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Kanakkupillai Sundharji
Kanakkupillai Sundharji
p
• A number
, where
hat can beqp and q
pressed in are
form
integers and q ¹ 0,
is called a rational
number.
p
• Lowest form is sai
of a rational qd
mber – A ration
al number
to be in the lowest f
orm or simplest for
m if p and q have n
o common
factor other than 1
and q ¹ 0.
Addition, subtrac
tion, multiplicatio
n and division of
rational
numbers are done
in the same way a
s we do for fraction
s.
• Rational numb
ers are closed un
der the operation
s of addition,
subtraction and
multiplication.
• The operations
of addition and mu
ltiplication for ratio
nal numbers
are
(i) (ii)
co a
m sso
mu ciat
tati ive
ve,
• The rational nu
mber 0 is the additi
ve identity for ratio
nal numbers.
• The rational nu
mber 1 is the mul
tiplicative identity
for rational
numbers.
12/04/18
a–
• The additive invers
is and vice-
b bversa.
e of the rational num
ber
a
• The reciprocal or multipli
b
cative inverse of the rational
number
c a c
is if
d b d
• Distributivity of rational n
umbers – For all rational nu
mbers a,
b and c
a (b + c) = ab + ac
a (b – c) = ab – ac
• Rational numbers can be r
epresented on a number line.
• Between any two given rat
ional numbers there are infini
tely many
rational numbers. The idea
of mean helps us to find ra
tional
numbers between two given
rational numbers.
In examples 1 to 3, there a
re four options out of which
one is correct.
Choose the correct answer.
Example 1 : Which of the
following is not true?
(c) × =
×
÷ = ×
3 4 4 3 4 3
3 5
Solution : The correct answe
r is (b).
Example 2 : Mult
iplicat
ive invers 1
e of 0
is
(a)
1 (b (c) (d) not d
) 0 efined
–1
Solution
: The correct answe
r is (d).
− 1
: Three rational and
Exampl are
e 3 umbers lying betw 2
een
1 3
(a)
4 4 4
2 4
12/04/18
,0,
(c) 4 4
,
0
,
4
4
Solut
ion : The corre
ct answer i
s (c).
In examples 4 a
nd 5, fill in the b
lanks to make t
he statements t
rue.
Exa
mple: The produ
4 ct of a non-
zero rationa
l number an
d its
reciprocal is ____
____.
Solution
: 1
x 1 and
Exam y 6 then
y
xy
= ____
ple 3 7 x___.
−16
Solution
7
In examples 6
and 7, state wh
ether the given
statements are
true or
false.
Exam
ple : Every ratio
nal number
has a recipro
cal.
Solution
: False
− −
Examp is larger
.
le 7 than
Solution : True
4 14
Exampl
: 2
e 8 7 3 3
Solut : × ×
ion
4
= × =
7
2 5
Exa: Using
7 2
mple
ppropriat
2
9 e properti
3
es, find
7
3 3
7
Solu
tion
= × − × +
7 3 7 3
3
12/04/18
= − × +
2 7 5
=
3 3 3
Example 10 : Let O, P a
nd Z represent the numbe
rs 0, 3 and -5
respectively on the number l
ine. Points Q, R and S are
between O and P such that O
Q = QR = RS = SP.
What are the rational number
s represented by the points
Q, R and S. Next choose a po
int T between Z and O so
that ZT = TO. Which rational
number does T represent?
Z
P
Soluti
–5 –3 –2 –1 0 3
on –4
As OQ = QR = RS = SP
and OQ + QR + RS + SP = O
P
therefore Q, R and S divide
OP into four equal parts.
+
So, R is the mid- R= =
point of OP, i.e. 2
2
Q is the mid-
point of OR, i.
e.
and S is the
mid-point of R
P, i.e.
3 3 9
therefore,
Also Z T = TO
So, T is the mid T= =
-point of OZ, i.e.
2
2
1. Explain the first step in so
lving an addition equation wit
h fractions
having like denominators.
2. Explain the first step in so
lving an addition equation wit
h fractions
having unlike denominators.
12/04/18
Example 4ha. He
49
5wants to
: A farmer
has a fielddivide it
f area
equally among h
is one son and t
wo daughters. Fi
nd the
area of each one’
s share.
(ha means hectar
e; 1 hectare = 10,
000 m )
4 249
Soluti49ha ha
on 5 5
1 3
Each9 haha
are = 6
Example 12= =
Let a, b, c
the three ratio
nal numbers
here
5
and c =−
6
Verify:
(i) a + (b + c) = (a
+ b) +c (Associati
ve property of ad
dition)
(ii) a × (b × c)
= (a × b) × c (
Associative pro
perty of
multiplication)
Solution = a + (
: (i) L. b +c)
H.S
=
2
=
3
2 1
=
3
20 1 19
= 30 30
R.H.S. of (i) = (a
+ b) + c
2 4 5
=
3 5 6
10 12
=
15
22 5 44 25
19
= 15 30 30
So
,
12/04/18
Hence verified.
(ii) L.H.S = a × (b × c)
=
2 20 2 2
=
3
2× − −
=
3 3 9
R.H.S.
= (a × b) × c
2 4 5
=
3 5 6
2 4 5
=
3 5 6
8 5
=
15
8× − −
= × 90 9
So,
Example 13 : Solve the follo
wing questions and write your
observations.
5 − 3
(i) + 0 = + 0 = (iii)
+ 0 = ?
3? 5? 7
− 9
(iv) × 1 = × 1 = × 1 = ?
? 7? 8
5 5 − − 3
Soluti + + (iii)
+
on 3 3 5 7 7
Rational Numbers
Integers
Whole Numbers
12/04/18
× 2 −
− ×
9
(iv)3 8
=
7
7
Observation
From (i) to (iii), w
e observe that: (i)
When we add 0 t
o a rational numb
er we
get the same rati
onal number.
From (iv) to (vi),
we observe that:
(ii) When we mul
tiply a rational n
umber
by 1 we get the s
ame rational nu
mber.
(iii) Therefore, 0
is the additive id
entity of rational
numbers and 1 i
s the
‘multiplicative i
dentity’ of ratio
nal numbers.
−7
Example 14 and
.
Write any 8
tional numbers
between
5 5 4
Soluti 20
on
6 6 4 24
7 21
and 3
8 8 3 24
Thus, lie
ational
number
s
−5 7
between and
6
Example 15 :
Identify the ra
tional number
which is differ
ent
from the
er three , , ,
3 5 2
3
Sol is the ration
utioal number w
n hich is differ
ent from the
other three, as it
lies on the left si
de of zero while
others
lie on the right si
de of zero on the
number line.
Example 16 :
Problem Solving
Strategies
Pro
ble : The produ
m ct of two rati
onal numbe
rs is –7. If o
ne of the
number is –10, fi
nd the other.
Solut
ion : Understa
nd and exp
lore
• What informati
on is given in the
question?
One of the two r
ational numbers
Product of two r
ational numbers
• What are you fi
nding?
The other ration
al number
12/04/18
Plan a strategy
• Let the unknown ration
al number be x. Form an
equation with the condition
s given. Then solve the
equation.
Solve
Let the other rational numbe
r be x
–10 × x = –7
–7 7
x = , x =
–10 10
Check
7
–10 = –7. Hence, the result
10is correct.
Some other easier ways to fin
d the answer.
Is the product greater than bo
th the rational numb or less th
an both the
rational numbers?
In questions 1 t
o 25, there are f
our options out
of which one is
correct.
Choose the corr
ect answer.
p
where p
1. A numb
er whichqand q ar
e integer
n be expres
sed as s
and q ≠ 0 is
(a) (b)
natur whol
al nu e nu
mber mbe
. r.
( )
c i
n
t
e
g
e
r.
(
d
p
2. A is said to
mber qbe a ration
he form al number i
f
(a) p and q are i
ntegers.
(b) p and q are i
ntegers and q ≠ 0
(c) p and q are i
ntegers and p ≠
0
(d) p and q are i
ntegers and p ≠
0 also q ≠ 0.
3
3. The8 show
merical7 s that
ression
(a) rational num
bers are closed
under addition.
(b) rational num
bers are not clos
ed under additio
n.
(c) rational num
bers are closed
under multiplicati
on.
(d) addition of r
ational numbers
is not commutati
ve.
4. Which of the
following is not tr
ue?
(a) rational num
bers are closed
under addition.
(b) rational num
bers are closed
under subtractio
n.
(c) rational num
bers are closed
under multiplicati
on.
(d) rational num
bers are closed
under division.
5
.
(a) addition of r
ational numbers
is commutative.
(b) rational num
bers are closed
under addition.
(c) addition of r
ational number is
associative.
(d) rational nu
mbers are distrib
utive under addit
ion.
6. Which of the
following express
ions shows that r
ational numbers
are
associative unde
r multiplication.
(
12/04/18
(b)
(c)
(d)
7. Zero (0) is
(a) the identity for addition
of rational numbers.
(b) the identity for subtracti
on of rational numbers.
(c) the identity for multiplic
ation of rational numbers.
(d) the identity for division
of rational numbers.
8. One (1) is
(a) the identity for addition
of rational numbers.
