Variation & Selection 3 QP-merged PDF

1
Fig. 4.2 shows a cactus plant.
Both plants live in very dry conditions.
spines
green,
fleshy
stem
x 50 x 0.5
Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2
(a) Suggest how each of the following adaptations would enable the named plant to survive
in very dry conditions.
(i) Ammophila
1.. rolled leaves with stomata on the inside of the le
[2]
2.. thick waxy cuticle on the outside of the le
[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) Cactus
1.. very long roo
[1]
2.. fleshy green st
[2]
(b) Suggest why having only a few, very small leaves could be a disadvantage to a plant.
[2]
(c) Water is involved in a number of processes in plants.
Complete the table by
(i) naming the processes described;
(ii) stating one variable that, if increased, would speed up the process.
variable that, if increased, would

description of process name of process
speed up the process
absorption of water
from the soil
using water to form

glucose
movement of water
vapour out of leaves
[6]
[Total: 14]
2 Cicadas are insects that make a lot of noise.
Fig. 1.1 shows an adult chorus cicada, Amphipsalta zelandica, that is only found in New
Zealand.
Fig. 1.1
(a) State three features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show that the chorus cicada is an insect.
3 [3]
(b) Insects are classified in the same group as crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods.
Name the group that contains all these animals.
[1]
Evolutionary relationships between different species are investigated by examining DNA.
(c) State precisely where DNA is found in a cell.
[2]
Small sections of DNA in 14 species of cicada found in Australia, New Caledonia and New
Zealand (1 to 14) were examined for similarities and differences.
The results of the DNA examination of these species were used to make a diagram
showing how these cicada species may have evolved. Species that are closely related are
grouped together on the right of Fig. 1.2.
The brackets show that the cicada species in New Zealand are in two separate groups.
1
2
3
New Zealand
4
5
6
7
New Caledonia
8
9
the Australia
ancestral 10
species 11
of these New Zealand
cicada 12
13
Australia
14
Fig. 1.2
(d) It is suggested that the eight cicada species in New Zealand originated from two
migrations, A and B, from Australia as shown in Fig.1.3.
New Caledonia
key
Australia
ralia migration A
migration B
New Zealand
Fig. 1.3
Explain how the results in Fig. 1.2 support the idea that the eight cicada species in New
Zealand originated from two migrations of cicadas as shown in Fig. 1.3.
You can use the numbers from Fig. 1.2 in your answer.
[3]
Islands in the Pacific have been colonised by populations of animals that have migrated
from Australia, mainland Asia and the Americas. Over many generations these populations
have changed. Now they are unable to breed with animals of the original populations in
Australia, mainland Asia and the Americas.
(e) Explain how natural selection has resulted in changes in the populations of animals on
islands in the Pacific.
[4]
[Total: 13]
3 Two species of beetle, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum, can infest and eat stored
flour.
In an investigation these two species were kept together in containers of flour under
different environmental conditions.
Many identical containers were set up, each with the same mass of flour.
Equal numbers of male and female flour beetles of the two species were put into each
container at the start.
The numbers of beetles were counted regularly.
The containers were left until only one species survived.
Table 5.1 shows the percentage of containers in which T. castaneum or T. confusum were
the only survivors.
Table 5.1
percentage of containers in percentage of containers in

environmental conditions which only T. castaneum which only T. confusum
survived / % survived / %
A hot and wet 100 0
B hot and dry 10 90
C warm and wet 86 14
D warm and dry 13 87
E cold and wet 29 71
F cold and dry 0 100
(a) Compare the survival of the two species of flour beetle in different temperatures and
humidities.
Use data from Table 5.1 to illustrate your answer.
[4]
(b) Suggest why only one species survived in each container.
[2]
There is a gene in T. confusum which controls body colour.
A represents the dominant allele for red-brown body colour.
a represents the recessive allele for black body colour.
(c) Complete the genetic diagram below to show the colour of beetles produced when
heterozygous beetles are crossed with beetles that are homozygous recessive for this
gene.
parental phenotypes ............................ × ............................
parental genotypes ............................ × ............................
gametes ............. ............. + ............. .............
offspring genotypes ........................................................
offspring phenotypes ........................................................
ratio of phenotypes ........................................................
[4]
The eyes of Tribolium species are usually black. A very small number of flour beetles have
white eyes.
(d) Explain how this happens and why they are so rare.
[2]
(e) Insect pests, such as flour beetles, eat the flour and deposit nitrogenous waste in urine
and faeces into the flour. This leads to the growth of bacteria and fungi in the flour.
Suggest and explain what happens to the nitrogenous waste and the faeces released
by the flour beetles.
[4]
[Total: 16]
4 (a Define the term gene.
[1]
The medical condition sickle cell anaemia is widely distributed in Africa, parts of Asia and
the Americas. People with sickle cell anaemia have red blood cells with an abnormal form
of haemoglobin.
The gene for haemoglobin exists in two forms:
HN = allele for normal haemoglobin

HS = allele for abnormal haemoglobin
(b) Complete the genetic diagram below to show how two people who are heterozygous
for this gene may have a child who has sickle cell anaemia.
Use the symbols HN and HS in your answer.
parental phenotypes normal x normal
parental genotypes ……… x ……….
gametes ……… + ……….
child’s genotype …………
child’s phenotype sickle cell anaemia
[3]
(c) Describe the effects of sickle cell anaemia on the body.
[4]
(d) Fig. 5.1 is a map that shows the distribution of the allele for the abnormal form of
haemoglobin (HS) and malaria in Africa.
sickle cell allele
malaria
Fig. 5.1
Explain how natural selection is responsible for the distribution of the allele for the
abnormal form of haemoglobin (HS).
[5]
(e) Sickle cell anaemia is an example of the variation that exists in the human population.
It is a form of discontinuous variation.
Explain why sickle cell anaemia is a form of discontinuous variation.
[3]
[Total: 16]
1 Reed warblers are small birds that migrate over long distances between western Africa and
northern Europe.
Fig. 5.1 shows a reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus.
Fig. 5.1
(a) State three characteristic features of birds that are visible in Fig. 5.1.
3 [3]
A study was carried out in Sweden into the effects of natural selection on wing length in
reed warblers.
The wings of young reed warblers reach their maximum length a few days after leaving the
nest.
At this age the wing length in millimetres of each bird was recorded. Each bird was
identified by putting a small ring around one of its legs.
When the birds were caught in net traps as adults, the information on the rings was used to
identify specific birds and their ages.
The length of time between ringing and trapping was recorded for each bird that was
identified before it was released.
The mean age at trapping was calculated for birds with each wing length.
The results are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
wing length at ringing / number of birds mean age at trapping /

mm trapped days
63 or less 24 253
64 72 256
65
5 1 297
66
6 1 346
67
7 1 349
68
8 1 270
69 66 237
70 or more 23 199
total = 771
(b) (i) Explain why wing length is an example of continuous variation.
[2]
(ii) Suggest a feature of reed warblers, other than wing length, that shows
continuous variation.
[1]
(c) The researchers concluded that reed warblers with a wing length of 66-67 mm had the
best chance of survival.
(i) Describe the evidence from Table 5.1 that supports this conclusion.
[4]
(ii) The researchers also suggested that more evidence was needed to make this
conclusion.
Suggest what other evidence would show that birds with wings 66-67 mm in length
have the best chance of survival.
[3]
(d) Scientists have discovered that genes are responsible for wing length in reed warblers.
The most common length of wing has been 66-67 mm for many generations of these
birds.
Explain how natural selection may be responsible for maintaining the mean wing length
of reed warblers at 66-67 mm.
[4]
[Total: 17]
2 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) collects data on food supplies worldwide.
The FAO classifies the causes of severe food shortages as either by natural disasters or as
the result of human action.
Natural disasters are divided into those that occur suddenly and those that take a long time
to develop. Human actions are divided into those that are caused by economic factors and
those that are caused by wars and other conflicts.
Fig. 6.1 shows the changes in the number of severe food shortages between 1981 and
2007.
70
total
60
50
number natural
40
of severe disasters
food
shortages 30 result of
human
20 action
10
0
1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
year
Fig. 6.1
Fig. 6.2 shows the causes of severe food shortages in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.
1980s 1990s 2000s
% 2 %
27 %
natural
disasters
73 %
86 % 80 %
2%
11 %
result of 27 %
human
action 73 %
8%
98 89 %
key sudden onset slow onset

