The BFP Operational Procedures Manual has list down the
causes of fire as follows:
A. Faulty electrical wiring or connection
B. LPG-related
C. Neglected cooking or stove
D. Cigarette butt
E. Unattended open flame: torch or sulo
F. Unattended open flame: candle or gasera
G. Matchstick or lighter
H. Direct flame contact or static electricity
I. Neglected electrical appliances or devices
J. Electrical machineries
K. Chemicals
L. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
M. Spontaneous combustion
N. Pyrotechnics
O. Bomb explosion
P. Lightning
Q. Others (forest fire, vehicular fire, etc.)
There are 5 fire classes:
I. Class A – fuels are ordinary combustibles such
as wood, paper, plastic, or anything that
leaves ash.
II. Class B – fuels are flammable or combustible
liquids like petroleum oil, gasoline, paint, and
flammable gasses such as propane and
butane. Cooking oils and grease are NOT part
of class B fires.
III. Class C – fuels are energized electrical fires
like motors, transformers, and appliances.
Once the power or source of electricity is
removed, the fire becomes one of the other
classes of fire.
IV. Class D – fuels are combustible metals like
potassium, sodium, aluminum, titanium, and
magnesium.
V. Class E – fuels are cooking oils, grease such as
animal fat and vegetable fats.
1. Backdraft – phenomenon in which fire that has
consumed all available oxygen suddenly explodes when
more oxygen is made available, usually because a door
or window is opened
2. Flashover – rapid transition from the growth to fully
developed stage; materials in room ignite all at once;
tongues of flame roll across ceiling; radiant heat affects
materials in room, raising them to ignition temperature
3. Fuel load – total amount of potential fuel for a fire in a
given area
4. Ignition temperature – minimum temperature at
which a substance burns
5. Thermal layering – tendency of gases to form into
layers according to temperature (hottest gases at the top
layer, cooler gases form at the lower layers)
6. Recall the ways on how heat is transferred:
• Radiation – heat transfer through empty space
by electromagnetic waves
• Conduction – heat transfer through a medium
without visible motion (mere contact)
• Convection – heat transfer through a circulating
medium (usually fluids)
Define the phases of fire:
I. Ignition – First stage: heat, oxygen, and fuel source
combine and have a chemical reaction (fire triangle is
complete)
A. Also known as incipient
B. 2 types: Piloted ignition and auto ignition
C. Piloted ignition – fuel + oxygen + external heat
source (spark)
D. Auto ignition – combustion by heat without
spark or flame
E. Smoke and heat is produced.
F. Oxygen supply = 21%
G. Does not have high temperatures
H. Breathing is barely affected.
II. Growth – Expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen
supply, and increase in temperature
A. Also known as free burning phase
B. Oxygen supply is less than 21%
C. Temperatures reach between 640° to 870°
D. Factors that affect the growth of fire:
(1) fuel load,
(2) fuel type,
(3) orientation of fuel relative to fire,
(4) available oxygen,
(5) ceiling height,
(6) potential for thermal layering
E. Fire influences the environment and is
influenced
by the environment.
F. High levels of carbon monoxide.
G. Breathing becomes difficult.
H. Highly dangerous flashovers may occur
anytime.
III. Fully Developed – All fuels have been ignited and
burning.
A. Hottest phase of a fire
B. Fire is now dependent on the amount of
oxygen.
C. Spread of flammable gases within the area
D. Oxygen supply < 16%
E. Too much carbon monoxide is present
IV. Decay – Fire starts to diminish as fuel and/or oxygen
is consumed
A. Also known as smoldering phase
B. Usually the longest stage of a fire
C. Characterized by significant decrease in oxygen
and fuel
D. Backdraft could potentially occur.
 SUMMATIVE TEST #2
DRRR
IDENTIFICATION.
A. Identify or list down the fire triangle for each situation.
1. Bonfire being lit while camping
2. Stove fire used for cooking rice
3. Lamp (gasera) used for areas where electricity is unavailable
4. Lighter used for lighting cigarettes
5. Grilling barbeques using charcoal
6. Lightning striking a tree
7. Newspapers being burned
8. Fire crackers/fireworks used during celebrations
9. Electrical fires during summers
10. Chemicals stored in closed environments
B. Identify the following statements.
11. A minimum temperature at which a substance burns .
12. Transfer of heat through a medium without visible motion (mere contact).
13. A phenomenon in which fire has consumed all available oxygen and then suddenly explodes.
14. This describe the expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen supply, and increase in temperature.
15. The first stage of fire which is also known as incipient where heat, oxygen, and fuel source combine thus completing
a chemical reaction (fire triangle).
16. The hottest phase of fire where all fuels have been ignited and burning.
17. A rapid transition from the growth to fully developed stage; materials in room ignite all at once; tongues of flame
roll across ceiling; radiant heat affects materials in room, raising them to ignition temperature.
18. A tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature (hottest gases- top layer, cooler gases –lower)
19. Fire starts to diminish as fuel and/or oxygen is consumed. This is also known as smoldering phase .
20. The total amount of potential fuel for a fire in a given area
ENUMERATION.
1 – 8. Give at least 8 causes of fire according to BFP Operational Procedures Manual
9 – 13. Give one combustible material for each fire classes.
14 – 16. Precautionary measures before, during and after a Fire incident.
17 – 22. Factors that affect the growth of fire.
23 – 25. Things needed by the establishments to prevent fire incident cases.

SUMMATIVE TEST #2
DRRR
IDENTIFICATION.
A. Identify or list down the fire triangle for each situation.
1. Bonfire being lit while camping
2. Stove fire used for cooking rice
3. Lamp (gasera) used for areas where electricity is unavailable
4. Lighter used for lighting cigarettes
5. Grilling barbeques using charcoal
6. Lightning striking a tree
7. Newspapers being burned
8. Fire crackers/fireworks used during celebrations
9. Electrical fires during summers
10. Chemicals stored in closed environments
B. Identify the following statements.
11. A minimum temperature at which a substance burns .
12. Transfer of heat through a medium without visible motion (mere contact).
13. A phenomenon in which fire has consumed all available oxygen and then suddenly explodes.
14. This describe the expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen supply, and increase in temperature.
15. The first stage of fire which is also known as incipient where heat, oxygen, and fuel source combine thus completing
a chemical reaction (fire triangle).
16. The hottest pahse of fire where all fuels have been ignited and burning. A rapid transition from the growth to fully
developed stage; materials in room ignite all at once; tongues of flame roll across ceiling; radiant heat affects
materials in room, raising them to ignition temperature.
17. A tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature (hottest gases-top layer, cooler gases-lower)
18. Fire starts to diminish as fuel and/or oxygen is consumed. This is also known as smoldering phase .
19. The total amount of potential fuel for a fire in a given area
ENUMERATION.
1 – 8. Give at least 8 causes of fire according to BFP Operational Procedures Manual
9 – 13. Give one combustible material for each fire classes.
14 – 16. Precautionary measures before, during and after a Fire incident.
17 – 22. Factors that affect the growth of fire.
23 – 25. Things needed by the establishments to prevent fire incident cases.