(b) the identity for subtracti
on of rational numbers.
(c) the identity for multiplic
ation of rational numbers.
(d) the identity for division
of rational numbers.
−7
9. The additive inverse is
f 19
− 7 1 −19
(a)7 9 7
1 1 7
9 9
10. Multiplicative inverse of
a negative rational number is
(a) a positive rational numb
er.
(b) a negative rational numb
er.
(c) 0
(d) 1
11. If x + 0 = 0 + x = x, whic
h is rational number, then 0 i
s called
(a) identity for addition of ra
tional numbers.
(b) additive inverse of x.
(c) multiplicative inverse of
x.
(d) reciprocal of x.
8
12. To get the product by
we should multiply 21
8 − 2 −21
(a) 8 1 8
2 2 8
1 1
12/04/18
13. – (–x) is sam
e as
1 −1
(a
) x x
–
x
1
− is
14. The multi
7
plicative invers
e of
8 − 7 7
(a)7 8 8
−8
7
15. If x be any r
ational number t
hen x + 0 is equ
al to
(
a (d)
) No
t d
x efi
ne
d
16. The reciproc
al of 1 is
(
a (d)
) N
ot
1 de
fin
ed
17. The reciproc
al of –1 is
(
a (d)
) N
ot
1 de
fin
ed
18. The reciproc
al of 0 is
(
a (d)
) N
ot
1 de
fin
ed
ny
nal numb
atio
er
19. The
ciprocal
p p and q a
q re integer
s
ere
and q ≠ 0, is
p q
(a)q p
20. If y be the r
eciprocal of ratio
nal number x, th
en the reciproca
l of y
will be
x y
(
y x
a
)
x
21. The × is
ciprocal of
1 − 2 −21
(a)0 1 1 104
4 0 0
4 4
2 2
22. Which of t
he following is
an example of
distributive prop
erty of
multiplication ov
er addition for ra
tional numbers.
1
(a)
2
4
1
2
1
4
(b)
1 2
4
1 4 3 7
2 4 3
7
12/04/18
1 2 4 2 1
(c) 4
4 3 7 3
4 7
1 2 4 2
(d) 4 1
4 3 7 3
7 4
23. Between two given ratio
nal numbers, we can find
(a) one and only one ration
al number.
(b) only two rational number
s.
(c) only ten rational number
s.
(d) infinitely many rational
numbers.
Plan a strategy
• Some problems contain a l
ot of information. Read the enti
re
problem carefully to be sure
you understand all the facts.
You may need to read it over s
everal times, perhaps aloud so
that you can hear yourself an
d understand it well.
• Then decide which informat
ion is most important (prioritise
).
Is there any information that is
absolutely necessary to solve
the problem? This information
is most important.
• Finally, put the informati
on in order (sequence). Us
e
comparison words like before,
after, longer, shorter, and so o
n
to help you. Write down the se
quence before you try to solve
the problem.
Read the problem given bel
ow, and then answer the qu
estions
that follow
• Five friends are standing i
n line for the opening of a sho
w.
They are in line according to t
heir arrival. Shreya arrived 3
minutes after Sachin. Roy took
his place in line at 9:01 P.M.
He was 1 minute behind Reena
and 7 minutes ahead of Shreya.
The first person arrived at 9:
00 P.M. Babu showed up 6
minutes after the first person.
List the time of each person’s
arrival.
(a) Whose arrival informatio
n helped you determine each
person’s arrival time?
(b) Can you determine the or
der without the time?
(c) List the friends’ order of a
rrival from the earliest to the
last.
12/04/18
+
24. is a rational
number.
(a) Between x a
nd y
(b) Less than x
and y both.
(c) Greater than
x and y both.
(d) Less than x
but greater than
y.
25. Which of th
e following state
ments is always t
rue?
−
(a) is a rational
number betw
een x and y.
+
(b) is a rational
number betw
een x and y.
×
(c) is a rational
number betw
een x and y.
÷
(d) is a rational
number betw
een x and y.
In questions 26
to 47, fill in the
blanks to make
the statements
true.
5
26. , whose num
7erator is 45 i
equivale
nt of s ________
___.
7
, whose
27. The
denomin
quivalent
ational ator is 45
mber ofis
___________.
1535
28. and
, the great
ween20 40
er number
numbers is _______
___.
29. The reciproc
al of a positive rat
ional number is _
__________.
30. The reciproc
al of a negative ra
tional number is _
__________.
31. Zero has ___
________ reciproc
al.
32. The numbers
___________ and
___________ are
their own reciproc
al.
2
be ___________.
2
4 is _____
34. The
eciprocal______.
f
× ___________.
36. The negative
of 1 is _________
__.
12/04/18
Writing Strategy:
Write a Convincing Argumen
t
Your ability to write a co
nvincing
argument proves that yo
u have
understanding of the conc
ept. An
effective argument should inc
lude the
following four parts:
(1) A goal
(2) A response to the goal
(3) Evidence to support the re
sponse
(4) A summary statement
Step 1 : Identify the goal
For any two numbers, explain
whether using the greater nu
mber as the
base will generally result in a g
reater number or using it as the
exponent.
Find one exception.
Step 2 : Provide a response t
o the goal
Using the greater number as
the exponent usually gives t
he greater
number.
Step 3 : Provide evidence to
support your response
Step 4 : Summarise your arg
ument
Generally, for any two numbers,
using the greater number as the
exponent
instead of as the base will res
ult in a greater number.
12/04/18
37. we
b ave
rational
umbersd
b
d
f
________.
−
38. is ________ t
7han –3.
39. There are
________ ration
al numbers bet
ween any two r
ational
numbers.
1−
40. and
are on the
3 ________
rational
umberssides of zer
o on
the number line.
41. The negative
of a negative ratio
nal number is alw
ays a ________ ra
tional
number.
42. Rational nu
mbers can be ad
ded or multiplied
in any ________
__.
−
43. The is _____
ciprocal 7___.
4
44. The is ____
tiplicative3_____.
erse of
10.1
1p
45. The the
onal number q
rom
is ____
_____.
46.
47. The two rati
onal numbers lyi
ng between –2 a
nd –5 with deno
minator
as 1 are ________
_ and _________.
In each of the f
ollowing, state
whether the sta
tements are tru
e (T) or
false (F).
x
48. is a rational n
yumber, then y
is always a wh
ole number.
p
49. is a rational n
qumber, then p
cannot be equ
al to zero.
r
50. is a rational n
sumber, then s
cannot be equ
al to zero.
5 2
51. lies betw
and 1.
6een 3
12/04/18
5 1
52. lies betweenand 1.
10 2
−7
53. lies between –3 and –
2 4.
9
54. lies between 1 and 2.
6
a b
is .
55. If a ≠ 0, the multiplic
ative inverse of b a
−3 5
is .
56. The multiplicative
nverse of 5 3
1
is –2.
57. The additive invers
e of 2
x c
, then+ =
58. is the additive
ynverse of d y d
59. For every rational numb
er x, x + 1 = x.
x c
, then− =
60. is the additive
ynverse of d y d
q
is the ra
61. The reciprocal
ptional
f a non-zero rational
number
q
number .
p
62. If x + y = 0, then –y is kn
own as the negative of x, wh
ere x and y are
rational numbers.
63. The negative of the neg
ative of any rational number i
s the number
itself.
64. The negative of 0 does n
ot exist.
65. The negative of 1 is 1 its
elf.
66. For all rational numbers
x and y, x – y = y – x.
67. For all rational number
s x and y, x × y = y × x.
12/04/18
68. For every ra
tional number x,
x × 0 = x.
69. For every r
ational numbers
x, y and z, x + (
y × z) = (x + y) × (
x + z).
70. For all ratio
nal numbers a,
b and c, a (b + c)
= ab + bc.
71. 1 is the onl
y number which i
s its own recipro
cal.
72. –1 is not th
e reciprocal of a
ny rational numb
er.
73. For any rati
onal number x,
x + (–1) = –x.
74. For rational
numbers x and y
, if x < y then x –
y is a positive rat
ional
number.
75. If x and y ar
e negative ration
al numbers, then
so is x + y.
76. Between a
ny two rational
numbers there
are exactly ten r
ational
numbers.
77. Rational nu
mbers are close
d under addition
and multiplicatio
n but
not under subtr
action.
78. Subtraction
of rational numb
er is commutativ
e.
−
79.
3 4 is smaller th
an –2.
80. 0 is a ration
al number.
81. All positive r
ational numbers l
ie between 0 and
1000.
82. The popula
tion of India in 2
004 - 05 is a rati
onal number.
58
83. There and
6 9.
countless ratio
nal numbers
etween
84. The –1 .
procal of x
57
85. lies to the l
23
eft of zero
rational
number on the num
ber line.
86. lies to the r
−ight of zero
rational
number on the num
ber line.
−
87. lies neithe
−r to the rig
rational
number ht nor to th
e left of
zero on the num
ber line.
12/04/18
1
88. The and –1 are on the
2opposite sides of z
nal numbers
ero on
the number line.
89. Every fraction is a ratio
nal number.
90. Every integer is a ration
al number.
