Sava - Wikipedia

6/25/2020 Sava - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 44°49′27″N 20°26′38″E
Sava
The Sava (/ˈsɑːvə/;[2] Slovene pronunciation: [ˈsàːʋa],[3] Serbo-Croatian: [sǎːʋa],[4]
Sava
Serbian Cyrillic: Сава, Hungarian: Száva) is a river in Central Europe, a right tributary
of the Danube. It flows through Slovenia, Croatia, along the northern border of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, and through Serbia, discharging into the Danube in Belgrade. Its
central part is a natural border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. The Sava forms
the northern border of the Balkan Peninsula, and the southern edge of the Pannonian
Plain.
The Sava is 990 kilometres (615 miles) long, including the 45-kilometre (28 mi) Sava
Dolinka headwater rising in Zelenci, Slovenia. It is the greatest tributary of the
Danube by volume of water, and second-largest after Tisza in terms of catchment area
(97,713 square kilometres (37,727 square miles)) and length. It drains a significant
portion of the Dinaric Alps region, through the major tributaries of Drina, Bosna, Sava River in Belgrade, Serbia
Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Lonja, Kolubara, Bosut and Krka. The Sava is one of the longest
rivers in Europe and among a handful of European rivers of that length that do not
drain directly into a sea.
The population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and it connects
three national capitals—Ljubljana, Zagreb and Belgrade. The Sava is navigable for
larger vessels from the confluence of the Kupa River in Sisak, Croatia, approximately
two-thirds of its length.
The name is believed to be derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sewh1 ('to
take liquid', whence the English word sup) and the ending *eh2, so that it literally
means 'that which waters [the ground]'.[5]
Map of the Sava watershed
Location
Contents Countries Slovenia · Croatia ·
Bosnia-Herzegovina ·
Sources Serbia
Cities Kranj · Ljubljana ·
Course Zagreb · Sisak ·
From the source to the Sutla Slavonski Brod · Brčko ·
From the Sutla to the Una Sremska Mitrovica ·
Šabac · Obrenovac ·
From the Una to the Drina Belgrade
From the Drina to the Danube
Physical characteristics
Settlements
Source Zelenci
Watershed
⁃ location Kranjska Gora, Slovenia
Major tributaries
⁃ coordinates 46°29′31″N 13°44′16″E
Hydrology ⁃ elevation 833 m (2,733 ft)
Geology Mouth Danube
Economy ⁃ location Belgrade, Serbia
Electric power generation ⁃ coordinates 44°49′27″N 20°26′38″E
Water supply and food production ⁃ elevation 68 m (223 ft)
Navigation and ports Length 992 km (616 mi)[1] a
Road, rail and pipeline transport Basin size 97,713.2 km2
Environmental issues (37,727.3 sq mi)[1]
Pollution Discharge
Protected areas ⁃ location the river mouth
⁃ average 1,609 m3/s
Sport and recreation (56,800 cu ft/s)
Tradition Basin features
See also Progression Danube→ Black Sea
Footnotes Tributaries
References ⁃ left Savinja, Sutla, Krapina,
Lonja, Ilova-Trebež,
Books
Orljava, Bosut
Scientific and professional papers ⁃ right Ljubljanica, Krka, Kupa,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava 1/18
News reports Una, Vrbas, Ukrina,

Bosna, Tinja, Drina,
Other sources Kolubara
External links a Including 45 km (28 mi) Sava Dolinka
headwater
Sources
The Sava River is formed from the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka headwaters in
northwest Slovenia. The river's headwater area also encompasses several tributaries,
including the 52-kilometre (32 mi) Sora, the 27-kilometre (17 mi) Tržič Bistrica and the
17-kilometre (11 mi) Radovna rivers—flowing into the Sava at confluences located as far
east downstream as Medvode.[6][7]
The Sava Dolinka rises at the Zelenci Pools near Kranjska Gora, Slovenia, in a valley
separating the Julian Alps from the Karavanke mountain range.[8] The spring is located
near the Slovene-Italian border at 833 metres (2,733 feet) above sea level,[7][9] in a
Zelenci—spring of Sava Dolinka drainage divide between the Adriatic and Danube basins. The Sava Dolinka spring is fed
by groundwater possibly exhibiting bifurcation of source karst aquifer to the Sava and
Soča basins.[10] Nadiža creek, a short losing stream flowing nearby, is the source of
Zelenci Pools water.[8] The Sava Dolinka is considered the Sava's initial,[7] 45-kilometre
(28 mi) segment.[11]
The Sava Bohinjka originates in Ribčev Laz, at the confluence of the Jezernica,[12] a short
watercourse flowing out from Lake Bohinj and the Mostnica River.[13] Some sources
define the Jezernica as a part of the Sava Bohinjka, specifying the latter as flowing
directly out of the lake,[14] while another group of sources include Savica, rising at the
southern flank of Triglav as the 78-metre (256 ft) Savica Falls,[15] downstream from
Sava near Okroglo Triglav Lakes Valley, and flowing into the lake, as a part of the Sava Bohinjka.[16] The
watercourse flows 41 kilometres (25 miles)—including the length of the Savica—east to
Radovljica,[7] where it discharges into the Sava Dolinka. Downstream from the
confluence, the river is referred to as the Sava.[10]
Course
The Sava is located in Southeast Europe, flowing through Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and
along the Bosnia-Herzegovina border. Its total length is 990 kilometres (615 miles),
including the 45-kilometre (28 mi) Sava Dolinka and the 945-kilometre (587 mi) Sava
proper. As a right tributary of the Danube, the river belongs to the Black Sea drainage
basin.[17][18] The Sava River is the third longest tributary of the Danube,[19] slightly
shorter than the 966-kilometre (600 mi) Tisza and the 950-kilometre (590 mi) Prut—the
Danube's two longest tributaries—when the Sava Dolinka headwater is excluded from its
course.[20][21] It is also the largest tributary of the Danube by discharge.[19] The river
course is sometimes used to describe the northern boundary of the Balkans,[22] and the
southern border of the Central Europe.[23] Before the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, the Sava at Litija
river was located completely inside Yugoslav borders and it was the longest river with its
entire course within the country.[24]
From the source to the Sutla
The Sava Dolinka rises in the Zelenci Pools, west of Podkoren in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia at 833 metres (2,733
feet) above sea level (a.s.l.),[7][9] and flows east, past Kranjska Gora to Jesenice, where it turns southeast. At Žirovnica, the
river enters the Ljubljana Basin and encounters the first hydroelectric dam—Moste plant—before proceeding to the east of the
glacial Lake Bled towards Radovljica and confluence of the Sava Bohinjka,[25] at 411 metres (1,348 feet) a.s.l.[7] Downstream
of Radovljica, the Sava proceeds southeast towards Kranj. Between Kranj and Medvode, its course comprises the Lake Trboje
and the Lake Zbilje reservoirs,[26] built for the Mavčiče and the Medvode power plants.[27][28]
The Sava then flows through the capital of Slovenia, Ljubljana,[29] where another reservoir is located on the river, adjacent to
the Tacen Whitewater Course.[30] There the river course turns east and leaves the Ljubljana Basin via Dolsko,[31] at 261
metres (856 feet) a.s.l. (at confluence of the Ljubljanica and the Kamnik Bistrica).[7] The course continues through the Sava
Hills, where it passes the Litija Basin with the mining and industrial town of Litija, the Central Sava Valley with the mining
towns of Zagorje ob Savi, Trbovlje, and Hrastnik, turns to the southeast and runs through the Lower Sava Valley with the
towns of Radeče, Sevnica, and Krško. The course through the Sava Hills forms the boundary of traditional regions of Lower
Carniola and Styria,[32] At Radeče, the Vrhovo hydroelectric dam reservoir is located.[33] The latter is site of the Krško
Nuclear Power Plant, which uses the Sava River water to dissipate excess heat.[34] The easternmost stretch of the Sava River
course in Slovenia runs to the south of Brežice, where it is joined by the Krka, and the
river ultimately becomes a border river between Slovenia and Croatia, marking 4
kilometres (2.5 miles) of their border near confluence of the Sutla (Slovene: Sotla).[35] At
that point, the Sava reaches 132 metres (433 feet) a.s.l. after flowing 221 kilometres (137
miles) through Slovenia and along its border.[7]
From the Sutla to the Una
The westernmost part of the 562-kilometre (349 mi)

