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Answers To Phonetics PDF
Answers To Phonetics PDF
2. What are the stages of speech chain during human communication in sounds?
Stages of speech chain are the steps in which the sounds are produced and used for communication.
These stages of speaker differ from those of listener.
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English Phonetics
- Speaker: 3 stages
+ Psychological stage: idea is transmitted to the brain throught the 5 senses of human.
It is the process of thinking and choosing what to say.
+ Physiological stage: idea is transmitted to the brain and then to the mouth through
nervous system.
+ Physical stage: the process of producing and articulating the sounds. The mouth
works to speak out the sounds.
- Listener: such stages are simplier. Nervous system carries the sounds from the ears up to the brain.
The brain will analyse the sounds.
3. What is the difference between pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism and ingressive
airstream mechanism? What airstream mechanism do English sounds belong to?
The difference between these two mechanism is the direction of the airstream. In pulmonic
egressive mechanism, the airstream move outwards from the lung to the trachea (windpipe – khí
quản) to pharynx (họng) and to the mouth, but the airstream in pulmonic ingressive mechanism
move inwards from the outside.
English sound belong to the pulmonic egresive airstream mechanism and this mechasnism is also
used in almost languages in the world.
4. What is voiced, voiceless sound? In what way(s) are voiced sounds different from voiceless
ones?
- Voiced sounds are the sounds produced by the rapid opening and closing of vocal cords. In a
voiced sound, the rapid opening and closing of vocal cords is a kind of vibration.
- Voiceless sound are the sounds made with vocal cords drawn apart so that the air can pass out
freely between them and there is no vibration.
Voiced and voiceless sounds can be distinguished according to the following criteria:
State of the vocal cords Rapid opening and closing Are drawn apart
The airstream from the lungs Being obstructed by the vocal Passes out freely
cords
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- The state of the vocal cords: wherether or not the vocal cords are vibrating, which
determines voicing
- The state of the velum: whether it is raised or lowered, which determines whether the sound
is oral or nasal
- The place and manner of articulation: the horizontal and vertical positions of the tongue and
lips
Acoustic phonetics studies the specific and measurable effects on the air involved in the production
of the speech sound.
6. What is the difference between a vowel and a consonant in the English language? Give
example to illustrate?
Definition:
- Consonants are speech sounds produced by creating an obstruction to the airstream during the
articulation.
- Vowels are speech sounds where the airstream escapes the oral tract (organs of speech)
unobstructed.
Differences: vowel and consonant can be distinguished according to the following criteria:
Airstream Escapes freely from the oral Being obstructed on the way
tract out from the lungs
Nasal or oral All vowels are oral sounds as Consonants may be nasal
the velum is raised while the when the velum is lowered or
sounds are produced oral when the velum is raised
Eg. /i:/, /u:/, / :/, / :/, / Eg. /m/, /n/, / / (nasal); /p/,
:/; / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /, / /d/, /k/, / /…(oral)
/
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B. Practice
1. Fill in the blanks in the following passage
There are three principal airstream mechanisms: the pulmonic airstream mechanism, the velaric
airstream mechanism and the glottalic airstream mechanism. In normal utterances in all languages
of the world, the airstream is always flowing outwards if the pulmonic egressive airstream
mechanism is involved. Stops made with this mechanism are called plosives (tắc). The only
mechanism that is used in some languages to produce some sounds with inward going air and some
sounds with outward going air is the glottalic airstream mechanism. Stops made with this
mechanism acting ingressively are called implosives (đóng). Stops made with this mechanism
acting egressively are called ejectives (bật). The mechanism which is used in the language to
produce sounds only with inward going air is the velaric airstream mechanism. Stops made with
this mechanism are called clicks.
UNIT 2 CONSONANTS
# Definitions:
- Consonants are speech sounds produced by creating an obstruction to the airstream during
the articulation.
- Voiced sounds are sounds produced by the rapid opening and closing of the vocal cords. In
a voiced sound, the rapid opening and closing of the vocal cords is a kind of vibration.
- Voiceless sounds are sounds made with vocal cords drawn apart so that the air can pass out
freely and there is no vibration.