91. The rational numbers ca
n be represented on the num
ber line.
92. The negative of a neg
ative rational number is a p
ositive rational
number.
93. If x and y are two ratio
nal numbers such that x >
y, then x – y is
always a positive rational nu
mber.
94. 0 is the smallest rationa
l number.
95. Every whole number is
an integer.
96. Every whole number is
a rational number.
97. 0 is whole number but i
t is not a rational number.
1 5
− are on the oppo
98. The and
nal numbers 2site sides of 0 o
2
n
the number line.
99. Rational numbers ca
n be added (or multiplied)
in any order
− − − −
× = ×
5 5 5 5
100. Solve the following: Se
lect the rational numbers fro
m the list which
are also the integers.
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
,
4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
101. Select those which
can be written as a ration
al number with
denominator 4 in their lowes
t form:
7 64 36 −16 5 140
8 16 −12 17 − 4 28
12/04/18
102. Using suita
ble rearrangeme
nt and find the s
um:
(a) + + +
7 3
(b) 5 4
10 7 14 5
103. Verify – (–
x) = x for
3 13
(i)x x− x
5 9 −15
104. Give one e
xample each to s
how that the ratio
nal numbers are
closed
under addition, s
ubtraction and m
ultiplication. Are
rational numbers
closed under divi
sion? Give two e
xamples in supp
ort of your answe
r.
105. Verify the
property x + y =
y + x of rational
numbers by taki
ng
(a) ,
,
(c)x ,
y
106. Simplify e
ach of the followi
ng by using suita
ble property. Als
o name
the property.
(a)
107. Tell which
property allows
you to compute
1 5 7
5 6 9
108. Verify the
property x × y =
y × z of rational
numbers by usi
ng
y1 2 y 9
(a) and
and
7 2 3 4
− 1 − −4
y4
(c) and y
and
9
1
5
109. Verify the
property x × (y ×
z) = (x × y) × z of
rational number
s by
using
1 1
(a)x 4
3 2
7
2
12/04/18
2 1 1
(c) (d) 0,
4
and What is the name of thi
s property?
110. Verify the property x ×
(y + z) = x × y + x × z of ratio
nal numbers by
taking.
−1 3 1
(a)
−1 2 3
(b)
2 4 7
(c)
−1 2 3
(d)
5
111. Use the distributivity
of multiplication of rational
numbers over
addition to simplify
3 −5
(a)
5 4
2 3 8
(c) (d)
7
112. Simplify
32 3 28 1
(a) 23 4
22 7 15
5 5
11
15
3 2 7 1 1
(c) 5
8 16
7 12
2
1
6
113. Identify the rational n
umber that does not belong
with the other
three. Explain your reasonin
g
5 1 4 7
19 171
114. metres . Find the cos
cost of 4wire is t of one metre
of the wire.
144517
115. A kmhours. Find the
in travels 2speed of the trai
n in
km/h.
12/04/18
116. If 16 shirts
of equal size can
be made out of 2
4m of cloth, how
much
cloth is needed f
or making one s
hirt?
117 of all the mon
. ey in Hamid’s
bank account i
s Rs. 77,000.
How
much money do
es Hamid have i
n his bank accou
nt?
1
m long rope
118. 7m ea
3ch.
Ais cut into
qual pieces
measuring
How many such
small pieces are t
hese?
1
119 of the are ave
4rage an
. s students
are aboved rest
average,
are below averag
e. If there are 48
students in all, ho
w many students
are below averag
e in the class?
1
120 of total numb
of
4
. er of students
of a school
me by car
le
students come by
bus to school. All
the other student
s walk to school
1
of walk on their
chown and the r
est are escort
ed by their
parents. If 224 st
udents come to
school walking o
n their own, how
many students s
tudy in that scho
ol?
121. Huma, Hu
bna and Seema
received a total
of Rs. 2,016 as
monthly
1
allowance of wha
2t Huma
m their mothe
r such that
ema gets
gets times Seem
d Hubn
a’s share. H
a gets
ow much mo
ney do
the three sisters
get individually?
122. A mothe
r and her two d
aughters got a
room construct
ed for
Rs. 62,000.
of her
The eldermother
aughter ’s
tributes
contribution
of h
while the er
nger daughte
r contributes
mother’s share.
How much do th
e three contribut
e individually?
123. Tell which
property allows y
ou to compare
12/04/18
124. Name the property use
d in each of the following.
− − −
(i) − × = ×
11 5 5 11
(ii)
(iii)
−
(iv) + = + =−
7 7 7
(v) × = × =
8 8 8
125. Find the multiplicative
inverse of
1 1
(i) −8 3
3
126. Arrang in the desc
e the number ending orde
s r.
−
127. The product . If one of th
27
of two rational nume numbers
bers is
7
be , find the
9other.
−1
5
128. By what 20so that the
mbers should weproduct ma
multiply y
−5
be ?
7
−
129. By what so that the
mber should we13
product may
ultiply
be 24?
130. The product of two ra
tional numbers is –7. If one
of the number
is –5, find the other?
131. Can you find a rational
number whose multiplicative
inverse is –1?
132. Find five rational num
bers between 0 and 1.
1
133. Find two rational .
bers whose absolute value5
s
12/04/18
134. From a rop
e 40 metres long,
pieces of equal si
ze are cut. If the l
ength
10
of one
metre, find t
iece he number o
f such piece
s.
1
135 metres long ro
. 2pe is cut into 1
2 equal pieces.
What is the len
gth
of each piece?
136. Write the f
ollowing rational
numbers in the d
escending order.
, 0,
7 8 2 5
2 5
137.0
ind 3 2
1
3 7
10
138. On a wint
er day the temp
erature at a plac
e in Himachal P
radesh
was –
16°C. Convert it i
n degree Fahren
heit ( F) by using
the formula.
C F – 32
139. Find the s
um of additive in
verse and multip
licative inverse o
f 7.
1
140. Find the
3.
oduct of additive
inverse and
plicative inverse
of –
141. The diagra
m shows the win
gspans of differe
nt species of bird
s. Use
the diagra
m to answer the
question given b
elow:
(a) How much l
onger is the win
gspan of an Alb
atross than the
wingspan of a Se
a gull?
(b) How much lo
nger is the wing
span of a Golde
n eagle than the
wingspan of a Bl
ue jay?
12/04/18
142. Shalini has1cm from an
cut out circles of aluminium
ameter
strip of 3 1
ensions84cm14cm. How many
full circles can
Shalini cut? Also calculate th
e wastage of the aluminium
strip.
1
cup of sugar. An
143. One fruit
2other recipe for t
alad recipe requi
res he
same fruit salad requires 2 t
ablespoons of sugar. If 1 tabl
espoon is
1
equivalecup, how much more
nt to 16
sugar does the first re
cipe
require?
144. Four friends had a com
petition to see how far could t
hey hop on one
foot. The table given shows th
e distance covered by each.
(a) How farther did Soni ho
p than Nancy?
(b) What is the total distance
covered by Seema and Megh
a?
(c) Who walked farther, Nan
cy or Megha?
145. The table given below
shows the distances, in kilom
etres, between
four villages of a state. To fi
nd the distance between tw
o villages,
12/04/18
locate the squar
e where the row
for one village a
nd the column fo
r
the other village
intersect.
(a) Compare t
he distance bet
ween Himgaon
and Rawalpur t
o
Sonapur and Ra
mgarh?
(b) If you drove
from Himgaon to
Sonapur and the
n from Sonapur
to Rawalpur, ho
w far would you
drive?
146. The table
shows the porti
on of some com
mon materials t
hat are
recycled.
(a) Is the ration
al number expre
ssing the amount
of paper recycled
1 1
more or less ?
n 2an 2
12/04/18
1
(b) Which items have a?
ycled amount less than 2
(c) Is the quantity of alumini
um cans recycled more (or l
ess) than
half of the quantity of alumin
ium cans?
(d) Arrange the rate of recy
cling the materials from the g
reatest to
the smallest.
147. The overall width in cm o
f several wide-screen televisio
ns are 97.28 cm,
4 1
98 cm,
98 cm and 97.94 cm. Expr
9 25 ess these numbers as ra
tional
p
numbers and arrange the wi
the formqdths in ascending or
der.
2
m high. If a
148. Roller Coaste
r at an amusement3new roller
park is
3
coaster 5times the height of
uilt that isthe existing coast
er,
what will be the height of the
new roller coaster?
149. Here is a table which
gives the information about t
he total rainfall
for several months compared
to the average monthly rains
of a town.
p
Write each decimal in the.
orm of rational number q
150. The average life expect
ancies of males for several sta
tes are shown in
p
the table. Express and arran
qge the
ach decimal in the
orm
states from the least to the gr
eatest male life expectancy.
State-wise data are included
below; more indicators can b
e found in
the “FACTFILE” section on th
e homepage for each state.
12/04/18
S form
Lowest t
erms
Andhra P 61.
radesh 6
A 5
ss 7
a .
m 1
B 6
i 0
h .
a 7
r
G 6
uj 1
ar .
at 9
Har 6
yan 4.
a 1
Himachal 65.1
Pradesh
Karn 62
atak .4
a
K 7
er 0
al .
a 6
Madhya 56.5
Pradesh
Mahar 64.
ashtra 5
O 5
ri 7
s .
s 6
a
Pu 6
nj 6
ab .
