Pump

Additional Reference Books:

1. Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics by E.H. Lewitt
2. Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics, and Hydraulic Machines
by R. S. Khurmi
3. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by R.K.
Bansal
4. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines by Y. A. Cengel

Tilok Kumar Das

Lecturer, Dept. of ME, CUET
 WHAT IS THE PUMP?

A hydrodynamic pump machine is a device for converting

the energy held by mechanical energy into fluid.

Pumps enable a liquid to:

1. Flow from a region or low pressure to one of high pressure.

2. Flow from a low level to a higher level.

3. Flow at a faster rate.

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There are two main categories of pump:

 Rotodynamic pumps.
 Positive displacement pumps.
PUMP

Rotodynamic Positive displacement

Centrifugal

Rotary Reciprocating
Axial flow

Mixed flow
Gear Piston

Turbine
Lobe Diaphragm

Sliding Vane Plunger

Screw 2
Rotary Pump

Figure: Gear Pump

Rotary Pump
Rotary Pump
Rotary Pump
Reciprocating Pump

Figure: Piston Pump

 Reciprocating Pump

Figure: Diaphragm Pump

Turbine Pump and Submersible Pump
 Rotodynamic Pumps:

A Rotodynamic pump is a kinetic machine in which energy is continuously imparted to

the pumped fluid by means of a rotating impeller, propeller, or rotor.

Positive-displacement Pumps:
A variety of positive-displacement pumps are also available, generally
consisting of a rotating member with a number of lobes that move in a
close-fitting casing. The liquid is trapped in the spaces between the lobes
and then discharged into a region of higher pressure. A common device of
this type is the gear pump, which consists of a pair of meshing gears. The
lobes in this case are the gear teeth .
Centrifugal Pumps:
Centrifugal pumps have a rotating impeller, also known as a blade, that is
immersed in the liquid. Liquid enters the pump near the axis of the
impeller, and the rotating impeller sweeps the liquid out toward the ends
of the impeller blades at high pressure.

Centrifugal
Pump
Terminology
Centrifugal Pumps

How do they work?

• Liquid forced into
impeller
• Vanes pass kinetic
energy to liquid: liquid
rotates and leaves
impeller
• Volute casing converts
kinetic energy into
pressure energy
 Impeller
Centrifugal Impellers
Vanes

“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller

• Thicker the Impeller- More Water

• Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
• Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure
Centrifugal Pumps

Rotating and stationary components

 Volute
Construction of Centrifugal Pumps

1- Casing:
Impeller Suction

Casing generally are two types:

I. Volute casings
A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the
discharge port. Such a casing provides a gradual increase
in the area of flow, which the decreases the velocity of water
with a corresponding increase of pressure.

II. Circular casings

have stationary diffusion vanes surrounding the impeller

periphery that convert velocity energy to pressure energy.
These guide blades are arranged at such an angle that water
enters without shock and form a passage of increasing area.
2-Impeller

Three main categories of centrifugal pumps exist

Axial flow Radial flow

7
Mixed flow
 Type of Impeller

There are three main categories of impeller due type of

impeller’s vane, which are used in the centrifugal pumps
as;

Radial vanes, Fig. (a).

Backward vanes, Fig. (b).
Forward vanes, Fig. (c).

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 a) when β2 > 90o, the Forwards curved
vanes of the impeller.

b) when β2 = 90o , the radial curved vanes

of the impeller.

c) when β2 < 90o, the Backwards curved

vanes of the impeller.

where :
V = absolute velocity of the water.
U = Tangential velocity of impeller (peripheral velocity).
Vr = relative velocity of water to the wheel.
Vf = velocity flow.
N = Speed of impeller in (rpm).
 = vane angle.
V2 is the absolute velocity with which fluid leaves vane. 13
Vr2 is the relative
= angle at which water leaves.
velocity if the fluid leaves the vane without shock.
Consider a centrifugal Vr1
pump lifting water
from a lower level to a
higher level. Now draw
the inlet and outlet
triangle of velocities as
shown in figure 35.2.

Vr
Reciprocating Pump
Double Acting Reciprocating Pump
per sec (l/s)
 Using the Check relief valve

Relief Valves are Excess pressure is

Used to sharp increases dumped into the
in pressure from going intake side of the
all the way through the pump
attack lines and
harming the nozzle
crew
Using the Check or relief valve
Using the relief valve
 Centrifucal Pump Problems
• There are several conditions that can reduce
the life or destroy the pump;
– Running the pump with nothing flowing or
circulating
– Cavitations in the pump
– Running the pump dry
Pump Running, but not Discharging

• Water that is held in closed

lines and in the pump will be
warmed by the friction of the
running pump.
• If let go long enough, the
water can boil and cavitate
the pump.
• Check to see if your hoselines
are warm or hot.
Pump Cavitation
• This occurs when
there is too much air
in the pump, or there
is more water being
discharged than is
coming into the pump
• Sounds like gravel
rolling around on the
inside of the pump
casing.
 Running the Pump Without Water
• Pumps need the water
for cooling, lubrication,
and to swell the
packing
• Without water in the
pump, the heat from
friction will quickly
destroy a pump
 The Table below outlines some of the main differences between centrifugal pumps,
reciprocating pumps and rotary pumps. Note that “centrifugal”, “reciprocating” and
“rotary” pumps are all relatively broad categories

Parameter Centrifugal Pumps Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps

Optimum Flow and Medium/High Capacity, Low Capacity, Low/Medium Capacity,

Pressure Applications Low/Medium Pressure High Pressure Low/Medium Pressure
Low Flow Rate Capability No Yes Yes
Requires Relief Valve No Yes Yes
Smooth or Pulsating Flow Smooth Pulsating Smooth
Variable or Constant Flow Variable Constant Constant
Self-priming No Yes Yes
Space Considerations Requires Less Space Requires More Space Requires Less Space
Costs Lower Initial Higher Initial Lower Initial
Lower Maintenance Higher Maintenance Lower Maintenance
Higher Power Lower Power Lower Power
Fluid Handling Suitable for a wide range Suitable for clean, clear, Requires clean, clear, non-
including clean, clear, non- non-abrasive abrasive fluid due to close
abrasive fluids to fluids with fluids. Specially-fitted tolerances
abrasive, high-solid pumps suitable for
content. abrasive-slurry service.
Optimum performance with
Not suitable for high Suitable for high viscosity high viscosity fluids
viscosity fluids fluids
Higher tolerance for
entrained gases
Lower tolerance for Higher tolerance for
entrained gases entrained gases