Sava gorge between Ljubljana and
Sava River course in Croatia,[38] takes the river east, Trbovlje
through the western part of the Zagreb County,
between Samobor and Zaprešić. The area
encompasses forests interspersed by
marshes and lakes formed in gravel
Sava in Zagreb, with Medvednica pits.[39] As the Sava approaches the
mountain in the background capital of Croatia, Zagreb, the marshes
give way to urban landscape, but there
are surviving examples of the gravel pit
lakes, such as the Jarun,[40] and the Bundek within the city.[41] At the western
outskirts of Zagreb, there is the western terminus of the 32-kilometre (20 mi)
Sava–Odra flood-relief canal connecting the Sava to the Odra River plain
which is intended to act as flood control retention basin.[42] The canal has
been built in response to the most destructive flooding of the river that
occurred in Zagreb in 1964, when one third of the city was flooded and 17
people were killed.[43] The city itself marks the western extent of the Sava Sava in Zagreb near Youth Bridge on 13 February
River basin area especially prone to flooding, spanning from Zagreb to 2014 after record rainfall, which, combined with
confluence of the river in Belgrade, Serbia.[44] melting snow, expanded the river to three times
its normal size, rising to the height of 347 cm and
East of Zagreb, the river turns southeast again further through the Central reaching the levees. At the time the picture was
Croatia, to the Sisak-Moslavina County, the city of Sisak, reaching 91.3 metres taken, the water level started subsiding and was
(300 feet) a.s.l. The city of Sisak marks the westernmost extent of the Sava at 287 cm.[36] The trees in the water indicate the
River navigable to larger vessels. Navigation conditions on the river are poor usual width of the river, around 100 m.[37]
due to limited draft and fairway width, meandering of the river, bridge
clearance restrictions, poor fairway markings as well as presence of sunken
vessels and other objects, including unexploded ordnance.[45] The ordnance is left over from various conflicts including the
World War II,[46] Croatian War of Independence, Bosnian War,[47] and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.[48] Before
reaching confluence of Una at Jasenovac and 86.8 metres (285 feet) a.s.l,[49] the Sava River traces Lonjsko polje Nature
Park,[50] encompassing marshes frequently flooded by the Sava and its tributaries in the area.[51]
From the Una to the Drina
Downstream of confluence of the Una River, the Sava is once again tracing an
international border—between Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Its meandering course
runs generally eastwards along Bosanska Gradiška, and Slavonski Brod to Županja,
where it turns south to Brčko. There, the river resumes its predominantly eastward
course towards Sremska Rača and confluence of the Drina River. The right bank of the
Sava, in this segment of its course, belongs to Bosnia-Herzegovina (with Bosnia's all three
administrative entities, Republika Srpska, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the
Brčko District, having gateway to the river), while the opposite bank belongs to Croatia
Sava seen from Slavonski Brod, the
and its Sisak-Moslavina, Brod-Posavina and Vukovar-Srijem counties, except in the area
bridge in the background links the
of Jamena and further downstream—which belongs to Serbia and the province of
city to Bosanski Brod via a river
Vojvodina. No cities in this segment of the course span the river as it represents an
island.[52]
international frontier, but there are adjacent settlements located in two different
countries, divided by the Sava. Those include Bosanska Gradiška, Bosanski Brod and
Brčko in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Stara Gradiška, Slavonski Brod and Gunja in Croatia
opposite them.
The 337.2-kilometre (209.5 mi) segment between the Una and the Drina confluences, marking corresponding to the entire
length of the Sava flowing along the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina, exhibits small change of elevation—from 86.8 metres
(285 feet) a.s.l at Jasenovac to 76.6 metres (251 feet) a.s.l. at Brčko gauges, over 287.5 kilometres (178.6 miles) of the river
between them.[53] The entire course of the river downstream from Zagreb flows down 0.4‰ slope on average, significantly
less steep than the course in Slovenia, where the average slope exceeds 0.7 ‰ —resulting in the Sava's meandering course
running through a wide plain bordered by wetlands.[9]
From the Drina to the Danube

