BAHRIA UNIVERSITY (KARACHI CAMPUS)

Department of Electrical Engineering Assignment # 03

(EET-449 Satellite Communication)

Class & Section: BEE-6D, & BEE-8D (Spring 2020) Assignment # 03 (CLO3, PLO3)

Course Instructor: Mukesh Kumar Maheshwari Date: 02/06/2020

Student’s Name: Muhammad Bilal Submission Deadline: 15/06/2020
Reg. No: 46285 Max Marks: 10
Note: (i) Attempt all questions. Obtained Marks:
(ii) Attach MATLAB code and plots with your assignment report.

(iii) Upload PDF in LMS as one file for whole assignment.

1) You are consulting for a county that is considering replacing its antiquated communications
systems. Besides the county’s administrative center, most of its population is sparsely
spread out, with varying terrain. What questions would you ask before deciding on your
recommendations for the communications network design? Explain the rationale behind
your questions.
Answer:
Replacing the current framework with Mobile satellite framework would work well for the
referenced situation. As introducing towers for microwave connections or utilizing different
types, for example the fiber optics can be an issue to manage and now and again less productive
for a spread-out population.

First question: What does the current framework provide to the individuals? for example
voice, information, TV administrations. Likewise, what is the all-out data transfer capacity
and how is it conveyed in that location?
• From this question, we will be able to make an estimate of how much upgradation
is needed in the new system which we will suggest.

Second question: What are the climatic conditions in the Area and how much it affects the
service of communication in different conditions of climate?
• From this question, we can have a good knowledge of what kind of equipment we
should use and also what would be the precautions we will have to take under the
certain weather conditions.
2) As a satellite engineer, you are asked to design a satellite link, as shown in Fig. 1. The
signal is circularly polarized at a frequency of 10 GHz, the angle of elevation of the earth
station antenna is 35° and the earth station is situated at an altitude of 200 m.
a)
 b)

c) For ITU rain attenuation model, plot the attenuation as a function of varying frequency
and discuss the plot.

Discussion:

• The loss versus frequency has been plotted at

different elevation angles.
• We can see that with increase in frequency
the loss in dB increases but if we see the loss
at different angle values, the loss goes on
decreasing with the increase in angle values.

Code:

function Ap = ITUrainattenuation(frequency, theta, h0, hS, R001, phi,

percentage);

% Function to calculate the long-term rain attenuation

% statistics from point rainfall rate using ITU-R P618.7

% sample run to plot attenuation against frequency in range 1-55 GHz:

% plot([1:55],ITUrainattenuation([1:55], 45, 4.077, 0.64, 43, 37.229, 0.01))

% Verification of Pratt and Bostian example (page 338-339):

% ITUrainattenuation(28, 45, 4.077, 0.64, 43, 37.229, 0.01)

% Note: No more than one input value can be a vector.

% Inputs:
% frequency: carrier frequency (GHz)
% theta: elevation angle (degrees)
% h0: mean zero degree isotherm height above mean sea-level (km)
% hS: height above mean sea level of the earth station (km)
% R001: point rainfall rate for a location for 0.01% of an average year
(mm/h).
% This can be obtained from ITU-R P.837 maps
% phi: latitude of the earth station (degrees)
% percentage: percentage of an average year to convert atenuation to (0.01 is
default)

% Output:
% Ap: Estimated Rain Attenuation (dB)

% Intermediate values calculated by the function:

% hR: the mean rain height above mean sea-level (km)
% hR = h0 + 0.36,
% where h0 is the mean zero degree isotherm height above mean sea-level
% Based on ITU-R P.839, 1<h0<4.5 km
% LE: effective path length (km)
% Ls: slant-path length, below the rain height (km)
% LG: the horizontal projection of the slant-path length (km)

% Check the input parameters for sensible values

if length(find(R001>120 | R001 < 1))~=0
fprintf('ERROR - the rain rate is out of bounds\n');
return
end

if length(find(abs(phi)>90))~=0
fprintf('ERROR - the earth station latitude range is out of bounds\n');
return
end

if length(find(frequency>55 | frequency < 0.003))~=0

fprintf('ERROR - the frequency range is out of bounds\n');
return
end

if length(find(theta>90 | theta < 0))~=0

fprintf('ERROR - the elevation angle is out of bounds\n');
return
end
Re = 8500; % effective radius of the earth(km)
theta = theta*(pi/180); % convert theta from degrees to radians

% *** Step-1 ***

% Compute rain height, hR
hR = h0 + 0.36; % in km

% check that the station height is not above the rain height)
if length(find(hS-hR>0))~=0
fprintf('ERROR - station height above rain height\n');
return
end

% *** Step-2 ***

% Compute slant path length, Ls
if (theta >= 5*pi/180) % converted 5 degrees to radians for comparison with
theta
Ls = (hR-hS)./sin(theta);
else
nr1 = 2*(hR-hS);
dr1 = (sqrt((sin(theta).^2)+((2*(hR-hS))./Re))) + sin(theta);
Ls = nr1./dr1;
end