economic factors war and conflict
Fig. 6.2
(a)
a) State two types of natural disaster that occur suddenly and may lead to severe
food shortages.
1.
2. [2]
(ii) State one type of natural disaster that may take several years to develop.
[1]
(b) Use the information in Fig. 6.1 and Fig. 6.2 to describe the changes in food shortages
between 1981 and 2007.
[5]
(c) Explain how the increase in the human population may contribute to severe food
shortages.
[3]
The quality and quantity of food available worldwide has been improved by artificial
selection (selective breeding) and genetic engineering.
(d) Use a named example to outline how artificial selection is used to improve the quantity
or quality of food.
[4]
(e) Define the term genetic engineering.
[1]
[Total: 16]
3 Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of a root of radish covered in many root hairs.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Using the term water potential, explain how water is absorbed into root hairs from the
soil.
[3]
A potometer is a piece of apparatus that is used to measure water uptake by plants.
Most of the water taken up by plants replaces water lost in transpiration.
A student used a potometer to investigate the effect of wind speed on the rate of water
uptake by a leafy shoot. As the shoot absorbs water the air bubble moves upwards.
The student’s apparatus is shown in Fig. 4.2.
capillary tube
coloured water
air bubble
beaker of water
Fig. 4.2
The student used a fan with five different settings and measured the wind speed. The
results are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
wind speed / distance travelled rate of water

metres per by the air bubble time / minutes uptake / mm per
second / mm minute
0 4 10 0.4
2 12 5 2.4
4 20 5 4.0
6 35 5 7.0
8 40 2 …………
(b) Calculate the rate of water uptake at the highest wind speed and write your answer in
the table.
[1]
(c) Describe the effect of increasing wind speed on the rate of water uptake. You may
use figures from Table 4.1 to support your answer.
[2]
(d) State two environmental factors, other than wind speed, that the student should
keep constant during the investigation.
1.
2. [2]
(e) Some of the water absorbed by the plants is not lost in transpiration.
State two other ways in which water is used.
1.
2. [2]
(f) Water moves through the xylem to the tops of very tall trees, such as giant redwoods of
North America. The movement of water in the xylem is caused by transpiration.
Explain how transpiration is responsible for the movement of water in the xylem.
[4]
(g) Plants that live in hot, dry environments show adaptations for survival.
State three structural adaptations of these plants.
1.
2.
3. [3]
[Total: 17]
1 Fig. 4.1 is an electron micrograph of part of the lower surface of a leaf. Three stomata are visible.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Name the cells labelled K.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Stomata allow the movement of gases into and out of the leaf. During the daytime oxygen
passes out and carbon dioxide passes in.
(i) Explain why oxygen passes out of the leaf during the daytime.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Describe the path taken by a carbon dioxide molecule after it has passed through the
stomata during the daytime until it becomes part of a glucose molecule.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Plants that live in different types of habitat have leaves that show adaptations for survival.
Table 4.1 shows some features of the leaves of three species of plant from different types of
habitat.
Table 4.1
mean stomatal density

individual / number of stomata per mm2
orientation of
species habitat leaf area
the leaves upper lower
/ cm2
epidermis epidermis
annual meadow
grassland vertical 1 – 10 125 135
grass, Poa annua
the surface
white water lily, more than
of ponds and horizontal 460 none
Nymphaea alba 1000
lakes
common myrtle,
dry scrubland horizontal 2–4 none 508
Myrtus communis
(i) State how the stomatal density of annual meadow grass differs from the stomatal
densities of the other two species in Table 4.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Suggest explanations for the distribution and density of stomata in white water lily and
common myrtle as shown in Table 4.1.
white water lily ...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
common myrtle ..................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[5]
[Total: 14]
2 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a section through the anther of a lily flower. The cells in the centre are dividing
by meiosis.
Fig. 4.1
(i) Name the product of meiosis that is formed in anthers.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows a flower of Lilium polyphyllum, a lily that grows in the Himalayan mountains.
This species is cross-pollinated by insects.
Fig. 4.2
(i) Explain what is meant by cross-pollination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Name one feature visible in Fig. 4.2 that helps to attract insects.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Plants of this species that grow at low altitudes produce flowers 60 days before the plants of
the same species that grow at high altitudes.
(i) Suggest one environmental reason why lilies that grow at lower altitudes flower earlier
than the lilies at higher altitudes.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why flowering time is an example of continuous variation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Scientists think that plants of L. polyphyllum growing at high altitudes may evolve into a new
species.
Explain how natural selection could lead to the evolution of a new species of lily.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 14]
3 Fig. 6.1 shows Soay sheep on St. Kilda, a group of small remote islands off the coast of
Scotland. These islands experience extreme conditions of cold, wind and rain.
Sheep were introduced to the islands thousands of years ago and the Soay sheep are
descended from them.
The islands of St. Kilda have been uninhabited by people since 1930. The sheep are now
left unfarmed and in their natural state.
Fig. 6.1
(a) The populations of Soay sheep on St. Kilda show much more variation in their
phenotype than modern breeds of sheep.
Explain, by using an example from Fig. 6.1, what is meant by variation in their
phenotype.
[2]
(b) Scientists have recorded the numbers of Soay sheep and lambs on St. Kilda for many
years.
Each year between 1985 and 1996, the lambs (young sheep) were caught, marked and
weighed. In some years, the total number of sheep on St. Kilda was lower than in other
years.
Fig. 6.2 shows the frequency of lambs of different body mass in years when the total
number of sheep was low and years when the total number was high.
low population years

120
key
100
lambs that died
80 lambs that survived
frequency for at least a year
of lambs 60
40
20
0
3–4 5–6 7–8 9–10 11–12 13–14 15–16 17–18 19–20 21–22
body mass / kg
high population years

120
100
80
frequency
of lambs 60
40
20
0
3–4 5–6 7–8 9–10 11–12 13–14 15–16 17–18 19–20 21–22
body mass / kg
Fig. 6.2
(i) Population size has a great effect on the survival of lambs on St. Kilda.
Describe the evidence from Fig. 6.2 that supports this statement.
[2]
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the effect that you have described.
[3]
(c) Soay sheep are adapted to the extreme conditions experienced on St. Kilda.
Explain how natural selection could account for the adaptive features of Soay sheep.
[4]
[Total: 11]
4 Nitrogen gas makes up about 80 % of the Earth’s atmosphere. Only those organisms that
are able to fix nitrogen can use it. All other organisms rely on the recycling of nitrogen from
nitrogen-containing compounds, such as proteins and DNA. Fig. 6.1 shows the nitrogen
cycle on a small farm in Ghana.
nitrogen (N2) in
P atmosphere
U
ammonium ions (NH4+)

nitrate ions
in bacteria in root
(NO3–) in soil
nodules of legumes
T
amino acids in
ammonium ions
bacteria in root
(NH4+) in soil
nodules of legumes
amino acids in urea in urine of protein in faeces

legumes goat of goat
protein in legumes urea in blood of goat protein in goat

S
R amino acids in Q
intestine of goat
Fig. 6.1
(a) Complete Table 6.1 by identifying the processes, P to U, in the nitrogen cycle shown in
Fig. 6.1.
One process, S, has been completed for you.

Table 6.1
stage
tage pr
S deamination
U
[5]
It is difficult to improve legume crops by traditional plant breeding methods. Scientists in
Ghana have used a different approach. They exposed seeds of two varieties of winged
bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, to ionising radiation.
Seeds that had been exposed to radiation (irradiated seeds) and seeds that had not been
irradiated were grown under identical conditions.
After 45 days, the numbers of root nodules on the plants that grew from these seeds were
recorded. The dry mass of the root nodules on each plant was also determined and
recorded.
The results of the investigation are shown in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2
variety 1 variety 2
feature
eature non-irra irradiated non-irradiated irradiated
mean number of nodules per
12
2 7 21
plant at 45 days
mean dry mass of nodules per
0.09
.09
plant at 45 days / g
(b) Use the results in Table 6.2 to describe the effect of radiation on the plants in both
varieties.
[3]
(c) Suggest and explain what happens to the seeds when they are exposed to ionising
radiation.
[2]
(d) Researchers use plants that show useful features in selective breeding to improve
varieties of the winged bean. The improvement of winged beans by selective breeding
is an example of artificial selection.
Suggest how selective breeding is carried out with plants.
[4]
(e) Scientists in Australia have put a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
into the cowpea, an important crop in Africa. This gene gives resistance against the
cowpea pod borer, an insect pest that reduces the yield of cowpeas.
Explain how the method used by the Australian scientists differs from the technique
used by the Ghanaian scientists.
[2]
(f) Legumes, such as cowpeas and winged beans, are grown in between maize plants in a
method known as intercropping.
Suggest the advantages to farmers of growing legumes and maize together in the
same field at the same time.
[2]
[Total: 18]
1 Which name is given to the observable features of an organism?
A alleles
B genes
C genotype
D phenotype
2 What is not a feature of natural selection?
A competition for resources

B production of many offspring
C selection by humans
D variation within the population
3 What is a mutation?
A a change in a gene or chromosome

B a condition caused by a dominant allele
C a process used in genetic engineering
D a type of continuous variation
4 Which characteristic shows discontinuous variation in humans?
A height
B length of foot
C tongue rolling
D weight
5 The diagram shows the age structure of a human population.
age (years) males females

60 and over
45 – 59
30 – 44
15 – 29
under 15
1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
population (millions)
Which age group has the largest number of people?
A 60 and over
B 45-59
C 30-44
D under 15
6 The table shows the birth rates and death rates in four countries.
Which country will double its population most quickly?
7 The bar chart shows the heights of pea plants grown from 500 pea seeds.
number
of
pea plants
height of plants
What variation do the plants show?
A continuous variation only

B discontinuous variation only
C both continuous variation and discontinuous variation
D neither continuous variation nor discontinuous variation
8 What is an example of a characteristic that shows discontinuous variation in humans?
A blood group
B body mass
C height
D width of hand
9 In arthropods, growth occurs only after the exoskeleton is shed and before the new one hardens.
Which graph shows a typical growth curve for an arthropod?
A B
length of length of
arthropod arthropod
time time
C D
length of length of
arthropod arthropod
time time
10 The graph shows the masses of two different types of tomato.
type 1 type 2
number of
tomatoes
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

mass / g
What can be concluded from the graph?
A Genes do not affect the mass of tomatoes.