9
Raja 59
stha .8
n
Tamil 63
Nadu .7
Uttar P 58.
radesh 9
West l
Benga
62.8
I
n 6
d 0
i .
a 8
Source: Registrar Ge
neral of India (2003) S
RS Based Abridged Le
fe Tables. SRS Analyti
cal
Studies, Report No. 3
of 2003, New Delhi: R
egistrar General of Ind
ia. The data are
for the 1995-99 period
; states subsequently
divided are therefore i
ncluded in their
pre-partition states (
Chhatisgarh in MP,
Uttaranchal in UP a
nd Jharkhand in
Bihar)
7 long
151. cm will
35
skirt8has he
t is m of
skirt be if the he
m is let down?
152. Manavi and
Kuber each recei
ves an equal allo
wance. The table
shows
the fraction of t
heir allowance
each deposits i
nto his/her savi
ng
account and the
fraction each sp
ends at the mall
. If allowance of
each is Rs. 1260
find the amount l
eft with each.
12/04/18
70 – 21
1. Given below is a25 24
gic square. Place the
mbers
in the appropriate squares s
o that sum in each row, colu
mn and
diagonal is equal.
? ?
? ?
16 45
38 57 114
Hint: (Rewrite each rational
number in its lowest term.)
2. Solve the given crosswo
rd filling up the given boxes.
Clues are
given below for across as wel
l as downward filling. Also, for
across
and down clues, clue number
is written at the corner of the
boxes.
Answers of clues have to be f
illed in their respective boxes.
2 5
Down and are _______ num
3 4bers.
a –a
Down 2: The _______
is .
nverse of b b
Down 3: The addition and m
ultiplication of whole number i
ntegers
and rational numbers is _____
____.
1
Down 4: doesn’t exist hence 0
ince 0has no ________.
Down 5: The number line ex
tends _______ on both the si
des.
Down 6: The _______ of two
integers may not lead to the fo
rmation
of another integer.
Down 7: The multiplicati
on of a number by its re
ciprocal
gives_______.
Down 8: Rational numbers c
an be represented on a _____
__ line.
12/04/18
Across 1: There
are _______ ratio
nal numbers betw
een two integers.
Across 2: The m
ultiplication of rati
onal numbers is
commutative and
______.
Across 3: The a
ddition and ____
__ of two rational
numbers lead to
the formation of
another rational
number.
Across 4: All the
positive integers
excluding 0 are k
nown as _______
numbers.
Across 5: For a
ny rational a ; a ÷
0 is _______.
Across 6: Reci
procal is also
known as th
e multiplicative
_____________.
12/04/18
3. Break the Code
Solve this riddle by reducin
g each rational number to it
s lowest
term. The magnitude of the nu
merator of rational number so
obtained
gives you the letter you have
to encircle in the word followi
ng it. Use
the encircled letters to fill in t
he blanks given below:
( 3 S
1
)
I
N
( – T
2
)
P
E
3
( 5 W
3
)
T
H
–
( 1 H
4
)
S
T
2
( 9 S
5
)
A P
R
–
( – G
6
)
I
N
7
( 9 P
7
)
O F
O
4
( R
8
)
I
N
2
( 1 A
9
)
A
Y
1
( – S
1
0
)
E T
E
_____ _____ _____ _____
_____ _____ _____ _____
____ ____
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10
12/04/18
UNIT-1
2 ×
5
1
æ 1 2÷ 1 1 4
ö 3
3 3
×(–2)
1
3
+
4
I
t
reciprocal
+ Its additive
identity
× Its multiplicative
inverse
× Its multiplicative
inverse
1
÷
3
–2
÷ +
5
× Its additive
inverse
÷ 3 2
4
ONE
RATIONAL NUMBERS
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
32 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• The information
collected in term o
f numbers is called
data.
• Data are repres
ented graphically t
o have a quick gla
nce on them.
• Data available i
n an unorganised f
orm are called raw
data.
• The number of
times a particular
observation occur
s in a given
data is called its fr
equency.
• When the data a
re large, they can b
e arranged in grou
ps and each
group is known as
Class Interval or C
lass.
• A table showing
the frequencies of
various observatio
ns or class
intervals of a give
n data is called a
Frequency Distrib
ution table.
• The upper value
of a class interval i
s called its Upper
Class Limit
and the lower valu
e of the class inter
val is called its Lo
wer Class
Limit.
• The difference b
etween the upper
class limit and low
er class limit
of a class is called
the Width or Size
of the class.
• The difference b
etween the lowest
and the highest obs
ervation in a
given data is calle
d its Range.
• Grouped data c
an be represented
by a histogram.
• Histogram is a t
ype of bar diagram
, where the class i
ntervals are
shown on the h
orizontal axis a
nd the heights o
f the bars
(rectangles) show
the frequency of th
e class interval, bu
t there is
no gap between t
he bars as there i
s no gap between
the class
intervals.
• Data can also b
e represented usi
ng a pie chart (cir
cle graph). It
shows the relation
ship between a wh
ole and its parts.
12/04/18
• There are certain experi
ments whose outcomes hav
e an equal
chance of occurring. Such o
utcomes are said to be equal
ly likely.
• Probability of an event =
Number of outcomes tha
t make an event ,
Total number of outcomes
f the experiment
when the outcomes are equa
lly likely.
In examples 1 to 6, there
are four options given out
of which one is
correct. Choose the correct
answer.
Example 1 : The range of t
he data– 9, 8, 4, 3, 2, 1, 6, 4,
8, 10, 12, 15,
4, 3 is
(a) 15
(b) (c) (d) 10
14 12
Solution
: The correct answe
r is (b).
Exampl: The following data : 2
e 2 , 5, 15, 25, 20, 12, 8, 7,
6, 16, 21,
17, 30, 32, 23, 40, 51, 15, 2,
9, 57, 19, 25 is grouped in
the classes 0 –5, 5 –10, 10 –
15 etc. Find the frequency of
the class 20 –25.
(a) 5
(b) (c) (d) 2
4 3
Solution
: The correct answe
r is (c).
Exampl
: The pie chart depicts t
e 3 he information of viewer
s watchi
ng
different type of channels
on TV. Which type of
programmes are viewed the
most?
(a) New
s (b) Sports (c) E
ntertainment
(d) Informative.
Solution
: The correct answe
r is (c).
Entertainment
50%
Sports
25%
12/04/18
Example 4 :
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
125 130 135 140 1
45 150 160
Heights in cm
Observe the hist
ogram given abo
ve. The number
of girls
having height 14
5 cm and above i
s
(a)
5 (d)
19
Soluti
on : The corre
ct answer is
(b).
Example 5 :
A dice is thrown
two times and s
um of the numb
ers
appearing on the
dice are noted. T
he number of pos
sible
outcomes is
(a)
6 (c)
18
(d)
36
Soluti
on : The corre
ct answer is
(b).
[Possible sums a
re 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12].
Exam: The probab
ple ility of getting
a multiple of
2 when a dic
e is
rolled is
1 1 1 2
(a)6 3 2 3
Soluti: The corre
on ct answer is
(c).
In examples 7 t
o 9 fill in the bla
nks to make sta
tements true.
Exam: The fourth c
ple lass interval f
or a grouped
data whose fi
rst
and second cla
ss intervals are
10 –15 and 15
–20
respectively is ___
_______.
Solutio: 25 – 30
n
12/04/18
Exampl
: In the class interval
e 8 250 – 275, 250 is kno
wn as the
_________.
Solution
: Lower class limit
.
Exampl
e 9 : The number of times
a particular observation
occurs in
the given data is called its ___
_______.
Solution
: Frequency.
In examples 10 to 12, state w
hether the statements are tru
e (T) or false (F).
Example 10 : The central an
gle of the sectors in a pie cha
rt will be a
fraction of 360°.
Solution
: True.
Example 11 : On throwing a
dice, the probability of occurr
ence of an
1
odd number is .
2
Solution : True.
Example 12 : A pie chart is
also called a pictograph.
Solution
: False .
Example 13 : The weekly w
ages (in Rs.) of 30 workers in
a factory are
830, 835, 890, 810, 835, 836
, 869, 845, 898, 890, 820,
860, 832, 833, 855, 845, 804
, 808, 812, 840, 885, 835,
835, 836, 878, 840, 868, 89
0, 806, 840.
Using tally marks, make a fr
equency distribution table
with class intervals 800 – 81
0, 810 – 820 and so on.
Solution
:
|||| ||||
||||
12/04/18
Example 14 : Th
e pie chart gives
the marks score
d in an examinati
on
by a student in d
ifferent subjects.
If the total marks
obtained were 54
0, answer the foll
owing questions–
(i)In which subjec
t did the studen
t score 105 mar
ks?
(ii) How many m
ore marks were o
btained by the
student in Mathe
matics than in Hi
ndi?
Solu(i) For 540
tion marks, centr
al angle = 36
0°
360
For 1 mark,
ntral angle 540
360
For 105 marks
540
, central angle
=
= 70°
Hence the stude
nt scored 105 m
arks in Hindi.