- Fortis are consonants which are tend to be articulated with relatively strong energy. They
are voiceless sounds and usually shorten the preceeding vowel. Eg. bat
- Lenis are consonants which are tend to be articulated with relatively weak energy. They are
voiced sounds and usually lengthen the preceeding vowel.
# Criteria to classify English consonants:
- Place of articulation
- Manner of articulation
- State of the velum (nasal or oral)
- Position of the vocal cords (voiced or voiceless)
- Force of articulation / degree of muscular tension (fortis or lenis)
!!! To descript an English consonant we should descript the following aspects:
Voicing place of articulation manner of articulation ( place of velum force of
articulation)
Eg. p: voiceless – bilabial – plosive (– oral – fortis)
Place Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Retro Plato- Palatal Velar Glottal
dental flex alveolar
Manner
Plosive p b t d k
Fricative f v s z h
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Approximant w r j
Lateral l
Affricate t d
Nasal m n
2. List the bilabial consonants. For each bilabial, provide one word containing it.
There are 4 bilabial consonants in the English language: p, b, w, m
- Bilabial plosive: /p/, /b/ eg. pet, pay, big, boy
- Bilabial approximant: /w/ eg. wait, watch
- Bilabial nasal: /m/ eg. mother, meet
3. What is the distinctive feature that makes /p/ and /b/ different sounds?
/p/ and /b/ are bilabial plosive consonants, but the distinctive feature that makes them different
sounds is the voicing. /p/ is a voiceless consonant while /b/ is a voiced one. We can realize such
difference when these sounds are articulated by touching the Adam’s apple. When /b/ is articulated,
there is a vibration, but there is no such vibration when /p/ is pronounced.
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Airstream The airstream is stoped in the oral or The tongue comes up to make a contact
nasal cavity by the as the lips contact with the alveolar ridge to form a stop
or the soft palate raises forming a velic closure and this contact is then slacken
closure (loosen) to make a fricative.
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completely obstructed while in an alveolar fricative, the close approximation of two articulators
caused the airstream partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced.
7. Classify the English fricatives according to the criteria for classification of the sounds. Give
the words containing these consonants.
English fricatives can be classified according to the following criteria:
- Accroding to the Place of articulation:
+ Labiodental fricative: f, v eg. fingure, fan, vapour, van
+ Dental fricative: , eg. think, this
+ Alveolar fricative: s, z eg. sun, single, zoo, zero
+ Palato-avleolar fricative: , eg. shine, measure
+ Glottal fricative: h eg. horse, house, hat
- According to the State of the vocal cords:
+ Voiced sounds: v, , z, eg. van, this, zoo, measure
+ Voiceless sounds: f, , s, , h eg. fan, think, sun, shine, hot
- According to the Force of articulation:
+ Fortis: f, , s, ,h eg. fan, think, sun, shine, hot
+ Lenis: v, , z, eg. van, this, zoo, measure
9. What is the main difference in articulation between a velar plosive and a bilabial plosive?
Bilabial plosive is formed by the contact between the two lips while velar plosive is formed by the
back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate (the soft palate is raised to make velar closure).
10. State basic difference between fortis consonants and its lenis counterparts?
B. Practice:
1. Describe the consonant in the word “skinflint”: /‘skinflint/
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2. Underline:
a. The words that begin with a bilabial consonant
mat knee sat bat rat pat
b. The words begin with a velar consonant
knot got lot cot hot pot
c. The words begin with a labiodental consonant
fat cat that mat chat vat
d. The words begin with a alveolar consonant
zip nip lip sip tip dip
e. The words begin with a detal consonant
pie guy shy thight thy high
f. The words begin with palato-alveolar consonant
sigh shy tie thigh thy lie
g. The words end with a fricative
race wreath bush bring breathe bang
rave rouge ray rose rough
h. The words end with a nasal
rain rang dumb deaf
i. The words end with a stop (plosive)
pill lip lit limb crab dog hide laugh back
j. The word begin with a lateral
nut lull bar rob one
k. The words that begin with a approximant
we you one run
l. The words end with an affricate
much back edge ooze
3. Write the symbol that corresponds to the following phonetic descriptions. Give an English word
that contains this sound
a. voiced bilabial plosive b eg. big, ball, ban
b. voiceless alveolar fricative s eg. seven, sun, son
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Note: - vowel with the mark “:” means long vowel, and also tense vowel
- beside four round vowels (u:, , :, , :), there are three neutral vowel ( , :, ) and
the rests are unround vowels.
