotSelect=nTotSelect+1
Process
A B

Iteration (Contd.)
▪ Flowchart to calculate the total number of call letters and rejection letters sent (Contd.)
A
B
Display “Any more

candidates (Y/N)? ”
Accept cChoice
Is No
cChoice = “Y”?
Yes Display nTotSelect

Display nTotReject
Stop
Modular Programming
• Long, continuous programs can be broken up into a series of individual modules that are related to each
other in a specified manner.
Main
Program
Module1 Module2 Module3

Example
Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)
• Example:
• Flowchart to show modular programming
Start
numeric nNum1, Add

nNum2, nNum3, nSum
nSum=nNum1 + nNum2
Accept nNum1, + nNum3
nNum2, nNum3
Return
Add
Display nSum
Stop

Cont’d…
▪ Flowchart to calculate average marks of 10 students
Accept
Accept cStudentName
Accept Average
Accept nTest1
nAverage=(nTest1+nTest2
Accept nTest2 +nTest3) / 3
Average
Accept nTest3 Return

Display cStudentName,
nAverage
Is
nTest1>=0 AND Yes
nTest2>=0 AND
nTest3>=0 ?
No
Display “Test score cannot Retur
be less than zero” n

Example
▪ Flowchart to calculate total monthly expenditure on salaries
Accept
Is No
Accept nSalary Summation
cChoice = “Y” ?
Yes
nTotSalary=nTotSalary+nSalary
Is Yes
Accept nSalary >=500 ?
Return Return
No
Summation Display ”Salary cannot

be less than $500”

Dry Run table
Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)
S. No. nSalary nTotSalary Output
1. - 0
2. 4500 4500
3. 5500 10000
4. 3400 13400
5. 5600 19000
6. 3000 22000
7. 5000 27000
8. 450 27000 Salary cannot be less than $500
9. 9000 36000
10. 8900 44900
11. 4500 49400 49400

Quiz Time
• Draw a flowchart to print the product of the first 10 even numbers.
• Draw a flowchart to accept 50 numbers and also display the total number of odd and even numbers.

Object Oriented Principles
Overview of Object-Oriented Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming is a programming pattern that makes use of objects and their interactions to
design and implement applications
• Objects are entities that serve as the basic building blocks of an object-oriented application
• An object is a self-contained entity with attributes and behaviors
• In some way everything can be an object.
• In general, an object is a person, place, thing, event, or concept.
• Because different people have different perceptions of the same object, what an object is depends upon the
point of view of the observer.
• That is, we describe an object on the basis of the features and behaviors that are important or relevant to us.

Types of Objects
• Objects are usually classified as:
• Objects representing physical things
▪ e.g. students, furniture, buildings, classrooms
• Objects representing concepts
• e.g., courses, departments, loan

What Are Classes and Objects?
• A class:
▪ Models an abstraction of objects
▪ Defines the attributes and behaviors of
objects
▪ Is the blueprint that defines an object
• An object:
▪ Is stamped out of the class mold
▪ Is a single instance of a class
▪ Retains the structure and behavior
of a class

An Object’s Attributes Maintain Its State
• Objects have knowledge about their current state.
• Each piece of knowledge is called an attribute.
▪ The values of attributes dictate the objects’ state.
Object: My blue pen Attribute: Ink amount
Object: Acme Bank ATM Attribute: Cash available

Objects Have Behavior
• An object exists to provide behavior (functionality) to the system.
• Each distinct behavior is called an operation.
Object: My blue pen Operation: Write
Object: Acme Bank ATM Operation: Withdraw

Objects Are Modeled as Abstractions
• A Java object is modeled as an abstract representation of a real-world object.
• Model only those attributes and operations that are relevant to the context of the problem.
• Context: Product catalog
• Real-world attributes/operations that you may want to model:

▪ Attributes: Model, manufacturer, price
▪ Operations: Change price
• Real-world attributes/operations that you may not want to model:
▪ Attributes: Ink color
▪ Operations: Refill, change color, point, write

Defining Object Composition
• Objects can be composed of other objects.
• Objects can be part of other objects.
• This relationship between objects is known as aggregation.
A PC may be an A PC may have a keyboard, A PC may have a CD

object. mouse, and network card, all drive, which may be
of which may be objects. an object.