Downstream from confluence of the Drina, the

Sava River changes its eastward course to
northeast, until it reaches Sremska Mitrovica,
from where it flows to the southeast and then
south to Šabac, before finally turning east
towards Belgrade. Most of the river's course in
Serbia represents a border between province of
Vojvodina, on the left bank, and Central Serbia,
on the right bank. Exceptions to that are in area
around Sremska Mitrovica, where both banks Sava and the Danube at Belgrade
Sava and the historical center of Belgrade are in Vojvodina, and downstream of Progar
suburb of Belgrade where both banks are in
Central Serbia. The river meanders and forms wetlands in there as well—the most
significant wetland among them centering on Obedska bara oxbow lake.[11] The Sava River forms several large islands in this
segment of the course, with the largest among them—800-hectare (2,000-acre) Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade—connected to the
right bank by a pair of artificial embankment dams forming Lake Sava since 1967.[54][55]
The Sava discharges into the Danube, after reaching 68.3 metres (224 feet) a.s.l. as its right tributary at the Great War Island
off the easternmost tip of Syrmia in Belgrade, 1,169.9 kilometres (726.9 miles) away from the Danube's confluence and the
Black Sea.[56]
Settlements
Population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and it includes four capitals—Belgrade, Ljubljana, Sarajevo and
Zagreb. All of them, except Sarajevo, are also located directly on the river banks and represent the three largest settlements
found along the Sava River course.[57] Belgrade, located at the confluence of the river, is the largest city in the basin with
urban population of 1,135,502. Ten municipalities where the city is situated have combined population of 1,283,783 as
suburban settlements are added, while the Belgrade metropolitan area encompasses population of 1,639,121.[58] Zagreb is the
second largest city on the river, comprising population of 688,163 living in the city itself, and 802,588 in the city-
administered area.[59] Together with the Zagreb County, largely corresponding to various definitions of the city's
metropolitan area,[60] it has a combined population of 1,110,517.[59] Ljubljana is the third-largest city on the banks of the
Sava, encompassing population of 258,873 living in the city itself and 265,881 in the city-governed area.[61][62]
The largest city in Bosnia-Herzegovina situated on the Sava River course is Brčko, whose urban population is estimated at
40,000.[63] Other cities along the river, with populations of 20,000 and larger, are Slavonski Brod (53,473), Šabac (52,822),
Sremska Mitrovica (37,586), Kranj (35,587),[64] Sisak (33,049),[59] Obrenovac (24,568),[65] and Bosanska Gradiška (est.
20,000).[66]
The most populous urban areas along the Sava River

Rank City Country Urban Municipal
population population
1 Belgrade Serbia 1,233,350 1,659,440
2 Zagreb Croatia 802,588 1,110,517
3 Ljubljana Slovenia 258,873 265,881
Belgrade Ljubljana
4 Slavonski Croatia 53,473 59,507
Brod
5 Šabac Serbia 52,822 115,347
6 Brčko Bosnia- 40,000 85,000
Herzegovina
Zagreb 7 Sremska Serbia 37,586 79,773 Slavonski Brod
Mitrovica
8 Kranj Slovenia 35,587 51,225
9 Sisak Croatia 33,322 47,768
10 Obrenovac Serbia 24,568 71,419
Sources: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia 2011 Census;[67]
Croatian Bureau of Statistics, 2011 Census;[59] Statistical Office of
the Republic of Slovenia, 2002 Census;[68] Council of Ministers of
Bosnia and Herzegovina[63]
Watershed
The Sava River basin covers a total area of 97,713.2 square kilometres (37,727.3 square
miles) making it the second largest Danube tributary catchment by area size, surpassed
only by the Tisza basin,[9] and it encompasses 12% of the Danube basin, draining into the
Black Sea. The Sava represents the third longest tributary of the Danube and its largest
tributary by discharge.[19] The catchment area borders the remainder of the Danube
basin to the north and east, and the Adriatic Sea basin to the west and south. The river
basin generally consists of parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and
Slovenia, with a very small part of the catchment area belonging to Albania. Topography
of the basin varies significantly. Upstream portion of the basin is more rugged than Brčko Bridge between Brčko and
downstream one, but asymmetry of the basin topography is particularly apparent when Gunja in 1996. Wartime damage
comparing right and left bank areas—the former dominated by the Alps and the was repaired in 2000.[69][70]
Dinarides reaching elevations in excess of 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) a.s.l, while the latter
is dominated by the Pannonian Plain. The mean elevation of the basin is 545 metres
(1,788 feet) a.s.l.[71]
Share of national
Country Sava basin area Share of the Sava basin
territory in the basin
Slovenia 11,734.8 km2 (4,530.8 sq mi) 52.8% 12.01%
Croatia 25,373.5 km2 (9,796.8 sq mi) 45.2% 25.97%
Bosnia-Herzegovina 38,349.1 km2 (14,806.7 sq mi) 75.8% 39.25%
Serbia 15,147.0 km2 (5,848.3 sq mi) 17.4% 15.50%
Montenegro 6,929.8 km2 (2,675.6 sq mi) 49.6% 7.09%
Albania 179.0 km2 (69.1 sq mi) 0.59% 0.18%
Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[72]
Major tributaries
The most important tributaries of the Sava River found in its upper basin are
characterized by relatively steep grades of flow, high flow velocities and rapids. Those are
left tributaries: the Kokra, the Kamnik Bistrica and the Savinja; and right tributaries: the
Sora, the Ljubljanica and the Krka (Sava). Further downstream larger rivers empty into
the Sava, as the right bank of the basin grows steadily. Right tributaries in this lower
segment of the basin start as fast flowing courses, only to slow down as they enter the
Pannonian Basin. They include the Kupa, the Una, the Vrbas, the Ukrina, the Bosna, the
Brka, the Tinja, the Drina and the Kolubara. Left tributaries in the lower segment drain
plains consequently exhibiting less steep course grades, lower flow rates and meandering.
The confluence of the Sava and
They include the Sutla, the Krapina, the Lonja, the Ilova, the Orljava and the Bosut.[73]
Drina
The 346-kilometre (215 mi) Drina is the largest tributary of the Sava, flowing in Bosnia-
Herzegovina and along border of the country and Serbia. It is formed by the headwaters
of the Tara and the Piva at the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, near Šćepan Polje. Its 20,319.9-square-
kilometre (7,845.6 sq mi) catchment extends across parts of four countries—reaching as far south as Albania. The Bosna and
the Kupa river basins are the second and third largest catchments of the Sava tributaries, each surpassing 10,000 square
kilometres (3,900 square miles) in size.[73]
List of major tributaries of the Sava River

Left bank Catchment Right bank
Length Confluence
Country Region/County Tributary area Tributary Region/County Country
Central 1,860.0 km2 41.0 km 46.075553°N
Ljubljanica
Central
Slovenia (718.2 sq mi) (25.5 mi) 14.641857°E Slovenia
Slovenia Savinja Savinja 1,849.0 km2 93.9 km 46.085733°N