% *** Step-3 ***

% Calculate the horizontal projection, LG, of the slant-path length
LG = Ls .* cos(theta);

% *** Step-4 ***

% Obtain the rainfall rate, R001, exceeded for 0.01% of an average year
% - obtained from ITU-R P.837 maps (in mm/hr)

% *** Step-5 ***

% Obtain the specific attenuation, gammaR, using ITU-R P.838-2
% This has been determined only for cases of circular polarization, where
% the polarization tilt angle relative to the horizontal (tau) = 45 degrees
% => the cos(2*tau) terms in equations 4 & 5 = 0

% ****************************************************************************
% Calculating the values of kH, kV, alphaH and alphaV: see ITU-R P.838-2
% H->horizontal polarization
% V->vertical polarization

% calculating kH
% coefficients for horizontal polarization
aHj=[0.3364,0.7520,-0.9466];
bHj=[1.1274,1.6644,2.8496];
cHj=[0.2916,0.5175,0.4315];
mkH=1.9925;
ckH=-4.4123;

klogH=0;
for j=1:3
 klogH = klogH + aHj(j).*exp(-((log10(frequency)-bHj(j))./cHj(j)).^2);
end
klogH = klogH + mkH.*log10(frequency) + ckH;
kH=10.^(klogH);

%calculating kV
% coefficients for vertical polarization
aVj=[0.3023,0.7790,-1.0022];
bVj=[1.1402,1.6723,2.9400];
cVj=[0.2826,0.5694,0.4823];
mkV=1.9710;
ckV=-4.4535;

klogV=0;
for j=1:3
klogV = klogV + aVj(j).*exp(-((log10(frequency)-bVj(j))./cVj(j)).^2);
end
klogV = klogV + mkV.*log10(frequency) + ckV;
kV=10.^(klogV);

% calculating alphaH
% coefficients for horizontal polarization
aHi=[0.5564,0.2237,-0.1961,-0.02219];
bHi=[0.7741,1.4023,0.5769,2.2959];
cHi=[0.4011,0.3475,0.2372,0.2801];
malphaH=-0.0816;
calphaH=0.8993;

alphaH=0;
for i=1:4
alphaH = alphaH + aHi(i).*exp(-((log10(frequency)-bHi(i))./cHi(i)).^2);
end
alphaH = alphaH + malphaH.*log10(frequency) + calphaH;

% calculating alphaV
% coefficients for vertical polarization
aVi=[0.5463,0.2158,-0.1693,-0.01895];
bVi=[0.8017,1.4080,0.6353,2.3105];
cVi=[0.3657,0.3636,0.2155,0.2938];
malphaV=-0.07059;
calphaV=0.8756;

alphaV=0;
for i=1:4
alphaV = alphaV + aHi(i).*exp(-((log10(frequency)-bVi(i))./cVi(i)).^2);
end
alphaV = alphaV + malphaV.*log10(frequency) + calphaV;

k = (kH + kV)./2;
alpha = (kH.*alphaH + kV.*alphaV)/(2.*k);

gammaR = k.*((R001).^alpha);

% ****************************************************************************
% *** Step-6 ***
% Calculate the horizontal reduction factor, r001, for 0.01% of the time
dr2 = (0.78.*sqrt(LG.*gammaR./frequency)) - (0.38.*(1-exp((-2).*LG)));
r001 = 1./(1 + dr2);

% *** Step-7 ***

% Calculate the vertical adjustment factor, v001, for 0.01% of the time
zeta = atan((hR - hS)./(LG.*r001)); % zeta is in radians

if zeta > theta % note - theta is in radians

LR = (LG.*r001)./(cos(theta)); % in km
else
LR = (hR - hS)./(sin(theta)); % in km
end

%if abs(phi) < 36 % note - phi is in degrees

% chi = 36 - abs(phi);
%else
% chi = 0; % in degrees
%end
temp=find(abs(phi)<36);
chi(temp)=36-abs(phi(temp));
temp=find(abs(phi)>=36);
chi(temp)=0;

dr3 = sqrt(sin(theta)).*(31*(1-exp(-
((theta*180/pi)./(1+chi)))).*((sqrt(LR.*gammaR))./frequency.^2)-0.45);
v001 = 1./(1+dr3);

% *** Step-8 ***

% Calculate the effective path length, LE
LE = LR.*v001; % in km

% *** Step-9 ***

% Obtain the predicted attenuation exceeded for 0.01% of an average year
A001 = gammaR.*LE; % in dB

% Finally calculating the estimated attenuation to be exceeded for other

percentages of an
% average year (in the range 0.001% to 5%)

if percentage>=1 | abs(phi)>=36
beta=0;
elseif percentage<1 & abs(phi)<36 & theta>=25*180/pi
beta=-0.005.*(abs(phi)-36);
else
beta=(-0.005.*(abs(phi)-36)) + 1.8 - (4.25.*sin(theta));
end

exp_term = -(0.655+(0.033.*log(percentage))-(0.045.*log(A001))-(beta.*(1-
percentage).*sin(theta)));
Ap = A001.*((percentage./0.01).^exp_term);
% end of program

d) Using Matlab, plot the free space loss as a varying function of frequency and distance,
and discuss the plot.

