Chapter 7

Supercharging

Supercharging: is the process of increasing the weight density of the charge induced into the
cylinder during or Suction stroke.

The purpose of super charging:

1. To maintain the best value of ( Pbme ).

2. To maintain sea level performance at high altitude.

3. To increase the power output.

4. To improve the volumetric efficiency at high altitude and high speeds.

5. To reduce the weight per ( B p) of the engine.

Thermodynamic cycle with super charging

fig.7.1 (A) naturally aspirated engine and (B) supercharged engine

types of superchargers:
1- Reciprocating type used only on large and slow speed stationary engine.

Fig.7.2 Roots blower super-charger

2- Rotary type.
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 a- positive displacement rotary blower of which the roots and vane types are example.
This type is mechanically driven from the engine.
b- Turbo - blower which is driven by the exhaust gas from the engine. This type
utilizes the energy in the exhaust gas which would be lost.

Fig.7.3 vane blower

:Supercharging power
1st law of thermodynamic
( u1 + P1 V 1 )+ W =( u2+ P 2 V 2 ) +Q Q: very small
W =( u2 + P2 V 2) −( u1 + P1 V 1)
kJ
W =h2−h1=c p ( T 2 −T 3 ) ∴ W =work input into thecompressor
kg
¿ Ẇ =ṁ a C p (T 2−T 1 ) ∴ W = power input into ˙ the compressor
Isentropic efficiency of compressor
γ −1
T ' 2 −T 1 P P2
ηisen =
T 2 −T 1
→ T ' 2=T 1 2
P1 ( ) γ
∴
P1
= pressure ratio

T ' 2−T 1 ṁ C T T ' γ−1

ṁ C T P2
Ẇ =ṁ a C p ( ηisen )η isen T1 [ ]
+T 1−T 1 →= a p 1 2 −1 →= a p 1
ηisen [( ) ]
P1
γ
−1

γ −1
ṁa C p T 1 P2
Ẇ =
ηisen [( ) ]
P1
γ
−1 ( kW )

supercharging of spark Ignition Engine:

increasing in supercharging pressure increase the tendency to pre-ignite. also increased
intake pressure and temp. reduces ignition delay and increase flame speed. Both these effects
result in a greater tendency to pre-ignition. Increased the flame speed make the petrol engines
more sensitive to fuel – air mixture and the engine cannot run on weak mixture without knock.

Super charging of compression Ignition engine:

‫ عباس محمد اسماعيل‬.‫ م‬.‫أ‬ 2

 It improves combustion in a diesel engine. Increase the pressure and Temp of the intake
at reduce ignition delay and result in a better, quieter, and smoother combustion. This
improvement in combustion allows a poor quality fuel to be used.

Effect of supercharging performance of Engine:

a. Power output
b. Mechanical efficiency
c. Fuel consumption
A- The power output of a supercharged engine is higher than the nextural aspirated engine
due to:
1- The amount of air induced per cycle for engine Swept volume is increased.
2- The (ηm ) is slightly improved.
3- During the gas exchange process, some of work done on the supercharger is
recovered
4- Supercharging result in Better scavenging

B- Mechanical Efficiency: An increase in the supercharging pressure increase the gas load
and hence large bearing Areas and heavier components are needed. This increase the
frictional forces. However, the increase in ( Pbme) is much more than increase in
frictional forces. thus the mechanical efficiency of Super charged engine are slightly
better than the naturally aspirated engine.
C- fuel consumption: The Specific fuel consumption for C.I. engine is somewhat less than
that for naturally aspirated engine ne due to better combustion. super charged otto-
engine use very rich mixture to avoid knock, and pre-ignition will give rise to higher
specific fuel consumption.

‫ عباس محمد اسماعيل‬.‫ م‬.‫أ‬ 3

Example: A six-cylinder, 4.5 litre, 4-stroke supercharged engine operating at 4000 rpm
has an overall volumetric efficiency of 150 %. The compressor has an isentropic
efficiency of 90% and a mechanical efficiency of 85 % in its link with the engine. The
compressed air is delivered to the engine cylinders. at 57 ℃ and 1.8 bar. The ambient
kJ
Conditions are 17℃ and 1 bar. Take γ = 1.4, C p = 1.005 kg . k for air and calculate:
1. The rate of heat rejection from the after–cooler
2. The power absorbed by the supercharger from the engine.

Solution:

T '2 P 2 γ−1 0.286

1.8
( )
T 1 P1
γ '
→T =290
2 ( )
1
=343 k

T ' 2−T 1 T ' 2−T 1 343−290

ηisen = →T 2=T 1+ =290+ =349 k
T 2−T 1 ηisen 0.9
V̇ swept =V̇ d=0.0045 m3
V s∗N 0.0045∗4000 3
V̇ s =V̇ d = = =0.15 m /sec
2∗60 2∗60
V̇ d =η v∗V̇ s =0.15∗1.5=0.225 m 3 /sec
P 1∗105 kg
P a= = =1.2 3 → ṁ a=Pa∗V̇ a=1.2∗0.225=0.27 kg/ sec
RT 287∗290 m
Qrej =ṁa C p ( T 2−T 3 ) =0.27∗1.005 ( 349−330 ) =5.156 kJ /sec
power needed for the compressor=W c =ṁa C p ( T 2−T 3 )
W c =0.27∗1.005 ( 349−290 )=16 kW
16 16
power absorbed ¿ the engine= = =18.82 kW
ηm 0.85

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