Savinja
(713.9 sq mi) (58.3 mi) 15.178471°E
Slovenia
Lower Sava 2,247.0 km2 94.6 km 45.893772°N
Krka
(867.6 sq mi) (58.8 mi) 15.601187°E
Lower Sava
Sutla 584.3 km2 88.6 km 45.864015°N
(225.6 sq mi) (55.1 mi) 15.684614°E
Zagreb
Krapina 1,237.0 km2 66.9 km 45.827244°N
Zagreb
(477.6 sq mi) (41.6 mi) 15.823359°E
10,225.6 km2 297.4 km 45.460793°N

Kupa
(3,948.1 sq mi) (184.8 mi) 16.398296°E
Croatia
Lonja 4,259.0 km2 49.1 km 45.363846°N Sisak-
Sisak- (1,644.4 sq mi) (30.5 mi) 16.753807°E Moslavina
Moslavina Ilova- 1,796.0 km2 104.6 km 45.348707°N
Trebež (693.4 sq mi) (65.0 mi) 16.772604°E
9,828.9 km2 214.6 km 45.27096°N

Una Border river at the confluence
Croatia (3,795.0 sq mi) (133.3 mi) 16.918516°E
6,273.8 km2 249.7 km 45.107939°N

Vrbas
(2,422.3 sq mi) (155.2 mi) 17.51328°E
Orljava 1,618.0 km2 87.6 km 45.106773°N Republika

(624.7 sq mi) (54.4 mi) 17.724724°E Srpska
Brod-Posavina 1,504.0 km2 80.7 km 45.088702°N
Ukrina Bosnia-
(580.7 sq mi) (50.1 mi) 17.936854°E
Herzegovina
Federation of
10,809.8 km2 281.6 km 45.066792°N
Bosna Bosnia and
(4,173.7 sq mi) (175.0 mi) 18.466043°E
Herzegovina
Vukovar-Srijem 904.0 km2 99.4 km 44.927893°N

Tinja Brčko District
(349.0 sq mi) (61.8 mi) 18.75628°E
20,319.9 km2 346.0 km 44.891968°N

Drina Border river at the confluence
(7,845.6 sq mi) (215.0 mi) 19.355249°E
Vojvodina
Serbia Bosut 2,943.1 km2 186.0 km 44.941443°N
Vojvodina
(1,136.3 sq mi) (115.6 mi) 19.369583°E
Serbia
Central Serbia 3,638.4 km2 86.6 km 44.662152°N
Kolubara Central Serbia
(1,404.8 sq mi) (53.8 mi) 20.248532°E
Notes: Country/region/county of location of confluence with Sava corresponding to tributary bank side;
The list includes rivers with catchment areas greater than 900 square kilometres (350 square miles), with addition of Sutla.
Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[74]
Hydrology
The average annual flow rate of the Sava River at Radovljica, immediately downstream of
the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka confluence, stands at 44.9 cubic metres (1,590
cubic feet) per second.[75] Downstream of the Krka confluence the average flow rate
reaches 317 cubic metres (11,200 cubic feet) per second,[76] gradually increasing as
tributaries discharge along the course—340 cubic metres (12,000 cubic feet) per second
downstream of the Sutla, 880 cubic metres (31,000 cubic feet) per second following
discharge of the Kupa and the Una, 990 cubic metres (35,000 cubic feet) per second
downstream of the Vrbas confluence, 1,180 cubic metres (42,000 cubic feet) per second
after the Bosna river empties into the Sava,[77] and finally of 1,564 cubic metres (55,200
Lake Zbilje upstream from Medvode cubic feet) per second at confluence of the Sava in Belgrade.[19] The highest flow rate of
6,007 cubic metres (212,100 cubic feet) per second was recorded by Slavonski Šamac
gauging station in May 2014.[78]
Seven out of eight largest reservoirs in the Sava River basin are located in the Drina catchment, the largest among them being
the 0.88-cubic-kilometre (0.21 cu mi) Lake Piva on the eponymous river in Montenegro, created after construction of
Mratinje Dam. Overall, there are 22 reservoirs holding more than 5,000,000 cubic metres (180,000,000 cubic feet) of water
in the basin, with only four of them situated directly on the Sava, including one on the Sava Dolinka. Most of the reservoirs
are used primarily, or even exclusively, for electricity generation, but they are also used as supply of drinking water, industrial
water source, for irrigation and food production.[26]
Groundwater is a very important resource in the Sava River basin, generally used for public water supply of potable water, as
a source of water for industrial use, but also as the mainstay of aquatic ecosystems. There are 41 identified significant
groundwater bodies in the Sava River basin of basin-wide importance,[79] ranging in area size from 97 to 5,186 square
kilometres (37 to 2,002 square miles), as well as numerous minor ground water bodies. Even though most of them are
transboundary waters, eleven are considered to be largely located in Slovenia, fourteen in Croatia, seven in Bosnia-
Herzegovina, five in Serbia and four in Montenegro.[80]
Geology
The course of the Sava River runs through several diverse geological units and orographic regions. The uppermost course of
the river and its headwaters in the Karavanke area, is situated in the Southern Alps, tracing the Sava Fault—itself running
parallel to the Periadriatic Seam. Mesozoic and Upper Triassic rocks are exposed in the region.[81] The Ljubljana Basin
represents the boundary of the Southern Alps and the Dinarides.[82] Valleys of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka are
glacial valleys, carved out by the Sava Dolinka and Bohinj glaciers advancing down Karavanke range to vicinity of present-day
Radovljica. In the late Pleistocene, Bohinj Glacier was the largest glacier in the territory of present-day Slovenia, up to 900
metres (3,000 feet) thick.[83][84] Sava Folds, southeast and east of the Ljubljana Basin are thought of as a part of the
Dinarides,[85] separating the Ljubljana and Krško Basins,[81] and forming the Sava Hills.[86] The east–west oriented folds are
younger than the Miocene and the folding is considered to had taken place in the Pliocene and the Quaternary, but it is
possible that the tectonic activity continues in the present day.[87] The Sava Folds largely exhibit Paleozoic and Triassic
rocks,[88] and clastic sediments.[89]
The lower course of the Sava River is located in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on
the western rim of the Pannonian Basin.[90] The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of
crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk
and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 17–12 Mya
(million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts about 7.5 Mya. Contemporary
uplift of the Carpathian Mountains prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin.
Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial
sediments being deposited in the Pleistocene during the uplift of the Transdanubian Mountains.[91] Ultimately, up to 3,000
metres (9,800 feet) of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the Iron
Gate gorge.[92] In the southern Pannonian Basin, the Neogene to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging
500 to 1,500 metres (1,600 to 4,900 feet), except in central parts of depressions formed by subduction. A subduction zone
formed in the present-day Sava River valley, and approximately 4,000 metres (13,000 feet) deep sediments were deposited in
the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and 5,500 metres (18,000 feet) in the Sava depression.[93] The results of those processes are
large plains in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the horst and graben structures,
believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as islands,[94] which became watershed between Drava and Sava River
basins extending along Ivanščica–Kalnik–Bilogora–Papuk mountain chain.[95] The Papuk Mountain is flanked by the
Krndija and the Dilj Hills on the eastern rim of the Požega Valley. The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly
of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350 million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–
18 million years old.[96] Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the Đakovo–Vinkovci and Vukovar Plateau.[97]
The loess plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the Vuka and Bosut rivers,
gradually rises to the Fruška Gora south of Ilok.[98]
Economy
Electric power generation
There are 18 hydroelectric power plants with power generation capacity exceeding 10 Megawatts in the Sava River basin. In
Slovenia, most of them are located on the Sava itself. In other countries, the hydroelectric power plants are situated on its
tributaries. Total power generation capacity of the 18 power plants, and additional smaller plants largely found in Slovenia,
amounts to 41,542 Megawatts, and their annual production capacity stands at 2,497 Gigawatt-hours. Approximately 3.3 cubic
kilometres (0.79 cubic miles) of water per year in the river's basin is used to cool thermoelectric and nuclear power plants.
Power plant cooling represents the main type of use of the Sava River waters.[99]
As of October 2012, there are six existing hydroelectric power plants built along the Sava River. Upstream of Ljubljana there
are Moste, Mavčiče and Medvode power plants, while Vrhovo, Boštanj and Blanca are located downstream of the capital.
There is one additional plant under construction near Krško. The Krško hydroelectric power plant, as well as two additional
plants planned on the Sava River course downstream of Ljubljana—Brežice and Mokrice—should be completed by 2018. The
power plants downstream of Ljubljana, except Vrhovo, are developed as a chain of five Slovenia's Lower Sava Valley plants
since 2002.[100][101] They will have production capacity of 2,000 Gigawatt-hours per year and 570 Megawatts of installed
capacity. Completion of the five power plants is expected to cost 700 million Euros. There are also plans for construction of
ten new powerplants in the middle Sava valley HE Suhadol, HE Trbovlje, HE Renke, HE Ponovice, HE Kresnice, HE Jevnica,
HE Zalog, HE Šentjakob, HE Ježica and HE Tacen. Croatia is planning construction of four hydroelectric power plants on the
Sava River in Zagreb area. The four plants—Podsused, Prečko, Zagreb and Drenje—are scheduled to be completed by 2021 at
a cost of 800 million Euros. The four power plants will have installed capacity of 122 Megawatts and annual production
capacity of 610 Gigawatt-hours.[102]
Hydroelectric power plant Location Installed capacity Annual production capacity