# Definitions:
- Vowels are speech sounds where the airstream escapes the vocal tract unobstructed.
- Monothong is a pure vowel sound which is pronounced without changing of the position of
the organ of speech throughout the duration of the vowel articulation.
- Dipthong is a complex sound consisting of two vowel elements pronounced so as to form a
single syllable. In the pronunciation of dipthong, the position of organ of speech starts in the
position of one vowel and glides gradually to the other one.
Description of English vowel:
Monothong: Height Position Shape Length Degree (of articulation).
Diphthong: Height + Pisition (1st vowel) glides to Height + Position (2nd vowel).
A. Theory
1. What is monophthong / diphthong?
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- Monophthong: is a pure vowel sound which is pronounced wothout changing of the position of
the organ of speech throughtout the duration of the vowel articulation.
- Diphthong: is a complex vowel sound consisiting of two elements pronounced so as to form a
single syllable. In the pronunciation of the diphthong, the position of the organ of speech starts in
the position of the first vowel and glides to gradually to the other one.
2. What are the differences between a monophthong and a diphthong? Give example
- Monophthong: is a pure vowel sound which is pronounced without changing in the position of
the organ of speech throughout the duration of vowel articualtion.
- Diphthong: is a complex vowel sound consisting of two elements pronounced so as to form a
single syllable. In the pronunciation of the diphthong, the position of the organ of speech starts in
the position of the first vowel and glides gradually to the other one.
The differences of monophthong and diphthong lie in the number of vowel element and the position
of the organ of speech during the articulation:
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4. What makes an English front vowel different from ist back counterpart? Give example
An English front vowel differs from its back counterpart is due to the position of the tounge in the
mouth or the raising part of the tongue.
In the pronunciation of an front vowel: the front of the tongue raises towards the hard palate, but in
the articulation of the back vowel the back of the tongue raises towards the soft palate.
5. List all the diphthong. How are they classified into different groups according to their
direction of glide?
a. Definition, list
There are 8 diphthongs in the English language, including: , , , , , , ,
b. Classification
English diphthongs can be classified according to the direction of glide:
- Diphthongs gliding to (centring group): , ,
- Diphthongs gliding to (closing group): , ,
- Diphthongs gliding to (closing group): ,
6. What are the differences between a vowel and a consonant in the English language? Give
example
a. Definition
- Consonants are speech sounds produced by creating an obstruction to the airstream during the
articulation.
- Vowels are speech sounds where the airstream escapes the oral tract (organ of speech)
unobstructed.
b. Differences
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B. Practice
1. Write the symbol that correponds to each of the following phonetic description and then
give an English word contaning the sound:
a. high front unround lax vowel: bit / /
b. mid front unround lax vowel: bet / /
c. low front unround lax vowel: hat / /
d. low back unround tense vowel: : farm / /
e. low back slightly round lax vowel: top / / (it can be )
f. mid back round tense vowel: cot / /
g. mid central neutral lax vowel: the / /
h. mid central neutral tense vowel: : her / /
i. low central lax vowel: current / /
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3. What are the differences between phonemic transcription and allophonic (phonetic)
transcription? Give example
- Transcription is the use of a set of symbols representing sounds to show the sounds in written
form.
There are two kinds of transcription: phonemic (broad) transcription and allophinic (phonetic or
narrow) transcription.
Feature Shows different phonemes that make Shows how sounds are pronounced
up word. It does not show any extra including phonetic details
features, no detail of pronunciation; (allophones)
therefore, we can’t look at this
transcription to pronounce the word
4. What can be stated as necessary conditions for forming a minimal set? Give set of words to
illustrate
In order to form a minimal set, we must have more than two words which are different in meaning,
but they have the same number of segments and only one different segment in the same
position/distribution.
