t\ame

Date

pRsMARy s@riRcE
fro* TWeWtg Years 8,t Hull-House {
by jane Addarns
Section 2
Qn september r8, 'rgg9, sociar reformen tane eddamrs and Eilen Gates stan
moved into Hurr-House, a dirapidated mansron in the midit
As you read this excetpt, think about why they undertook
oiini Ciiriil'ru.r.
tni, iia-J')rp.ri^"nt.

those early.days we were often asked whywe

[n
.fhad come to live on Halsted Street when we cou_ld
grealprofi:sion. During all &at tirne, of course,
the
woman had lived within ten bloch of a forists
afford to live somewhere else. I remember one man win_
dow; she had not been more thrl a ffve_cent
who used to shake his head and say it was ,,ttre car ride
away from the public parks; but she had
strangest ttring be had met in his experience,,, never
but ,{eam-ed of faring
forri for hersel{ and no one had
;vlo
was fi:$/ that it was ..not strange taken her. Her conception of America
In ":"e"ced
but naturai." had been the
time it came to seem natural to"all of y"tidy street in which she iived and had made her
us that the Settlement should be there. If
it is natur_ lonrytruggleto a+pt heneHto A-e.ica" *1o
al to feed the hungry and care for the sick,
it is cer_ But in spite of some untoward e4periences,
y natu5al to_ gve pleasure to the young, comfort we
faini, were constantly impressed with the uni{brm
to fhs .*.4, and to minister to the deep_siated kind_
crav- ness and qowtesy we received. perhaps
tlese fust
TB for social intercourse dat all men flel. Whoever days laid the simple human foundaUons
which are
t: is rewarded by something which, if not grati_ certainly essential for continuous living among
9":r
tude, is at least qpontaneous and vital and laclcs"that the
poor: first, genrring preference fo, resftence
ulsome serue of obligation with which 2 ss!5renfia] in an
1s any other part of the city,
benefit is too often acknowledged. . . . I::t*{.9.y]rter
because it is interesting
and makes the human
From the first it seemed understood that we
were ready to perform the humblest neiqhborhood
seryices. We were asked to wash the o".ribo*
appeal; and second, the conviction, in
Canon Barnett fthe founder of the first
the words of

h?"r.",Toynbee Hall, io London] tn"t tn"

sett]ement
I
babies, and to prepare the dead for burial, ttiog,
to nurse which make men alike are finer and better
than the
ihe sick, and to "mind the children.,,
th.esg neighborly offices unexpect- Sngt that \e9p rhem apart, and that thqse basic
[kenesses,
- _,.,-O""*torally
edly uncovered ugly human traits. For six wejrs I tuy are properly^-accentuated, easily
transcend the less essential dk"r"o""s
atter an operation we kept in one of our three of race, lan_
bed_ guage, creed, and tra&tion.
rooms a forlorn little baby who, because
he was Perhaps even in tlose first dap we made
born wittra cleft palate, was most unwelcome
even
,beginning towardthat
a
objeet *hi"h *as 1'
to his mottrer, and we were horrified when
he &ed stated in our charter: .'Toprovide a center "fter*ards o
-
of neglect a week after he was rehrrnea for a q)
to U, higher civie and sociaj life; to institute and o
home; a little ltalian.bride of fi.fte"o ,orrght rnatntain o)
,h*It", educational a1d philanthropic entelprises;
and to o
with us one November evening, to escap"e
her hus_ investigate and imprwe the condiUons
in t}e
C')
band who had beaten hr, oight f& a week
",rer],
industrial districts of Chicago.,' =
when he returned home from *orf, b"""rrr" ,h" d
had lost.her wedding ring. . . fromlaneAddams, Ttenty years at Hull_Hoase (Urbana,
Uuiversity of illinois press, fg6O), OS_OO, =0,
. We were also earlyimpressedwith the cwious iso_
lation of'many,of the immigrants; an Italian
:
woman E
(t)
once e{pressed her pleasure in the red roses
that she Research Optioms
a::ne of our qecqetigns in surprise that they had 1. Use a prbt or
o
:aw -brought online encyclope&a to find out
been so fresh ail the way from Italy.- dhe @
more about the settlement_house movement,
would not believe for an hstant tlat they had
been including Hull-House, prepqg an oral report.
grovm in America. She said that she had l:ved in ^
2. Find out more about
Chicago for sir years and had never seen any roses, Jane idd"*r. Then write a
brief author's note foi a new edition ot-no"n
whereas in Itaiy she had seen them e,rery summe, y
in Yeors at Hull-Hatse.

54 Ursnr 4, Cumen lS
Name
PRETMARV sorJRcE frorn The
@
Section 3
by I,incoln Steffens
Muckraklng iournalist Lincoln steffens investigated potiticat corruption
cities. As you read t:his excerpt from his baok, consder why he
as "a disgrace nat to itself alone, nor to pennsylvania, but-to the united
sound, and I doubt if it would stand in New
York or Chicago. The enduring strengtl of the typi-
cal American political machine is that it is a natural
growth-a rucker, but deep-rooted in the people,
Tbe NewYorkers vote for Tammany Hall. The
Philadelphians do not vote; they are disenfran-
chised, and their di56ffimchi.sement is one anchor
of the foundation of &e Philadelphia orsanization.
This is no ffgure of speech. fie honJst citizens
of Philadelphia have no more rights at &e polls
thantheN-egroes down South. Nor do they fight
very hard for this basic privilege. you can arouse
their Republican ire by talking about the black
Reputlican votes lost in the Southern States by
white Democratic intimidation, but if you ,"*iod
ttre average Philadelphian that he ts in the same
position, be will loolc starded, then say, "That,s so,
that's literally
!*", goly I never thought of it in just
that way,'" And it is literally true.
The machine controls the whole process of vot-
ing, practices fraud at every stagi. The asses-
1nd
sor's list is the voting list, and the asiessor is t_he
machine's man. . . .The assessor pads the list with
the names of dead dogs, ciildren, and non-existent
persons. One newspaper printed the picture of a
dog, another that of a little four-year-old Negro
boy, down on such a list. A ring irator in a sieech
resenfing sneers at his ward as ..low down" rer.rrind_
ed his hearers ttrat that was the ward of Indepen-
dence Hall, and, naming the signers of the D-eclar-
ation oflndependence, he closidhis highest flight
of eloquence with the statement that ..tiese men,
the fathers of American liberry, voted down here
once. And," he added, with a catching grin, ..they
vote here yet."
Rudolph_Blankenburg, a persistent fighter for
, 1, H9w did Philadelphia! machine control voring?
$e right and the use of the right to voteland, by
way, an immigrant),'sent
{e
election
olut iust before one
a registered letter to each voter on the
rolls of x ssrtein selected division. Sixty-three per
cent were returned marked "not at,,, ..removed,,,
Sh,Ame af the cdtdes
in American
pnn"delphia
"iiia
states.-
fody-{our- voters were addressed eighte"o letters
came back undehvere{ from anothir of forry-eight
voters, came back forty-one letters; from anothei
srxty-9ne out of sixty-two; from anotler forty.-four
out of forty-seven. Six houses in one &vision were
assessed at one hundred and seventy-two voters,
more than ttre votes east in the pr#orrs election in
any one of ttryo hundred entire divisions.
The repeating is done boldly, for the machhe
controls the election offrcers, often choosing &em
from among the fraudulent names; and whin no
ong appears to senre, assigning the heeler flocal
poJitical party worker] t""dy 6r the expeeted vacrn-
? Th,. police are forbiddenby law to stand within
t}irty feet of the pqlls, but thay are at ttre box and
they are there to see that the machine s orders are
obeyed and that repeaters whom they help to fur-
nish are permitted to vote without "intimidaHon,. on
the names they, the police, have supplied.
The editor of an anti-machine paper who was
looking about for himseH once tol8 me that a ward
leader who knew him well asked him into a polling
*I'll
place. show you how it's done," he said, La U!
had the repeaters go round and round voting again
again -
11d 9n the names handed them on sltps.
"But," as the editor said, "that isnt the way its
done." The repeaters go from one polling piace to
anotler, voting on slips, aqd on their return rounds
change coats, hats, etc.
the Cities (New york:
/rorzr. Liricoln Steffens, The Shame of
1904)- Reprioted in Richard B. Morris and
James Woodress,
eds.,Yoi.ca From Arnerinab past, Vol. 2, Backatoods Dem.o-
cracV ta World ?ouser (New York Dutton, 1963), 938-240.
Discussion Questions
2. Wby &d Steffens ciaim that philadelphians do
not vote?
3, Why do you think Philadelphia's poltueal
machine flourished in the late lgth century?
a

102 Cbaper2s AndcanIw\

to tbe Ctg,
lg6rtgoo
own position-h€f ln6irri.t,,^r
individual shortcomings
^L_
*tu"h';;;;j; -

-of
dress and that *
yas A name .ffi#;;l?f,
r'"rtJ.lij,'fl *:tffff:'i$it #:,51 :T1'* :' *n1
o, and whatj
f,*i":9.y"
dressandd;i#,fi"i?,,l1lgl'y.oo-."*iJ;,;ffi
"r,v
she rearizeJ;'"
ffi :f
HI",I#*I
;.-: ,.{
t:

';"'":,#:::":_h,1.rr1r1 ,

rr*:p:6ffi#r,'"'Hyffi:#r;:.i:*y,.p,.i1
tentury Neut york ni
'i*"ii'';W#'ffi
citydueitis
,o{1" ";*;;;;
Jeatures of urban
be,
"ffiinu*
::#i:#,#i
*.rT:::'.:fl:.f1ff'"'[y'* *o9, universarry in a nrrhw

-ri1#[i*T+:**
ulg organic mafter.
*;,{;;;#li'i,I::-.'"1;;ff-i{iffi i&T:":HtTUitilX
.''**rs-"1*;;;,irT.:Tt
wagon-axles; it war
j"l".ffi:::ltraTor"r,oI",J.,*,g,tordmerhat
*""il']il it!t""t it was so coated,wifr ;;;#
with reftrse. o*
and smered "13v t;;"ATi\ffi:'1,T: fiX.i'S::
"":,,:fil;ff ottenness was seen
;;;;#
nt. p*J". .i t*otg '
y3 **"grt;;; unharnessed
jrlja,and wagons in the public
dence airoii". i{;fi1f"f|ffir:h*^in tr,orougr,?J,i Lo
*.
srfeers
bener resi_