Cont’d…
getName
getAge()
name
setBirthdate getAge Message
address
birthdate
Client or
sender
getAddress setAddress
Person
Collaborating Objects
• Collaborating objects work together to complete a task and form the basis of an application system.
• All methods are defined within a class and are not defined globally as in traditional languages.
• All objects are created from classes and contain all the attributes and methods of that class.
• Objects must associate with each other to collaborate on common tasks.
• Associated objects communicate by sending messages.

Objects Interact Through Messages
• Objects communicate by sending messages.
• A sending object must be associated with or linked to the receiving object.
• The message sender requests the receiver to perform the operation that is named in the message.
• This communication is similar to calling a procedure:
▪ The sender calls a method of the receiver.
▪ The receiver executes the called method.
• Calling a method is always in the context of a particular object:
▪ myPen.write( ): Object-oriented programming
▪ write (myPen): Traditional structured programming

What Is a Class?
• A class is a template for objects.
• A class definition specifies the operations and attributes for all instances of that class.
• A class is used to manage complexity.
When you create my blue pen, you do not have to specify

its operations or attributes. You simply say what class it
belongs to.

How Do You Identify a Class?
• Identify the common behavior and structure for a group of objects.
• Recognize a single coherent concept.
• Caution: A common misconception is the use of the words classes and objects interchangeably. Classes define objects.
My blue pen ops: write, refill

attribs: ink amount, color of ink
Your blue pen ops: write, refill

attribs: ink amount

Comparing Classes and Objects
▪ Classes are static definitions that you can use to understand all the objects of that class.
▪ Objects are the dynamic entities that exist in the real world and your simulation of it.
▪ Caution: OO people almost always use the words classes and objects interchangeably; you must
understand the context to differentiate between the two meanings.

What Is Encapsulation?
• Encapsulation hides the internal structure and operations of an object behind an interface.
• A bank ATM is an object that gives its users cash.
▪ The ATM hides (encapsulates) the actual operation of withdrawal from the user.
▪ The interface (way to operate the ATM) is provided by the keyboard functions, screen, cash
dispenser, and so on.
▪ Bypassing the encapsulation is bank robbery.
• Bypassing encapsulation in object-oriented programming is impossible.

What Is Inheritance?
• There may be a commonality between different classes.
• Define the common properties in a superclass.
Savings account Account Checking account
• The subclasses use inheritance to include those properties.

Using the “Is-a-Kind-of” Relationship
• A subclass object “is-a-kind-of” superclass object.
• A subclass must have all the attributes and behaviors of the superclass.
Account Pen
Savings account Pencil

What Is Polymorphism?
• Polymorphism refers to:
• Many forms of the same operation
• The ability to request an operation with the same meaning to different objects. However, each object implements the
operation in a unique way.
• The principles of inheritance and object substitution.
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Programming Logic &amp; OOP

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Programming Logic & OOP’s Concept

Basic understanding of any computer program

• A computer consists of several components

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 2

• A set of instructions to perform a task is called a program

• A number of programs together form an application

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 3

• A flowchart is a graphical representation of the steps to be followed for solving a problem.

• It consists of a set of symbols.

• Each symbol represents a specific activity.

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 4

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 5

Off page connector

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 6

The Steps for Preparing tea

Input Water, Sugar,

Boil the Ingredients

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 7

Add 1 to the Number

Display the Number

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 8

Input Units Sold

Input Unit Price

Multiply Units Sold

Print Total Sale

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 9

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 10

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 11

Add the two Numbers

Display the Result

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• The internal memory consists of different locations in which data is stored.

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nNum1 nNum2 nSum

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nSum = nNum1 + nNum2

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nValue = nPrice * nQuantity

Display cItemName, nValue

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Display “The Display “The

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Is Yes Display “ The

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• Study the given flowchart and answer the following questions.

What will be the output when: Start

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©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 22

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 23

• Understand the flow of control in a flowchart

• Evaluate the output of the program with a set of sample values

• Provides a step by step evaluation of values in the variables of the program

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Accept Values and

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• Dry Run Table:

S.No. nTest1 nTest2 nTest 3 nAverage Output

1. 95 90 88 91 Interview call letter to be sent

2. 80 77 83 80 Interview call letter to be sent

3. 90 92 74 85.33 Rejection letter to be sent

4. 76 76 76 76 Rejection letter to be sent

©Larsen & Toubro Infotech Ltd. Privileged and Confidential 26

Programming Logic & OOP

Programming Logic & OOP