B Type 1 tomatoes show continuous variation.
C Type 2 tomatoes are sometimes smaller than type 1 tomatoes.
D Type 2 tomatoes show discontinuous variation.
11 A man who was blood group A and a woman who was blood group B had four children, each with
a different blood group A, B, AB and O.
Which type of variation does this demonstrate?
A continuous, environmental and genetic

B continuous and genetic only
C discontinuous, environmental and genetic
D discontinuous and genetic only
12 Cacti have fewer stomata than other plants.
How does this help them to survive in desert conditions?
A It increases loss of water.

B It increases uptake of carbon dioxide.
C It reduces loss of water.
D It reduces uptake of carbon dioxide.
13 Which is a sudden change in a gene or chromosome?
A allele
B genotype
C mutation
D phenotype
1 A healthy kidney controls the excretion of urea and other waste products of metabolism
from the blood.
After kidney failure there are two possible treatments: dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Fig. 4.1 shows how blood and dialysis fluid move through a dialysis machine.
blood
flow dialysis fluid
B
bubble
trap
pump
blood
patient’s
arm
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe the changes that occur to the blood as it flows through the dialysis machine
from A to B.
[2]
(b) Discuss the advantages of kidney transplants compared with dialysis.
[3]
(c) Two brothers have to make a difficult decision.
One brother, with blood group AB, has kidney failure and is on dialysis.
The healthy brother has agreed to donate one of his kidneys to his brother. He has to
have a blood test.
Their father has blood group A and their mother has blood group B.
The brothers have a sister who has blood group O.
(i) Explain how this girl has blood group O when her parents have different blood
groups. You must use the space below for a genetic diagram to help your answer.
Use the symbols IA, IB and IO to represent the alleles involved in the inheritance of
blood groups.
parental phenotypes blood group A × blood group B
parental genotypes ................... × ...................
gametes ................... ................... + ................... ...................
girl’s genotype ...................
girl’s phenotype ...................
[4]
(ii) The healthy brother can only donate the kidney to his brother if they both have the
same blood group.
What is the probability that the healthy brother also has blood group AB?
[1]
[Total: 10]
2 Fig. 1.1 shows a vertical section through a flower of soybean, Glycine max, following
self-pollination. Fig. 1.2 shows part of the section at a higher magnification.
stigma
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2
(a)
a) Name the parts labelled A to C shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2.
C [3]
(ii) Describe what happens to the structures shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 to bring about
fertilisation. You may refer to the structures labelled A to C by their letters if you
wish.
[3]
(iii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of self-pollination for flowering plants,
such as soybean.
advantages
disadvantages
[4]
(b) Soybean is a dicotyledonous plant.
(i) Name the genus to which the soybean belongs.
[1]
(ii) State two features which are only found in dicotyledonous plants.
1.
2. [2]
[Total: 13]
3 Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of a root of radish covered in many root hairs.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Using the term water potential, explain how water is absorbed into root hairs from the
soil.
[3]
A potometer is a piece of apparatus that is used to measure water uptake by plants.
Most of the water taken up by plants replaces water lost in transpiration.
A student used a potometer to investigate the effect of wind speed on the rate of water
uptake by a leafy shoot. As the shoot absorbs water the air bubble moves upwards.
The student’s apparatus is shown in Fig. 4.2.
capillary tube
coloured water
air bubble
beaker of water
Fig. 4.2
The student used a fan with five different settings and measured the wind speed. The
results are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
wind speed / distance travelled rate of water

metres per by the air bubble time / minutes uptake / mm per
second / mm minute
0 4 10 0.4
2 12 5 2.4
4 20 5 4.0
6 35 5 7.0
8 40 2 …………
(b) Calculate the rate of water uptake at the highest wind speed and write your answer in
the table.
[1]
(c) Describe the effect of increasing wind speed on the rate of water uptake. You may
use figures from Table 4.1 to support your answer.
[2]
(d) State two environmental factors, other than wind speed, that the student should
keep constant during the investigation.
1.
2. [2]
(e) Some of the water absorbed by the plants is not lost in transpiration.
State two other ways in which water is used.
1.
2. [2]
(f) Water moves through the xylem to the tops of very tall trees, such as giant redwoods of
North America. The movement of water in the xylem is caused by transpiration.
Explain how transpiration is responsible for the movement of water in the xylem.
[4]
(g) Plants that live in hot, dry environments show adaptations for survival.
State three structural adaptations of these plants.
1.
2.
3. [3]
[Total: 17]
4 (a Four definitions of terms used in genetics are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
definitions
efini
the outward appearance of an organism ……………………..
a length of DNA that codes for a protein ……………………..
having one set of chromosomes ……………………..
type of nuclear division which gives

daughter nuclei that are genetically identical …………………….
For each of the definitions, select an appropriate term from the list and write it in the
box provided.
chromosome genotype mitosis

diploid haploid mutation
dominant heterozygous phenotype
gene homozygous recessive
[4]
(b) A couple who have blood groups A and B have four children. Each child has a different
blood group.
Use the space below to draw a genetic diagram to show how this is possible. Use the
symbols, IA , IB and Io, for the alleles.
parental blood groups A × B
parental genotypes ×
gamete genotypes
children’s genotypes
children’s blood groups

[4]
(c) Explain what is meant by codominance. You may refer to the genetic diagram in (b) to
help you with your answer.
[3]
(d) Insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria first became available in 1982.
Before 1982, insulin had been prepared from dead animal tissues.
Explain the advantages of using insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria

rather than insulin from dead animal tissues.
[3]
(e) Fig. 5.1 shows some of the steps involved in the genetic engineering of bacteria.
human cell bacterium
chromosomes
in nucleus
R
genetically-
engineered
bacterium
reproduction
of bacteria
production of insulin
Fig. 5.1
(i) Name structure R and state what it is made from.
[2]
(ii) State what is added at stages S and T.
[1]
[Total: 17]
1 One variety of the moth, Biston betularia, has pale, speckled wings. A second variety of the
same species has black wings. There are no intermediate forms.
Equal numbers of both varieties were released into a wood made up of trees with pale bark.
Examples of these are shown in Fig. 5.1.
Fig. 5.1
After two weeks as many of the moths were caught as possible.