':Jflff; ::Hffi:nryf tt'L;';;'

u' ""'oum'otio" ;;til;
or vehicres
a ponion of one
tl
not onry re*ricted o-"ltr'd 'rtt* *.."T ,onmore than sixty "'a" gJti;'il'#
thousand. nt.t.'#r.i
but they *.r. r,".uof|; -""a ","9.ffialI

I's;*ffiH*,$ffi*'*'*#**f i*siffi ''#ffi

lr:*: :[ HT:* rn tr* c'o*oe;' fi;; ;;;;;:
nsurativerv and
rtel-ilr""

3r1,no ffi ; "#.":1 3eonre ;; ;;:as:i iii:.if ffi3ffi:$T# :;#-

m*tru{lUm"f e'q,rtrfi "Fiii'x.i*",, '.""**]

;tr#tf ::g,:iffi
rhroftled
by
f.,'_$'#"#"r{T"1ffi;footi *,*
Th ** ,h"'f'"e;
panizan.:l
lt
and of the
f, ,,::"gi""'i;-;
the fault of
:ntror;;.,ff"ff Ji:ffir*i*:,*;Irff
e;;;
,Geolge _ ^
f. Vartng,;Sr/esr- Cleantng(New york.
Dout ileday and McClwe, 1897),
*,.ffi##
wofl(, (

pp. t3_21.
 \
A. Tbe Lurs and ltabtlttis of Cfg lrfe 103
its own respect and that of the public, nor maihtain its material
in good order. It was
rurr as an adjunct of a political organization. ln that:capaciry
ir was a marked zuccess.
It paid fat tribute;it fed thousqnds of voters, and it gave po*., and
influenc. t6.r,un_
dreds of political leaders. Ir had rhis appointed
funltion; *a it pe*ormeait well. . . .
New York is now thoroughly itlan qr- every pafi, the'empry vehicles
are
gone' ' ' . "Clean streetso means much rnore tn"" tfrl cazual
obseryer is apt to think.
It has justly been said that "cleanliness is catchh g," andclean streets are leading
to
clean hallways, and staircases and creaner u"rng-;;; n,...ir
*riter sayB:
' It is not.merely iustificati-on of a theory to say that the improvement
noticed in the past
m Ti a half years in the streets of New york has led t6 an i*pro.h."t in ,ilfi;
rior of its tenement-houses. A sense of personal pride has b.;;;"k
women and children, the results of wruch have been notlceable to every
in the
"edone engaged
in philanthropic workamong rhe renemenr dwellers. when;earlyin
*repr"sent?ailir,_
istration, a woruan in the Five points district was.heard to,iy to'*"ttei .\f.4
f aon"t
care; my street is cleaner than youls is, anyhow," I was felt *ut
the banle was won,
p.* lsalize the many minor waln in which the work of the departrnent
has ben-
efited the people at large. ror example, there is far less injurr
fr;
t9 fu1niture, and to goods in shops; mud is not tracked from the ,t."t on
dusr to clothing,
t-o
the sidewalks, and thence into the hou"es; boots require far less cleaning;
the wear_
ing of overshoes has been largely abandoned; *"i f""t and bedraggleJ
skira are
mainly things,of the past; and,children now make free use as a playground
of streets
*hi+ were {cirmerly impossible to them. "scratches,o a skin disiase of horses due to
mud and slubh, used to entail vlV serious cost on truckmen and liverymen.
It is now
almost unknown. Horses used to "pick up a nailo with alarming
frequenry, and this
caused great loss of serr"ice, and, like scratches, made the
bin ;f the veterinary sur-
geori a serious matter. There are practically no nails now
' The great, the almost inestimable, beneficial effect to be found in the streets.
of the work of the deparr-
ment is shown in the large reduction of the death-rate and in
the less keenly real-
ized but still more important reduction in the sick-rate. As compared
with the
average death-rate of 25.7g of !gg2_94, that of 1g95 was 23.10,
that of 1g96 was
21.52, and that of the first half of 1g97 was 1g.6j. It rhis laner
figure is mainrained
throughout the year, there will have been fifteen thousand fewer"deaths
than there
would have been had the avenge of the thirteen previous years prevailed. The
'"te basing
report of the Board of Health for 1896, its calculations on dianheal diseases
T J,"Jy,August, and september, in the filthiest wards, in the most crowded wards,
and in the remainder of the ciry, shows a very marked reduction in all,
and the
largest redudion in,the fust two classes.

4. Jocob Rfis 6oes Slumming (tg9O)

Police reporterJacob A, Ritis, a Danisb-bom imm[grant wbo bad knoun
rat-infested
tene/nents in Denmark, aimed bis talentedpen at tbe scandalous
slums of Neut york.
He was sbocked W tbe absmc,e of priuacy, sanltation, and playgrouidr,
and by
tbe presmce of din, spncb, and uermin. one tmement
area in Neut york was knoum
as tbe "rung Block" because of the preuatence of tuberculosis.
Dapite tbe opposition

i. A. Riis, Hou tbe Otber Half Iiaes (New york Chades ScribneCs Sons, LgN), pp. 4H4.
104 Cbopter 25 AmericaMwes to the Ctl, 18611900

of beanless landlords, ubo worked.band ln glax uitb corntpt pollttclars, Rtis

to ellmlnate some of tbue foul firetraps, especially tbe dark !'rear tenem.en6."
does be regard as tbe cbtef obptacta to good healtb and good morals ln tbese

Suppose we look into 'one? No.-Cherry Street. Be a little czreful, irleasel

hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back
Not that it would hurt them; kicks and cuffs are,their daily diet. They have little
Here where the hall rums and dives into utter darkness is a step, and'
another. A fligbt of stairs. You can feel your way, if you cannot see it. Close?
lrhat would you have? All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from
halldoor that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that
tum receive from the stairs their sole zupply of elements God meant to be free,
man deals out with zuch nig$ardly hand.
That was a woman filling her pail by the hydrant you iust bumped against.
sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access-'and all to be
soned alike by their sufiuner stenches.
Hear the pump squeak! It is the lullaby of tenement-house babes. In sum{net
when a thousand thirsty *roats pant for a cooling drink in this block, it is
in vain. But the saloon, whose open door you passed in the hall, is always there.
The smell'of it has followed you up.
Here is 4 door. Listen! That shot hacking cough, that tiny, helpless wa
do they me.qn? They mean that the soiled bow of white you saw on the door down-
stairs will have another story to tell--oh! a sadly familiar story-Sefore the day is at
an end. The child is dying with measlet.ITSh half a chance it might have lived;but
it had none. The dark bedroom killed it. r.
"It was took all of a zuddint,' says the mother,. smoothing the tfuobbing little J1
body with trembling hands. There is no unkihdness in the rough voice of the man f
in the jumper, who sits by the window grimly smoking a clay pipe, with the little Ufe
ebbing out in his sight, bimer as his words sound: "Hush, Mary! if we cannot keep
the baby, need we complain-such as we?"
Such as we! If.hat if the words ring in your ears as we grope .our way up the
stairs and down from floor to floor, listening to the sounds behind the closed
doors--some of quarreling, some of coarse songs, more of profanity. They are true.
Vhen the summef heats co(ne with their suffering, they have meaning more terrible
than words can tell.
Come over here. Step carefully over this baby-it is a baby, spite of its rags and
dirt---a:nder these iron bridges called fire-escapes, but loaded down, despite the in-
cessant watchfulness of the fitemen, with broken household goods, with washtubs
and barrels, over which no man could climb from.a fue.
This gap between dingy brick walls is the yard. The strip of smoke-colored sky
up there is the treaven of these people. Do you woirder the name does not attract.
them to churches? '
That baby's parents live in ihe rear tenement here. She is at least as clean as the
steps we are now climbing. Ttiere are plenty of houses with half a hundred such in.
The tenement is much like the one in front we iust left, oniy fouleq closer, darker-
we will'riot say more cheerless. The word is a mockery. A hundred thousand peo-
ple lived in iear tenements in New York last year.
 \
1A6 Cbaptq 25 Amertca[4ows to tbe Ctt!,
rcl5_IgOO

(t8e3) $
J
rt:e flood
"f
**or!::,:7,!u*pyn 188os,predamtnan,ty
catbortc, rearotsed'natjulst
ugorl ru" ?3,^!..:!: g*rrp,'tb"
)*!o.nnt n"*j,
,"rretiue Amerrcai
n'r:##:;r:f:trfAfure;iix!=';"*8;'h''iiv,n*o*si,sua4
termtnate',nonca!orfs,";";;#;";ffi:;T;::f
nJbfor defetre ni n * opiiLuy"l";";;;;;iili ;::t:f !:!r!:;#j{:#
l n;-i;;;;;
chtnes, ubtcb in citil tihe torror" potrtxat mal
pubttc cbicqgo bad secqred
ofic*, tnctudtng tn"Tr"-iqi,,,,,",,::i'::1",::i::,":red a semtmonopoty
,ffi;tr_;;;;;i;;i;,";iy;m,m,!:,n;,#;w;,f;L*,a ofi

:
I do most solemnly promise and swear
ability, rabor, pread, *g" ; ;;;t"; ti* ** arways, to the utmost of
myi
"nau,oto't
cism; that I will use my w-arfare
dience to the Roman c.atho-lic
power to "g"#ri;oonce and fanati_.:*
,,rit. ,rr. ,i-r""ffiil1ains of blind obe-
Crt"t
a priest-ridden and church-oppresseJ
rr rtl* rrr" rr"*pr.a-#'io*o consciences of .
p.opt., ,rr"i r *t[^i#r
mernber of the Roman c",r,.ri.'crr"r"i,
io" u."o*.
ailow anyone, j
i"g hiq to be such; anf r wiu "
..*#, .i *is order, I know_ " I
' tants Evervwhere in the "r.n,y-#J."ce ro promore the interesr of alr prores_
world i
,r,"i *"y r", ,ii"i-i *]f;;'employ
pr*t 't
.
catholic in apacity,if I can a Roman i
"r'y promise
I furthermore seMces of a protesanr.
. *iU
' by my resources' any Roman ^"a,i.*ltf,"il
c"trtu. or
not aid in buildi
d;;;;-;'fT:;:ff:r#? -
wharsoeveq but will;" "r,rrch
pope' in this
counw or
-;-;;;il'r..r"* *a
dl i"
*v o"* u.e"t rrr. power of the :
Roman cathoric uoon the;bcffi; *$t_:"i;;,#
other; that r
Iiil."o"rersy with a
Jiu.r, r,oi wilt r en[Jirr,o
with a Roman catiroric r"
ptovees niav undermine_""a
r*i. or"ol?r""'i ai"rururr,.. *h"r.bf "ny agreemenr
rhe cathoric em_
ances I wi[ seek only proresano,
*tJ,.i.ii".o rro,.o"";;;;ilir;tr,"t
in an gri.rev_
w'l not il; il;to i.
""a-"lunsel with ,rr.r, ,rr. excrusion of all
1.fiil ::*:[:::ld them anything of any nature
mah'ed
I furthermore promise and swear
that I wi'-not countenance
any *.u".* or convention, the nomination, in
ican peopre' and that r *iu f*d;a"^fr;l r*
of a Roman c"rtori"
or*. Amer_
uolil;; counser orhers ,.
catholic, but wil p;;;;;;r,:" f"r;;;ffi
"ot
o.d{.for;
"o*.c"tr,jibs "** for, any Roman
there be rwo Romai power (shourd
i" *r#r.-.# r
I,vote); thar I wiil at rimes "oo"rtir'tir..p,
."a.""iiro ,r"_. on the ticket
ment in the hands of protestano, il;.". p"iru"Jp"riri"* of this govern_
,"
L'.-."ntir. o.ruril-J'il.,*o**
Church, of rhe members
thereof, ilG;date cathoric
To a[ of which r do _";til.;;;;f*. of the pope.
aqd swear, so help me God. Amen.