(ii) Central angl
e = 360° for 540
marks,
360°
For 1 mark,
ntral angle 540
540
For 90 mark × 90 m
s, central360
arks
gle =
= 135 marks.
Thus, the stude
nt gets 135 mar
ks in Mathemati
cs.
From part (i) we
get that the stude
nt gets 105 mark
s
in Hindi.
Difference in mar
ks = 135 – 105 =
30
Hence, the st
udent gets 30
more marks in
Mathematics tha
n in Hindi.
12/04/18
Example 15 : Draw a pie ch
art for the given data.
Favourite f
ood Number of p
eople
North Indi 30
an
South Indi 40
an
Chines 25
e
Othe 25
rs
Solutio
n : Total number of pe
ople = 120
We find the central angle for
each sector.
Favourite food Number of
people
The pie chart is
drawn adjacently.
12/04/18
Example 16 : D
raw a histogram
for the frequenc
y distribution tab
le
given in Example
13 and answer th
e following questi
ons.
(i) Which class
interval has the
maximum numb
er of
workers?
(ii) How many w
orkers earn Rs. 8
50 and more?
(iii) How many
workers earn les
s than Rs. 850?
(iv) How many
workers earn Rs.
820 or more but l
ess
than Rs. 880?
Solution :
(i) 830 – 840
(ii) 10
(iii) 20
(iv) 20
Example 17 : R
ead the frequenc
y distribution tabl
e given below an
d
answer the quest
ions that follow:
12/04/18
(i) Class interval which has t
he lowest frequency.
(ii) Class interval which has
the highest frequency.
(iii) What is the class size of
the intervals?
(iv) What is the upper limit
of the fifth class?
(v) What is the lower limit of
the last class?
Solution : (i) 65 – 75
(ii) 75 – 85
(iii) 10
(iv) 75
(v) 85
Example 18 : Application o
n problem solving strategy
Given below is a pie chart de
picting the reason given by
people who had injured their
lower back.
Study the pie char
t
12%
andfind (1) 1. Lifti
the ng
number of 2. Twist
people 9% (5) ing
who injure 49 3. Bendi
d their (3)
% ng
back while1 4.
either 8 Pulli
% ng
bending a ( 5. Ot
nd lifting. 2 hers
A total of 600 peop 12%
le
were surveyed.
Solution : Understand
and explore the problem
• What information is given
in the question?
The percentages of the most
common reasons given
by 600 people.
• What are you trying to fin
d?
The total number of peopl
e out of 600 who have
injured their back while ben
ding and lifting.
• Is there any information th
at is not needed?
The percentages of other reas
ons except bending and
lifting are not required.
Plan a strategy
• You have learnt to solv
e questions dealing with
percentages in earlier classe
s. Use the same method
to solve this question.
12/04/18
• 18% have inj
ured their back w
hile bending and
49% have injure
d their back whil
e lifting so–
To find
The total numb
er of people can
be found by find
ing
(18% + 49%) = 6
7% of 600.
Solve
Total percentage
of people who inj
ured their back w
hile
bending and liftin
g = 18% +49% =
67%.
Number of peopl
e who injured the
ir back while ben
ding
and lifting = 67
% of 600
67
= × 600
100
= 402
Hence, 402 peop
le injured their ba
ck while bending
and
lifting.
Revise
You can check th
e answer by findi
ng the total numb
er of
people who injur
ed their backs fo
r reasons other t
han
bending and liftin
g and then subtra
cting the answer
from
the total number
of people.
Total percentag
e of people who
injured their bac
ks for
reasons other tha
n bending and lifti
ng = 12% +12% +
9%
= 33%
33
Number of ×600
h people =100
% of 600 =
= 198
So, 600 –198 sh
ould give us the
answer for our or
iginal
question, and 6
00 –198 = 402
which is same a
s our
answer. Hence o
ur answer is corr
ect.
(i) If the total ang
le covered by all s
ectors is 360 , fin
d the angle cover
ed
by the sector re
presenting the p
eople who injure
d their back by
pulling only.
(ii) If the numbe
r of people surve
yed is doubled, w
ould the number
of
people who injure
d their back by be
nding and lifting al
so be doubled?
12/04/18
In questions 1 to 35 there
are four options given, out
of which one is
correct. Choose the correct
answer.
1. The height of a rectangle
in a histogram shows the
(a) Width
of the clas (b) Upper li
s mit of the cla
ss
(c) Lower limi (d) Frequenc
t of the class y of the class
2. A geometric representatio
n showing the relationship bet
ween a whole
and its parts is a
(a) Pie chart (b) Histogr
am (c) Bar graph (d) Pi
ctograph
3. In a pie chart, the total an
gle at the centre of the circle
is
(a) 1
80° (b) (c) (d)
36 27 90°
0° 0°
4. The range of the data 30,
61, 55, 56, 60, 20, 26, 46, 28
, 56 is
(a)
26 ( ( (d)
b c 61
) )
3 4
0 1
5. Which of the following is
not a random experiment?
(a) Toss
ing a coi (b) Rolli
n ng a dice
(c) Choosing a card from a d
eck of 52 cards
(d) Thowing a stone from a r
oof of a building
6. What is the probability of
choosing a vowel from the al
phabets?
(a)
21
26(b (c (d
) ) )
7. In a school only, 3 out of
5 students can participate in
a competition.
What is the probability of th
e students who do not mak
e it to the
competition?
(a) 0 (b (c) (d)
.65 ) 0 0.6
0. .4
4 5
Students of a class voted fo
r their favourite
colour and a pie chart was pre
pared based on
the data collected.
Observe the pie chart given be
low and answer
questions 8 –10 based on it.
1
8. Which colour of the votes
ceived 5?
(a) Re (b) (c) Gre
d Blue en
(d) Yellow
12/04/18
9. If 400 studen
ts voted in all, th
en how many did
vote ‘Others’ col
our
as their favourite
?
(
a (d
) )
4
6 0
10. Which of the
following is a rea
sonable conclusi
on for the given d
ata?
(a)th student vot
20
ed for blue col
our
(b) Green is the
least popular colo
ur
(c) The number
of students who
voted for red col
our is two times
the number of st
udents who vote
d for yellow colou
r
(d) Number of s
tudents liking tog
ether yellow and
green colour is
approximately th
e same as those
for red colour.
11. Listed belo
w are the temper
ature in °C for 10
days.
–6, –8, 0, 3, 2, 0,
1, 5, 4, 4
What is the rang
e of the data?
( (d)
a 12
) °C
8
12. Ram put so
me buttons on t
he table. There
were 4 blue, 7 r
ed, 3
black and 6 whit
e buttons in all.
All of a sudden,
a cat jumped on
the table and k
nocked out one
button on the fl
oor. What is the
probability that t
he button on the
floor is blue?
7 3 1 1
(a)2 5 5 4
0
13. Rahul, Varu
n and Yash are
playing a game
of spinning a col
oured
wheel. Rahul wi
ns if spinner lan
ds on red. Varu
n wins if spinner
lands on blue a
nd Yash wins if
it lands on gree
n. Which of the
following spinner
should be used t
o make the game
fair?
RedG
r Gree G
n
G
re
e
n
R Blu B
Bluee
e
Red
( (
i
v
)
( (c
a ) (
iii ) (
) iv)
12/04/18
In a frequency distribution
14.
with classes 0 –10, 10 –20
etc., the size of
the class intervals is 10. The
lower limit of fourth class is
(a)
40 ( ( (d)
b c 30
) )
5 2
0 0
15. A coin is tossed 200 ti
mes and head appeared 1
20 times. The
probability of getting a head
in this experiment is
2 3 1
(a)
5 5 5
16. Data collected in a surve
y shows that 40% of the buyer
s are interested
in buying a particular brand
of toothpaste. The central an
gle of the
sector of the pie chart repres
enting this information is
(a) 1
20° (b) (c) (d)
15 14 40°
0° 4°
17. Monthly salary of a per
son is Rs. 15000. The centr
al angle of the
sector representing his expe
nses on food and house ren
t on a pie
chart is 60°. The amount he
spends on food and house re
nt is
(a) Rs.
5000 (b) (c) Rs(d) Rs.
. 2500 . 6000 9000
18. The following
pie chart gives the Prote
in
distribution
of constituents in the 16
%
human body. The ce
ntral
angle of the sector showing t
he distribution of
protein and other constituen
ts is
(a) 10
8° (b) (c) 30° Water
54° (d) 216°
70%
Yearly Student
Volunteer Work
80 hours
20 hours
40 – 59 20 – 39
Hours
The data shows how groups of
people who responded to the su
rvey compare
to the whole. The circle graph
is the better representation.
12/04/18
19. Rohan and
Shalu are playin
g with 5 cards
as shown in t
he figure. Wha
t is the
probability of Roh
an picking a card
without
seeing, that has t
he number 2 on i
t?
2 1 3 4
(a)5 5 5
5
20. The follo
wing pie chart
represents the
distribution of pr
oteins in parts o
f a human
body. What is
the ratio of dist
ribution of
proteins in the m
uscles to that of
proteins in
the bones?