Moste Moste, Slovenia 21 MW 56 GWh
Mavčiče Mavčiče, Slovenia 38 MW 62 GWh
Medvode Medvode, Slovenia 25 MW 72 GWh
Vrhovo Vrhovo, Slovenia 34.2 MW 116 GWh
Boštanj Boštanj, Slovenia 36 MW 115 GWh
Blanca Blanca, Slovenia 42 MW 144 GWh
Sources: Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana,[103] Hidroelektrarne na spodnji Savi.[104]
Water supply and food production
Use of water for public water supply in the Sava River basin is estimated at 783,000,000 cubic metres (2.77 × 1010 cubic feet)
per year, and another 289,000,000 cubic metres (1.02 × 1010 cubic feet) of water per year is used for industrial production
purposes. Use of water for agriculture in the Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive
uses, such as fish farming. Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at 30,000,000 cubic metres (1.1 × 109 cubic
feet) per year.[99] Commercial fishing on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were
only 97 commercial fishermen there, while recreational fishing became dominant.[105] The decline became more rapid during
the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one third of the
pre-war catches which ranged from 719 to 988 tonnes (708 to 972 long tons; 793 to 1,089 short tons) between 1979 and
1990.[106] The International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia and Montenegro in 2005,[107] is tasked with establishment of sustainable management of
surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin.[108]
Navigation and ports
The Sava is navigable to larger vessels for 593.8 kilometres (369.0 miles) between its confluence with the Danube in
Belgrade, Serbia and Galdovo Bridge in Sisak, Croatia, 2.8 kilometres (1.7 miles) upstream from confluence of Sava and Kupa
rivers.[109] The confluence marks the westernmost point of the river course designated as a Class IV international waterway
in compliance with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways
of International Importance (AGN).[110] The classification means that the river course between Sisak and Belgrade is
navigable to ships of the maximum length of 80 to 85 metres (262 to 279 feet), the maximum beam of 9.5 metres (31 feet),
the maximum draught of 2.5 metres (8 feet 2 inches) and tonnage up to 1,500 tonnes (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons).[111]
The Sava River downstream of Sisak, is designated as European waterway E 80-12, branching off from the E 80 waterway
spanning the Danube and Le Havre via the Rhine.[112] The largest ports on the Sava River are Brčko and Šamac in Bosnia-
Herzegovina,[113] Sisak and Slavonski Brod in Croatia,[114] and Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia.[115]
As of 2008, 24.5 kilometres (15.2 miles) of the river course between Slavonski Šamac and Oprisavci, as well as additional
219.8 kilometres (136.6 miles) between Slavonski Brod and Sisak, are considered by Croatia's Ministry of Maritime Affairs,
Transport and Infrastructure to fail the Class IV criteria, permitting navigation of vessels up to 1,000 tonnes (980 long tons;
1,100 short tons) only, complying with the AGN's Category III.[110] The Slavonski Šamac–Oprisavci section is especially
troublesome for navigation as it offers 250 centimetres (98 inches) draught in less than 50% of an average hydrological year,
causing navigation to cease each summer. Similar interruptions are less frequent elsewhere on the river, occurring 30 days a
year on average upstream from Oprisavci, and even more rarely downstream from Slavonski Šamac.[116]
The restricted draft and fairway is compounded with meandering of the river's course—limiting length of vessels—and low
bridge clearance. Further problems are incurred through poor transport infrastructure along the route, including poor
navigation markings, and presence of sunken vessels and unexploded munitions.[45] Navigation along further 68 kilometres
(42 miles) of the river upstream to Rugvica near Zagreb is possible for vessels with tonnage below 1,000 tonnes (980 long
tons; 1,100 short tons), and the section of the river belongs to the AGN's Category II. There are plans for restoration of the
Category IV compliant waterway downstream of Sisak and betterment of navigation infrastructure between Sisak and
Rugvica,[117] as well as upgrading of the waterway between Brčko and Belgrade to Category Va, matching that of the Danube,
with uninterrupted navigation through the year. The plan is planned to be supported by the European Union and as of
October 2012, an agreement to implement the plan was signed by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, while Serbia is invited to
join the project. The plan aims to increase safety and volume of river transport, which declined by about 70% since the
breakup of Yugoslavia, largely because of poor maintenance of the route.[118] The ISRBC is tasked with establishment of an
international regime of navigation on the river since 2005.[108]
Country Port Annual cargo Year
Sisak 139,899 t 2007[119]