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B. Practice
1. Which of the followings is a minimal pair?
A. cater – better B. round – bound C. rock – box
/ /-/ / / /-/ / / /-/ /
2. Which of the following is not a minimal pair?
A. time – mine B. table – cable C. teacher – richer
/ /-/ / / /-/ // /-/ /
A. road – load B. back – bad C. sea – saw
/ /-/ / / /-/ / / /-/ /
1. Aspiration
a. Aspirated
Symbol: [ ]
[- voiced, + plosive] [+ aspirated] when syllable initial.
Means: voiceless plosive sounds (/p, t, k/) will be aspirated as they are the initial syllable, or when
they stand in initial position of a stress syllable.
Eg. car [ :] important [ ] top [ ]
b. Unaspirated
Symbol: [=]
[- voiced, + plosive] [- aspirated] when standing:
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2. Unexploded articulation
Symbol: [ ]
[- voiced, + plosive] unexploded before another [+ plosive]
Eg. act [ ] adapt [ ] looked [ ]
3. Dentalization
Symbol: [ ]
[+ alveolar] [+ dental] before [+ dental], means that alveolar (/t, d, s, z, l, n/) will be dentalized
when it stand before a dental sounds (/ , /).
Eg. eighth [ ] width / /
4. Consonants:
[+consonantal) longer when at the end of the word.
Eg. mum [ ]-/ / is pronounced longer.
[-voiced] longer when at the end of the word.
Eg. cap [ ] cook [ ]-/ / and / / are pronounced longer.
5. Devoicing
Symbol: [ ]
[+ approximant] devoiced after [+ aspirated, + plosive]
Approximant (/w, r, j, l/) will be devoiced when stand after aspirated plosive.
Eg. play [ ] cry [ ] between [ ]
7. Velarization
Symbol: [ ]
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[+ lateral] velarized when after a vowel and before another consonant; or at the end of the
word.
Eg. milk [ ]file [ ] mill [ ]
9. Vowel quality
a. [+vowel] longer in open syllables (no consonant after the vowel).
Eg. see [ :] key [ ]
B. Exercises
1. Give some allophones of the phoneme /k/ that occurs in different distribution?
[ ] - /k/ is aspirated when it is initial syllable; or stands in initial position of stress syllable.
Eg. car [ ] can [ ]
=
[ ] - /k/ is unaspirated when it stands aster /s/ in the beginning syllable; or in the medial or final
position of the word.
Eg. scar [ ] book [ ]
[ ] - /k/ is unexploded as it stands before another plosive.
Eg. act [ ] cooked [ ]
[The same is applied to other voiceless plosive (/p, t/)].
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2. What happens to an English fortis plosive when they are preceded by a voiceless alveolar
fricative? Give one example for each plosive of this kind.
When an English fortis (voiceless) plosive (/p, t, k/) is preceded by a voiceless alveolar fricative
(/s/), it will be unaspirated.
Eg.
Eg. sport [ ]
sky [ ]
stay [ ]
3. Transcribe the word PRACTICAL phonetically, then give the description of the
transcribed consonants.
Practical [ ]
4. Show the differences between the underlined sounds in the following pair of words
a. wide Width The first one is longer, the f. quite sky / / in the first word is
second is dentalized. shorter, but / / in the
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
second is longer
b. quick skill /k/ in the first word is g. good food / / in the first word is
longer as it stand at the [ a short vowel, but / /
[ ] [ ] ] [ ]
final position, /k/ in the is a long vowel
second is unaspirated as
standing after /s/.
c.import shore / / in the first word is h. truth true / :/ in the first word is
shorten, but / / in the [ shorter as standing
[ ] [ ] ] [ ]
second is longer. before fortis sound, but /
:/ in the second is longer
d. bill plate /l/ in the first word is i. kilt led / / in the first word is
velarized, but /l/ in the [ velarized, but / / in the
[ ] [ ] ] [ ]
second word is devoiced second word is
unchanged
e.health love /l/ in the first word is j. cook key /k/ in the first word is
dentalized, but /l/ in the [k unaspirated, but /k/ in
[ ] [ ] ] [ ]
second word is unchanged the second one is
aspirated
5. What do the following formulas mean? Give example for each case.
a. [+ alveolar] [+ detal] before [+ dental]
means alveolar (/n, t, d, s, z, l /) will be dentalized when it stands before a dental sound (/ , /).