21. What is the c
entral angle of the
sector (in the abo
ve
pie chart) repres
enting skin and b
ones together?
(a (d
) )
36 96
° °
22. What is th
e central angle
of the sector (in
the above pie c
hart)
representing hor
mones enzymes
and other protein
s.
6°
(a)
12
0°
23. A coin is toss
ed 12 times and th
e outcomes are ob
served as shown b
elow:
The chance of oc
currence of Head
is
1 5 7 5
(a)2 1 1 7
2 2
24. Total numb
er of outcomes,
when a ball is dr
awn from a bag
which
contains 3 red, 5
black and 4 blue
balls is
( (
a d
) )
8 1
2
25. A graph sho
wing two sets of
data simultaneou
sly is known as
(a) Pictograph (
b) Histogram (
c) Pie chart (d)
Double bar graph
12/04/18
26. Size of the class 150 –
175 is
(a) (b ( (d)
150 ) c –25
17 )
5
2
5
27. In a throw of a dice, the
probability of getting the num
ber 7 is
1 1
(a) ( (d)
2 6
0
28. Data represented using
circles is known as
(a)Bar graph (b) Histogr
am (c) Pictograph (d) P
ie chart
29. Tally marks are used to
find
(a) Class i (b) Ra
ntervals nge
(c) Fr (d) U
equen pper li
cy mit
30. Upper limit of class inter
val 75 –85 is
(a) (b ( (d)
10 ) c 85
– )
1
0 7
5
31. Numbers 1 to 5 are writt
en on separate slips, i.e one
number on one
slip and put in a box. Wahida
pick a slip from the box witho
ut looking
at it. What is the probability t
hat the slip bears an odd nu
mber?
1 2 3
(a)
5 5 5
5
32. A glass jar contains 6 red
, 5 green, 4 blue and 5 yellow
marbles of same size. Hari t
akes out a marble from
the jar at random. What is t
he probability that the
chosen marble is of red colou
r?
7 3 4 2
(a)
10 10 5 5
33. A coin is tossed two time
s. The number of possible out
comes is
(a)
1 ( ( (d)
4
34. A coin is tossed three ti
mes. The number of possible
outcomes is
(a)
3 ( ( (d)
8
35. A diece is tossed two tim
es. The number of possible o
utcomes is
(a)
12 ( ( (d)
b c 30
) )
2 3
4 6
12/04/18
In questions 36
to 58, fill in the
blanks to make
the statements t
rue.
36. Data availab
le in an unorganis
ed form is called
__________ data
.
37. In the class i
nterval 20 – 30, t
he lower class lim
it is __________.
38. In the class i
nterval 26 – 33, 3
3 is known as __
________.
39. The range of
the data 6, 8, 16,
22, 8, 20, 7, 25 is
__________.
40. A pie chart is
used to compare
__________ to a
whole.
41. In the exper
iment of tossing
a coin one time,
the outcome is ei
ther
__________ or ___
_______.
42. When a dice
is rolled, the six p
ossible outcomes
are __________.
43. Each outco
me or a collectio
n of outcomes in
an experiment m
akes
an __________.
44. An experime
nt whose outcome
s cannot be predic
ted exactly in adv
ance
is called a ______
____ experiment.
45. The differen
ce between the u
pper and lower li
mit of a class inte
rval is
called the ______
____ of the class i
nterval.
46. The sixth cla
ss interval for a gr
ouped data
whose first two cl
ass intervals are
10 – 15
and 15 – 20 is ___
_______.
Histogram given
on the right sho
ws the
number of peop
le owning the di
fferent
number of books.
Answer 47 to 50
based
on it.
47. The total n
umber of people
surveyed is
__________.
48. The number
of people owning
books more
than 60 is ______
____.
49. The number
of people owning
books less than 4
0 is __________.
50. The number
of people having
books more than
20 and less than
40
is __________.
51. The number
of times a particu
lar observation o
ccurs in a given d
ata
is called its _____
_____.
12/04/18
52. When the number of obse
rvations is large, the observati
ons are usually
organised in groups of equal
width called __________.
53. The total number of outc
omes when a coin is tossed is
__________.
54. The class size of the inter
val 80 – 85 is __________.
55. In a histogram ______
____ are drawn with width e
qual to a class
interval without leaving any g
ap in between.
56. When a dice is thrown, out
comes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are equall
y __________.
In a histogram, class inte
57.
rvals and frequencies ar
e taken along
__________ axis and ________
__ axis.
58. In the class intervals 10
–20, 20 –30, etc., respectivel
y, 20 lies in the
class __________.
In questions 59 to 81, stat
e whether the statements
are true (T) or
false (F).
59. In a pie chart a whole ci
rcle is divided into sectors.
60. The central angle of a
sector in a pie chart cannot
be more than
180°.
61. Sum of all the central a
ngles in a pie chart is 360°.
62. In a pie chart two centra
l angles can be of 180°.
63. In a pie chart two or mor
e central angles can be equal
.
64. Getting a prime number
on throwing a die is an event
.
Using the following frequenc
y table, answer question 65-
68
4 5 7 8 9
10
10 8 6 12
65. 9 students got full mark
s.
66. The frequency of less th
an 8 marks is 29.
67. The frequency of more t
han 8 marks is 21.
68. 10 marks the highest fr
equency.
If the fifth class interval is
69.
60 – 65, fourth class inter
val is 55 – 60,
then the first class interval is
45 –50.
12/04/18
70. From the h
istogram given
on the
right, we can sa
y that 1500 mal
es
above the age of
20 are literate.
71. The class s
ize of the class i
nterval
60 – 68 is 8.
If a pair of coin
72.
s is tossed, th
en the
number of outco
mes are 2.
73. On throwi
ng a dice onc
e, the
probability of occ
urence of an eve
n
1
number is .
2
74. On throwing
a dice once, the
probability of occ
urence of a comp
osite
1
number is .
2
75. From the giv
en pie chart, we c
an infer that prod
uction of Mangan
ese
is least in state B
.
76. One or more
outcomes of an e
xperiment make
an event.
1
. Simil
77. The proba
6arly
bility of getting
number 6 in
hrow of a dice
s
1
the probability
5.
f getting a num
ber 5 is
78. The probab
ility of getting a p
rime number is t
he same as that
of a
composite numb
er in a throw of a
dice.
79. In a throw of
a dice, the proba
bility of getting a
n even number is
the
same as that of g
etting an odd nu
mber.
12/04/18
80. To verify pythagoras the
orem is a random experiment
.
81. The following pictorial r
epresentation of data is a his
togram.
82. Given below is a frequ
ency distribution table. Read
it and answer
the questions that follow:
(a) What is the lower limit of
the second class interval?
(b) What is the upper limit o
f the last class interval?
(c) What is the frequency of
the third class?
(d) Which interval has a freq
uency of 10?
(e) Which interval has the lo
west frequency?
(f) What is the class size?
12/04/18
83. The top spe
eds of thirty differ
ent land animals
have been organi
sed
into a frequency t
able. Draw a hist
ogram for the giv
en data.
84. Given below
is a pie chart sho
wing the time spe
nd by a group of
350
children in differ
ent games. Obs
erve it and answ
er the questions
thatfollow.
(a) How many c
hildren spend at l
east one hour in
playing games?
(b) How many c
hildren spend mo
re than 2 hours in
playing games?
(c) How many c
hildren spend 3 o
r lesser hours in
playing games?
(d) Which is gre
ater — number o
f children who sp
end 2 hours or
more per day or
number of childr
en who play for l
ess than one
hour?
85. The C Bu
chart on thear s
right shows90° 120
°
he result ofC
a y
c
l
surveye
carried
out to
nd the
modes
of travel
used
by the childr 60°
en to go to
school. Stu
dy the pie
chart an Walk
d answe
r the qu
estions t
hat follo
w.
12/04/18
(a) What is the most commo
n mode of transport?
(b) What fraction of children
travel by car?
(c)If 18 children travel by car,
how many children took p
art in the
survey?
(d) How many children use t
axi to travel to school?
(e) By which two modes of t
ransport are equal number of
children
travelling?
86. A dice is rolled once. W
hat is the probability that the
number on top
will be
(a) Odd
(b) Greater than 5
(c) A multiple of 3
(d) Less than 1
(e) A factor of 36
(f) A factor of 6
87. Classify the following st
atements under appropriate
headings.
(a) Getting the sum of angle
s of a triangle as 180°.
(b) India winning a cricket
match against Pakistan.
(c) Sun setting in the evenin
g.
(d) Getting 7 when a die is t
hrown.
(e) Sun rising from the west.
(f) Winning a racing competi
tion by you.
Certain to happen Impossible t
o happen May or may not ha
ppen
88. Study the pie chart giv
en below depicting the mar
ks scored by a
student in an examination o
ut of 540. Find the marks ob
tained by
him in each subject.
89. Ritwik draws a ball from
a bag that contains white an
d yellow balls.
2
The probability . If the total
hoosing a white number of
is
balls in the bag is 36, find th
e number of yellow balls.
12/04/18
90. Look at the
histogram below
and answer the q
uestions that foll
ow.
