2022C BIOCHEMISTRY LE 3 OBJECTIVES LIST
LDL–R, and SR-B1 in the centripetal transport of
3.01 Glycogenolysis
• Discuss glycogenolysis
• Explain the regulation of glycogenolysis
• Discuss the different glycogen storage diseases
3.02 Gluconeogenesis
• Review Glycolysis and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
• Describe the physiological significance of
gluconeogenesis
• Compare and contrast the steps of glycolysis and
gluconeogenesis
• Discuss the key features of gluconeogenesis
• Describe the pathway in terms of its substrates: lactate,
glucogenic amino acids, glycerol, propionyl-CoA
• Differentiate between Cori cycle and Glucose-Alanine
cycle
• Discuss the regulation of the pathway during fasting
3.03 BGD: Carbohydrates in Everyday Life
• Review the major carbohydrate and common metabolic
pathways in the well fed and fasting state
• Compare these pathways based on several criteria
• Enumerate the different inborn errors of carbohydrate
metabolism
• Elucidate the mechanism by which useful energy is
extracted from carbohydrates
• Review the hormones in terms of chemical composition
and signaling mechanism
3.04 Lipid Chemistry
• Classify the lipids
• Summarize their major functions
• Compare their unique structures
• Describe the main stages of lipid digestion
• Discuss the role of digestive enzymes
• Identify compounds arising from the digestion of lipids
that become substrates for further metabolism
3.05 Lipogenesis
• Summarize the digestion & transport of dietary TAGs.
• Recognize the route (pathways and transporters) by
which dietary glucose is converted to fatty acids.
• Compare and contrast the chemical reactions,
precursor/s, enzymes, and co-enzymes for triacylglycerol
metabolism in the FED and FAST states as to:
o Liver and adipose tissues
o Synthesis/regulation
o Transport
• Describe: Insulin resistance – role of muscle and
pancreas.
• Summarize the role of the liver in ethanol metabolism, as
to:
o Occasional/mild alcohol ingestion
o Chronic/increased alcohol ingestion
3.06 Cholesterol Metabolism
• Explain cholesterol metabolism as to:
o Regulation of intracellular cholesterol content:
diet and de novo synthesis
o synthesis/regulation - chemical reactions,
precursors, enzymes, and co-enzymes;
o transport;
o degradation and excretion
• Explain lipoprotein metabolism as to:
o Contents
o Biosynthesis
o Regulation
o Breakdown
• Distinguish the roles of ABCG-1, ABCA-1, LCAT, CETP,
cholesterol.
• Evaluate the relationship between lipid metabolism,
myocardial infarct and hypercholesterolemia.
3.07 Biological Membrane Phospholipids
• Review of the basic composition and the fluid mosaic
model of biologic membranes
• Chemistry – general structure, types and characteristics
• Synthesis
• Phospholipids, sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids
o Intracellular sites, precursors, mechanisms,
enzymes
o Interconversions – base-exchange, methylation,
decarboxylation
• Ether phospholipids – precursors, enzymes
• Deficiency syndromes
• Degradation
• Functions
3.08 Eicosanoid Metabolism
Discuss Eicosanoids in terms of:
• Characteristics
• Biosynthesis
o Precursor
o Major pathways, enzymes and products
o Minor pathways
• Functions
3.09 Sphingolipids and Glycosphingolipids
Discuss sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids in terms of:
• Chemistry – general structure, types
• Synthesis – precursors, enzymes
• Degradation – enzymes, products and
• mechanism of lipid storage diseases
3.10 BGD: Lipid Metabolism with Clinical Correlates
3.11 B-Oxidation and Ketogenesis
• Describe the process by which FA are transported in
blood, activated and transported in the mitochondria for
breakdown to produce energy thru β-oxidation of fatty
acids.
o Site
o Steps involved
o Enzymes/Co-enzyme
o Substrate and Products
• Differentiate the β-oxidation and odd-numbered fatty
acids and unsaturated fatty acids.
• Compute for the energy yield of the β-oxidation of fatty
acids
• Differentiate β-oxidation from α-oxidation and ω-oxidation
of fatty acids
• Discuss the regulation of β-oxidation of fatty acids
• Discuss the process of ketogenesis
o Site
o Substrate
o Enzymes/Coenzymes
o Products
• Describe the regulation of ketogenesis
• Discuss the different abnormalities associated with
oxidation of fatty acids