The results are shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
wing colour of moth number released number caught

pale, speckled 100 82
black
lac 36
(a) (i) Suggest and explain one reason, related to the colour of the bark, for the
difference in numbers of the varieties of moth caught.
[1]
(ii) Suggest and explain how the results may have been different if the moths had
been released in a wood where the trees were blackened with carbon dust from air
pollution.
[2]
Table 5.2 shows the appearance and genetic make-up of the different varieties of this
species.
Table 5.2
wing colour genetic make-up

pale, speckled GG; Gg
black
la
(b) (i) State the appropriate genetic terms for the table headings.
wing colour
genetic make-up [2]
(ii) State and explain which wing colour is dominant.
dominant wing colour
explanation
[2]
(c) State the type of genetic variation shown by these moths. Explain how this variation is
inherited.
[3]
(d) Heterozygous moths were interbred. Use a genetic diagram to predict the proportion of
black winged moths present in the next generation.
proportion of black winged moths = [5]
(e) (i) Name the process that can give rise to different alleles for wing colour in a
population of moths.
[1]
(ii) Suggest one factor which might increase the rate of this process.
[1]
[Total: 17]
2 Fig. 1.1 shows seven lizards that are at risk of becoming extinct.
C
A
E
D
(a) (i) Name the vertebrate group that contains lizards.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.
key
1 (a) feet with three toes go to 2

(b) feet with five toes go to 3
2 (a) has a collar or crest on head go to 4
(b) has no collar or crest on head Chalcides minutus
3 (a) spikes along back go to 5
(b) no spikes along back go to 6
4 (a) ridges extend along back and tail Brookesia perarmata
(b) no ridges along back or tail Calumma parsonii
5 (a) blunt, rounded head Amblyrhynchus cristatus
(b) elongated head Cyclura lewisi
6 (a) large raised scales on skin Abronia graminea
(b) scales on skin are not large or raised Varanus komodoensis D
[3]
(b) The effect of humans on the environment has caused the populations of the lizard species in
Fig. 1.1 to decrease.
Explain why conserving lizards is important.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Zookeepers report that isolated female Komodo dragons, Varanus komodoensis, have
produced offspring asexually. This is very unusual in vertebrates.
(i) State two disadvantages of asexual reproduction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State two disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Sexual reproduction requires meiosis to occur.
(i) Define the term meiosis.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Explain the significance of meiosis to the survival of endangered species of lizards.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 16]
3 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a section through the anther of a lily flower. The cells in the centre are dividing
by meiosis.
Fig. 4.1
(i) Name the product of meiosis that is formed in anthers.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows a flower of Lilium polyphyllum, a lily that grows in the Himalayan mountains.
This species is cross-pollinated by insects.
Fig. 4.2
(i) Explain what is meant by cross-pollination.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Name one feature visible in Fig. 4.2 that helps to attract insects.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Plants of this species that grow at low altitudes produce flowers 60 days before the plants of
the same species that grow at high altitudes.
(i) Suggest one environmental reason why lilies that grow at lower altitudes flower earlier
than the lilies at higher altitudes.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why flowering time is an example of continuous variation.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Scientists think that plants of L. polyphyllum growing at high altitudes may evolve into a new
species.
Explain how natural selection could lead to the evolution of a new species of lily.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 14]
1 Fig. 2.1 shows the root systems of two species of desert plant, A and B.
A B
soil level
20 m
Fig. 2.1
(a) Describe the two root systems shown in Fig. 2.1 and explain how each is an adaptation
for survival in a desert ecosystem.
[4]
(b) Describe and explain two ways in which the leaves of desert plants reduce water loss
in transpiration.
1.
2.
[4]
(c) Xylem and phloem are transport tissues in plants. They transport substances from
organs that are known as sources to organs known as sinks.
Complete the table to show:
• two substances being transported in each tissue
• an organ that is a source for substances being transported in each tissue
• an organ that is a sink for substances being transported in each tissue.
source of
substances being sink for substances
tissue substances in the
transported in the plant
plant
1 …………………
xylem
2 ………………….
1 …………………
phloem
2 ………………….
[6]
[Total: 14]
2 (a) Define the term self-pollination.
[2]
Snapdragon plants have flowers with three colours: red, pink and white.
Some students investigated the inheritance of flower colour in snapdragons.
In cross 1 they cross-pollinated plants that were homozygous for red flowers with plants
that were homozygous for white flowers. They collected and planted the seeds from
cross 1. All of the resulting plants had pink flowers.
In cross 2 they self-pollinated all the pink-flowered plants and found that in the next
generation there were red-flowered plants, white-flowered plants and pink-flowered plants.
(b) Complete the genetic diagrams to show how flower colour is inherited in snapdragon
plants.
Use the symbol IR for the allele for red flowers and IW for the allele for white flowers.
cross 1 parental phenotypes red flowers × white flowers
parental genotypes ........... × ...........
gametes ........... ...........
offspring ...................
genotypes
offspring pink flowers

phenotypes
cross 2 parental phenotypes pink flowers × pink flowers
parental genotypes ........... × ...........
gametes ........... ...........
offspring
genotypes ………………………………………………………………………………………….
ratio of offspring
phenotypes ……………………………………………………………………………………… [4]
(c) Another student cross-pollinated pink-flowered plants with white-flowered plants.
Complete the genetic diagram to show the results that the student would expect.
phenotypes pink flowers × white flowers
genotypes ........... × ...........
gametes ........... ...........
offspring
genotypes ………………………………………………………………………………………….
ratio of offspring
phenotypes ……………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
(d) Explain the advantages of sexual reproduction to a species of flowering plant, such as
the snapdragon.
[4]
[Total: 13]
3 (a Define the term gene.
[1]
The medical condition sickle cell anaemia is widely distributed in Africa, parts of Asia and
the Americas. People with sickle cell anaemia have red blood cells with an abnormal form
of haemoglobin.
The gene for haemoglobin exists in two forms:
HN = allele for normal haemoglobin

HS = allele for abnormal haemoglobin
(b) Complete the genetic diagram below to show how two people who are heterozygous
for this gene may have a child who has sickle cell anaemia.
Use the symbols HN and HS in your answer.
parental phenotypes normal x normal
parental genotypes ……… x ……….
gametes ……… + ……….
child’s genotype …………
[3]
(c) Describe the effects of sickle cell anaemia on the body.
[4]
(d) Fig. 5.1 is a map that shows the distribution of the allele for the abnormal form of
haemoglobin (HS) and malaria in Africa.
sickle cell allele
malaria
Fig. 5.1
Explain how natural selection is responsible for the distribution of the allele for the
abnormal form of haemoglobin (HS).
[5]
(e) Sickle cell anaemia is an example of the variation that exists in the human population.
It is a form of discontinuous variation.
Explain why sickle cell anaemia is a form of discontinuous variation.
[3]
[Total: 16]
4 Transpiration and translocation are processes responsible for transporting materials around
a plant.
(i) Complete the table by stating the materials moved by these processes, their sources
and their sinks.
process materials moved source of materials sink for materials in

in the plant the plant
1
transpiration
2
1
translocation
2
[6]
(ii) State two reasons why the source and sink for translocation in a plant may change at
different stages in the growth of a plant.
[2]
[Total: 8]
1 The four o’clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa, can have flowers of three different colours as shown
in Fig. 4.1.
yellow
flower
crimson flower orange-red flower
Fig. 4.1
(a) A student crossed some crimson-flowered plants with some yellow-flowered plants
(cross 1). She collected the seeds and grew them. All of the plants that grew from
these seeds had orange-red flowers.
Complete the genetic diagram to explain the result of cross 1.
parental phenotypes crimson flowers × yellow flowers
parental genotypes A CA C × AYAY
gametes .............. + ..............
offspring genotype ................
offspring phenotype ........................

[3]
(b) The student then carried out three further crosses as shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
cross
ross geno of offspring
2 offspring of cross 1 × offspring of cross
3 offspring of cross 1 × crimson-flowered plant
4 offspring of cross 1 × yellow-flowered plant
Complete Table 4.1 by writing the genotypes of the offspring of crosses 2, 3 and 4,
using the same symbols as in the genetic diagram in (a).
Write the genotypes in Table 4.1.
You may use the space below for any working.
[3]
(c) Flower colour in M. jalapa is not an example of the inheritance of dominant and
recessive alleles.
Explain how the results of the crosses show that these alleles for flower colour are not
dominant or recessive.
[3]
Flowers from M. jalapa were cross-pollinated.
(d) Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
[2]
(e) Some species of plants are self-pollinated.
Discuss the long-term effects of self-pollination on the evolution of these plants.
[4]
[Total: 15]
2 Haemoglobin is a large protein molecule. The structure of each haemoglobin molecule is
controlled by a gene that has two alleles:
• HbA codes for the normal form of haemoglobin,
• HbS codes for an abnormal form of haemoglobin.
Red blood cells containing only the abnormal form of haemoglobin become a stiff, sickle
shape in conditions of low oxygen concentration. This gives rise to sickle cell anaemia.
(a) Describe the harmful effects on the body of having red blood cells which become
sickle-shaped.
[5]
People who are heterozygous for the gene for haemoglobin produce both the normal and
abnormal forms of haemoglobin. These people show no symptoms or have very mild
symptoms known as sickle cell trait.
(b) (i) Complete the genetic diagram to show how a couple who are both heterozygous
may have a child with sickle cell anaemia.
parental phenotypes sickle cell trait × sickle cell trait
parental genotypes ................ × ................
gametes .............. .............. + .............. ..............
offspring genotypes ................ ................ ................ ................
offspring phenotypes ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................
[3]
(ii) What is the chance of a child born to this couple having sickle cell anaemia?
[1]
In some parts of the world, up to 25% of the population have sickle cell trait.
(c) State the advantage of having sickle cell trait.
[1]
(d) Discuss whether sickle cell trait is an example of codominance.
[2]
[Total: 12]
3 Two species of beetle, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum, can infest and eat stored
flour.
In an investigation these two species were kept together in containers of flour under
different environmental conditions.
Many identical containers were set up, each with the same mass of flour.
Equal numbers of male and female flour beetles of the two species were put into each
container at the start.
The numbers of beetles were counted regularly.
The containers were left until only one species survived.
Table 5.1 shows the percentage of containers in which T. castaneum or T. confusum were
the only survivors.
Table 5.1
percentage of containers in percentage of containers in

