Transport in Animals 4 QP-merged PDF

1 Fig. 5.1 shows a capillary inside a tissue.
lining of
capillary red blood cell
blood
flow
S
R
cell in tissue
Q
tissue fluid
Fig. 5.1
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a)
a) State how oxygen passes from the capillary into cell Q and describe the function of
this gas in a cell.
[2]
(ii) Name two substances required by cells, other than oxygen, that pass from the
blood to the tissue fluid at R.
1.
2. [1]
(iii) Name two substances produced by cells that pass from the tissue fluid to the
blood at S.
1.
2. [1]
(b) With reference to Fig. 5.1, describe and explain two ways in which capillaries are
adapted to their function.
1.
2.
[4]
(c) Tissue fluid drains into vessel P at T and eventually returns to the blood.
(i) Name the type of vessel labelled P.
[1]
(ii) Explain how fluid passes along these vessels.
[1]
[Total: 10]
2 The lymphatic system consists of:
• thin-walled lymph vessels that drain tissue fluid from many organs of the body
• lymph nodes that contain the cells of the immune system
The fluid in the lymph vessels is moved in a way similar to the movement of blood in veins.
Fig. 4.1 shows part of the lymphatic system.
from head
vena cava
direction of
flow of lymph
ileum
from legs
Fig. 4.1
(a) Suggest how lymph is moved in the lymph vessels.
[2]
(b) After a meal rich in fatty foods, the lymph leaving the ileum is full of fat droplets.
Explain why there are fat droplets in the lymph leaving the ileum.
[2]
Lymph flows through lymph nodes. Fig. 4.2 shows the action of white blood cells in a
lymph node when bacteria are present.
P
bacteria
P P
not to scale
cell R
Fig. 4.2
(c) (i) Name the type of nuclear division shown at P in Fig. 4.2.
[1]
(ii) Name the molecules labelled Q in Fig. 4.2.
[1]
(iii) Describe how bacteria are destroyed by cell R.
[3]
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. An investigation was carried out into the
effect of prescribing antibiotics on antibiotic resistance in 20 countries. Fig. 4.3 shows the
results of this investigation. Each point represents the result for a country.
60
50
40
percentage
of bacterial
infections that 30
are antibiotic
resistant
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4
percentage of population taking antibiotics
Fig. 4.3
(d) Describe the results shown in Fig. 4.3. Credit will be given for using figures from
Fig. 4.3 to support your answer.
[3]
(e) Many different antibiotics are used.
Suggest why some antibiotics are used less frequently than others.
[3]
[Total: 15]
3 Fig. 2.1 shows a diagram of human skin in hot weather.
B capillaries
arteriole
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name structures A to D.
D [4]
(b) Describe how the structures (A to D) in the skin help to maintain a constant body
temperature. You may refer to the structures by their letters.
[4]
(c)
c) ( Blood flow through the skin changes in response to changes in the air
temperature.
State and explain what happens to blood flow through the skin when the
temperature of the surrounding air becomes very cold.
(ii) Explain how the changes you have described in (c)(i) reduce heat loss.
[5]
(d) The control of body temperature is an example of negative feedback.
Describe how negative feedback is involved in the control of body temperature.
[3]
[Total: 16]
4 Fig. 2.1 shows the blood supply for the liver of a mammal.
vena cava aorta
liver
vena cava aorta
Fig. 2.1
(a) Blood from organ X is carried to the liver by blood vessel Y.
Name
(i) organ X,
[1]
(ii) blood vessel Y.
[1]
Fig. 2.2 shows some liver cells as seen with a light microscope.
B ................................
A ................................
C ................................
P Q
Fig. 2.2
(b) (i) Label, on Fig. 2.2, the structures A, B and C.
[3]
(ii) The distance P-Q is 0.06 mm.
Calculate the magnification of Fig. 2.2.
Show your working.
Magnification = x [2]
Liver cells absorb glucose and amino acids from the blood and help to regulate the
concentrations of these substances in the blood.
(c) Explain how liver cells help to regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood in
response to hormones from the pancreas in each of the following situations.
Blood glucose concentration is higher than normal.
Blood glucose concentration is lower than normal.
[5]
(d) Describe what happens to amino acids inside liver cells.
[3]
[Total: 15]
1 (a Mammals have a double circulatory system.