T:y O.u"fyv of Amedcan catbolinistory,edited I

perdssion of Prentice-Fralt,tnc., upper=s";a]ffi;fi1:v J'Tncv Ellis. copvright @ rg5r. Reprinted by
I
200 Cbapter 28 Prograsluism and tbe Rqubllcan Rooseuelt, 1.901-1912

2. GeorgeBoert Divine Nghtof Ptutocrots (t902)

Tbe antbraclte coal minets of Pennsyluanla, wbo were fighfuW *ploited
accldent-cuned, struckfor higher wages ln'1,902. About 14O,OOO mm were i.dled,
the cbtlbd Bag was tbreatmey' wttb paralysts. Georye F. Bau, tbe
Eokanrnnfor tbe ounerc, refused to putnit lnteruention, arbltratlon, or ewn
tlon. He bel{ewd tbat mlnlng was a "busln&s;" not a "rellglotts, sentlrnental or
dentic Wpsftton." In raporue to a complaining.letta from a Mr.'V. F. Cla&,
smt tbe follouting reply. Wat ts tbe socl.al pbilosophy of big brsinas as bere ranalt

17th July 1
My dear Mr. Clarkr-
I have your letter of the 16th instant.
I do not know who you.are. I see that you are a religious man; but you are ev-
idently biased in favor of the right of the working man to control a busiiress irr
which he has no other interest than to s€cure fair wages for the work he does.
I beg of you not to be discouraged. The rights and interests of the laboring man
will be protected and cared for-nr:t by the labor agitatorb, but by the Christian men
to whom God in His infinite wisdom has given the control of the propeffy interesn
of the country, and upon rhe successfrrl management of which so much depends.
Do not be dhcouraged. Pray eamestly that right may triumph, always remem-
bering that thq'Lord God Omnipotent still'reigns, and that His reign is one of law
and order, and not of violence and crime.
Yours tn:ly,
Geo. F. Baer
President
\
[Wbm tbe Baer letter was publisbed;tbe press assailed lts "arrant bpocrlsy,"
"egregious uanity," and "gbastly blaspbemy." President Roosanelt neuertbelessfinally
brougbt tbe disputants togetber late in 1902. Altbougb be admittedly last bis teneer
and did nat bebaue "like a gmtleman," be bad a large band tn working out tbe re-
sulttng comprornise uage increase. J

3. Child Lobor in the Coal Mines (1906)

The arcogant attitude of tbe c6al operatot seems euen less excusable in the ligbt of
Jobn Spargo's bookThe Bitter Cry of the Childrerw-anotber stgnifi.cant contributlon
to tbe muckraking mowment. An English-born sacialist, Spargo bad come to Arnef-
ica ln 19OL at tbe age of twenty-fiue. He uas espectally sttned by tbe rkkety cbildren
of tbe Neut York tmernent districts. Tbsir mothers had'no tlme to prqare propef
meak; needlamrk laborinthe sweatsbops ranfrom tutelue to fixenry bours a day, at
a wage rangingfrorn ten cen8 ta a cent and a balf an bour. In Spargo's description
of worb in tbe coal itines, ubat were tbe uarious binds of bazards tnwlued?

zLitqary Digertt 25 (Augrrst 30, 1g14d'258. A photostatic copy of the letter is in Caro iloyd, Henry D*
marest IJuyd (New YorklFunk & \tragnalls Compiany, 1912), vol. 2, p. 190.
3;ohn Spargo, Tbe Bittet Cry of tbe Chtldren (New York Macmillarq 1900, pp. 16T165.
 \
C. Ibe ptigbt of
Iabr
\Zork in the n-r L-^-,- 2Ol
ffi$H:1il#,ififfi"#;,=:ifts1v
hard ana
i:x: c,o*r*a ]*,
e''#*ffif;$ff
shouldered, h
The coal j
Sersr 4re cornr

$s*ffiHf*-}rgil#fiffi*d*fiE#*
consumpdon. ro,,"trrmrl;-#;, ''ng
the foundadons
in a breaker for
har an hour and
r*]"?Jfft# tried to
gfr
*f *,Hi:r?#rffi i.l"H:ffi t,::.'f; Jd,*:.i"d!#kJ'il;
t*"r..,,#I # Hff:l:"flS"ff ** q. brightrv, the air Jas

dusr".J';;":
rivers' wtrnrn th'
grinding roar enfol..t:;.-:::l:"' vithin
deadly o"ti"*"'lll"the
oft6--"I-,'j]'"tu$-of
*J*.tl*olt
the
r r|t T"""*
ff ff*
filled the .ro.
.,.. **,i; ;tr*i n## H:..'"li:,I:dil, *a *il,,
i:Lff:d
stream of
il;'l"-"t
PTr."Gil* **
tng some of the coar dust, *o il_.a "
coar,

r cou,d jffi:i*'lf# #ffi r?il1"$,*#i';l-.?,:ff#

,

"",
,i;',*.,.Ttf
rhe nighr
:,Hfl*fr .::}":'J:$:il:T,HE*fi i:l:,T..j:lfi T:
schools.
fiTUjff .,::ffj
'."*"'*.,J,iij,lJlfnyr1ffg;;,*,;w!*i?::f
guys wot,s der ffi
,de
,*i,r,:f.:x?:l'nn",;l,iHffi ,{"F;f };;'iil*Hi,l"-lil.r"ff

rgl;in":ts-ruli*l[:yst'ry**'e*ril1,,trf
ll^t"""]o,t."-d
such a fting as
oth.
the.oSnger and
din bltt
work in tome
bel "nd

;*ffiiF#'iFi#rmii+,+"**;:H":::::X
:i:g{,i:;6"J.1f :H:.f ;J#:':,r"'u.ro*i'1i.,.r"11

,'"Hfi*##ffi*Y*#,
l3"'ff ?JJtrJ:nT::ffiffi:#fr+JtrT.:;ff T'hT:r:rrc"*'i"g*
*:, ii# r'#:tf
.fl
jH[# ;;*'*ru$.[t l;:#ffi#i#
mures to pass through;
&, ro wori i;.];;"ililI"h.''J';ilTrt*fl:*rHf;
 Cbapte" 28 hogresslutsnt and tbe Rqubllcan Roosanlt, 1g,1_lglz

door-ttrenwaiting agail-fatsixty cents; to reach *re zurface when all is

the mantle of night and to fall to the earth exhausted and have to be carried awav
the nearest 'shack" to be rer$ved before it is possible to yralk to tne r"rtt., .it,
called "home.'
Boys wrelve years of age may be,legally employed in the mines of lfest
ginia, by day or by night, and for as rnany hours as the employers care to
rnj
thqm toil or their bodies will stand the strain. where the disiegard of child lifi
such that this may be done openly and with legal sanction, it is easy to believe.
miners have again and again told me-*hat there are hundreds of little boys of
and ten years of age employed in the coal mines of this stare.

4. Sweorhop Hours for Boken (1905)

Tbe abrse of Labor ln dangerous or unbealthful occupatrons prompted an
W number of state leglslatur*, acuc9ing so-called pollce pouten, i p^
Iaus. In 1898 tbe Supreme Court upbeld a utab statut; prohtbtttng rntnen
from
unrbtng more tban etgbt bourc o fuy, etccel)t in emergencia, In 19oi, bowetq tbe
court, b1t afiae+o-four declslon intbe case o/Lochner a. New york, oaertbreu a
state law forbidding bakets to uork more tban ten houn a day. The rwjarity lietd
tltat ngbt of botb emplaprs and ernployeqs to make labor contracts uas protected
_tbe
by tbe Furtedntb Amendrnmt. Hou mlgbt one descdbe tbe social consctmce of tbe
maJority of tbe suprenre court in tbe ltgbt of tbts mernorable decffion u.trinen by
tice Rufus'V. Peckham?

The question whether this act is valid"gs a labor law, pure and simple, may be
dismissed in a few words. There is no reasonable
lround ior interfering q/ith tire tiU
erty of person or the right of free conttact, by determining the hours of labor, in the
occupation of a baker. There is no contention that bakers as a class are not equai in
intelligence and capacity to men in other trades or manual occupations, or that they
are not able to assert their rights and care for themselves withoui the protecting arm
of the state interfering with their independence of iudgment and of acrion. They are
in no sense wards of the state.
viewed in the light of a purely labor law, with no reference whatever to the
question of health, we think that a law like the one before us involves neither the
safety, the morals,..nor the welfare of the public, and that the interest of the public is
i(
not in rhe slightest degree affected by such an ?ct.The law must be upheld, if at all, n
as a law pertaining to the health of the individual engaged in the o""upaiio.r of a ,!

baker. lt does not affect any other portion of the publiJtlian those who .ng"g.d
in that occupation. clean and wholesome bread does not depend upon "L whether the 1
1

baker works but ten hours per day or only sixty.hours *.ik. The-limitation of the
t.

hours of labor does not come within the police power "on that ground. . . ,

\tre think that there can be no fair doubt that the trade of i baker, in and of it-
self; is not an unh€althy one f.l that degree which would authorize rhe legislarure to
interfere with the.right to labor, and with the right of free conrracr on thelart of the
individual, either as employer or employee.

i198 t/.s. Reports 57,19,6L.