Croatia
Slavonski Brod 139,364 t 2007[119]
Serbia Sremska Mitrovica 295,551 t 2009[115]
Road, rail and pipeline transport
The Sava River valley is also a route for road and rail traffic. The river valley routes are a part of the Pan-European Corridor
X, and forming junctions with Pan-European Corridors V, Vb, Vc, Xa and Xb in area of Ljubljana (V), Zagreb (Vb, Xa),
Slavonski Šamac (Vc), and Belgrade (Xb).[120] The motorways forming the Pan-European Corridor X in the area—Slovenia's
A2, Croatia's A3 and Serbia's A1 motorways—represent a part of European route E70 Bordeaux–Turin–Ljubljana–Zagreb–
Belgrade–Bucharest,[121] and the European route E61 Villach–Ljubljana–Trieste–Rijeka.[122] A largely double track railroad
with a railway electrification system is also a part of the Corridor X.[123] The railroad was a part of the Simplon-Orient-
Express and Direct-Orient-Express routes.[124] The navigable river course between Belgrade and Galdovo north of Sisak is
spanned by 25 bridges.[125] The Sava River valley east of Sisak is also used as a route for the Jadranski naftovod, a crude oil
pipeline. The system connects the Port of Rijeka oil terminal to oil refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, to Bosanski Brod in Bosnia-
Herzegovina, as well as Novi Sad and Pančevo in Serbia.[126]
Environmental issues
Pollution
The main pressure on the Sava River basin environment is generated by activities of urban population in the basin.[127] Even
though nearly all population centres generating pollution above 10,000 population equivalent (PE) have some sort of sewage
treatment in place, less than a quarter of them are adequate.[128] Wastewater from 86% of Sava River basin settlements,
generating more than 2,000 PE, goes untreated. Pollution levels vary along the river. The best conditions in terms of the
wastewater treatment are found in Slovenia, although the existing facilities are inadequate.[129]
In Serbia, on the other hand, 68% of population centres have no wastewater treatment facilities at all.[128] Population centres
exceeding 2,000 PE directly discharge into the Sava River basin's surface waters 11,112 tonnes of nitrogen and 2,642 tonnes
of phosphorus.[130]
Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through livestock manure
production. It is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394 tonnes of nitrogen
and 3,784 tonnes of phosphorus per year.[131] As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected
by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where
acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded.[132]
Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout the basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were
identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia.[133] Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava
River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of mercury exceeded permitted levels
in four out of 216 samples.[134] Levels of heavy metals, specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in
the Sava River near Belgrade were assessed as representing little to no risk, and the conclusion drawn was that in order to
"reduce the existing bacterial contamination of the Sava River it is necessary to control faecal discharge near cities like
Belgrade." [135] The two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) with greatest direct access to the Adriatic showed by far the least
polluted basin surface waters, although other factors, such as demography, agricultural/environmental development and,
especially, investment (internal and external), play a role.
Hazardous substances load from significant industrial pollution of the Sava River basin surface waters in 2007
Country Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Mercury Nickel Lead Zinc Phenols
Slovenia 115 0.03 83 142 0.51 582 75 7,656 104
Croatia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.02 0.04 0.02 N/A N/A
Bosnia-Herzegovina N/A N/A 1,380 983 N/A 21 13,629 1,656 N/A
Serbia 2,010 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,223 2,038
Montenegro N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 246 1 N/A
Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[133] N/A - data not available
Protected areas
The Sava River basin is very significant because of its biological diversity, and it contains large alluvial wetlands and lowland
forests. This led to designation of six protected areas under provisions of the Ramsar Convention by the countries in the
basin. Those are Lake Cerknica in Slovenia, Lonjsko Polje and Crna Mlaka in Croatia, Lake Bardača in Bosnia-Herzegovina,
and Obedska and Zasavica bogs in Serbia.[136]
Sport and recreation