Explain what is meant by a double circulatory system.
[1]
Fig. 4.1 shows sections of three blood vessels: an artery, a capillary and a vein.
artery capillary vein
Fig. 4.1
(b) State one function for each of the blood vessels shown in Fig. 4.1.
artery
capillary
vein
[3]
(c) Explain how the structure of the artery shown in Fig. 4.1 is adapted to its function.
[4]
(d) Explain how valves help the transport of blood in veins.
[2]
[Total: 10]
2 Fig. 3.1 shows an external view of the heart and its blood vessels.
direction of
flow of blood
coronary arteries
site of blockage B
Fig. 3.1
(a) The coronary arteries supply heart tissue with useful substances. Coronary veins
remove waste substances.
(i) Name two useful substances the coronary arteries will supply.
1.
2. [2]
(ii) Name one waste substance the coronary veins will remove.
[1]
(b) The tissue forming the wall of the left ventricle responds when it is stimulated by
electrical impulses.
(i) Name this type of tissue.
[1]
(ii) Describe how this tissue will respond when stimulated.
[1]
(iii) Describe the effect of this response on the contents of the left ventricle.
[2]
(c) The coronary arteries can become blocked with a fatty deposit, leading to a heart attack.
(i) State two likely causes of this type of blockage.
1.
2. [2]
(ii) A blockage occurs at point B in the coronary artery.
On Fig. 3.1, shade in the parts of the artery affected by this blockage. [1]
(d) Veins have different structures from arteries.
State two features of veins and explain how these features enable them to function
efficiently.
1.. Featu
Explanation
2.. Featu
Explanation
[4]
[Total: 14]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows images of red blood cells from a human, A, and a bird, B.
nucleus
A B
Fig. 3.1
(a) State the function of red blood cells.
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.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) There is a nucleus present in each of the red blood cells of the bird, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
(i) State the function of a nucleus.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Human red blood cells do not contain a nucleus.
State an advantage of this.
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Red blood cells from humans were placed into three test-tubes. Each test-tube contained a salt
solution of a different concentration. A sample was taken from each test-tube and viewed using a
microscope. The results are shown in Fig. 3.2.
salt concentration / mol dm–3 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Fig. 3.2
(c) (i) Describe the appearance of the red blood cells in the 0.15 mol dm−3 salt solution and the
red blood cells in the 0.20 mol dm−3 salt solution.
0.15 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
0.20 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The red blood cells in the 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution burst.
Explain why the red blood cells burst.
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(iii) Suggest why a plant cell in 0.10 mol dm−3 salt solution would not burst.
...........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Some people in accidents lose a lot of blood. Doctors give patients fluid to replace lost blood.
(i) Use the information in Fig. 3.2 to predict and explain the concentration of fluid replacement
given to patients who have lost blood.
prediction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe the process of blood clotting.
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[Total: 14]
4 Fig. 2.1 shows a diagram of the liver and the blood vessels that enter and exit from it.
from the
to the heart
heart K
J
liver
L
small
intestine
M
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name blood vessel L.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Blood vessel J is a vein.
State two structural features of veins and explain how each feature is related to its function of
returning blood to the heart.
feature .......................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
feature .......................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) Blood samples were taken from each of the blood vessels J, K, L and M two hours after a
meal of rice. Table 2.1 shows the concentration of glucose in these blood samples.
Table 2.1
blood glucose concentration