Discussion:

• As the frequency increases, the free space

loss also increases, which would suggest
that at higher frequencies, losses become
more. Also analyzing the graph it can be
observed the increase in distance will
results the increase in loss.

Code:

% Inputs: frequency: Carrier frequency (in MHz)

% distance: distance between tx and rx (in km, should be >1KM)
f1 =1000; % 1GHz
f2=10000;
f3 =20000;
f4 =40000;
f5 =60000;
distance =0:20; % 1 to 20 KM
% Ouputs: loss: Signal loss (in dB)
% warn if the any distances are below 1 km (the model will still give an
output, you will have been warned that it may be in error)
if length(find(distance<1))~=0
fprintf('WARNING - distance set below 1km in freespace loss\n');
end
loss1=32.44 + 20*log10(f1) + 20*log10(distance);
loss2=32.44 + 20*log10(f2) + 20*log10(distance);
loss3=32.44 + 20*log10(f3) + 20*log10(distance);
loss4=32.44 + 20*log10(f4) + 20*log10(distance);
loss5=32.44 + 20*log10(f5) + 20*log10(distance);
plot(distance, loss1,'b',distance, loss2,'r',distance, loss3,'g',distance,
loss4,'o',distance, loss5,'y' )
legend('loss1','loss2','loss3','loss4','loss5','Location','northwest')
title('Muhammad Bilal')
 e) ITUxpd.m calculates the rain induced cross-polarization. How does the
crosspolarization discrimination (XPD) change with the varying frequency for above
parameters? Plot the cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) vs frequency and discuss
the plot. The code provided you in the lab.

Discussion:

As can be seen from the graph, the loss increases with increase in frequency.

Code:
function XPDp = ITUxpd(frequency, tau, theta, Ap, percentage)

% Function to calculate the loss due to the long-term statistics of

% hydrometeor-induced cross-polarization using ITU P.618-7
%
% plot([8:35],ITUxpd([8:35],30,45, 10,.1))
% Inputs:
% frequency: frequency (GHz)
% tau: tilt angle of the linearly polarized electric field vector with
% respect to the horizontal (tau = 45 degrees for circular polarization)
% theta: path elevation angle (degrees)
% Ap: rain attenuation (dB) exceeded for the required percentage of time, p
% percentage: percentage of an average year (1, 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001%)

% Note: Any one of the inputs, except percentage, can be a vector.

% Outputs:
% XPDp: cross-polarization discrimination (dB)
if length(find(frequency > 60 | frequency < 1))~=0
fprintf('ERROR: The frequency range is out of bounds\n');
return;
end

if length(find(theta > 60))~=0

fprintf('ERROR: The path elevation angle is out of bounds\n');
return;
end

if percentage~=1 & percentage~=0.1 & percentage~=0.01 & percentage~=0.001

fprintf('ERROR - percentage must be 1, 0.1, 0.01 or 0.001\n')
return
end

% convert angles to radians

theta = theta.*(pi/180);
tau = tau.*(pi/180);

% *** Step-1 ***

% Calculating the frequency-dependent term:
Cf = 30.*log10(frequency);

% *** Step-2 ***

% Calculating the rain attenuation dependent term:
temp=find(frequency >= 1 & frequency <= 30);
if length(temp)~=0
Vf(temp) = 12.8.*(frequency(temp).^(0.19));
end

temp=find(frequency > 30 & frequency <= 60);

if length(temp)~=0
Vf(temp) = 22.6;
end

CA = Vf.*log10(Ap);

% *** Step-3 ***

% Calculating the polarization improvement factor:
Ctau = -10.*log10(1 - 0.484.*(1 + cos(4.*tau)));

% *** Step-4 ***

% Calculating the elevation angle-dependent term:
Ctheta = -40.*log10(cos(theta));

% *** Step-5 ***

% Calculating the canting angle dependent term: sigma = effective
% standard deviation of the raindrop canting angle distribution (degrees)
if percentage == 1
sigma = 0;
elseif percentage == 0.1
sigma = 5;
elseif percentage == 0.01
 sigma = 10;
elseif percentage == 0.001
sigma = 15;
end

Csigma = 0.0052.*(sigma.^2);

% *** Step-6 ***

% Calculating rain XPD not exceeded for p% of the time:
XPDrain = Cf - CA + Ctau + Ctheta + Csigma; % (dB)

% *** Step-7 ***

% Calculating the ice crystal dependent term:
Cice = XPDrain.*(0.3 + 0.1.*log10(percentage))./2;

% *** Step-8 ***

% Calculating the XPD not exceeded for p% of the time, including the effects
of ice:
XPDp = XPDrain - Cice;

% end of program

plot([1:60],ITUxpd([1:60],30,45, 10,.1))
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel ('Loss')
title('Cross Polarization Discrimination')