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3. What is the difference between progressive assimilation and regressive assimilation? Prove
it.
Consider a case where two words are combined, the first word ends with a single final consonant
(Cf) and the second one starts with a single initial consonant (Ci).
We have the following construction: …..Cf | Ci
In progressive assimilation, the initial consonant (Ci) changes to become like the final consonant
(Cf) in some ways, whereas (Cf) changes to become like (Ci) in some aspects in regressive
assimilation.
Eg.
regressive assimilation: good morning [ ][ ];
one more [ ][ ]
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7. Types of elision:
a. Definition:
Elision is the missing out of a consonant or vowel or both in informal spoken English or in rapid
speech in English.
b. Types of elision
Consonant:
Plosive + plosive + plosive / fricative the middle plosive will disapprear
Eg. looked back [ ]; acts [ ]
/ / + plosive / nasal / fricative / /
Eg. last time [ : ] last night [ : ] last song [ : ]
/ / + plosive / nasal / fricative / /
Eg. left door [ ] left mountain [ ] laft shoe [ :]
/ / + nasal / lenis (voiced) plosive / /
Eg. kind nurse [ : ] canned bacon [ ]
/ / + nasal / lenis (voiced) plosive / /
Eg. skimmed milk [ ] seemed good [ : ]
Loss of / / in ‘of’ + consonant
Eg. lots of them
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Vowel:
Fortis plosive aspirated + weak vowel / , // , / will disappear
Eg. today [ ] potato [ ]
Weak vowel (/ , /) + / , , // , , / become syllabic consonant
Eg. tonight [ ] delight [ ]
8. Types of liaision:
Liaision: is the a phenomemon in which a sound is linked to another in informal speech
Final consonant + initial vowel:
Eg. come in [ ]
Final vowel + initial vowel:
Eg. my turn [ : ]
Final vowel + initial vowel:
Eg. the end [ ]
Final / / + initial vowel:
Eg. her own [ : ]
Intrusive / /: letter ‘a’ + vowel:
Eg. media event [ : ]
r
B. Practice:
1. Explain why [ ] is chosen for substitution for [ ] instead of the other sounds in the phrase
“good girl” when it is pronunced by native English speaker in casual speech. State the principle for
this phenomenon.
Good girl [ : ][ : ]
[ ] is chosen for the substitution for [ ] because they have the same place of articulation; there
for the articulation is simplified.
Principle: alveolar + velar velar
2. Give phonetic transcription and explain changes (if any) in term of assimilation, elision or
liaision
a. this sharp pen is mine, and that pen is your
[ : , ]
[ : , ]
- [ : ] [ : ]: / / is assimlated into / / as: alveolar + palato-
alveolar palato-alveolar
- [ ]: the linking between final consonant and initial vowel
- [ ] [ ]: / / is assimilated into / /as: plosive + fricative
plosive
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UNIT 7 STRESS
A. Theory
1. English word stress and its functions?
a. Definition
Stress is the pronunciation of a syllable with more force than the surrounding ones, that means the
way the speakers use energy created from the lungs to make a syllable more prominent than the
others. The salience of a sound or syllable is called stress.
b. Functions
Grammatical / syntactic function:
- Stress is used to change the word class without changing in the writing of the word. (noun
has stress on the first syllable and verb has stress on the second syllable)
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- Nouns:
+ Stress is on the first syllable if second syllable contains a short vowel
Eg. money [ ] product [ ]
+ Stress is marked on second syllable if it contain long vowel or diphthong
Eg. design [ ] balloon [ : ]
- Noun and verb with identical spelling: stress is on the first syllable if it is noun
and stress is on the second syllable if it is verb
Eg. import [ ] (n) - [ ] (v)
export [ ] (n) - [ ] (v)
Three-syllable words:
- Verbs:
+ Stress is placed on the middle (second) syllable if final syllable contains a
short vowel or ends with not more than one consonant.