blood vessel
/ mg per 100 cm3
J 135
K 128
L 181
M 133
Calculate the percentage increase in blood glucose concentration between blood vessel J
compared with L. Express your answer to the nearest whole number.
Show your working.
............................................................ %
[2]
(d) Control of blood glucose by the liver is an example of homeostasis.
(i) Explain how the liver lowers blood glucose concentration when it is too high.
...........................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Name one other factor in the human body that is also controlled by homeostasis.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Amino acids are processed by the liver.
Describe this process.
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(f) State one other function of the liver, besides homeostasis and processing amino acids.
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[Total: 14]
5 Proteins in the blood are involved in protection of the body.
Three proteins found in the blood are
• antibodies
• thrombin
• fibrinogen
(a) (i) Name the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
[1]
(ii) Outline how antibodies protect the body.
[2]
(b) Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction:
fibrinogen
(i) State when this reaction occurs.
[1]
(ii) Explain how fibrin protects the body.
[3]
An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of different temperatures on the
activity of thrombin. The results are shown in Fig. 4.1.
activity 6
of
thrombin 5
/ arbitrary
units 4
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
temperature / °C
Fig. 4.1
(c) (i) Explain why thrombin functions slowly at 5 °C and does not function at all at 70 °C.
5 °C
70 °C
[3]
(ii) Suggest how the activity of thrombin was determined.
[1]
(iii) State two conditions that would have been kept constant during the investigation.
2 [2]
[Total: 13]
1 The liver is an organ with a large number of different functions.
Fig. 4.1 shows the liver, its blood supply and some other organs. The blood vessels are
labelled P to R.
to heart from heart
P
aorta
liver
bile duct
gall bladder vena cava
duodenum
Fig. 4.1
(a) A person eats a meal containing protein and carbohydrate.
Complete Table 4.1 to show the blood vessel that has the highest concentration of
glucose, oxygen and urea as this meal is absorbed.
Use the letter, P, Q or R to identify each blood vessel.
Table 4.1
substance transported by
letter of blood vessel in Fig. 4.1
blood
glucose
………
oxygen
………
urea
………
Write the letters for the blood vessels with the highest concentration of each
substance in the spaces on Table 4.1. [3]
(b) Amino acids are absorbed from the small intestine and transported to the liver.
Describe how the liver is involved in the metabolism of amino acids.
[3]
(c) Describe the effects on the liver of the following.
(i) insulin released from the pancreas
[2]
(ii) adrenaline released from the adrenal glands
[2]
(iii) excessive long-term consumption of alcohol
[2]
(d) Cholesterol can accumulate in the gall bladder to form gall stones. These gall stones
may stop bile flowing from the liver through the bile duct and into the duodenum.
Explain the possible effect of gall stones on the digestion of fat.
[4]
[Total: 16]
2 Blood flows through the hepatic portal vein from some organs to the liver.
Fig. 2.1 shows the hepatic portal vein and these organs.
liver
hepatic spleen
portal
vein
Fig. 2.1
(a) Blood in the hepatic portal vein is deoxygenated.
Explain why the blood in the hepatic portal vein is deoxygenated rather than
oxygenated.
[2]
(b) Name four organs, other than the spleen, that are shown in Fig. 2.1 and from which
blood flows into the hepatic portal vein.
4 [4]
(c) Describe the role of the hepatic portal vein in the transport of absorbed nutrients.
[3]
(d) Explain how the liver is involved in regulating the composition of the blood and in
protecting the body against toxic substances.
[5]
(e) The spleen contains lymphatic tissue which is full of phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Describe how phagocytes and lymphocytes protect the body against the spread of
disease-causing organisms.
phagocytes
lymphocytes
[4]
[Total: 18]
3 Heart surgeons may stop the heart beating during operations. While this happens blood is
pumped through a heart-lung machine that oxygenates the blood.
Fig. 1.1 is a diagram showing a heart-lung machine in use.
oxygenated blood returned to body F
oxygenator
pump
C
reservoir of
deoxygenated
blood removed
from body
drainage tubes left ventricle
D
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the structures labelled A to D.
D [4]
(b) Name the blood vessels E and F.
F [2]
(c) The heart-lung machine is used so that surgeons can operate on the arteries supplying
heart muscle. These arteries may be diseased.
Name these arteries and explain how they may become diseased.
name of arteries
explanation
[3]
(d) Suggest why a patient is put on a heart-lung machine during such an operation.
[2]
Humans have a double circulation system. There is a low pressure circulation and a high
pressure circulation.
(e) Explain how the structure of the heart enables it to pump blood into two circulations at
different pressures.
[4]
[Total: 15]
1 Which substances are dissolved in human blood plasma?
A carbon dioxide, haemoglobin and glucose