(a) How many s
tudents have hei
ght more than or
equal to 135 cm
but less than 15
0 cm?
(b) Which class
interval has the l
east number of st
udents?
(c) What is the cl
ass size?
(d) How many s
tudents have hei
ght less than 140
cm?
91. Following ar
e the number of
members in 25 fa
milies of a village
:
6, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5,
3, 2, 5, 6, 8, 7,
7, 4, 3, 6, 6, 6,
7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2,
5.
Prepare a frequen
cy distribution tabl
e for the data usin
g class intervals
0 –2, 2 –4, etc.
92. Draw a histo
gram to represen
t the frequency di
stribution in ques
tion
91.
93. The marks o
btained (out of 20
) by 30 students
of a class in a tes
t are
as follows:
14, 16, 15, 11, 1
5, 14, 13, 16, 8,
10, 7, 11, 18, 15,
14, 19, 20, 7, 10,
13, 12, 14, 15, 1
3, 16, 17, 14, 11,
10, 20.
Prepare a freque
ncy distribution ta
ble for the above
data using class
intervals of equal
width in which on
e class interval is
4 –8 (excluding
8 and including
4).
94. Prepare a h
istogram from th
e frequency distri
bution table obtai
ned
in question 93.
12/04/18
95. The weights (in kg) of 3
0 students of a class are:
39, 38, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44
, 33, 33, 31, 45, 46, 38, 37, 3
1, 30, 39,
41, 41, 46, 36, 35, 34, 39, 4
3, 32, 37, 29, 26.
Prepare a frequency distributi
on table using one class inter
val as (30
– 35), 35 not included.
(i) Which class has the least
frequency?
(ii) Which class has the max
imum frequency?
96. Shoes of the following b
rands are sold in Nov. 2007
at a shoe store.
Construct a pie chart for the
data.
97. The following pie chart
depicts the expenditure
of a state government under
different heads.
(i) If the total spending is 10
crores, how much
money was spent on roads?
(ii) How many times is the
amount of money
spent on education compared
to the amount
spent on roads?
(iii) What fraction of the tot
al expenditure is spent on b
oth roads
and public welfare together?
98. The following data repr
esents the different number
of animals in a
zoo. Prepare a pie chart for th
e given data.
12/04/18
99. Playing card
s
(a) From a pack
of cards the follo
wing cards are ke
pt face down:
Suhail wins if he
picks up a face
card. Find the pr
obability of
Suhail winning?
(b) Now the follo
wing cards are ad
ded to the above
cards:
What is the prob
ability of Suhail
winning now? R
eshma wins if
she picks up a 4.
What is the prob
ability of Reshma
winning?
[Queen, King and
Jack cards are c
alled face cards.]
100. Construct
a frequency distri
bution table for th
e following weigh
ts (in
grams) of 35 man
goes, using the e
qual class interval
s, one of them is
40 – 45 (45 not i
ncluded).
30, 40, 45, 32, 43,
50, 55, 62, 70, 70,
61, 62, 53, 52, 50,
42, 35, 37, 53,
55, 65, 70, 73, 74,
45, 46, 58, 59, 60,
62, 74, 34, 35, 70,
68.
(a) How many cl
asses are there i
n the frequency d
istribution table?
(b) Which weigh
t group has the hi
ghest frequency?
12/04/18
101. Complete the following
table:
Find the total number of per
sons whose weights are giv
en in the
above table.
102. Draw a histogram for t
he following data.
10–15 15–20 20–25 25–
30 30–35 35–40
103. In a hypothetical sam
ple of 20 people, the amou
nt of money (in
thousands of rupees) with ea
ch was found to be as follows
:
114, 108, 100, 98, 101, 10
9, 117, 119, 126, 131, 136,
143, 156,
169, 182, 195, 207, 219, 23
5, 118.
Draw a histogram of the fre
quency distribution, taking o
ne of the
class intervals as 50–100.
104. The below histogram s
hows the number of literate fe
males in the age
group of 10 to 40 years in a t
own.
(a) Write the classes
assuming all the classes
are of equal width.
(b) What is the classes
width?
(c) In which age group are
literate females the
least?
(d) In which age group is
the number of literate
females the highest?
12/04/18
105. The followi
ng histogram sho
ws the frequency
distribution of tea
ching
experiences of 30
teachers in variou
s schools:
(a) What is the c
lass width?
(b) How many te
achers are having
the maximum tea
ching experience
and how many h
ave the least teac
hing experience?
(c) How many te
achers have teac
hing experience o
f 10 to 20 years?
106. In a district,
the number of bra
nches of different
banks is given bel
ow:
of Baroda Nati
onal Bank
Draw a pie chart
for this data.
107. For the de
velopment of bas
ic infrastructure i
n a district, a proj
ect of
Rs 108 crore app
roved by Develop
ment Bank is as f
ollows:
Road Electricit
y Drinking wa
ter Sewerage
Draw a pie chart
for this data.
108. In the time
table of a school,
periods allotted
per week to diffe
rent
teaching subjects
are given below:
Subject Hindi E
nglish Maths Sci
ence Social Co
mputer Sanskrit
Periods 7
8 8
8 7
4 3
Draw a pie chart
for this data.
109. A survey w
as carried out to fi
nd the favourite b
everage preferred
by a
certain group of
young people. T
he following
pie chart shows t
he findings of thi
s survey.
From this pie ch
art answer the fo
llowing:
(i) Which type
of beverage is li
ked by the
maximum numb
er of people.
(ii) If 45 people li
ke tea, how many
people were
surveyed?
12/04/18
110. The following data repr
esents the approximate perc
entage of water
in various oceans. Prepare a
pie chart for the given data.
Pacific 40%
Atlantic
30%
Indian
20%
Others
10%
111. At a Birthday Party,
the children spin a
wheel to get a gift. Find the p
robability of
(a) getting a ball
(b) getting a toy car
(c) any toy except a chocolat
e
112. Sonia picks up a card f
rom the given cards.
Calculate the probability of g
etting
(a) an odd
number (b) a Y
card
(c
) (d) B ca
a rd bearin
G g number
ca > 7
rd
113. Identify which symbol
should appear in each secto
r in 113, 114.
– 800
32%
1 %
8
–
– 550
22% 28%
– 450
12/04/18
114.
115. A financial
counselor gave
a client this pie c
hart describing h
ow to
budget his incom
e. If the client bri
ngs home Rs. 50,
000 each month,
how much shoul
d he spend in ea
ch category?
116. Following
is a pie chart sh
owing the amou
nt spent in rupe
es (in
thousands) by a c
ompany on variou
s modes of adverti
sing for a product.
Now answer the f
ollowing question
s.
1. Which type of
media
advertising is
the
greatest amount of
the
total?
2. Which type of
media
advertising is
the
least amount of
the
total?
12/04/18
3. What per cent of the total
advertising amount is spent o
n direct
mail campaigns?
4. What per cent of the adv
ertising amount is spent on n
ewspaper
and magazine advertisement
s?
5. What media types do yo
u think are included in miscel
laneous?
Why aren’t those media type
s given their own category?
1 Card Activity
Have you ever
seen a pac No didi.
k
of cards?
Then, take a
pack of car
ds It will
and try be fun didi.
to
complete the tab
le
given below.
Face Cards Number Card
s
K Q J 10 9 8
6 5 4 3 2 A Total
Spade
Heart
Diamond
Club
Total
Yes Di
Did you have di.
a look at But what do th
all the cards e
carefully? alphabets A, K,
Q
and J stand for
?
12/04/18
A stands for Ace,
K stands for King,
Q stand O
s for Qu k
een
and
J stands for Jack.
No
w, tr I
y to w
answe il
r som l
e try
que didi.
stio
ns.
1. How many co
lours can you obs
erve?
2. How many ca
rds are there in al
l?
3. How many ca
rds of one type ar
e there?
4. How many ty
pes of cards can
you observe? Na
me them.
5. How many bl
ack cards are the
re in all?
6. How many re
d cards are there
in all?
7. How many fa
ce cards of each t
ype are there?
8. How many pi
cture cards are t
here in all?
d
s
to
What is to
he fracti ta
on l
of nu numbe
mber r of ca
of re rds?
d
c
ar
6
.
Number
of red ca Total c
rds ards ar
i e 52.
s So fracti
on beco
2 mes
D
o R
e
y al
o ly
u di
di
k .
n So
o now
w , I c
an
t cal
h cul
i ate
s the
f probabili
r ties also
a .
c
ti
o
n
is also th
e probabi
lity
of
ge
ttin
g
a r
ed
card out
of the p
ack
of cards?
Let us see
if you can
answer these
questions?
12/04/18
9. From a pack of well-
shuffled cards, what is the pr
obability of getting
(i) a black
face card (ii) a iii) a 4
red ja of spad
ck e
iv) a pic
ture card (v) a (vi) a bla
card of ck king
e
(vii) an ordin
ary card (viii) a picture c
ard of heart
(ix) an ace of cl
ub (x) a king
(xi) a card of diamond (xii)
a black ordinary card
2 Playing with dice
(a) Complete the table given b
elow and answer the questions t
hat follow:
A
B
Dice 1 Dic Sum Dice 1
e 2 Dice 2
12/04/18
Pratibha’s desk ha
s 8 drawers. When
she receives a p
aper, she usuall
y
chooses a drawer
at random to put it
in. However, 2 o
ut of 10 times sh
e
forgets to put the
paper away, and i
t
gets lost.