 C. Tbe pltgbt of Iabor
203
In looking through.statistia regarding all
trades and occupations, it may be tnre
that the uade of ffi:: do.r no,
be.as healthy ,"-*1" oa., rades, and is
also vastly more healthy tha4 stiu"pp"riS
o'thers. To the common.*a."*ar"g the trade of
abake has ngver been reganded as an
physicians would
"**,:trry.r;,t#ili,
not recommend the exercise'of that or of anyiothei *a" *rr.oy for ill health.
some occuparions are more healthy rrr* "r "
u*;Jfik;;
"*r;*,[; ;;#
might not come under the power oi tr,. r.girr"n are none which
of working therein, if the mere ra"t ttr"ittrJoccupation ta .*t ot the hours
ir rrot ly and perfectry
healttry is ro confer rh:r righ, upon the "b*rutgovernmenl
r.sirr.ri* a.p**,,irrre ...
' . . we do not believe in the soundnlss.of the ui.*, *hi.h
the contrary, we think that zuch t"* uphord this raw. on
trrir, although passed in the assumed exer_
"
cise of the police pov/er, and as-rerating ", to the pubric heafth,
employees named, is not within that po#er,
and G invarid,Ths; "J;;;-J;;
il;;;;;;
fair meaning of the term, a health l#,
but is a.n illegil interference vrith the rights
individuals, both employers a1d emproyees, of
to mak-'e .orr**r.g"rding labor upon
such terms th.y may think best,or which rh.y *;t
parties to such"! contracts. / ----/ -o'vt
"gr..
oioo
sr *irr, the other
statutes of the nanrre of that under review,limiting
the hours inwhich grown and
hl:ftg*r Ten rnay labor to eam rheir d;;;;;;;;;;.*"
with the righs interferences
of the ind\,iiual, and they are not saved from
daim thar they are passed in the exercise condemnation by the
of the police p"** *J"pon the subject of
the heai*r of the individual wnoserights
,rL irrterfered with, unless there
ground, reasonable
T *i.of itsef,; say that there is ."r"ria a-g., tobethe some fair
public
health, or to the neaur or *e errrpioye"r,
rr a. hours of rabor are not curailed.
[/,sttce oliuqwmden.Hormes, tbe great dissenter,
baken' case. He are\ed tjtat,a fited a famans protest rn tbe
i1rn" p"op'i state widentty
wanted tbe law and tbat tbe court"*iortTi "1i*ri,,'iork
ougbi nit to i*p*" iy-oun sociat phitosopby. ,,Tbe
Fourteentb Ammdment," be sobtnniy
decrared, refening to a
arcbconsmtatiue Britisb soctat tbeoit, famous worh by an
"do,q not enact Mr. niuert spencerb social
sta*cs." Asfor tbe rigbt to work rnore
tion t* bourc, tbe rnyor of Nant york remarhed,
"Thqe wae no joumeynen
bake6 tbat l.bnow-of cr.amoringfor any sucb ribetty., pos-
sibly cbastmed uy nimot us"*i;;t,
tbe court rerented and tn 19og unani-
mously altproudd an oregon *ituteprobrbiting
tbe enploytmt of uomm tnfactottes
and otbu estabrrsbments more tbai ten
houn in one-diy. n t6lz tbe court upbetd
an Oregon ten-bour l.awfor botb men and wommJ

5, The Triongle Shirtwaist Combdnv Fire

li Cloims 145 Uves (l9l t)
of grtsty ca.tasttrcpbes ewr to befart Amutcan
1
!,e .tb1.most
Tri'angle sbirtuaist company's yorh
worken occuned at tbe
I Nan cirt garrnentfactory on Marcb 25, 19L1.
Trapped tn a buming urrlm"s n w!1cb
*' many wit doors iaA ueen rocfud to disca$age
workers from nWng unautborrzed
h.
€l break, i<e uu"r"r", ;;; yo""g uonen,
isbed, Tbe resurting outrage encouraged W_
tbe enactment oy morz sffingmt buirding

; sNan YorhWoild,
March 25, 1911.

n
&
F
k
/
204 Cbapter 2g hogresstutsnt and
tbe Rqublicen
Roosanlt, 1901_1912

',"Ary,9"r{"',T:^y*,*trortau
r";;;;,;;f;ff:y::f^y:,Hry
{liir:;n:;;;;;iWt!ir"3:yffi
noi"
'{i#:Fit!;:;e:;x;r,t:tf
sectian
D ) r_ ,o^ -^: ""
j,*ffi :X
if:i:y#iir,y::#;rxi"ni:
coMttions,

r*ffii";r:;:#tr
pub tic ourrr"
tb e
fi i,,i!, irT fj# t',rf"
ri,iiffl:1";#ffiinr#il
women? fact *",
' tb et so rn
"f ""i"frT.I
. At 4:35 o'clock ve
aftemoon fire , '
be positiiJy i;]ft,#::*Y.iit""t;;;*.to*** from a source
building ,t ,i,. no,rn-|].| t":*", n.
ti,,..nio,,I*iil:::"o"'.'oi*LT,iffi
. tr":'Jffi*i
"Everybody -
has :ll=j ::{r ffi
v'v^sr t0aoe ,ff
this ffi
;:.mi!'#.::LT"ffffl
;H;
statement: ---r*' ;#:;
*'#TT^gJi;il::l,J,"fffi T' ""-u"'',,i"n our, which *'uuucs
b
incrudes roos$
At 2 o,clockthis mo.,.',r.--.i-]i"^. ,
."a nrty-roi];",;?J::T-g chief croker esdmated the rotar
rr.o-.
*{

::f#:t#':#.ri'ffi rh:'*n#.Ttr.t.l#if . [,T#

r4r ao as nre
*. fff.Tffiy*tth,o5 who
in iun
rost their lives
did so

*t.o;;il:;ffi;1$*1":'r5,:::**,ffi
*;:}ff lil?n'.f :Til:,::::
o;;;':. :'"ene treet' Armost
"i'i."" #ilr"?;
s
u
SH iT"v^'i "

':::"ffi:;;iffi
n'o* lo**;t";;;J-)T"ff. 3:
rr was the
*'
ffi.jj!i#'#il:"j3-'*:"rudwigw'rbemaderhebasis
0".* L,iorii fire--proof

*.' il; ffiff::".,;i5,#,:fl'r?Til:;ti* stl*- aisasrer and the

in koquois rhe_
Manhaftan was
a sickty hue-as called upiri,;
*fl:*ot;;#il:*ce ";
trAn:tr#"ff #"iliw'i*$*"ff3ru.*H**:,*i{ *'
..- .*' F
nrough
il;'f;:':,ffi'ilf
oo'itJen'*.J fr*q
the other tq
-"'. rin",J-
flames licked and
shot
o.n" were occupied their way up
company. rr,. .r#? o"
ker ar abour ,,ooo.
i'l:{6".;;;;;;:"rs
he pioprieto;;;;'" 'n'-tnit'i?#
at work is made
uy cii"r ir*
.
their place, . . ure ,toloyees
company say7o}
men and girf, *.*"i
- Before smoke o, ,r_- gave.
r"uy ,'a.r;;. *";'l-:: ttg'T ^-:^"-_
sigru fr' the windows' the
loss of life was
rop srories r,"a *-.rfi::: 9;$;:"* the sfteet knew
caught and incinera,.,o-t'o ita n-'-i#l* which " human creatures fp1
crowded our on *n.tl*."-.t 'd"'#;
were being
betow. *; rany
-1-Y-"jwindow il;;t.men and women
L"t, and"#
"''u#., . - -nd threw themselves ""o hto the ,*""u'i-
jumped wi*
up aflame ablaze' The
as they,*"^tl""T.d?ottt
ft:a hair of some of the
girls sffeamed
ract thar on both ,";
rlie "ft;#ul
srewmounds",*.oJTi;:T;*o#J,-#:1il:::,:::"#t*kmil:
"ld-
 C. The Pltgbt of labor 205

And the worst horror of all $ias that in this lieap of th'e dead now and then there
stirred a limb or sounded a mci,bn.
\fithin the *ree flaming floors it was as frighdul. There flarnes enveloped many
so that they digd instantly, \f'hen Fire Chief Croker could make his way into these
three floori, he found sights that utterly staggeiLd him, that sent him, a man used to
viewing honors, back and dovm into the streerwith quivering lips'
Thl floors were black with smoke. And theo he saw as the smoke drifted away
bodies burned to bare bones. There were skeletoru bending over sewing rnachines.
The elevator boys saved hundreds. They each made rwenty trips from the time of
the alarm until tq/enty minutes later when they could do no more. Fiie'was streaming
into the shaft, flames biting at the cables. They fled for their own lives'
Some, about sevenly, chose a successful avenue of escdpe. They dambered up a
ladder to the roof. A few rernembered thE fire escape. Many,may have thought of it
but only as they uttered cries of dismay'
'lfretchedly inadequate was this fue escafe--a lone ladder running down to a
rear narow court, which was smoke filled as the fire raged, one narow door giving
access to the ladder. By the score they fought and strugglbd and breathed fire and
died trying to make that needle-eye road to self-preservation. . . .
Shivering 4tr the chasm below them, scorChed by the fire behind, there were
some that stfu held positions on the window sills when the first squad of fuemen
arrived.
The nets were spread below with dl promptness. citizens wefe coslmandeered
inlo seivice, as the firemen necep'sarily gave their altention to ttre one engine and
hose of the force that fust anived.
The catapult force that the bodies gathered in the long plunges made the nets ut-
terly without avasl. Screaming giris and men, as they fell, tore the nets from the grasp
of the holders, and the b6dies struck the sidewalks and lay just as they fell. Some of
the bodies ripped big holes through the life-nets. . . .
Concentrated, rhe fire burned within. The flames caught all the flimsy lace stuff
and linens rhat go into the making of spring and summer shirtwaists and fed eagerly
upon the rolls of silk.
The cutting room was laden with the stuff on long tables. The employees were
toiiing o1r.r trr.h material at the rows and rows of machines. Sinistedy the spring day
g u"1id to the fire. Many of the window panes facing south and east were drawn
down, Draughts had full play.
The orperts say that the three floors must each have become a whirlpool of fue.
whichevbr *ay the enirapped creatures fled they met a curving sweep of flame. Many
swooned and died. Others fought their way to *re windows or the elevator or fell
fighting for a chance at the fire escrpe, the single fue escape leading into the blind
.or-nt t}"t was to be reached,from the upper floors by clambering over a window sill!
On ail of the tfuee floors, at a nalrow window, a crowd met death trying to get
out to that one slender fire escape ladder.
' It was a fueproof building in which this enormous tragedy occurred. Save for the
three stories of blackened windows at the top, you would scarcely have been able to
tell where the fue had happened. The walls stood firtnly.A thin tongue of flame now
and then licked around a window sash. ' , ,
t
$

&
ffi
/ rnarks excerpted bete, utbat are Rooseuek's most tellrng argurnents
against antlhust
Iazas?watwas n* underryingpbitosopby of gouernient/was tbarirrrtirip,il"*7,
in tbe contert af tbe U.S. pclitical traditian?