B carbon dioxide, oxygen and haemoglobin
C glucose, hormones and urea
D oxygen, urea and starch
2 Which chamber of the heart has the thickest muscle wall?
A left atrium
B left ventricle
C right atrium
D right ventricle
3 The diagram shows the human heart and some of the blood vessels connected to it.
W Z
Before blood in W reaches Z it must
A gain glucose.
B give up heat to the skin.
C pass through capillaries.
D travel to the head.
4 Which blood vessel has a high carbon dioxide concentration, a low oxygen concentration and a
high blood pressure?
A aorta
B pulmonary artery
C pulmonary vein
D vena cava
5 The diagram shows a section through the heart.
Which part pumps blood to the aorta?
A B
D C
6 The diagram shows a section through a blood vessel in the leg.
Which type of blood vessel is shown, and in which direction does the blood flow?
7 Which statement is correct for most veins in the human body?
A They carry blood at high pressure.

B They have a pulse.
C They have valves.
D They take blood away from the heart.
8 The diagram shows a vertical section through a human heart.
What are X and Y?
X Y
A left atrium right ventricle

B left ventricle right atrium
C right atrium left ventricle
D right ventricle left atrium
9 The diagrams show some components of the blood of a mammal.
Which component causes the blood to start clotting?
A B C D
10 The diagrams show four different stages in one heart beat.
P Q
key
direction in which
blood is moving
R S
What is the correct order for the stages after stage P?
A Q→R→S
B R→Q→S
C R→S→Q
D S→R→Q
11 Where does haemoglobin become oxyhaemoglobin?
A heart
B kidneys
C liver
D lungs
12 What is the correct sequence for blood being pumped from the heart to the lungs?
A left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery
B left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary vein
C right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery
D right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein
13 Which structures in plants and in humans normally carry amino acids?
14 Why is the circulatory system of mammals described as a double circulation?
A Blood flows firstly through arteries and then through veins.

B Blood flows through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body.
C In the heart, blood flows firstly through atria and then through ventricles.
D The atria and the ventricles contract alternately.
15 Which substance is transported by haemoglobin?
A nitrogen
B oxygen
C urea
D water
16 The diagram shows human blood as seen through a light microscope.
A person’s blood is unable to clot.
Which component of the blood is not functioning properly?
17 In which list do all three blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?
A aorta, pulmonary artery, renal artery

B aorta, pulmonary vein, renal artery
C vena cava, pulmonary artery, renal vein
D vena cava, pulmonary vein, renal vein
18 In a person with a low platelet level, which process is slower than normal?
A antibody formation
B blood clotting
C oxygen carriage
D phagocytosis
19 Which blood vessel contains valves?
A arteriole
B capillary
C renal artery
D renal vein
20 When blood is flowing through a vena cava, which main blood vessel will it flow through next?
A hepatic portal vein

B hepatic vein
C pulmonary artery
D pulmonary vein
21 How does insulin move from the pancreas, where it is produced, to the cell where it acts?
A along nerves
B in the blood
C through the digestive system
D through the pancreatic duct
22 Which heart valves are open and which are closed when blood passes out of the right ventricle
towards the lungs?
A bicuspid (mitral) valve closed, tricuspid valve open

B bicuspid (mitral) valve open, semi-lunar valve closed
C tricuspid valve closed, semi-lunar valve open
D tricuspid valve open, bicuspid (mitral) valve open
23 The diagram shows the circulatory system of a mammal.
capillary
network
in lungs
right atrium left atrium
right ventricle left ventricle
capillary network
in body organs
What describes the blood in vessels X and Y?
24 The diagram shows a double circulatory system.
2 3
capillaries of heart capillaries of the

the lungs rest of the body
1 4
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood?
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4
25 The photograph shows two blood cells, X and Y.
What are the functions of cells X and Y?
cell X cell Y
A carries out phagocytosis carries oxygen