environmental conditions which only T. castaneum which only T. confusum
survived / % survived / %
A hot and wet 100 0
B hot and dry 10 90
C warm and wet 86 14
D warm and dry 13 87
E cold and wet 29 71
F cold and dry 0 100
(a) Compare the survival of the two species of flour beetle in different temperatures and
humidities.
Use data from Table 5.1 to illustrate your answer.
[4]
(b) Suggest why only one species survived in each container.
[2]
There is a gene in T. confusum which controls body colour.
A represents the dominant allele for red-brown body colour.
a represents the recessive allele for black body colour.
(c) Complete the genetic diagram below to show the colour of beetles produced when
heterozygous beetles are crossed with beetles that are homozygous recessive for this
gene.
parental phenotypes ............................ × ............................
parental genotypes ............................ × ............................
gametes ............. ............. + ............. .............
offspring genotypes ........................................................
offspring phenotypes ........................................................
ratio of phenotypes ........................................................
[4]
The eyes of Tribolium species are usually black. A very small number of flour beetles have
white eyes.
(d) Explain how this happens and why they are so rare.
[2]
(e) Insect pests, such as flour beetles, eat the flour and deposit nitrogenous waste in urine
and faeces into the flour. This leads to the growth of bacteria and fungi in the flour.
Suggest and explain what happens to the nitrogenous waste and the faeces released
by the flour beetles.
[4]
[Total: 16]
1 In tulip plants, the petals can have markings called flecks.
There are two alleles for flecks in tulip plants: with flecks F; and without flecks f.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term dominant allele.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A tulip grower crosses two tulip plants.
He finds that 76 of the offspring have petals with flecks and 23 of the offspring have petals
without flecks.
(i) Complete the genetic diagram to explain this result.

parental genotypes ………………… X …………………
parental phenotypes ………………… X …………………
gametes .... .... X .... ....
offspring genotypes …………………………… ……………………………

offspring phenotypes petals with flecks present petals without flecks
[5]
(ii) The tulip grower wants to produce a pure-breeding variety of tulips with petals without
flecks.
State the genotypes of the parent plants he should use to produce tulip plants without
flecks. Explain your answer.
parental genotypes ………………… X …………………
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
2 (a) Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited disease. The gene for haemoglobin exists in two forms,
HbN and HbS. People who are HbSHbS have the disease and experience symptoms including
fatigue and extreme pain in their joints. People who are HbNHbS are carriers of the disease
and may have mild symptoms, if any at all.
(i) Table 2.1 shows four genetic terms.
Complete Table 2.1 by stating a specific example, used in the paragraph above, of each
genetic term.
Table 2.1
genetic term example used in the passage
an allele
a heterozygous
genotype
a homozygous
genotype
phenotype
[4]
(ii) Sickle cell anaemia is not found throughout the whole world. Most cases of the disease
occur in sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of Asia. The distribution is similar to that for the
infectious disease malaria.
Explain why the distribution of sickle cell anaemia and malaria are similar.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[5]
(b) Down’s syndrome is an example of a characteristic that shows discontinuous variation.
State the cause of Down’s syndrome.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Explain how discontinuous variation differs from continuous variation, in its expression and
cause.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 13]
3 (a) Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disorder that is found among people in certain parts of
the world.
A sample of blood was taken from a person with sickle cell anaemia and examined with
an electron microscope.
Fig. 4.1 shows some of the red blood cells in the sample.
Fig. 4.1
Explain the problems that may occur as these cells circulate in the blood system.
[4]
(b) The gene for haemoglobin exists in two alternative forms:
HA codes for the normal form of haemoglobin;

HS codes for the abnormal form of haemoglobin.
(i) State the name for the alternative forms of a gene.
[1]
(ii) A child has sickle cell anaemia. The parents do not have this disorder.
Complete the genetic diagram to show how the child inherited the disorder.
Use the symbols HA and HS in your answer.
parental phenotypes normal × normal
parental genotypes HAHS × HAHS
gametes +
child’s genotype ...................

[2]
(iii) The parents are about to have another child.
What is the probability that this child will have sickle cell anaemia?
[1]
(c) The maps in Fig. 4.2 show the distribution of sickle cell anaemia and malaria in some
parts of the world.
distribution
of malaria
Indonesia and
the Philippines
key
northern
malaria
Australia
distribution
of sickle cell
anaemia
key
sickle cell
anaemia
Fig. 4.2
(i) Explain why sickle cell anaemia is common in people who live in areas where
malaria occurs.
[4]
(ii) Suggest why sickle cell anaemia is very rare among people who live in Indonesia
and northern Australia.
[2]
[Total: 14]
4 (a) The production of human gametes involves the type of nuclear division known as
meiosis.
State two reasons why meiosis is suitable for gamete production.
[2]
(b) The sex of a human fetus is determined by the sex chromosomes, X and Y.
Fig. 5.1 shows the determination of sex in four different examples.
Examples 3 and 4 show sex determination in twins.
example gametes zygote cell from a fetus
1 X + X XX XX
2 X + Y XY XY
XX
3 X + X XX
XX
X + X XX XX
4
X + X XX XX
Fig. 5.1
(i) Use 5.1 to explain how the sex of a fetus is determined.
[2]
(ii) Examples 3 and 4 show two ways in which twins are formed.
The twins in example 3 are identical.
Use Fig. 5.1 to explain why.
[2]
(c) During the development of a fetus, different genes are expressed at different times.
Explain what is meant by the term development.
[2]
(d) One of the genes that controls the ability of blood to clot is found only on the X
chromosome.
XH represents an X chromosome with the dominant allele for normal blood clotting.
Xh represents an X chromosome with the recessive allele which causes the blood to
clot slowly.
The Y chromosome is small and does not have the gene for blood clotting.
Here is a list of four genotypes.
XHXH, XHXh, XHY, XhY
Choose the genotype from the list that matches each of the following:
● gives a phenotype of long clotting time;
● is heterozygous;
● is homozygous. [3]
(e) Haemophilia is a rare genetic condition in which the blood clots very slowly.
In the USA, haemophilia affects 1 in 5000 male births each year. In some cases these
births occur in families where the condition has not occurred before.
Explain how boys can have haemophilia when the condition has not previously existed
in their family.
[2]
[Total: 13]
1 The flowers of pea plants, Pisum sativum, are produced for sexual reproduction. The
flowers are naturally self-pollinating, but they can be cross-pollinated by insects.
(a) Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
[2]
(b) Explain the disadvantages for plants, such as P. sativum, of reproducing sexually.
[4]
Pea seeds develop inside pea pods after fertilisation. They contain starch. A gene controls
the production of an enzyme involved in the synthesis of starch grains.
The allele, R, codes for an enzyme that produces normal starch grains.
This results in seeds that are round.
The allele, r, does not code for the enzyme. The starch grains are not formed normally. This
results in seeds that are wrinkled.
Fig. 6.1 shows round and wrinkled pea seeds.
round pea seed wrinkled pea seed
Fig. 6.1
Pure bred plants are homozygous for the gene concerned. A plant breeder had some pure
bred pea plants that had grown from round seeds and some pure bred plants that had
grown from wrinkled seeds.
(c) State the genotypes of the pure bred plants that had grown from round and from
wrinkled seeds.
round
wrinkled [1]
These pure bred plants were cross-pollinated (cross 1) and the seeds collected.
All the seeds were round. These round seeds were germinated, grown into adult plants
(offspring 1) and self-pollinated (cross 2).
The pods on the offspring 1 plants contained both round and wrinkled seeds.
Further crosses (3 and 4) were carried out as shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
phenotype of seeds in the seed