There are several sports and recreational grounds located on the river course or gravel pit
and artificial lakes adjacent to the Sava. Tacen Whitewater Course, located on the right
bank of the Sava in Tacen suburb of Ljubljana, was built as a permanent kayaking course
in 1948.[137] It hosts a major international competition almost every year, examples being
the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in 1955, 1991,[138] and 2010.[139] In Zagreb,
Jarun complex of lakes along the river course offers a range of facilities for swimming,
water sports and cycling.[140] The island of Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade is the major
recreational zone of the city, gathering as much as 100,000 visitors daily in summer
months.[141][142]
The Tacen Whitewater Course in
The Sava River is the site of several regattas. Those include the International Sava Tour Ljubljana, Slovenia
rowing regatta taking place between Zagreb and Brčko,[143] and the Belgrade Regatta
(sailing regatta).[144]
The river is also the site of the Šabac Swimming Marathon—an open water swimming competition, running on an 18.8-
kilometre (11.7 mi) course between the village of Jarak and the city of Šabac in Serbia. The competition is held annually since
1970, and was included in FINA international calendar from 1984 to 2012.[145]
Recreational and sport fishing is a popular activity along the Sava River course.[105] There is a 700 metres (2,300 feet) long
sport fishing competition ground near Hotemež, Slovenia.[146]
Tradition
Even though the name Sava became very common among Slavs, especially as a personal name (either male or female) and
has a "Slavic tone", the river's name has pre-Slavic Celtic and Roman origins;[147] Strabo writes in Geographica 4.6.10
(composed between 20 BCE and 20 CE) of the River Saüs,[148] and the Romans used the name Savus. Another name, used
for the Sava in entirety or its lower part by Strabo, is Noarus.[149]
Worship of various river gods in the area dates to the Late Bronze Age,[150] when the first settlements were founded along the
Sava River.[151] Taurisci associated their river goddess Adsullata with the Savus.[147][150] Altars or inscriptions dedicated to
the river-god Savus have been found at a number of locations along the river course, including at the Zelenci Pools where the
Sava Dolinka rises, and a number of Roman settlements and castra built along the Via Pannonia, the Roman road running
from Aquileia to the Danube.[152] The settlements include Emona, Andautonia and Siscia (near modern-day Ljubljana, Velika
Gorica and Sisak respectively) upstream of the Kupa River confluence, and Marsonia, itself built atop a prehistoric
settlement,[153] Cibalae, Sirmium and Singidunum (in modern-day Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Sremska Mitrovica and
Belgrade) downstream of the Kupa.[154] Besides the altar found at the Zelenci Pools, inscriptions and sites dedicated to Savus
have been found in remains of Emona,[155] Andautonia and Siscia.[156] Several years after 1751 completion of the Robba
Fountain in Ljubljana, the three male figures sculpted as parts of the fountain were identified as statues of the river gods of
Sava, Krka and Ljubljanica. In the early 20th century, the fountain was named the Fountain of Three Carniolan Rivers.[157]
The Romantic poet France Prešeren wrote The Baptism on the Savica (Slovene: Krst pri Savici), the Slovene national epic, in
1835. The poem, referring in its title to a headwater of the Sava River, helped to inspire the design of the coat of arms of
Slovenia of 1991:
However, the two wavy lines at the base of the blazon officially represent rivers of Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea rather than
the Savica or the Sava specifically.[158]
The Sava River also appears symbolically in the coat of arms of the former Kingdom of Slavonia:
The design, approved by the Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary in 1496, incorporates two bars symbolising the Sava and
the Drava rivers tracing the borders of the kingdom. The design inspired the arms of several present-day counties of Croatia
in the region of Slavonia and itself forms a part of the coat of arms of Croatia.[159] The poem Horvatska domovina, written by
Antun Mihanović in 1835 as a national symbol of Croatia, also refers to the Sava River. Modified lyrics of the poem later
became the Croatian anthem.[160]
See also
Posavina
Footnotes
1. "Sava River Basin Analysis Report" (http://www.savacom 33. HSE (Vrhovo).
mission.org/dms/docs/dokumenti/documents_publication 34. Krško NPP.
s/publications/other_publications/sava_river_basin_analy 35. ISRBC & September 2009, p. 170.
sis_report_high_res.pdf) (PDF, 9.98 MB). International
Sava River Basin Commission. September 2009. p. 13. 36. "Sliv Save" (https://web.archive.org/web/2014022122402
Retrieved 18 May 2018. 2/http://www.voda.hr/HV_PrikazVodostaja_EksternaVS8/
A3.aspx?postajaID=5&slivID=1). Archived from the
2. "Sava" Dictionary.com (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ original (http://www.voda.hr/HV_PrikazVodostaja_Ekstern
sava?s=t) aVS8/A3.aspx?postajaID=5&slivID=1) on 21 February
3. "Slovenski pravopis 2001: Sava" (http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/ 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Sava&hs=1). 37. Google Earth
4. "Hrvatski jezični portal: Sava" (http://hjp.novi-liber.hr/inde 38. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015,
x.php?show=search_by_id&id=dlZmWhQ%3D&keyword= p. 49.
Sava).
39. Zagreb County Tourist Board.
5. Udolph, Jürgen (28 March 2007). "Stara Europa u
Hrvatskoj: ime rijeke Save" (http://hrcak.srce.hr/23286). 40. Aničić & Treer 1997, p. 162.
Folia Onomastica Croatica (12/13). Retrieved 19 March 41. Nacional & 22 May 2006.
2018. 42. Šterc 1979, p. 97.
6. Vrhovec, Pristov & Hočevar 1996, p. 123. 43. Index.hr & 26 October 2011.
7. SURS 2002, p. 47. 44. ISRBC & September 2009, p. 187.
8. Carey & Clark 2005, p. 50. 45. ISRBC & September 2009, pp. 160-161.
9. Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009, chapter 3.9.6.. 46. Nova TV & 4 January 2012.
10. Trišič et al. 1997, pp. 295–298. 47. tportal.hr & 7 July 2011.
11. ISRBC & September 2009, p. 12. 48. Index.hr & 19 January 2011.
12. Orožen 1901, pp. 96. 49. ISRBC 2011, p. 37.
13. WFFC 2012. 50. Lonjsko Polje NP (a).
14. Fallon 2010, p. 133. 51. Lonjsko Polje NP (b).
15. McKelvie & McKelvie 2008, p. 111. 52. Nadilo 2000, p. 183.
16. Singleton 1985, p. 3. 53. ISRBC 2011, p. 69.
17. ISRBC & September 2009, p. 113. 54. ISRBC 2011, p. 103.
18. Primožič, Kobold & Brilly 2008, p. 1. 55. JP Ada Ciganlija.
19. ISRBC & February 2009. 56. ISRBC 2011, p. 109.
20. ICPDR. 57. ISRBC & September 2009, p. 146.
21. Bostan et al. 2011, p. 127. 58. RZS 2011, p. 19.
22. Todorova 2009, p. 30. 59. Croatian Census 2011.
23. Promitzer, Hermanik & Staudinger 2009, p. 10. 60. Bašić 2005, pp. 63-64.
24. Lampe 2000, p. 13. 61. SURS Census – Naselja 2002, p. L.
25. HSE (Moste). 62. SURS Census – Občine 2007.
26. ISRBC & September 2009, p. 53. 63. CoM BiH 2003, p. 13.
27. HSE (Mavčiče). 64. SURS Census – Naselja 2007, p. K.
28. HSE (Medvode). 65. RZS 2011, p. 21.
29. Municipality of Ljubljana. 66. Municipality of Gradiška.
30. ECRR 2006, pp. 81–83. 67. RZS 2011, pp. 19, 21.
31. Municipality of Dol pri Ljubljani 2007. 68. SURS Census – Naselja 2007.
32. Municipality of Laško. 69. HRT 2000.
70. The Talon & 22 March 1996, pp. 1, 12. 118. Al Jazeera Balkans & 22 April 2012.
71. ISRBC & September 2009, pp. 5-8. 119. MMATI 2008, p. 52.
72. ISRBC & September 2009, p. 6. 120. EU & 9 September 2002.
73. ISRBC & September 2009, pp. 12-13. 121. ECOSOC 2002, pp. 11-12.
74. ISRBC & September 2009, pp. 13-14. 122. ECOSOC 2002, p. 17.
75. Oikos 2008, p. 20. 123. Brnjac, Abramović & Maslarić 2010, p. 303.
76. Mayer 1996, p. 31. 124. Orient-Express (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/t
77. Mayer 1996, p. 32. opic/432308) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
78. Tutiš 2014, p. 3. 125. ISRBC Bridges 2011, p. 24.
79. ISRBC & November 2011 (a), p. 3. 126. JANAF.
80. ISRBC & November 2011 (a), pp. 5-6. 127. ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 38.
81. Placer 2008, p. 207. 128. ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 41.
82. Placer 2008, p. 209. 129. ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 42.
83. Bavec & Verbič 2001, p. 385. 130. ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 50.
84. Stepišnik 2012, pp. 300–303. 131. ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 68.
85. Placer 2008, p. 206. 132. Vuković et al. 2011, p. 13.
86. Topole 2003, p. 53. 133. ISRBC & November 2011 (b), p. 66.
87. Topole 2003, p. 46. 134. Bošnir et al. 2003, p. 34.
88. Kolar-Jurkovšek & Jurkovšek 2012, p. 324. 135. Vuković et al. 2011, p. 14.
89. Ramovš, Sremać & Kulenović 1987, p. 398. 136. ISRBC & December 2010, p. 13.
90. Placer 2008, p. 208. 137. Canoe Federation of Slovenia (a).
91. Haas 2012, pp. 14–18. 138. Canoe Federation of Slovenia (b).
92. Hilbers 2011, p. 16. 139. Sinfo & October 2010, p. 35.
93. Saftić et al. 2003, p. 108. 140. Zagreb Holding.
94. Malvić & Velić 2011, p. 221. 141. Politika & 14 July 2008.
95. Hrvatske vode, section 2.1. 142. Press & 2 July 2012.
96. Pamić, Radonić & Pavić 2003, p. 6. 143. Vasić, Mandić & Nedeljkov 2011, p. 103.
97. Bačani, Šparica & Velić 1999, p. 149. 144. 24 sata & 8 August 2011.
98. Vukovar-Syrmia County 2006, p. 6. 145. Šabac Marathon 2013.
99. ISRBC & December 2010, p. 25. 146. Slovenian Tourist Board.
00. ISRBC & December 2010, p. 15. 147. Šašel Kos 2009, p. 46.
01. HESS (Boštanj). 148. Strabo (1917–1932). "Book IV Chapter 6" (http://penelop
02. Jalušić 2011, p. 9. e.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4F*.html).
In Jones, H. L.; Thayer, Bill (eds.). Geographica. Loeb
03. Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana. Classical Library. Harvard University Press. Retrieved
04. HESS (Projekti). 21 August 2016. "After the Iapodes comes Segestica
05. Habeković, Homen & Fašaić 1990, p. 9. [Sisak], a city in the plain, past which flows the River
06. Habeković et al. 1997, p. 99. Saüs, which empties into the Ister [Danube]."
07. ISRBC History. 149. Šašel Kos 2009, pp. 42-43.
08. ISRBC Mission. 150. Rendić-Miočević 2012, p. 300.
09. ISRBC 2011, p. 27. 151. Vasić, Mandić & Nedeljkov 2011, p. 78.
10. MMATI 2008, p. 19. 152. Deluka, Dragčević & Rukavina 2003, p. 739.
11. UNECE 1996, p. 84. 153. Buzov 2011, p. 367.
12. UNECE 1996, p. 16. 154. Buzov 2011, p. 369.
13. BMG. 155. Šašel Kos 2009, p. 43.
14. MMATI 2008, p. 18. 156. Rendić-Miočević 2012, p. 294.
15. Danube Strategy in Serbia. 157. National Gallery of Slovenia.
16. MMATI 2010, section 1.1.3.. 158. GCO & June 2011, p. 9.
17. MMATI 2008, p. 35. 159. Brunčić 2003, p. 44.
160. MVPEI.
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External links
Condition of Sava at locations in Slovenia (proceeding from the upper to the lower stream):
Radovljica (http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H23_g_30.html) – graphs, in the following order, of water level,
flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Radovljica by ARSO)
Medno (http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H03_g_30.html) – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow
and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Medno by ARSO)
Šentjakob (http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H21_g_30.html) – graphs, in the following order, of water level,
flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Šentjakob by ARSO)
Hrastnik (http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H04_g_30.html) – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow
and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Hrastnik by ARSO)
Jesenice na Dolenjskem (http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H22_g_30.html) – graphs, in the following order, of
water level and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in Jesenice na Dolenjskem by ARSO)
"Save" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Save). New International
Encyclopedia. 1905.
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6/25/2020 Sava - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 44°49′27″N 20°26′38″E