B carries oxygen produces antibodies
C carries oxygen carries carbon dioxide
D produces antibodies carries oxygen
26 The diagram shows the human heart.
P Q
S R
In which order does blood pass through the chambers during a complete circuit of the body after
it returns from the lungs?
A Q→R→S→P
B Q→R→P→S
C P→S→Q→R
D P→S→R→Q
27 What shows the sequence of organs through which urea passes as it travels from where it is
produced to where it is removed from the blood?
A kidneys → heart → lungs → heart → liver
B kidneys → heart → liver → lungs → heart
C liver → heart → lungs → heart → kidneys
D liver → lungs → heart → kidneys → heart
28 The graph shows the effect of several minutes of vigorous (hard) exercise on heart rate.
Which letter on the graph is at a time when the person is doing this exercise?
B
C
heart rate
A D
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
time / min
29 Which blood vessel, if it becomes blocked, could lead directly to a heart attack?
A coronary artery
B pulmonary artery
C pulmonary vein
D vena cava
30 Which diagram shows the human double circulatory system?
A B
heart
heart
C D
heart heart
31 The diagram shows the heart as seen from the front.
Which section shows the heart cut through line P-Q?
A P Q
B P Q
C P Q
D P Q
32 What is the characteristic feature of a double circulation?
A In each circuit, blood passes from the gut to the liver before going back to the heart.
B In each circuit, blood passes from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart before
going to other parts of the body.
C In each circuit, blood passes through atria and ventricles before going to other parts of the
body.
D In each circuit, blood passes through the arteries and the capillaries before returning to the
heart in veins.
33 Which group contains substances that are all carried in the blood?
A amino acids, carbon dioxide and cellulose

B glucose, glycogen and lactic acid
C oestrogen, oxygen and starch
D salts, testosterone and urea
34 How often must a blood cell in the renal artery pass through the heart before it again reaches the
renal artery?
A once
B twice
C three times
D four times
35 The photograph shows human blood cells as seen under a microscope at high power.
S
R
Which are red cells?
A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D S and P
36 What describes the aortic (semi-lunar) and bicuspid (mitral) heart valves when the left ventricle is
relaxing?
37 The diagram shows the blood circulatory system of a human.
lungs
upper
body
liver
gut
kidneys
lower
body
How many times does the blood pass through the heart on its way from the kidneys to the aorta?
A one
B two
C four
D more than four
38 The diagram shows the human heart.
W X
Z Y
Which two chambers contract at the same time?
A W and X B W and Z C X and Z D X and Y
39 The diagram shows a double circulatory system.
2 3
capillaries capillaries of the

of the lungs heart rest of the body
1 4
Which two vessels carry blood at the highest pressure?
A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4
40 The diagram shows an external view of the human heart.
right atrium
left atrium
X
right ventricle
left ventricle
What is the name of the blood vessel labelled X?
A coronary artery
B hepatic artery
C pulmonary artery
D renal artery
41 The diagram shows blood as seen under a microscope.
Which identifies parts P, Q, R and S of the blood?
plasma platelet white blood cell red blood cell
A P Q R S
B Q P S R
C R S Q P
D S R P Q
42 The plan shows the blood system of a mammal.
head and
fore-limbs
key
oxygenated blood
deoxygenated blood
lower body
and hind limbs
What does the part labelled X represent?
A heart
B kidneys
C liver
D lungs
43 The diagram shows part of the human circulatory system.
Which part carries oxygenated blood at low pressure?
lungs
A B
rest of body
44 What is a function of the human blood system?
A carrying eggs from the ovary to the uterus

B carrying glucose from the gut to the liver
C carrying partly digested food from the mouth to the stomach
D carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder
45 The diagram shows the circulation of blood in the body, through the heart, lungs and other
organs.
lungs
heart
other organs
What is the name of X?
A left atrium (auricle)