pods ratio of round to
cross
wrinkled seeds
round seeds wrinkled seeds
pure bred for round seeds x
1 1:0
pure bred for wrinkled seeds
2 offspring 1 self-pollinated
offspring 1 x pure bred for
3
round seeds
offspring 1 x pure bred for
4
wrinkled seeds
(d) Complete Table 6.1 by indicating
• the type of seeds present in the pods with a tick () or a cross ()
• the ratio of round to wrinkled seeds.
You may use the space below and the next page for any rough working. [3]
(e) Seed shape in peas is an example of discontinuous variation.
Suggest one reason why seed shape is an example of discontinuous variation.
[1]
Plants have methods to disperse their seeds over a wide area.
(f) Explain the advantages of having seeds that are dispersed over a wide area,
[3]
[Total: 14]
2 (a Explain the meaning of the term transpiration.
[2]
(b) Root hair cells provide a large surface area for the absorption of water from the soil.
Explain, using the term water potential, how water is absorbed from the soil into root
hair cells.
[3]
Some plants are adapted for life in dry habitats where it can be very hot during the day and
very cold at night.
Fig. 3.1 shows some saguaro cacti from the Sonoran desert in Arizona and Mexico.
Fig. 3.2 shows the surface of the stem of a saguaro cactus.
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2
(c) Explain how two features, visible in Fig. 3.1 or Fig. 3.2, are adaptations to the
conditions in the Sonoran desert.
feature 1
feature 2
[4]
(d) The stomata of some desert plants, such as the saguaro cactus, open at night and
close during the day.
Explain how this allows the cacti to survive in the desert, but limits their growth rate.
[4]
[Total: 13]
3 The field mustard plant, Brassica rapa, is cross-pollinated by insects.
(a) Describe the advantages of cross-pollination to plants.
[3]
Fig. 6.1 shows the events that follow pollination in B. rapa.
ovule
male gamete
A
C
Fig. 6.1
(b) Name
(i) structures A to E.
E [5]
(ii) the type of nuclear division that occurs to produce the new cells as the seed
grows.
[1]
(c) Explain why the genotypes of the seeds are not all the same.
[2]
When ripe, the seed pod breaks open and the seeds are scattered. Some of the seeds
germinate and grow into adult plants, but many do not.
(d) Explain why many seeds released by B. rapa do not germinate and grow into adult
plants.
[3]
[Total: 14]
4 Haemoglobin is a protein that is made inside developing red blood cells in the bone
marrow.
(a) (i) State the function of haemoglobin.
[1]
(ii) Name the small molecules that are combined to make haemoglobin.
[1]
(iii) Name the mineral ion provided in the diet that is needed to make haemoglobin.
[1]
There are many different varieties of haemoglobin. The gene for haemoglobin exists as two
alleles, HbA and HbS.
People with the genotype HbSHbS have a condition called sickle cell anaemia.
(b) Describe the features of sickle cell anaemia.
[3]
(c) The allele for HbS is rare in many parts of the world, but it is more common in parts of
tropical Africa.
Explain why HbS is more common in parts of tropical Africa.
[3]
(d) The parents of people with sickle cell anaemia rarely have this condition.
Explain, using a genetic diagram, how two parents who do not have sickle cell anaemia
may have a child with the condition.
parental genotypes ................ × ................
gametes ................ ................ + ................ ................
genotype of child with ................

sickle cell anaemia
[3]
(e) Sickle cell anaemia is an example of variation in humans. There are many causes of
variation, including nuclear fall-out.
Suggest how nuclear fall-out could cause variation in humans.
[2]
[Total: 14]
1 Cells are formed by the division of existing cells. Four different cells are shown.
Which cell is produced by meiosis?
2 Albinism is an inherited condition in which pigment does not develop in the skin, hair and eyes.
The allele for albinism is recessive.
What are the chances of albino parents having an albino child?
A 0% B 25% C 75% D 100%
3 The diagram represents processes in sexual reproduction.
cells in R
reproductive gametes
organs
zygote cells of
Q
embryo
Which processes are represented by stages Q and R?
4 Which name is given to the observable features of an organism?
A alleles
B genes
C genotype
D phenotype
5 Which structure will be found in the nucleus of a body cell in a woman?
A X allele
B X chromosome
C Y allele
D Y chromosome
6 Owners of successful race horses hope that the horses’ offspring will be like their parents.
How does a young race horse inherit its characteristics?
A equally from its mother and father

B mainly from its father
C mainly from its mother
D passed across the placenta
7 In pea plants the allele for tall, T, is dominant to the allele for dwarf, t.
Which cross would produce plants in the proportion of 1 tall : 1 dwarf?
A TT × Tt B Tt × Tt C Tt × tt D tt × tt
8 Which substance is coded for by a length of DNA?
A fat
B fatty acid
C glycerol
D lipase
9 What are alleles?
A a pair of chromosomes
B different versions of the same gene
C the total number of genes on one chromosome
D two genes side by side on the same chromosome
10 A pure-breeding plant with smooth stems was crossed with a heterozygous plant with hairy
stems.
What will be the ratio of hairy : smooth stems in the resulting plants?
A 1 hairy : 1 smooth
B 1 hairy : 3 smooth
C 3 hairy : 1 smooth
D all hairy
11 Which statement about the human sex chromosomes is correct?
A All boys have two Y chromosomes.

B Everybody has at least one X chromosome.
C Girls have a Y chromosome and an X chromosome.
D Nobody has two X chromosomes.
12 What results from meiosis of a diploid cell?
A genetically different diploid cells

B genetically different haploid cells
C genetically identical diploid cells
D genetically identical haploid cells
13 What will be the genotypes of the offspring resulting from a genetic cross between two
individuals, one of which is homozygous dominant, (TT), and the other heterozygous?
A all Tt
B 50% TT, 50% tt
C 50% TT, 50%Tt
D 25%T
25% Tt,
14 Which of these cells is haploid?
A liver cell
B red blood cell
C sperm cell
D zygote
15 A genetic cross between two organisms may be shown as Gg × Gg.
What does g represent?
A a dominant allele
B a dominant chromosome
C a recessive allele
D a recessive chromosome
16 Some fruit flies have orange eyes and others have red eyes.
If two orange-eyed fruit flies are crossed, their offspring always have orange eyes.
If two red-eyed fruit flies are crossed, their offspring sometimes include both orange-eyed and
red-eyed flies.
What can be concluded from these observations?
A Crossing an orange-eyed fly with a red-eyed fly will produce a 1 : 1 ratio in the offspring.
B The allele for orange eyes is dominant.
C The allele for red eyes is dominant.
D We could determine which allele is dominant only by doing a cross that produces a 3 : 1 ratio.
17 What are correct descriptions of mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis meiosis
A cells produced are genetically identical repairs damaged cells

B halves the chromosome number cells produced are genetically identical
C involved in asexual reproduction halves the chromosome number
D involved in sexual reproduction doubles the chromosome number
18 A man has three sons.
What is the chance of his next child being a son?
A 0% B 25% C 50% D 75%
19 The diagram shows a cross between heterozygous tall pea plants.
parental genotypes Tt × Tt
gametes T t T t
offspring E
Which statement is not correct?
A Offspring E and H are both homozygous.

B Offspring F and G are both heterozygous.
C The phenotypes of offspring E, F and G are the same.
D The ratio of different phenotypes in the offspring is 1 : 1.
20 The diagram shows a plant cell.
Where is most of the DNA found?
A
C
21 The diagram shows the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell that divides by mitosis.
Which diagram shows the chromosomes in the nucleus of one of the daughter cells produced?
A B
22 The diagram shows the fusion of gametes to produce a son and a daughter.
father mother
parents
gametes Q
offspring R
son daughter
What are the sex chromosomes in gamete Q and son R?
23 What are the sex chromosomes for human females and males?
24 In fruit flies, the allele for grey body, G, is dominant over the allele for black body, g.
The result of a mating between two flies is shown.
(parents) grey-bodied fly × black-bodied fly
(offspring) 33 grey-bodied flies + 38 black-bodied flies
What were the genotypes of the parents?
A Gg × gg B Gg × Gg C GG × gg D GG × Gg
25 A plant has two different alleles of a gene resulting in it having a green seed.
Which row describes the phenotype and genotype of the seeds of this plant?
henotype genotype
A Gg heterozygous
B Gg homozygous
C green heterozygous
D green homozygous
26 The shape of a person’s earlobes is determined by a single gene. This gene has dominant and
recessive alleles.
The allele for detached earlobes is dominant to the allele for attached earlobes.
The diagram shows the inheritance of earlobe shape in a family.
parents
attached detached
children
attached detached detached
What is the probability of the next child from the same parents having detached earlobes?
A 0% B 25% C 50% D 75%
27 Which sex chromosomes are present in all mature human sperm cells?
A both X and Y chromosomes

B either X or Y chromosomes
C only X chromosomes
D only Y chromosomes
28 The diagram shows a cell dividing into two.
DNA strand
DNA strand
Which process is shown in the diagram?
A asexual reproduction in a bacterium

B asexual reproduction in a potato plant
C meiosis in a woman’s ovary
D mitosis in the root of a plant
29 The chart shows the inheritance of fur colour in a small mammal.
If the allele for white fur is dominant, which animal must be heterozygous for the gene controlling
fur colour?
A B
30 The diagram shows the chromosomes from one person.
1 2 3 4 5 6 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22
What can be deduced about the person who has these chromosomes?
A a female with Down’s syndrome

B a male with Down’s syndrome
C a normal female
D a normal male
31 Genetics is the study of
A development of organisms.
B mechanisms of inheritance.
C nuclear division.
D variation between species.
32 What is unlikely to be affected by the environment?
A blood group
B body mass
C health
D height
33 Which statement is true of both chromosomes and genes?
A Each codes for a specific protein.

