Use Examples

ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to) I can speak English.

permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed

Can I go to the cinema?
to)

request Can you wait a moment, please?

offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.

Can we visit Grandma at the

suggestion
weekend?
possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to) I could speak English.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be
I could go to the cinema.
allowed to)
polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
Could we visit Grandma at the
polite suggestion *
weekend?
possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.

Use Examples
possibility It may rain today. Use Examples
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be May I go to the
Shall I carry
allowed to) cinema? suggestion
your bag?
polite suggestion May I help you?
Use Examples
advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
obligation You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room.

Use Examples Use Examples

possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today. You mustn't work on dad's
hesitant offer * Might I help you? prohibition (must is a computer.
little stronger) You may not work on
dad's computer.
Use Examples
sth. is not I needn't go to the supermarket, we're
necessary going to the restaurant tonight

Use Examples
wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
type Examples
long forms short/contracted forms
+ If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam.
I If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I study, I won't fail the exam.
-
If I do not study, I will fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
+ If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
II If I studied, I would not fail the exam.
If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
- If I did not study, I would fail the
If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
exam.
If I had studied, I would have passed If I'd studied, I'd have passed the
+
the exam. exam.
III If I had studied, I would not have failed If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed
the exam. the exam.
-
If I had not studied, I would have failed If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the
the exam. exam.

Conjunction Sentence
although Although he's very famous he is still nice.
and I like tea and coffee.
As I came she was leaving.
as
As you couldn't see the film, we'll tell you something about it.
because She goes to the tennis club because she likes to play tennis.
but He reads magazines, but he doesn't like to read books.
I'm sorry, Peter is ill and I can't come either.
either
We can either go to the cinema or to the café.
even She likes swimming, even in winter.
even if Don't drink any alcohol even if you drive carefully.
even though This book is very popular; even though, I don't like it.
how Do you know how to ride a snowboard?
However we've lost the match.
however
They worked hard for the test, however, they failed.
if If they were older, they could go to the party.
in case Take your mobile with you in case you miss the bus.
in spite of He looks very fit in spite of his age.
They didn't go to the party, and neither did I.
neither
Neither drinks nor food are allowed in this room.
or Do you like tea or coffee?
otherwise Look at the map, please. Otherwise you'll get lost.
since Since he's lost his money, he couldn't go to the restaurant.
unless Her baby cannot fall asleep unless she stays in the room.
what I don't know what to say.
when When you're in London, write an e-mail to me.
whether I'm going home whether you like it or not.
Verb Subject Rest Yes/No Subject Verb
Are you from Germany? Yes, I am.
am not
Are you from Germany? No, I
'm not.
Is he your friend? Yes, he is.
Are Peter and John from England? Yes, they are.

Use Examples
wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

Use Examples
force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.
possibility You must be tired.
advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite
Will you please shut the door?
than would)
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
promise I will stop smoking.
Can somebody drive me to the station? -
spontaneous decision
I will.
She's strange, she'll sit for hours without
habits
talking.

who
quien/quienes, que, cual/cuales
whom
whose cuyo/cuya, cuyos/cuyas
which cual/que
what que/cual
that eso

body one thing where time how

sometime
some somebody someone something somewhere somehow
sometimes
any anybody anyone anything anywhere anytime anyhow
no one
no nobody nothing nowhere -- --
none
every everybody everyone everything everywhere -- --