B right atrium (auricle)
C left ventricle
D right ventricle
1 The blood of a fetus does not mix with the blood of its mother, but substances are exchanged
across the placenta.
(a) Table 3.1 shows five substances that cross the placenta, their direction of movement and the
reason for the movement.
Complete Table 3.1. The second row has been completed for you.
Table 3.1
substance direction of movement reason
amino acids
carbon dioxide from fetus waste gas from respiration
glucose
oxygen
urea
[4]
(b) During pregnancy, women are often given dietary advice.
Explain why pregnant women require more iron and vitamin D in their diet.
iron ............................................................................................................................................
vitamin D ............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Mothers may be encouraged to breast-feed their newborn babies. The first milk that a mother
secretes is called colostrum and contains antibodies.
(i) Name the cells that produce antibodies.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why it is important for newborn babies to have antibodies.
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(iii) Some mothers bottle-feed their newborn babies with formula milk rather than breast-feed.
Describe four advantages of breast-feeding, other than providing antibodies.
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[Total: 14]
2 Mammals have a double circulatory system. Blood flows between:
• the heart and the lungs

• the heart and the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a cross-section of an artery.
Fig. 4.1
Explain how the structure of an artery, as shown in Fig. 4.1, is related to its functions.
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(b) Fig. 4.2 shows the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels in the systemic circulation. It
also shows the changes that occur in blood pressure and the speed (velocity) of blood in the
different blood vessels.
aorta vena cava
tissue fluid
4000
3000
total cross-
sectional area
of the blood
2000
vessels / cm2
1000
15
14 pressure
mean blood 13 speed of the
pressure / kPa 12 blood / cm s–1
11
10 50
9 velocity
8 40
7
6 30
5
4 20
3
2 10
1
0 0
aorta arterioles veins
arteries capillaries vena cava
Fig. 4.2
(i) State the maximum mean blood pressure in the aorta.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe how mean blood pressure and speed of blood change with cross-sectional
area of blood vessels, as shown in Fig. 4.2.
blood pressure ...................................................................................................................
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speed of blood ...................................................................................................................
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(c) Describe how substances move from the blood in the capillaries into the tissue fluid.
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(d) Blood flows from arteries into arterioles before entering capillaries.
Explain the role of the arterioles in the skin when a person is very cold.
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[Total: 14]
3 Blood is distributed through the body of a mammal in blood vessels. The blood supply to
muscles changes considerably at the start and at the end of exercise.
Fig. 4.1 shows a cross section of a blood vessel as seen with an electron microscope.
cell X
liquid Y
Fig. 4.1
(a) Name:
(i) cell X;
[1]
(ii) liquid Y;
[1]
(iii) the type of blood vessel shown in Fig. 4.1.
[1]
(b) State three substances that move across the wall of the blood vessel at Z.
3 [3]
(c) Table 4.1 shows the distribution of blood to different organs at rest and during exercise.
Table 4.1
blood flow / cm3 per minute

percentage
regions of the body
during strenuous change / %
at rest
exercise
heart muscle 250 750 200
kidneys
i 200 600 -5
skeletal muscles 1 000 12 500
skin
kin 1 900 375
liver and alimentary canal 1 400 600 -5
brain
rain 750 0
others
ther 400 --3
total 5 600 17 500 213
(i) Calculate the percentage change in the blood supply to the skeletal muscles.
Show your working.
Write your answer in Table 4.1.
[1]
(ii) Explain why it is necessary for the blood supply to muscles to increase during
exercise.
[5]
(iii) The volume of blood to different organs varies as shown in Table 4.1.
During exercise, blood flow to the skin increases and to the kidneys decreases.
Describe the changes that occur in blood vessels to cause blood flow to increase
and to decrease.
increase blood flow
decrease blood flow
[4]
[Total: 16]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a vertical section of a human heart.
valve O
valve N
Fig. 4.1
(a) Identify the blood vessels labelled J to M.
M [4]
(b) Sensors that detect changes in blood pressure were placed into the blood vessels
surrounding the heart. Recordings were taken at the times when the ventricles
contracted and when they relaxed.
The blood pressures recorded are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
blood pressure / kPa