As consrmed by t!e- Democraric pladorm, the Anti-Trust Law

would, if it could
be enforced, abolish alr business of any size any effrciency. The pr.;;.-rh;;;
.or
appiy and consrrue the law wourd undoubtedly be broken, but the
eT . ir *?pd do no good wharever, would accomplish widespreadil:
;"r;fio."i#;
and.would "pply
bring all trust legislation into contempt. . . .
lrlrat is needed is. . . a Narionar lndustriar lommission. . . which
should have
complete powef to reguiate and control all the great industrial concems
engaged in
business-which practically means all of them in this country.
'rter-stateshould exercise This com_
mission over these industrial concerns like powers
to tiose exer_
cised over rhe railways by the Inrer-scate commerce conrmisiion.
.. .

:il& our proposal is to heip honest busrness activity, however extensive,

rhat it is rewarded with fai-r refirrns so that there rr,,ay
business men or of the common people. ve propose to
and to see
b. ,ro oppr.ssion either of
make it worth while for our
business men ro deverop the mosr irn.i"ttirrrrirr.r,
^g.oJ*
rional trade; for it is to rhe inrerest of our wh'ole peopre"thri
ror;; ; ;;;:
we, should do weii in
intemational business. . . .

- we favor co-operation in business, and ask o_nly that it be carried on .we

of honesty and fairness. we are against crooked business, big in a spirir
or little. are in
favor of honest business, big orlittll, 'we propose m penalize
conduct and not size.
But all very big business, even though honestly condlced.,
is fraught fth ;"t;;_
tentiality of menace that rhere should be thoroughgoing
Governmentai control sver
it, so that its efftciency in promoring prosperity at
homJand increasing the power of
the Nation in inrernarional comrner"i *"y be
maintained, and at the same time fair
play insured to the wage-workers, rhe smatl_business
cornpeLitors, the investors, and
the general public. vherever ic is praaicable we proporJ;;;r.*e
comperidon;
but where under modern,qonditions comp-eution has been
and cannor
be successfully resrored, rhen trr. cor",,r*.oi ;;","p;Trra "li*in"t.d
io.f suppry che
needed control on behalf of the people as a whole.
.. .
The pbople of the united states have but one insrrument
which they can effr-
ciently use against the colossal cornbination5 of busines*"rJrir",
instrument is the
Govemrnent of the unired states (and of course in the
sevbral states the govern-
ments of the States where rhey can be utilized). Mr. Wilson,s
proposa. is that the
people of the united states shall chrow away rhis, the one great
instrumenq the one
great weapon they have with which to se..'re themselves-against
poses to limit the goverunental action of the people and.
*oog.'F{; p;
therefore to 1eave unlim-
ited and unchecked the action of the great corporations .whose
enormous power
constitules so serious a problem in modern industrial'life.
Remember that it is ab-
solutely impossible to lmit the power of these great corporarions
whose enormous
power constitufes so serious a problem in modern industrial
life except by extend_
ing the power of the Govemment. All thac these grear
ask is thar the
""rp"i"rio*
power of rhe Government sha' be
rimited. No wonder they are
suppc
for them what they hardly dare venrure
:r?:T.:: [il]"^:lyg
themselves. These great.corporarions ro
rareiy wanr anyrhing from
cept to be let arone and to be permitted
to work theu wfu urro..t.a
#;nXI
ernment. All that they really,want uy,
is that governmenral action shal
every great corporation suit the corporariori be ti
lawyer _iU b;l;;;;
E,ery court decision r^"o.i,,g
:#"H:T
the ::*jlj:T:il1 ry*.,
form of decraring unconsdn:do""r ro*.*Ji";#";";'JJH$#
"
country -r'o r, not dealing honestry
nl'r,,:T::T::j_19:T:j'1"
his feuows asks notlr.ing bener rhan,r.",
r"rr.
and
dl.;;;;;,ffi1'Jxr#T
that rhere be stringent iimitations of gouelrrn
ental power.
There once was a trme in fustor], *ir*
,fr"-f^iir",",,." governmental
"f
for th1 people. rn the presenr J;til"l"rtarion
::T,::::i:iq lL:g
menal power, of governmentar action, means of i
the ensravem.",
who can only be held in check through
.riif
il"ilat
l:1-:o{p".ations rhe exrensio., .
r

rir'Aiy rouic' from "The Talented Tenth"

@
3r<rbn 2 w E' J D,
bry W. E. B. Du Bois
Dchrrd.tfut ttn ductttd Afdan Amedant of tils
-o,n hy-rn
'lllanttd ren'nr'<ot,d
'oh un tn, iiiiitng n onmpre 6 wttrt,o tnd
udntrng otw Afrtutnutans. i.idi
ii yryr;;i#;ii"iot r ,*n
thtn* ftour whctttvoo .'na or
e,
'irgil-;dt
#;ffi ih
ii aar,

t[h" ll-cgro rece, hle all nces, is grfng to be

r snrcd bt'its crccpHond men. tL dobtem of pT$ty of the N.g- sboutd tcrch or hou, it
crtrcatioo,&co, e@g lsegroes mnst &st
should teacb tt-Iwiliagly rdmit that each sou]
&rlwtt[ tbe Talcoted-:loti; it i, th.e*blurrr of
of all aad each race-soul o"udiit *p""oti., curricu-
lum.Put tbis is lua Auniversityl f,-,*
{$q"g &e Bcsr of this o. OJd.y -"y " ;d
tion for the transrnission of knowlrdg.
inven-
tlqe Uass $r'8y from the *nt"ri"luon
Edf and flom generaffon to. generaUoo, th-ult E" "rlt*;
*d-dthe Worsg-tn tbcir opa *a &, rr"r. ;;;g
ol quidr min& aud purc bcarts, and ior rhis q6fl6 "
Nq"$r haining of mca is s di$sulr _J iot iotu no other human inrrnfion *rill nr$ce,
tts& Ibtcchnique is e rietter for edrstiona] not even
trade atrd industrid schoob. . . .
.rp"q, but its obpct is for the vision of seen, If Men of Americg thc problem is plain before
T,TF poo"y the object of man-haining, we you. Here is e race qans$hnted thrdugh
stau dwelop goney;nrakgn but not omei"rity the crimi-
nal foolishness of your f"thu*. Wfr.Uir
ner$ if na male eehnical skill the object sf.educa- v"u Iike ir
or not the millions a.re here, end here thiv
6oa, we may Irorsess artisans but not,fo. Dahrre, will
remain. If
ma. Men we shall have only as we male rnanhood ryy do not M-,b"q up, they*ill p"X
you down. Educatjon and worlc
oli* of the work,of tbe schools_*ceUigun.", thil*rr,o
F. plift a-qeet1e. Wort< alone will "?" l" i
bryd qarpa$f, knowledge of the,.orldLat was
rnd is, and of tbe relation of men to it_{his
eurricrdurn of th.at Higher Education whleh
urderlie tue life. ftFr foundation **--*yUola
is the
must
i?]*d-bJ
genc€. !,duea6on nu:rt not simply
must teaeh Life . The T.l"""j
"ot
th9 right ideals end guided ""frs
Uy intuUi-
teach work_it
ffiffi,il Negro
t
race must be made leaden of thought E
breadwianing,rg of hand *a q"j"l*.* of brain, and mjssion_
aries of cuJtrure arnong tbeir peoplel g
with naer a fearlest the child *,i rn* No oth"r, .*
rnistake
6e means of living for the obiect of lilb. . . .
g"1|'is w.ork and N:fr *uu'g"ii;'ilii rnun fo,
P
n}

Can the massEr of.the Nefuo-peoph be

in any I- l1l T:ry race, like dl- other racrs, is going
De saved by its exceptional men.
to s
E
possible way morc quickly ,"ii.d^th"i
hrthe eff6rt
rnd exaople_ of this aristocracy of tdent'and
char_
fivnw. E. B. Du Bois, The,Irlented Tenth,, in Tlv Negro
hpblem: A Series
dAttililes R;;;;L;,*r.r*^
i
o
Negro* ol rbtuy (Nan yorlc fu
acter?Was therc wer a nation on God's
hir earth pott, fg$),
cfyilized from the bottom upward? Never; James 33_25.
it is, ever E
nas and ercrwill be Fom the top downuard tr
eultrre fflten. Tbe Talented Ten^tb ,ir.r;Jprll,
that
Research Options I3
dl th* are wo*h the saving to their,rautage l. Imagine that 1ou haw beeu aslced 6
ground. Ttis is the history if^up[uro- p-s"rs] and qpeaker at en educetion eonference:
to introducc e
Dr. W. E. B.
I
&e tno historic mistakes rUi"t f"uu'fi"L"a
tl"t Du Bois. Find out more irbout pu gois
8nd then
o
progels w?re the thnking ffrst tbat no more could . write a brief iatrodrlction
9t
c
ercr risc save tf,e for already risen; or seaond, 2. Du Bois believed educauonG
U.r"a * p* eoaiigr. s
tt rculd better the unrisen tll pull tt ,l*o
that i-iJrl, "to opUn I
E
"
Ho*, Scn shall theteaden of a strugting
dorvn. I People.'Find rccent statistics ebout tbe num_
ple be beined and the hands of the risJEo,
peo_ ber of Afri-can-Anerican ;U;;;;;ales.
c!-mpare tbese figures with
Then A
there qn be but one arro".", fnu
UE"irU.iof
:ho$*d?sld-nolt
Arrican-American college graduates_3,gg0_in
Tlt capable of theirputh mun be 1900^
9$"a in the colleges rnd uaivenities ofthe
laad. We will not qparrel as to just udrat
the
I
66 Unn{,CE.rrrEn16
/ i , ar -- aa :a i ::.a .

|,= r g,{g€ E er i..E d d+ rEE s tEl-,;6 s d-

jii:i;s
;1
liiiiliiiiiisiiifii fiiiBii t
si{i!it
E,
5

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ts
5
"E
E

ta t
EL
,&'
t" .,

iiffiiiiFii
ii$Fiiii
:EEiiilE3iiiiiiiiiii isifiii
t.
tt
't.
a
o t
{
I

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.ir
sEiilg$ -g'oi bo\

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-=
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\4