B Each may be copied and passed on in mitosis.
C Each may be either dominant or recessive.
D Each may exist as two or more alleles.
34 Most birds have a coloured pigment in their feathers, but in a few individuals, pigment is absent
and the birds are albinos.
Albinism occurs when a bird is homozygous recessive for the gene which creates the coloured
pigment.
If two albino birds mated, what describes the appearance of their offspring?
A all albino
B all coloured
C 50% coloured, 50% albino
D 75% coloured, 25% albino
35 In an animal, the allele for straight fur is dominant to the allele for curly fur.
A pair of these animals mate and have nine offspring with straight fur and three with curly fur.
F represents the allele for straight fur and f represents the allele for curly fur.
What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?
A F and f B FF and ff C FF and Ff D Ff and Ff
36 What defines a diploid nucleus?
A a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes

B a nucleus containing two unpaired chromosomes
C a nucleus with two alternative forms of a gene
D a nucleus with two separate threads of DNA
37 Albinism in humans is caused by a recessive allele.
Parents who do not suffer from the condition produce an albino child.
What is the probability that their second child will be born albino?
A 25% B 50% C 75% D 100%
38 An individual has the genotype Bb.
What is the correct description of this genotype?
A heterozygous, with two different alleles of the same gene

B heterozygous, with two different genes of the same allele
C homozygous, with two different alleles of the same gene
D homozygous, with two different genes of the same allele
39 The diagram shows the inheritance of flower colour in pea plants.
parents purple flowers × white flowers

genotypes PP pp W
gametes P p
F1 genotypes Pp × Pp
phenotype purple flowers white flowers Y
gametes P p P p
F2 genotypes PP Pp Pp pp
phenotype purple flowers white flowers
ratio 3 : 1
At which stages in the diagram does meiosis occur?
A W and Y B W and Z C X and Y D X and Z
40 In cats, the allele for short hair is dominant to the allele for long hair. A short-haired cat gives birth
to five kittens. Two of them have long hair.
Which statement must be correct?
A Neither of the parents is heterozygous.

B One parent is homozygous.
C The female cat is heterozygous.
D The male cat is heterozygous.
41 Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that occurs when an individual is homozygous for a
recessive allele.
If parents are both heterozygous for this characteristic, what is the probability that their first child
will have cystic fibrosis?
A 0% B 25% C 50% D 100%
42 What determines the sex of a baby?
A the father’s blood group

B the father’s chromosomes
C the mother’s blood group
D the mother’s chromosomes
43 When white-flowered pea plants are crossed with red-flowered pea plants, the offspring (F1) all
have red flowers.
If these F1 plants pollinate themselves, the next generation (F2) contains both red and white-
flowered plants.
Which statement explains this?
A The allele for red flowers is dominant and the F1 plants are heterozygous.
B The allele for red flowers is dominant and the F1 plants are homozygous.
C The allele for red flowers is recessive and the F1 plants are heterozygous.
D The allele for red flowers is recessive and the F1 plants are homozygous.
44 A pure-breeding white mouse was crossed with a pure-breeding black mouse. All their offspring
were black.
Then, one of the offspring was bred with a pure-breeding white mouse. They produced 10 baby
mice.
What are the most likely colours of these mice?
A 5 black and 5 white

B 8 white and 2 black
C 10 black
D 10 white
45 How does a haploid nucleus differ from a diploid nucleus of the same species?
A It has different genes.

B It has fewer chromosomes.
C It has more alleles.
D It is the result of fertilisation.
46 What results from meiosis of a diploid cell?
A genetically different diploid cells

B genetically different haploid cells
C genetically identical diploid cells
D genetically identical haploid cells
47 What is an allele?
A a length of DNA that codes for a gene

B any one of two or more alternative forms of a gene
C a thread of DNA made up of a string of genes
D the genetic make up of an organism
48 Which types of variation can be inherited?
49 Which statement describes human cells formed by meiosis?
A They are genetically identical and they become gametes.

B They are genetically identical and they become tissues.
C They are not genetically identical and they become gametes.
D They are not genetically identical and they become tissues.
50 A short-toed animal was crossed with a long-toed animal of the same species. All the offspring
had short toes. One of these offspring was crossed with another long-toed animal of the same
species.
Which ratio of short-toed to long-toed animals should be expected?
A 1:1 B 2:1 C 3:1 D 4:1
1 In pea plants, the allele for tall stems is dominant to the allele for short stems.
A heterozygous tall plant is crossed with a short plant, and 100 offspring are produced.
How many of the offspring are likely to be tall?
A 25 B 50 C 75 D 100
2 The nucleus in a body cell of a fly contains 12 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are there in the nucleus of a sperm from this fly?
A 3 B 6 C 12 D 24
3 In a species of plant, the allele for red flowers (R) is dominant over the allele for white flowers (r).
Two red–flowered plants were crossed.
parents plant with red flowers × plant with red flowers
offspring 93 red-flowered and 28 white-flowered
What are the genotypes of the parents?
A RR and rr B RR and Rr C Rr and Rr D Rr and rr
4 The diagram shows a potato tuber that developed from the stem of a parent potato plant. Three
shoots are starting to grow from the tuber.
shoot
tuber
How do the genotypes of the shoots compare with the genotypes of the tuber and of the parent?
A They are all different.

B They are all identical.
C The shoots are identical to each other, but are different from the tuber and the parent.
D The shoots are identical to the tuber, but are different from the parent.
5 The colour of a mouse’s fur is controlled by a single pair of alleles.
A mouse with black fur was crossed with a mouse with white fur. All the offspring had black fur.
What would be the most likely ratio in several litters of offspring if two of these black offspring
were crossed?
6 What is always found in female gametes and may be found in male gametes?
A one X chromosome
B one Y chromosome
C two X chromosomes
D one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
7 In rabbits, the allele for dark fur, R, is dominant to the allele for white fur, r.
The diagram shows a cross between a rabbit with dark fur and a rabbit with white fur.
What are the genotypes of the offspring?
A Rr and rr B RR and rr C RR and Rr D R and r
8 In some animals, B is the allele for normal skin (without spots) and b is the allele for spotted skin.
A pair of these animals has 37 offspring, 18 with spots and 19 without.
What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?
A BB × BB B Bb × Bb C Bb × bb D bb × bb
9 Which type of reproduction and which type of cell division produces nuclei with half the number of
chromosomes?
10 The diagram shows a family tree and the inheritance of the ability to taste a certain substance.
The allele for the ability to taste this substance is dominant.
1st generation David Mary Jeanne Mark
2nd generation
key
represents a male ‘taster’ represents a male ‘non-taster’

represents a female ‘taster’ represents a female ‘non-taster’
Which statement about the genotypes of the sisters Mary and Jeanne is correct?
A Mary is heterozygous and Jeanne is homozygous.

B Mary is homozygous and Jeanne is heterozygous.
C They are both heterozygous.
D They are both homozygous.
11 The family tree shows the inheritance of the ability to taste a certain substance. The allele for the
ability to taste this substance is dominant to the allele for the inability to taste it.
1st generation David Mary
2nd generation
Peter Hannah
3rd generation ?
key
represents a male ‘taster’ represents a male ‘non-taster’

represents a female ‘taster’ represents a female ‘non-taster’
What is the chance of the second child of Peter and Hannah being a ‘non-taster’?
A 1 in 1 B 1 in 2 C 1 in 3 D 1 in 4
12 Albinism is an inherited condition in which pigment does not develop in the skin, hair and eyes.
The albino allele is recessive.
What are the chances of albino parents having a normal child?
A 0% B 50 % C 75 % D 100 %
13 In cats, the allele for short hair is dominant to the allele for long hair.
A short-haired cat and a long-haired cat had several families of offspring (kittens). All their kittens
were short-haired.
One of these kittens matured and mated with a long-haired cat.
What would be the expected phenotypes of their offspring?