Eg. encounter [ ] determine [ : ]
+ Stress is on the final syllable if it contains a long vowel or diphthong or ends with
more than one consonant.
Eg. recommend [ ] entertain [ ]
- Nouns and Adjectives:
+ Stress is marked on middle (second) syllable if: final syllable contains a short vowel or “
”; middle syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong or ends with more than one
consonant.
Eg. disaster [ : ] potato [ ] discover [ ]
convenient [ : ]
+ Stress is on the first syllable if: final syllable contains a short vowel and the middle syllable
contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant.
Eg. quantity [ ] cinema [ ] custody [ ]
opportune [ : ] generous [ ]
+ If final syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong or end with more than one consonant,
stress is usually on the first syllable and the final syllable is said to have secondary stress.
Eg. entellect [ ] alkali [ ] marigold [ ]
b. Stress in complex words:
Verbs ending in “-ate”:
- Two-syllable verb: stress is on the second syllable
Eg. donate [ ] relate [ ]
- Three-syllable verbs: stress is on the first syllable
Eg. dominate [ ] calculate [ ]
- More than three syllables: stress is on the sencond one
Eg. investigate [ ] anticipate [ ]
Adjective ending in “-ative”:
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B. Practice:
1. Mark the stress on the words below:
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[]
2. Work out the rule for stress placement from the examples below:
b. record [] (N) Word-class pair: Noun has stress on the first
syllable while Verb has stress on the final
record [] (V)
syllable.
3. Mark the stress on the following compounds and then work out the rule
- blacksmith []: Compound = N+ N stress on the first element
- walking-stick []: free combination of words
- non-government []: Stress on words with prefix is based on
the rules for those without prefix
- hot-tempered []: Compound = Adj + N_ed stress is on the final
element
UNIT 8 INTONATION
A. Theory
1. English intonation and its function?
a. Definition
When speaking, people generally raise the pitch of their voice forming pitch pattern. They also give
syllable in their utterances greater degree of loudness and change their speech rhythm. These
phenomena are called intonation. In other words, intonation is the raises and falls in which level or
pattern of pitch change.
b. Functions
- Attitudinal function: Intonation enables us to express emotions and attitudes as we
speak, and adds special “meaning” to spoken language.
- Accentual function: Intonation helps to produce the effect of prominence on
syllables that need to be perceived as stressed.
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- Grammatical function: The listener is better able to recognise the grammar and
syntactic structure of what is being said byusing information contained in the intonation.
- Discourse funtions: Intonation can signal to the listener what is to be taken as
“new” information and what is already “given”
2. What are the basic tunes in English intonation and their uses?
Falling tune (intonation):
- Uses:
+ In statement
+ In imparative sentence (câu mệnh lệnh không có chủ ngữ)
+ Wh-question
- Rules:
+ The voice decends step-wise on each stressed syllable. Unstressed syllables are on the same
level at the preceding stressed syllable.
+ To avoid monotomy, speaker can make his voice used of the convenience of stressed
syllable, but not as high as stressed syllable
+ For long statement, break them into different tunes.
Eg. He goes to the cinema with her.
_ _
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- Tag question:
+ Imply answer (agreement): statement: falling tune + tag: falling tune
Eg. It’s a nice day, isn’t it?
+ Ask for information: statement: falling tune + tag: raising tune
Eg. It’s a nice day, isn’t it?
3. Form of intonation
a. Definition
- Tone-unit: is a unit generally greater in size than the syllable is needed to analyze the
intonation.
- Tonic syllable: is a syllable which carries a tone will be called tonic syllable. Tonic syllable
has a higher degree of prominence.
B. Practice
Mark the possible intonation for the following:
a. Have you been to Mary’s wedding party? (raising tune – Yes/No question)
_ _
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-
b. You must take him home (falling tune – imperative)
-
c. Get on with your dinner (falling tune – imperative)
d. Shall I bring some sandwitches for you, too? (raising tune)
-
e. Please sit down (falling tune – imperative)
f. If you like, I’ll send the car for you (if-clause: raising tune + main clause: falling
tune)
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