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t
lg..tt
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3FFgigi
I I
Jrm Crcw.
Chapter and Verse
Jim crqw laws from insof foodinthecity,atwhichwhiteand
WAKE RET
:
CONTINUED FROM PA

blues, an appropriate sor

for a tragic story of racia
"You have poor bla,
_lri11ij,*:.of
.
r rThe counry Board or, Educationt ff'lfr:1,ffi:i':il;'_rrry,:rilii:tTi
whites in Mississippi,"
says about the characters r
sha[ provide schoors ortwo rrinbslinoii
for white chirdren and thot, ioiibio"i
;;;il;'; effectuaily separated bv a
ulate this novel. "This is
iJiio irrtiii* extendins from the froor about how they come t,
children..Texar upwaiotoa'oist;r-ceo;i;eetor;idri and are opposed to one i
,r Ebok shalr not be interchangeabre aio unteii a separate
entrance from . how they are alike and dil
between the whiteand colored
but.shatlcontinuetote
sc'h-oJi, tne street i, piiuurl
useitytfie;;; partmeni. ltaoama.
i;'ffi #:
- --: .
first using them. North carori,ir. jlh;;;rden
I The state tibrarian is directed tofit shaltseethat the white
convictisnitrr.l*,,rpuiit. i;ffi#;
up and maintain a seoarate pracerorirre
tor ootn eii-inq and sreeping
ne
from
" w"'! the
mi1,io*' '
use of the cororeo oeirote wiio qroio;udi. italrrispii." ''tc'tr
to the libr:ary for the ouroose
rlaoinq
or
books or periodicars. tior'.'taiorinI
r tverv'emproyer of white or neor'
r.dil;ii irovideforsuchwhiteorne-
I 'qro
Tle maniaoe of a whifg psv56n ;ii;i Lasonaory accessibre and
with a negro or muratto
who ieparate toiret facirities. Arabama.
or person
shall have % dr more of negro
shall.be
brood, r The corporation commission is
uisriiiippi. n."-ov *rtio with power and author-
u.nrawfur and void.
. r lt shltl be untawfut tor.any parent, itv tolequiie tefrpn.irr,Jripril:-i;
in tnii mainta-iiieparate booths for white and
retative,.br other white o.rroi,
state,.havingthecontrororc*toovoi cotoreo p-airons when there
is a de-
:Tfitf]ld, byrishiof srraroiansirip, mano foisucn rrp*im'oooini.
bill-
. naturat or acquired, or otherwise, to homa.
wniie I lt shall be unlawful for anv amateur
b
dispose of. give 0r surrenOer
such
child permanently into the custody,
trol, maintenance, or suoo'rt,
conl r,vnit, lri.Orff team to ptay baseball on Above, Emmett Till witl
. --- ,rv'rJiriiirt or.baseba' diamond
rJq at the entrance to Rob€
gro. South Carotina. lga_
wftiiin-twb'iiOcfs Chicago for Emmett's f
I Any negro man and white woman, uotro to il,e Neqririr,
of a playground de_
viewed his
or any white man and nroro
womin, "i,l'iilniri'.
untawtut ioiany amateur colored
base- PHO
who are not marrieO to eacfr
w-no
otnei bail team to itay naseball in
antl vacant
shal habituary tive in ano ogcuov
in lqt qr oaseiiri_oiirrrd,,r";itffi;
the nighttime tne.u*r rodm rffifiifr- orocG oi-iiy prayground devoted
to
li"li:tll.o_ll_imprisonment noi-ex.
the *nitr rac!. oeoreiu.

:::jjffiidffiil,.Lllry
rine noi ei' i il;h.il;i;'rl-i,r ror a nesro
r ni,i.,i;liiel-,.purute rnospi-
5lilH'jffi3if :
lgll
enkances for white and coroiel
ia- iiilj,lf,fiii::.'i
of pSor ,ir'oiii'urds. Arabama,
tients and visitors, andsuchentrdr;6s-irnro-raises
slowi and tent exhi-
ioi *niin oit[*'io'iiirh the attendance
shall be used bv the race ortv
tn13,re prepared. Mississippi. il;'iffi;;, race of ...
I No person or corooration
shall re_
is invited or
p..teJ io ati.nd shall provide
ex-
quire any white female for the
nurse t0 nurse convenienceofit
in wards or rooms in hosoitars,
prtiriiriiliririii
public or private, in
eifhei
two ticieiotices with individuarticket

placed. Atabama
which negro men are
selers, andnot less than two
entrances
lgFeiaioperrorr;;;;;;il;ililid;:j
. f No.gqrore.!barbershailserveasa ticr<etiareiiand receivers. Louisiana.
women or qirls. G;r-
larber [to] white
r Tne white ano colored mititia
v'|q' be separatery enroiled,.no
sha'
t lt shal be unlawfulto conduct , be compelleo to serve'in ii;il;;l rrriir n.u.i
restaurant or other prace tor
tne iervl qanization. N0 organization
of colored
troops shali be permitted where
white
rroops are available. North
Carolina.
U.S. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
56 Cbapte" 23 polttlcal parulyk tn tbe Gilded
Age, lS6yISg6
Can you wonder why we
a few
- have turned
of our members could secure,-;;;;nut aftendon from the few pi
mass of ou, oa*. rmed our afteftion
whv 4r- B,:rtj_ toward be:
ffi-i :T AT*,:3 'ra
"iJ Jy-['"T.xlff i:r{:qiJfif il,,:Hj, f ;:
their effort ,q J"ii-rrr", power. they may be justty dealt
we know
isting parties'is gging
going to tegiblate tot
""T:::?Fo*
in rh- ,-.llyo"
lesi.slate in;;'rir'*
lrnow that neither gf the r
nefther pf
cept so far as it io"r-.ro, confligt the farmers or laboring
*itr,
*o*,Mr- Editor, i nrish to say, ,f trr.irtlT
3f
mterest to do so. . . .
,__ il#
down party issues
partv
iil;#1::,n ilT.H:rrilrffffi:
iszues and ."'"ui".i'o
as counry superinrendent
combine r.., cna+ ,-3:t"'*
of putnam corrnw
men of the united States
cot".a-rr"*.rr,liriirrr..,
:i*"#X*:*Tt;rffi:::t?:j" r *d,
we did ^ voice
vvrue rne
the sentiinent
senriment of
orthat
lesenting as votes, wheJ-'
7S0,AOO that bod
wiiling and ready to lay
bo,
ltre.past, take rrora-Jtn'rrr.*
be heard from the H.igrrt"
*.rp.o*.
:?J:are
p?fty, race, or creed,
oreu*ij"li
Heiqhts of Ahah,_ ^".r,1 until the cr,
qffi,??.1;:;?o::Trt;,
from the rock-bound coasr of
ne r"st, i" "r_:
ii.-9"1ar,;il;;".r
can heartily endorse the motto, the r'estl
"rquar'rigr;ts to all
and special privileges to

3. TheWilnington Massaue (lggg)

I? 18% wbite poputis* and blach
Repubtrc
fq4tanti-Bourooi ona loi'iJ;;':#,':f::?-carotina forrred a su
!i4tu, conservattue "o)uuon
oJ tbe state gouenment.
Bourbon n"iorroi oril:rot Four
Souernmut in a cambaipn marhe,rt o, o-^!13.n tbe eopuixt nqublican ,,ftt
:;T#V,;;,:,;;r:r;:;,-:;I:f 3,n::i:;";;:;;;:#ffiffi:::#l
dered sanerat eiji"" Amerirtznt .-, ,*:!?',14b?, 17, rBgB, uben a rnob
tr::#ffili#;U#*::::,,;ii"ilW!"';,1'!t;,!i;:,""ffi\.
account"riJ hsht on tha )a-+L ^:!o ,!" uprising in detait. In wbat
does tbis
!;r"';f":",";::,r*r:;':,a*f :rii!?!;:',##:;#rir:*:yi;
spanisb-emertian-ior ro driue contemporary i*"top*"ni-i)
bone u* p",r'r!ri
Nine Negroes massacred outright;
a scc
on the *oui,"irr;14 *,. uo*" ..rorli.t-r;,L"::#:::ff::f
llt*H.1i;iilfif*f m?':*,-.n the.sand, ** *.
ffij
- ^,-- "*ild;;ft
gaun,,e,
the sidewalks
rhe sidewatks-'"nJ-nla"n
and riddted hi_;;_"_;;;r".-*. sand, while crowds
him urirr_ oimen
of men tir lir
doors;*otr'.,r'i.g-lr,"i*.";*:#',""jiiff
;t,* :"T.l'.ff :...:ilfl
ffi;fT:#il:l.3i,i::T:l:::.$l-*.n
homes in the darkness of
the
neelng'in
neeins in terror
tenor rrom i,,,*l
tr,"r hrqu|9$
fro-m their
a cord andbonJiutg oi,,, "grriio,r,.
""i""J."rcrr
o",io,.,t
i:? ififf:g.,li#L**,Ji
ff ,"",?r:!:,:ffi:::fr9'":tr$fl ;iffi*"T;[*:;::i::j"":,r,p,.r1r,_:
in gloom and terror: r'"ri-iJ *%
b::r*,:a
hcrcF,*t^A ;",:'".i;j,rr",rr.o
-^rL--, o?i,i"; l;:*t
cord and r',ie*;i ,r,;
il;.fi;;il.f,:fil :tt in a shaJ;;;.r,u J'i..ut
:9Fs s Morr6, speech to the Interdenominational i
l8ee';From the p"pin oicLr., Assoaiati^- ^r ^ ,
H. \nrii;;,G:;"ffi:t?i:ffi"i""1%:ff#,ffit,i"$lr;iff""$
' ----t
$
 C.|be Pog,an* Crusa+in,tfu hub
who, in the name of-ci-il:-^.,^ )/
prince orpo#t
oFcivilization' and
rhTbenediction of rhe
-wrh ministers of the

L:,t:n:,'J"ffi m::'ll:Fqql!ffi';3fiHH#irt#:
fi :Tffi f ;t"*lH;"#:l*l;mU:{*##,_,"raffi .r;:;
,tr*i$#:m*T*rf *"*,iiu,#ld#rilr:
tou,."t-tierr*fi'r:il'1,#""J j:r."."',r,*dgt#Attf'il:Hilff
1;