blood vessel
contraction of the ventricles relaxation of the ventricles
J 16.0
6.0
K 0.3 0.3
L 0.3 0.3
M 2.0 0.5
(i) Explain why the pressure in blood vessel J is greater than the pressure in blood
vessel M.
[2]
(ii) Explain why the pressure in blood vessels K and L is much less than the pressure
in blood vessels J and M.
[2]
(c) Explain how the valves at N and O maintain one-way flow of blood through the heart.
[4]
(d) Other than in the heart, state where valves similar to those at O are found in the
circulatory system.
[1]
[Total: 13]
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the human heart and the main blood vessels. The functions of the parts of the
heart and some of the blood vessels are given in Table 1.1.
J
C
D
H
E
G
Fig. 1.1
Complete Table 1.1.
One row has been done for you.
Table 1.1
function letter on name
Fig. 1.1
structure that separates oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood
structure that prevents backflow of blood

from ventricle to atrium
blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood A aorta
blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood
structure that prevents backflow of blood

from pulmonary artery to right ventricle
chamber of the heart that contains oxygenated blood
chamber of the heart that contains deoxygenated blood
[6]
(b) A group of students used a heart monitor to record the pulse rate of an athlete during a 5000
metre race. The recordings started just before the race began and ended just after it had
finished, as shown in Fig. 1.2.
start of race end of race
180
160
140
120
pulse rate 100

/ beats per
minute 80
60
40
20
0
0 2 10 12 14 16 18
time / min
Fig. 1.2
(i) Use data from Fig. 1.2 to describe the effect of exercise on the pulse rate of the athlete.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Explain the change in pulse rate between 2 minutes and 3 minutes after the recordings
started.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [4]
[Total: 13]
2 All mammals have a double circulatory system. Fig. 1.1 shows part of the human double circulatory
system.
right lung left lung
P J
O B K
C
A
D
N muscular wall
of heart
right kidney left kidney
L
M
Fig. 1.1
(a) Name the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the human heart.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Describe what is meant by the term double circulation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one advantage of a double circulation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) Table 1.1 describes some of the structures of the human circulatory system shown in Fig.1.1.
Complete the table.
One row has been done for you.
Table 1.1
description name of structure letter on Fig. 1.1
heart chamber with the

thickest muscular wall
blood vessel that carries

oxygenated blood to the heart
blood vessel that carries

oxygenated blood away from the heart
blood vessel that carries blood away

from the kidneys
blood vessel with the largest vena cava N

lumen
[4]
(d) Describe how blood is transported from the vena cava to the lungs. You may use the letters
on Fig. 1.1 in your description.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
(e) (i) Doctors recommend that a healthy diet can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
Give one other lifestyle improvement patients can make that can reduce the risk of
coronary heart disease.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Sometimes surgery is required to treat coronary heart disease.
Describe one named example of surgery that can treat coronary heart disease.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 14]
3 Mammals have a double circulation system.
(a) Explain what is meant by a double circulation system.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Table 5.1 shows some of the main organs in a mammal and the vessels that deliver blood and
take it away.
Complete the table.
Table 5.1
organ blood vessel

delivers blood takes blood away
1 ..................................................... 1 aorta
heart
2 ............................................. vein 2 .......................................... artery
lungs pulmonary artery

........................................................
1 hepatic artery
liver hepatic vein
2 .....................................................
kidney
............................................. artery ................................................ vein
[5]
(c) Table 5.2 shows the blood pressure in the different blood vessels that supply and drain a
muscle in the leg.
Table 5.2
blood vessel mean blood pressure / kPa

