Name: Quenne A.

Belocura Date: January 28, 2019

Subject: Organic Chemistry Teacher: Engr. Luomar Jake Cabatas

Bond Parameters
Atoms combine together to become stable. The combination takes place by forming
bonds. There are different types of bond viz. ionic or electrovalent bond, covalent bond and
coordinate bond. Every bond has some feature associated with it. This article discusses the
different features or characteristics of bonds which can also be called as bond parameters.

I. Bond Length
Bond length or bond distance is defined as equilibrium internuclear separation
distance of the bonded atoms in a molecule. It is measured by spectroscopic, X-
ray diffraction and electron diffraction techniques.
In case of covalent bond, the contribution from each atom is called covalent radius
of that atom. In the periodic table, the covalent radius increases down a group and
they decreases for s and p-block elements from left to right across a period. The
bond length decreases from single covalent bond to triple covalent bond.
II. Bond Enthalpy
It is defined as the amount of energy required to break one mole of the bond of
particular type between two atoms in gaseous states.
Bond enthalpy is directly proportional to the strength of the bond between the
molecules. In polyatomic molecules, the two bonds of the same type can have
different bond enthalpy. For e.g.: Two O-H bonds of water molecule have
different bond enthalpy.
Due to differences in bond enthalpy, polyatomic molecules have average bond
enthalpy
III. Bond Order
In the Lewis description of covalent bond, the bond order is given by the
number of bonds between the two atoms in a molecule. The bond order, for
example in H2 (with a single shared electron pair), in O2 (with two shared
electros pairs) and in N2 (with three shared electron pairs) is 1, 2, 3
respectively. Similarly in CO (three shared electron pairs between C and O)
the bond order is 3. For N2, the bond order is 3 and its H is 946 KJ/mol is
one of the highest dissociation energy for a diatomic molecule. Iso-electronic
molecules and ions have identical bond orders; for example, F2 and O2-2 have
bond order 1. N2o and NO+ have bond order 3. A general correlation useful for
understanding the stabilities of molecules is that with increase in bond order,
bond enthalpy increases and bond length decreases.
IV. Bond Angle
Bond angle is defined as the angle between the two bonds i.e. angle between
two orbitals containing bonding electron pairs around the central atom in a
complex molecule or an ion. It is measured in degrees and is calculated using
 spectroscopic method. It gives the idea about the distribution of bonded electron
pairs around the atoms. It helps in the determination of shape of the molecules.
V. Resonance Structures
When a single structure is unable to explain all the properties of a compound,
a number of other structures are suggested to that substance under certain roles.
The various structures have no real existence and are called contributing,
canonical or resonating structures. These are separated by the sign .
VI. Bond Polarity
Bond polarity depends on the electronegative differences between the two
atoms which form bond. A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of valence
electrons between the atoms. A covalent bond can be polar covalent, non-polar
covalent or ionic.
If the two atoms have equal electronegativity, then the atoms share the bonding
electrons with equal ease. The bond between the atoms is non-polar covalent type.
Example - Mononuclear diatomic molecules, H2, Cl2, and I2. These molecules do
not have dipole moment. If electronegative differences between the atoms will be
less than 0.4, then the bond can be termed as a covalent bond

If there will be electronegative differences of 0.4 to 2.0 between the shared atoms
then the bond is polar covalent. And if the electronegative difference is greater
than 2.0 then the bond is ionic.For example, order of polarity increases from left
to right for the following diatomic molecules

Percent of ionic character can be expressed by the formula below

 Calculated dipole moment can be expressed as,
μ =Q × r
Where, Q is the charge and r is the distance between two dipoles

References:

https://byjus.com/chemistry/bond-parameters/

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/bond-polarity-6

https://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-11th-Science/Chemical-Bonding-and/Bond-Parameters/17554-
3564-28911-study-wtw