;;f*u*ffi:t
Cuba. Thls is the
q"''til afr'ff*;ff#'ffif:9 Y'fid;;Jo], or v'mington.
the bressings
and this is what rt
r, a' *-J-*or..
ot"lyr c"d";;;;.TJ,"T'j,ffI"'J::1*.i'
wfen -;;;.5ub.rty,
i, what crimes ,g-f"..;;.u-,i.*
.ffi.iffi 3lfffi
j;;"t: xil;:trfl,..,T.Hf; :ffi;1f _:fr :T#*1
;::Tr:l,,,f#"r,.rot.ro*o.
reason whatever,
tina election officar, ,t "rhi"rugii
ot ao*' "ii#o ,n".' abre to pass
carolina, f* ,ro
#;:lf*ot as the chalieston.Ay'ezrs "t?-t".#,,rlr**o*e
.1p'*"u ";';;,;;ri'4 rhe baser

iT:i;ffi ;f*ffi Ir"p',9*:,:f,ir,*'.:'*$"*"r""f

most orhrh?,i otii{ Y"me's'
*
where terrified.women
ffi b# '*:
to a dozen infanb.
expos're and cold.
nation.fought;;# Thir o i.-t Tooi.',i'nro,
This is whar rhe
lrrrat ;";; ;?ff
-_ . ti,lHJ:,1o,fr:'""**,

,ri",.' ,r'";tff'ff"}?""fff: it bener ;-";;."#; who use it to jus-

"{i;:*rrxi,l;:lth'"n*-J';;ii:}:T^.'"?:.::H""n;l"H?11
,'iv.
make the south reJ rePublr'can
govemment; crirnes
witrr urooil ;#T;l,of gv *i*.,
that
:3:t:i",'lY:dgovemmentwould
prise roterate F-ool"t."tt9 "rr,.";-"1'i.rlt
irr"r"
one-third of the poputation
o"oi#,, ;T:t"t::
a singJe day. The cotored
of the State."t fro"r, p:;pl;;""
"r. ;;:"h*or" trr"urir] ,., *. Legistarure

$'.'.ffi ffi tr#:,riff;TJ:T::iltl;:'*J*;:f *l#J*:**t

ft*tf [Xt*i;m1***1m*:*ll**t,1""*l
of the board of ataermer\
:?"t #-jH 3:
and sixteen
was white, six out
r"r, *.*u.i,
*r'*hil, il;il|*'
*ere white; out of rwenry-r* *.ritl.r, "r
",,.jwas lf the porice force
il;"J;tJn*"ev white. the ci.,
"i.rt *"
"]in.)*u oo reasurer
#iJH.*irff$::,ffiJiii5:f
superintendent of
#'.:'H,t:lrirfr*it"ft "#j
*3i*nj the
department,
public ;.h;#;;, *tr., the chief and
*rut"; ti,."r""i
rl;;;i"i,rr.
;;*t and tr'ee .;;;i;";"irl'.o*o*ies
were
."i"'"a,,r'.-f
were whire' and the
Jia#ff :",ff q::'f ::unirrt***i,n:.rtx
o"" N"gt;-*"; r.tri"a
. r.'*",rrr;#""rhan any of his
( 58 Cbapter 23 poltt,tcal pamtys*
tn tbe Gtlfud Age, IS6r-11g96

whire associates. The rax

rate under this misc3!3awegro
-ThT; was less than undJ
regime
irs predecessors; rhis is Negro
southem scarecrow-{onvured
a"*"rilril
osirr*"g,;; a'iir r"mpre or tdd
bv rn'; ;:ters of [e br;a;;rywhere.
The Good samariran aa
".ir."". hih".ta.rt ro,'roiiJ ... {
his own rhreshord' *r',r" r'i1."r;;; # l"*" *;-,;;#;;, "na
bleedins;
Jericho to hurnt for a man *ut had Jerusalem ant
r"uirirr*"g rhieves. n
"r-*" Lerica
go eight rhousand milestom afford tc
rr.n,.'a r", rp go,,r;;.rr,
a repubrican
pines while the brood or in the philip:
citir.nr *rrJr.lrii"rro., came he-re u.r*"
is ctying out to cod against the Mayflowir
t.i rr""i,rr. ;;." of vilmington

D. The Spread of Segregotion

!. Jhusupreme Coun Declares lhot

ls Equal (18g6) '"ec r'Seporate
In tbe crosrng yearc of tbb ntneteerztb
cmtury, most soutbern statx
bws nnndatrng segregated p"wx passedJim crow
a stcttute tn 1890 tbat proutded i*iuno ;;q;q n, *t tii-ir;';;;. routsiana passed
"#f,_^oaofia,s
i* u"t ,qorri
wbtte and cotored ,o""i"
cupying a rarrcar or uattrng
,";;i;""^ tli,u *o,i,-orJiriiiirio pasonsfrom for the
roam otber'tbln tbose reserued oc_
Louisianans brougb.t suil a[ai,st for tbeir race. Blach
tt i-to*,.a.s a way of cbartmging
,prrctice of segregation. nt6atingtv,- tin*ptoin,ix, tbe Ereading
rcads, ubicb obJected n tbe
oi.aii'";;"*,;;t;;
;;r;;';;;prrt .from tbe rair_
seuen-to4ne rnajority, bowane4
ttt"
;;:;;;o;q*ate carc. By a
u.i.iupre*",cirn upnititi) rouisiana
in tbe case o/presw ,' r."g,t", i^ statute
into ptace untir it L,! air"",ti'"6 i"wsr" ;;rr*
*T ";;;; of sesregation
\var II pertod' cTbe lone
tbefollouing *cerDtfrom
";i.riii'*"r"*J),' ,, tbe lnst_wortd
axuntn *xlitnnnr",uoriin,
,fr-r*
n"ueou.tner.) Jn
rdiii'*ifr'o)rnror, *not ori'ii"'principar
offered for tbe coirts
conctusioru)
uutnerabre? (It uas reuerced
ii *ii"r^*"i;;;;";;lJnraronares
urtimatety proue
," ,tt" ,. si^rd;i"iau""rio' in 1.954,
wbicb berd tbat sel)arate "oJ'JBrown
"a"""tto"it6"iiroo are inberentrjt unequar.)
By the Fourteenth Amel{1ent,.ax
persons bom or naturarized
Srates, and zubject
to rhe iurisdiction'theieof, in the united
and of the state *h.t":
tir.y r"sia.; "r.,oua. .rrrrl*'.f*" united states
enforcing anv raw*T*:Ti states ioorialr from making or
United Sares, or shail deprive
;;;Giii"
"naihe
r":reses or "r"irdil;;orcitizens
of the
"rry"p"rrJrr.:f Jtr:, lb.rry or properry without due
or denv to anv p.iro.
$fi:ri"$r]"*' wirhin their jurisdicti*:tr,i
equal protecdon
The proper construcdon
of this amend'ment w-as fi-rst
this court in rhe stauebr*.t ca'ed to the aftendon of
)^)rl'ia#l *ni.r, _r"r".!,liJ.r",
tion of race, bur one orexctusirre "i" iltd;:he not a ques_
case a,J."*iiil, any expression
.j'
I
United Stat6 Repons (tE9G),
vol, t63, p. fi)..
r76 Cbaptq27 bnptre and bpansion, tg 19O9

woolford told tbeliurnaltst and reformer o. G. wilard, ,ayben.I

sent tbat .6t
-, ,.'q. rasr L
u?he up.tbe n& rnorntns tofi.nd mvsetf acctai
':,y^:.yY',{!!?yt!.'!*yf
ify:Y:-t:':9,!.9?:-,'!^"t,1:y:rnt6sa-se.@.C.Ai;;;,r"r#;&:
.Y:,r:"y:::d^1,:,:P:!:!"uinteuea*"'p,,iiiii$i";,il";";;'i;
Yorh Harcourt, Brwce and Co., lgjgJ, p. 136.)l

2. Professor Chorles Elrot lVorton's

Potriotic Protest ( I AgA)
rouable and rtnmersery popuraa cbarrq Eriot Norton
seruedfor many yeats at Har--i
i:r*!::ftr:,!!:!:::z{,!"!:"atts;.!ftnwa,u,oioii,';"'J-;;;;;';;"
lic opinion,uitb a Eeecb tn Camddge urgtng young mq,
,;;;;;.";;;:;:#
not
dmounced birn as one of ttte ,'intelrecwit cqperttio^."
ucxinirr,-iaa";"";7,H
cllzanon;
*1:,f :-.,!",r:r1*" of wqrton berc urses **-JWir#"';;";;.4
;;;;:;,;;:;; ;
'.t
And now of a sudden, without coor deliberation, without
prudent preparation,
the nation is hurried into war, and America, she who
more thai any other rand was
pledged to peace and good-wiil on earth, unsheathes
her rworl, compels a weak
and unwining nation to a fight, rejeaing without due
consideration her lspain,sl
eamest and repeated offers.to meet every legitimate
demand oirh. unir"d states. It
b
i .HT.i d.isappointment to the rover oi his country; it is a tuming back from the
path'bf ciyilization to that of barbarism.
"There never wls a good war,' said lBenjaminl Franklin.
There have indeed
been many wars in which a good man must t"k. p^rt..
. . sut ;';#;" ffi;
taken for the most righteous end, before the redources
of peace haye been tried and
proved vain to sectlre it, that war has no defer*e.
rt is , The plea that
the better govemment of cuba, and the relief o{ ,n, "Jao*t;r,r"..
secured by war is the plea either of ignorance or
,r"oiiit )'dos, couldordy be
of hypocrisy.
But the war is decrared;and on all hands we he#the
who fails to shout for it, and ro urge the youth of_the
.# rrr^, he is no patriot
courrtryif ."rr", and to rejoice
that they are called to the servic" or trt"it native
land. The sober counsels that were
appropriate before thg war was entered upon must give
way to blind enthusiasm,
and the voice of condemnarion must be sirenced
- / --- ,il;i;r,
by",h. <--..ev'' of the guns and
the hurrahs of the crowd
stop! A dedaratioa of war.does not change the moral
law.,,The Ten command-
ments will not budge" at a
ioint resolve of congress. . . . Nor the voice of protest, of
waming, of appeal is never more needed than when
the clarnor of fi"fe and drum,
echoed by the press and too often by the p".lptl,is
biadingd men rar in and keep
'coo,o'rnJl
step and obey in silence the ryrannous word of
Tlt n, *or" than ever, it
is the duty of the good citizen nor to be silent,
and spite of obriiuiry, misrepresen_
tarion, and abuse, to insist on being heard, and with
iob., .ourrr.l to maintain thr
everlasring validiry'of the principleJ of the moraj
.{ law.
--------- i
2Pubtic Oytinton
24 (June 23,IB9B):nSrne.
 C. Tlte Debate ouerlmpedallstit