aorta 13
femoral artery 12
distributing / muscular artery 9
arteriole in muscle 6
capillary in muscle 4–1.3
venule in muscle 1.1
femoral vein < 1.0
(i) The table shows that the mean blood pressure decreases from 13 kPa in the aorta to
6 kPa in the arterioles.
Explain why blood pressure must decrease in the arterioles before entering the
capillaries.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Explain how blood returns to the heart in the femoral vein against the pull of gravity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Fig. 5.1 shows a section across part of an artery.
Fig. 5.1
With reference to Fig. 5.1, explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 14]
4 Table 4.1 shows the composition of blood plasma.
Table 4.1
component concentration in the plasma
adrenaline / ng dm–3 10 – 100
fibrinogen / g dm–3 1.7 – 4.0
glucose / mg dm–3 700 – 1000
hydrogencarbonate ions / g dm–3 1.1 – 1.4
insulin / μg dm–3 0.33 – 0.40
lactic acid / mg dm–3 50 – 200
sodium ions / g dm–3 3.1 – 3.4
urea / mg dm–3 70 – 200
(a) From Table 4.1, name:
(i) an excretory product
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) a plasma protein.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) State what could cause the lactic acid concentration in the blood to increase to
200 mg dm–3.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the function of fibrinogen.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State two effects that a concentration of adrenaline of 100 ng dm–3 might have on the
body.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Table 4.1 shows that the glucose concentration varies between 700 and 1000 mg dm–3.
Describe the role of the liver in regulating the concentration of glucose in the body.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) Lymphocytes and phagocytes are white blood cells.
A woman had some blood tests taken before and during a bacterial infection.
Table 4.2 shows the number of white blood cells in the two blood samples.
Table 4.2
white blood mean number of cells per mm3 of blood

cells
before infection during infection
lymphocytes 1300 3500
phagocytes 2000 7500
(i) Calculate the percentage increase in lymphocytes that occurred during the bacterial
infection.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
answer ...............................................% [2]
(ii) Describe the role of phagocytes in defence against disease.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Describe the roles of white blood cells in tissue rejection.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 17]

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1 Fig. 5.1 shows a capillary inside a tissue.

(i) Name the type of vessel labelled P.

(ii) Explain how fluid passes along these vessels.

• lymph nodes that contain the cells of the immune system

Fig. 4.1 shows part of the lymphatic system.

(a) Suggest how lymph is moved in the lymph vessels.

(ii) Name the molecules labelled Q in Fig. 4.2.

(iii) Describe how bacteria are destroyed by cell R.

(a) Name structures A to D.

Describe how negative feedback is involved in the control of body temperature.

vena cava aorta

vena cava aorta

(a) Blood from organ X is carried to the liver by blood vessel Y.

(ii) blood vessel Y.

(b) (i) Label, on Fig. 2.2, the structures A, B and C.

(ii) The distance P-Q is 0.06 mm.

Calculate the magnification of Fig. 2.2.

Show your working.

Blood glucose concentration is higher than normal.

Blood glucose concentration is lower than normal.

(d) Describe what happens to amino acids inside liver cells.

Explain what is meant by a double circulatory system.

artery capillary vein

(d) Explain how valves help the transport of blood in veins.

(i) Name this type of tissue.

(ii) Describe how this tissue will respond when stimulated.

(i) State two likely causes of this type of blockage.

(ii) A blockage occurs at point B in the coronary artery.

(d) Veins have different structures from arteries.

(a) State the function of red blood cells.

(i) State the function of a nucleus.

(ii) Human red blood cells do not contain a nucleus.

State an advantage of this.

salt concentration / mol dm–3 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

0.15 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................

0.20 mol dm−3 .....................................................................................................................

Explain why the red blood cells burst.

(ii) Describe the process of blood clotting.

(a) Name blood vessel L.

(b) Blood vessel J is a vein.

blood glucose concentration

Show your working.

(d) Control of blood glucose by the liver is an example of homeostasis.

Describe this process.

Three proteins found in the blood are

(ii) Outline how antibodies protect the body.

(b) Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction:

(i) State when this reaction occurs.

(ii) Explain how fibrin protects the body.

gall bladder vena cava

Describe how the liver is involved in the metabolism of amino acids.

(c) Describe the effects on the liver of the following.

(i) insulin released from the pancreas

(ii) adrenaline released from the adrenal glands

(iii) excessive long-term consumption of alcohol

Explain the possible effect of gall stones on the digestion of fat.

(a) Blood in the hepatic portal vein is deoxygenated.

Fig. 1.1 is a diagram showing a heart-lung machine in use.

oxygenated blood returned to body F

(a) Name the structures labelled A to D.

(b) Name the blood vessels E and F.

A carbon dioxide, haemoglobin and glucose