A 1 : 1 short to long
B 3 : 1 short to long
C all long-haired
D all short-haired
14 The diagram shows a maize (corn) cob with purple and yellow fruits. Purple (P) is dominant to
yellow (p).
yellow fruit
purple fruit
What are the genotypes of the parent maize plants?
A PP × Pp B PP × pp C Pp × Pp D pp × Pp
15 What is true of the chromosomes present in the daughter nuclei after meiosis and after mitosis?
16 The nucleus in each cell in the stem of a plant contains 32 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are there in the nuclei of its pollen grains?
A 8 B 16 C 32 D 64
17 The diagram shows the offspring of a cross between two wolves.
brown
× wolf W
brown brown white
Brown colour is caused by a dominant allele B and white colour by a recessive allele b.
What are the genotype and the phenotype of wolf W?
18 In the life cycle of a mammal, what describes the eggs or sperms and the cells of the embryo?
19 Which cross shows how a boy inherits sex chromosomes from his parents?
A B C D
mother father mother father mother father mother father
XY XX XY XY XX XY XX XY
son son son son

XX XY XX XY
20 What causes humans to have different blood groups?
A differences in climates
B differences in diets
C differences in genes
D differences in hormones
21 The genetic diagram shows a breeding experiment that starts with crossing a homozygous tall
plant (TT) with a homozygous short plant (tt).
TT × tt
Tt Tt Tt × Tt
TT Tt Tt × tt
Tt Tt tt × tt
tt tt tt tt
Which genetic cross gives 1 : 1 phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
A Tt × Tt B TT × tt C Tt × tt D tt × tt
22 The diagram shows the fusion of gametes to produce a son and a daughter.
father mother
parents
gametes Q
offspring R
son daughter
What are the sex chromosomes in gamete Q and daughter R?
23 Which feature of a human is controlled by genes only?
A age at death
B blood group
C dietary deficiency disease
D lung cancer
24 A dominant allele
A causes only harmful characteristics.

B is responsible for male characteristics.
C never undergoes mutation.
D produces the same phenotype in heterozygotes and homozygotes.
25 In one type of plant, the allele for red flowers (R) is dominant to the allele for white flowers (r).
A plant with red flowers is crossed with a plant with white flowers. Half of the offspring have red
flowers and half have white flowers.
What are the genotypes of the parent plants?
A R and r
B RR and rr
C Rr and Rr
D Rr and rr
26 A gene for the colour of hair in mice has two alleles. B represents the allele for grey hair, and b
represents the allele for white hair.
A mouse with grey hair breeds with a mouse with white hair producing four offspring, with
genotypes Bb, Bb, bb and bb.
What are the genotypes of the parents?
A both heterozygous
B both homozygous dominant
C one heterozygous and one homozygous dominant
D one heterozygous and one homozygous recessive
27 A heterozygous tall pea plant, Tt, is self-fertilised.
What are the offspring most likely to be?
A all tall plants

B all plants of medium height
C one tall plant to three short plants
D three tall plants to one short plant
1 Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide inside cells. Red blood cells contain
catalase.
Some dogs have an inherited condition in which catalase is not produced. This condition is known
as acatalasia and it is caused by a mutation in the gene for catalase.
(a) Define the terms gene and gene mutation.
gene...................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
gene mutation....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A geneticist was asked to investigate the inheritance of acatalasia in dogs.
The normal allele is represented by B and the mutant allele is represented by b.
The geneticist made the diagram in Fig. 3.1 to show the inheritance of acatalasia in a family
of dogs. The shaded symbols indicate the dogs with acatalasia.
normal male
1 2 3
normal female
male with acatalasia

4 5
female with acatalasia
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the genotypes of the dogs identified as 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. 3.1.
1 .............................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) The geneticist crossed dog 4 with dog 5. Approximately half of the offspring had
acatalasia and half the offspring did not have acatalasia.
Complete the genetic diagram to show how this is possible.
dog 4 dog 5
parental phenotypes normal has acatalasia
parental genotypes ............. .............
+
gametes .......... , .......... ..........
Punnett square
offspring genotypes................................................................................................
offspring phenotypes.............................................................................................. [3]
(iii) State the name given to the type of cross that you have completed in (b)(ii).
................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 9]
2 Anthocyanin is a red pigment found in carnation flowers. Some carnation plants have a gene for
making anthocyanin.
(a) (i) A flower grower bred red carnations.
Describe how growers selectively breed plants.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Explain the disadvantages of using sexual reproduction to breed red carnations.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction of carnation plants.
Define the term meiosis.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Carnation plants show co-dominance for the anthocyanin gene. There are two alleles:
A
• F – allele for anthocyanin pigment (red flowers)
N
• F – allele for no anthocyanin pigment (white flowers)
(i) State the genotype of a carnation plant that is heterozygous for this gene.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Describe the phenotype of a heterozygous carnation plant for this gene.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
A N A A
(iii) The breeder crossed a F F carnation plant with a F F carnation plant. Predict, using
a genetic diagram, the proportion of pure breeding carnation plants in the offspring.
parental genotypes FAFN × FAFA
+
gametes ........... ........... ........... ...........
Punnett square
offspring genotypes .............................................................................................
offspring phenotypes ...........................................................................................
proportion of pure breeding carnation plants .......................................................
[4]
[Total: 13]
3 (a) Sex in cats is determined in the same way as in humans.
Complete the diagram below to show how sex is determined in cats.
male cat female cat
female cat (XX)
gametes X X
......
male cat
(.........)
......
offspring ratio..................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) A scientist investigated the inheritance of fur colour in cats.
The gene for coat colour is located on the X chromosome. The gene has two alleles:
• B black
• b orange.
B
The X chromosome with the allele for black is represented by X .
b
The X chromosome with the allele for orange is X .
A female cat can be a mixture of these colours, described as calico.
Fig. 3.1 shows the inheritance of this condition in a family of cats.
orange male
1 2
black male
calico female
orange female
3 4 5 6 7
black female
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the genotypes of cats 1, 4, and 5 in Fig. 3.1.
cat 1 .......................................................................................................................
cat 4 .......................................................................................................................
cat 5 ....................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Coat colour in cats is an example of discontinuous variation.
Explain why coat colour is an example of discontinuous variation.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
[Total: 9]
4 Fig. 5.1 shows the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans.
Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) State the genus of this nematode.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State two structural features of nematodes.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Nematodes feed on dead and decaying material. Explain why this gives nematodes an
important role in ecosystems.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Fig. 5.2 shows the life cycle of C. elegans. The diploid number of this species is 12.
adult which has

both male and
female sex organs
diploid body cells

of the adult
P
egg
sperm
larval stage
embryo passes out

of adult and
not drawn to scale continues
development
Fig. 5.2
(i) Suggest why there is very little genetic variation in the offspring of the adult nematode
shown in Fig. 5.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State the haploid number of C. elegans.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Explain why meiosis occurs at P and mitosis occurs at Q.
meiosis at P ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
mitosis at Q ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) C. elegans was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced.
An organism’s genome is the sum of all its genetic material. Gene sequencing identifies all
the component parts of the DNA that makes up the genome.
State where DNA is located in a cell.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 14]

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1

Fig. 4.2 shows a cactus plant.

Both plants live in very dry conditions.

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2

1.. rolled leaves with stomata on the inside of the le

2.. thick waxy cuticle on the outside of the le

1.. very long roo

2.. fleshy green st

Complete the table by

(i) naming the processes described;

variable that, if increased, would

using water to form

Name the group that contains all these animals.

Evolutionary relationships between different species are investigated by examining DNA.

(c) State precisely where DNA is found in a cell.

The numbers of beetles were counted regularly.

The containers were left until only one species survived.

percentage of containers in percentage of containers in

B hot and dry 10 90

C warm and wet 86 14

D warm and dry 13 87

E cold and wet 29 71

F cold and dry 0 100

Use data from Table 5.1 to illustrate your answer.

There is a gene in T. confusum which controls body colour.

A represents the dominant allele for red-brown body colour.

a represents the recessive allele for black body colour.

parental phenotypes ............................ × ............................

parental genotypes ............................ × ............................

gametes ............. ............. + ............. .............

offspring genotypes ........................................................

offspring phenotypes ........................................................

ratio of phenotypes ........................................................

The gene for haemoglobin exists in two forms:

HN = allele for normal haemoglobin

Use the symbols HN and HS in your answer.

parental phenotypes normal x normal

parental genotypes ……… x ……….

gametes ……… + ……….

child’s genotype …………

child’s phenotype sickle cell anaemia

sickle cell allele

Explain why sickle cell anaemia is a form of discontinuous variation.

Fig. 5.1 shows a reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus.

The results are shown in Table 5.1.

wing length at ringing / number of birds mean age at trapping /

(b) (i) Explain why wing length is an example of continuous variation.

1980s 1990s 2000s

key sudden onset slow onset

(e) Define the term genetic engineering.

Most of the water taken up by plants replaces water lost in transpiration.

The student’s apparatus is shown in Fig. 4.2.

wind speed / distance travelled rate of water

State two other ways in which water is used.

State three structural adaptations of these plants.

(a) Name the cells labelled K.

mean stomatal density

white water lily ...................................................................................................................

common myrtle ..................................................................................................................

(i) Name the product of meiosis that is formed in anthers.

(ii) Explain the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction.

(i) Explain what is meant by cross-pollination.