C. The Debote over lmperiolism r77

l. Atbert Bevendge ?umpets

tmperiatk\'(tggg)
Albert I, Beunidge deltuered
anapotis on septenber
$* famots- yr.r,.:Zhe Uarctt
,isei"ii*i of tbe Flag,, at Indi-
.frnq. Born b ry,
t*porr*[i7 fuf*'w ;;i'n""i*o to heep tbe pbtrio_
manuar tabor but "" ffXr,r, a*oiasi ;;;;*, bls
"tu.ir"ptv
icar contests. Ttte cadenri'rt
ii"iiiiz"ryp" wutb at bard
(F p' Du'nne) satdvou iii,i"ii*r", ";;:;";;; r,ff; pnzes won in orator_
,,ttr
coud*"i;;';;iT "r"r"i*#"'Lcb tbat Doorey,
ry"*o;;i;';Hrs
#;.r;:;i:ffrww:ffi:;;;#frfiirffi r;,,;;;fi ait-
",{"r
tbtr address.

rff;!#;:{H:";'f#x',rli"e#.i;;;;::ffitr;;x1:::t:i:i;
Distance and ocean" q6
u"1srt, ^^ ^__
are no argumefts' The faa that
a[ the renitory our fathers
"rJ;;::T*
Vorf ,fr",' p;;;" conriguous O
"o
,qlT. In 1819 ,f*a" *r" fi'therfrom New
,H#:r":tr#J"ffi #;#ffi ,l,tHfffi fT?#H,#
desir+_+rre o"e,* ;oio *, nilii.iil1+ffi::j nT ffi,
.JTT"';"TJ'' a"oi"i,)'\'#;.\" ?*,:;y;:*;
" ?:
,,.,y l.*.n[']r.
with our reague

L:::{.=6:1.?fr "
Hl.'tri#:;:'-"':il*hT.:fiffi?i;J#j
rampson and schiey h",'e m"ie
guru' American hearr ,i,.*lorroguo*,
brainanJ;. ,p."a, American
keep".r?-iir.f;L
and
11!- rhe-;;;;;rrs forever.
y:'r.#"?fi3;ffi ;:'r'*#;:frT#*,.#,need,hewes,ern
r"-*l"r'"1# #- r*J,il'.'io"l[",o
iF !ili:il:::;T," 'r" p.opr. this impe-
awaired *
"'o
,"'[r1xorrJ"'J"j",f
ffiT:H,tT ;ms::H*H:
ffix
y.*r*i::"::Jil
our staresmen rrom
J:iat
*,LT rerrerson to crant,
Buttodaywe are raising
_.* ;; ;;,
#:il ;"ff#:J:ffi .#.#*#:,;
^L we can use. roday
than
* ;;;"#;.
*:l"*.#J{:_;*f X*j#ij:f n,here ;;;#;;, we do no, need
fr:ffi ;f"'S.'*;;;J;;**;ffi "ilfi"",:',','Aili:ffi'*::i;:*lf :
ir
was acquirea, *-Jo
""J ;;il.;:#,ftT ;Hg,HJff: *;
' Think of the thousands
when the repubric's raws
of Geri]c;;;. *'r p"", iru;;;;;.*,T;:$;
and porto Rico
tens of rhousands or
cover mose isiana, *-h;*;"#"rli.rr,
emericans ;;;uil""a" Think of the
"i*. ""i'i.rJ".,o forest in the
ed''Tbetibruryoforatory(NewyorkTheGrobepubrishingcompanv,
i!r}**r* 1902),vor.t4,pp.
178 Cbapter 27 Errptre and Expanston, 189&19O9

Philippines when a lth^4 government, protected

and controled by this repu
ffi Lf :,E::*1T,,:f^n:
Think
j:1r1qt"io..,r,lrrauestabris;";;;lndequity
of the hundreds pf thouiairds of Americans who *iu l"ila ,
c-crrnmon-schlol c.rvrfltion of energy and industry i' CuU", *fr.n-"
"
law replaces ttre douue reign of arriichy
lions that Empress of Islands will support
rdyr+hd;il. ;;#;l:
*d
her people-ask forthe ttgfr.o honor "u"aiii-r"
*h.rr,,i. r"* of oor,
ryyi"ri?t
order of the stan and stripes,_the citiz;nship of the
lib"rry;; il;oJ,;J
cr."i n.p"uri.r
wrat does alr rhis
1ea1 for every one br *l it rn."* Jo**"r, for all
therepublic_rhemost.virite,"*btil*;;;;;,
f::.:lr.:Tf
itant manhood the1gTlof
world has evei seen. It means o", *rr"t,.r"ur},
and the
merce of these immensely rich dominions will
be increaseJ", *".f,
-*iu as Am,
energ'y is greater than spanish sloth; for Americans
tr."c.r".tt
those resources and fhat commerce.

[Tbe Treaty of paris, by wbrqb the united stata acquired

tbe pbittpptna, re- i.
uote.on Febntary 6, rc6s. zte i*pn
i:T:^ttr:.:ry:-l!?,:.?y"
tte to add to tbe manrhrtsttc-bunanitartan
,rg;;;;*;iib "tr* badand
tit_ ,

Beaertdge. Tbe antt-impqtatttl.strrysed *"**ut

tbefoily of annacing norrcontiguous areas
':Y_m,,!:yf,y::"ly:ly*,;i;:rt"y;b"-';;,;;;"tberouyorde.
parttngfrorntbeprinctptesof
freedomandiontntennnuo"iii:;;;;;;7;r;*
Fararcil Address, tn" iori* Doctrine, and
if!"Lf(ggy:ly,^!,t"sy",s
tbe Ennhcipatton hocramatton-. seeator c"org" r.
noar of uass#b;;;; fr:ilX
the imperialist raitb tbere wor*: ash tbQ
,"Ifyou
ulitb a sbout: ,Three cbeysfor tbiflagtwtto
wn"t ti"y uo;;o,
are answered
wiit dare.to"bau} ii'aournl noU on to
yerytblng yo! can get. The unitect siates is strong enougb to do ubat
Declarafion of rndqendence and tbe cou^"r it ltkes. Tbe
constitt^rtion of
tbe untted stat* baae grouln rusty and mu.sty. "flf^i;;;;;'"r#ri"
rhey arJpr itttL'"ourtrro and. not
for great ones, There is no moit' raw for strong nations. Amefica bas
outgrou.rn
Arnerlcanlsm.,,, (Congressional Record,-55tb Cong., jd sess., [1gggJ, p. 49il]
2. ProfessorWilliom Sumner Spurns funpire (lSgg)
The "magnlfrcenttybatd" and,tron_rniced',professorYilllam
G. Sumnerof yaleuas
an rmmutsery po|nrar.recturer a teadtng anil-imperiatist, Fearressty outspohen,
be offmded tnfluenttar!r!T?t 1nd rr-opposinsi"*tri"itr"ii"f"itr) turnins a cjnri-
cal qte on tbe Llntted stat6' "ctihz{ng *itton-; in
tte rnripplii. rn" trutb ts tbat
tbe rnore obiiors tbe nawrar rx-9urcd of tbe
islands u"r"*[iinJo, capable tbe in_
b!?r!"f seemed of serf.rure. rt:e noir obrtgatton a7 *"'"*iii man!
wbicb the Brfiisb wt Kibring urged tbe unueh burden,,,
slat"slto rio"ii u"o m,any of tbe
earmarb of tbe rooi sack The ariqxb wetcomed e*r".ii'^
doubt tnpatt becaise impedatliti,c.mbery loued **p";y;,W;;M itt"* ciuilrze*, no
tbat the conquaed peopla uould^'fu untikely Sumner belieue
was aperuercton of Amfrcanfinciptes?
to o""$t *L,7rd is
tbat sucb rule

Aw.
G, Sumner, v'ar and Otber Essays (L9l9/],pp.
30F305.
 *qlLerrlrereuorutio"urr;;;;;;;":,:::rrf
,"*i",,f,r,J:,
ffi
;The fuIonroe Doctrine
in the Coribbean

I. Roosevelt
Lat,
-------------_-.

o-"'v" to ao so bimserf.
r";;:"";T"J!Jf,yi r"';:;#
l--___rr*
nem1\om l"a-r
sz, - --'4 1|::e-ere
;6 ke@

!:!,T,:n
ta ".*,o'Ziffi
"uc a",
r t n A m eri
oL" riirz"=i

tl tr nor rrue rh"t

-^.^ *r" Un#
L.,f "r regards ur. otir.l,i:;H

:!:,;:fr.',tf:
up:n ou. fr."rq.
::'l#h'*:ffiflfriffi,ffitr[ffi
_c:u^lt Gl .themselves

u1 4r rt{gp"olenee'.y$f;jt
:1:j*' utor ci"*iz.Ell"-^6' ra" i"
l.ly:l r",n. .,#tttY'
*?v americ4-., ., +tr.wnoq,,ffi
tt-n. ";";i[ff#
i1i
u'1 * i ; il ;;,#fl ffiTJ#j;T$Tr$'b*' ;"*i"offi *. adh e.!*
,"ty requirer
t:'T,*.ui"J'i,"",,;T$.'ffi
l:_"j:g,'n.n"g"",,t;;:J#;J*'ffiffi
rnternadonal police oower. rr or innpotence, to rhe
.*;ci.i
bv the c"tiuu."rrJ.; ffi
;-+.*;irXT.9T,-g
prosress tit stabie
:1t* ,m" aL;;t r"-JrJ""o',.i;itJi,fl-yasn'e{
_1m.na1en't,
and iust civiuzation
yh*t;;*;. aid of theffiffi
f 31.n.urioil:,f **T:,'ff '":Hffi_tsreft the-r]l;,#which,o."i,,#
rnte_rference by thu Narion **,i*?#+lt y{ .blurantrr ,r,o*tng-, J
. our interesrs and tt..,*. ^i^::'^l:li"to would be at an end' ilr,fiXl
have gps2g narurar t"t tl"ii# end.
n*lo" "r l#olif*f r..',g* #
rajns, prosDe** ;.
",,-lel, ""o
* *oCIiil
H: i:* ::11,31

2. A Latin American proresrs g43)

(I
up bis new coroilary
!:,1o,*r"t
/::-?: a:tbo?',tzes tu tbe -turont
to tok" or"/ o;-;;;;::^!73tnne, Rooseuert arranged
uttb rhe
santo Domin?o. Tbe European tb.e customsbouse
r*nii^"ri!3i
:?""*:ii:'y7",=-*,oavmen,,"f ::1,:,"),'#:.:6:t:y,I:;'##::