News reports Una, Vrbas, Ukrina,

From the source to the Sutla

From the Sutla to the Una

The westernmost part of the 562-kilometre (349 mi)

From the Una to the Drina

From the Drina to the Danube

Downstream from confluence of the Drina, the

The most populous urban areas along the Sava River

Slovenia 11,734.8 km2 (4,530.8 sq mi) 52.8% 12.01%

Croatia 25,373.5 km2 (9,796.8 sq mi) 45.2% 25.97%

Bosnia-Herzegovina 38,349.1 km2 (14,806.7 sq mi) 75.8% 39.25%

Serbia 15,147.0 km2 (5,848.3 sq mi) 17.4% 15.50%

Montenegro 6,929.8 km2 (2,675.6 sq mi) 49.6% 7.09%

Albania 179.0 km2 (69.1 sq mi) 0.59% 0.18%

Source: International Sava River Basin Commission;[72]

List of major tributaries of the Sava River

Slovenia Savinja Savinja 1,849.0 km2 93.9 km 46.085733°N

10,225.6 km2 297.4 km 45.460793°N

9,828.9 km2 214.6 km 45.27096°N

6,273.8 km2 249.7 km 45.107939°N

Orljava 1,618.0 km2 87.6 km 45.106773°N Republika

Vukovar-Srijem 904.0 km2 99.4 km 44.927893°N

20,319.9 km2 346.0 km 44.891968°N

Electric power generation

Hydroelectric power plant Location Installed capacity Annual production capacity

Sources: Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana,[103] Hidroelektrarne na spodnji Savi.[104]

Water supply and food production

Navigation and ports

Country Port Annual cargo Year

Sisak 139,899 t 2007[119]

Serbia Sremska Mitrovica 295,551 t 2009[115]

Road, rail and pipeline transport

Sport and recreation

Scientific and professional papers

"Površinske vode" (http://www.ljubljana.si/si/zivljenje-v-ljubljani/okolje-prostor-bivanje/povrsinske-vode/) [Surface waters]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sava&oldid=961999073"

This page was last edited on 11 June 2020, at 14:52 (UTC).

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