The probability th
at a paper will ge
t
2 1
lost is , or .
10 5
• What is the
probability that a
paper will be put i
nto a drawer?
• If all drawers a
re equally likely to
be chosen, what i
s the probability t
hat a paper will b
e put in drawer 3?
When Pratibha ne
eds a document,
she looks first in d
rawer 1 and then
checks each dra
wer in order until
the paper is foun
d or until she has
looked in all the d
rawers.
1. If Pratibha che
cked drawer 1 an
d didn’t find the pa
per she was looki
ng
for, what is the p
robability that the
paper will be fou
nd in one of the
remaining 7 draw
ers?
2. If Pratibha ch
ecked drawers 1,
2 and 3, and didn’
t find the paper s
he
was looking for,
what is the proba
bility that the pap
er will be found in
one of the remaini
ng 5 drawers?
3. If Pratibha ch
ecked drawers 1
–7 and didn’t find
the paper she wa
s
looking for, what
is the probability
that the paper wil
l be found in the
last drawer?
12/04/18
(b) Complete the table given
below.
dice marks
Two dice are rolled together,
using the above table find the
probability of—
(i) sum of digits to be more t
han 6.
(ii) sum of digits to be less t
han 3.
(iii) sum of digits to be eithe
r 5 or 6.
(iv) sum of digits to be 12.
(v) sum of digits to be less t
han 9 but more than 5.
3 DATA COLLECTION
Read the paragraph given bel
ow and complete the tables g
iven.
All of us have some conce
pt of statistics because ma
gazines,
newspapers, radio and TV a
dvertisements are full of stat
istics or
numerical data. Existence o
f the practice of collecting n
umerical
data in ancient India is evide
nt from the fact that during t
he reign
of Chandragupta Maurya, th
ere was a good system of c
ollecting
such data especially with r
egard to births and deaths.
During
Akbar’s reign, Raja Todarm
al, the Land and Revenue
Minister,
maintained good records of l
and and agricultural statistic
s. In Ain-
i-Akbari written by Abul
Fazal, a detailed accoun
t of the
administrative and statistical
surveys conducted during th
at period
can be found.
12/04/18
From the paragra
ph given on the pr
evious page prepa
re the frequency
table of all the lett
ers of the English
alphabet and ans
wer the questions
that follow.
1. Frequency ta
ble for each letter
of the alphabet.
(a) Which is the
least frequently o
ccuring letter?
(b) Which vowel
is most commonl
y used?
(c) Which conso
nant is most com
monly used?
(d) Find the rati
o of vowels to tha
t of consonants.
2. Frequecy tabl
e for words with t
wo or more letter
s.
Number of word
s with Tally m
arks Frequenc
y
(a) How many t
wo letter words a
re used in the par
agraph?
(b) How many w
ords are used in
all?
(c) How many w
ords have five lett
ers or more?
(d) What is the r
atio of three letter
words and five let
ter words?
4 Fun Activity
Take a packet w
hich has differen
t colours of toffe
es/candies in it.
Count the numb
er of toffees of e
ach colour and fil
l the data in the
table given below
. Also draw a pie
chart to depict th
e data.
12/04/18
Colour of candies Number
Fraction Fraction of 3
60°
5 Conducting Survey
Conduct a class survey to kn
ow the favourite T.V. channel
s and note
the responses in the followin
g table.
Number Fraction of Estimated per
cent Caculated per cent
of Votes Total Votes
How accurate is your estimat
ion?
Now, take a strip of thick ch
art paper, 1 cm wide and di
vide it into
equal-sized rectangles – one f
or each student of your class.
The entire
strip represents your whole
class, or 100% of the votes.
On your
strip, colour groups of rectan
gles according to the numbe
r of votes
each choice received. Use
a different colour for each c
hoice. For
example, if 5 students voted
for movie, colour the first 5 r
ectangles
blue. If 7 choose cartoon, co
lour the next 7 rectangle gre
en. When
you are finished, all the recta
ngles should be coloured.
movie cartoon
Now create a circle graph as
shown below.
– Tape the end Mo
s of your strip to vie
gether,
with no overlap, to form a lo
op with
the coloured rectangles insid
e.
ape four copies of the quarte
r-circle
template together to form a ci
rcle.
12/04/18
– Pla
ce you M
r abov o
e loop
around
the
circle. On the ed
ge of the circle,
mark
where each colou
r begins and end
s.
– Remove the l
oop, and use a r
uler to
connect each m
ark you made to
the
centre of the circl
e.
– Colour the s
ections of your
graph.
Label each secti
on with the chan
nels
name and the fr
action of votes t
hat
channel received
. For example, y
our
circle graph kno
wn as pie chart
might
look like this.
Circle graphs in b
ooks, magazines,
and
newspapers are
often labeled with
per
cents. Add per c
ent labels to your
pie
chart.
6 Marble Game
Pramod is babys
itting his little sis
ter Monika and h
er two friends,
Puja and Jyoti.
Monika is weari
ng red, Puja is w
earing blue and
Jyoti is wearing g
reen coloured clo
thes.
Pramod fills a bu
cket with 12 red
(R) marbles, 8 bl
ue (B) marbles
and 4 green (G)
marbles. He tell
s the girls that t
hey will play a
game. He will rea
ch into the bucket
and pull out a mar
ble at random.
The girl whose c
lothes match the
colour of the ma
rble scores 1
point.
12/04/18
a. What is the probability of
each girl scoring 1 point on t
he first
draw?
Monika :
Puja :
Jyoti :
b. What is the probability of
not drawing a green marble
on the
first draw?
c. If two marbles of each co
lour are added to the bucket,
do the
probabilities in part (a) chan
ge? Explain your answer.
d. If the number of each col
our is doubled, do the probab
ilities in
part (a) change? Explain wh
y or why not.
7 Crossword Puzzle
Solve the crossword (given
on the next page) and then f
ill up the
given boxes. Clues are given
below for across as well as do
wnward
filling. Also, for across and d
own clues, due number is w
ritten at
the corner of the boxes. Ans
wer of clues have to be filled
in their
respective boxes.
Across
1. Another name for a circle
graph is ____________.
5. Class width of the interval
10-15 is ____________.
7. Difference of highest an
d lowest observations in a gi
ven data is
called ____________.
8. Each outcome or a collecti
on of outcomes in an experim
ent is known
as ____________.
9. Pie chart represents the co
mparison of parts to a ______
______.
10. Probability of sun rising i
n the east is ____________.
12. Probability of getting a
head or a tail on tossing a
coin once is
____________.
12/04/18
Down
2. Representatio
n of grouped data
graphically is calle
d ____________.
3. Unorganised
and ungrouped d
ata are called ___
_________.
4. Difference
between upper
and lower clas
s limit is known
as
____________.
6. The number
of times a partic
ular observation
occurs in the giv
en
data is called ____
________.
11. If today is S
aturday, then the
probability of two
days after tomorr
ow
being a Monday is
____________.
12/04/18
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
70 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-2
Rough Wor
k
71
DATA HANDLING
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
72 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• A n o
atural
numbe
r is call
ed a p
erfect
squar
e
some natural num
ber.
i.e., if m = n , then
m is a perfect squar
e where m and n ar
e natural
numbers.
• A natural numb
er is called a perfe
ct cube
natural number.
i.e., if m = n , the
n m is a perfect cu
be where m and n
are natural
numbers.
• Number obtain
ed when a numbe
r is multiplied by it
self is called
the square of the n
umber.
• Number obtaine
d when a number i
s multiplied by itsel
f three times
are called cube nu
mber
• Squares and cu
bes of even numbe
rs are even.
• Squares and cu
bes of odd number
s are odd.
• A perfect square
can always be expr
essed as the produ
ct of pairs of
prime factors.
• A perfect cube c
an always be expr
essed as the prod
uct of triplets
of prime factors.
12/04/18
• The unit digit of a perfect s
quare can be only 0, 1, 4, 5,
6 or 9.
• The square of a number h
aving:
1 or 9 at the units place end
s in1.
2 or 8 at the units place end
s in 4.
3 or 7 at the units place end
s in 9.
4 or 6 at the units place end
s in 6.
5 at the units place ends in 5
.
• There are 2n natural numb
ers between the squares of n
umbers n
and n+1.
• A number ending in odd nu
mbers of zeroes is not a perfe
ct square.
• The sum of first n odd nat
ural numbers is given by n .
• Three natural numbers a
, b, c are said to form a pyt
hagorean
triplet if a + b = c .
• For every natural number
m > 1, 2m, m –1 and m +
1 form a
pythagorean triplet.
• The square root of a numb
er x is the number whose sq
uare is x.
Positive square root of
umber x is denoted by x.
• The cube root of a number
x is the number whose cube
is x. It is
denoted by 3
x .
• Square root and cube root
are the inverse operations of
squares
and cubes respectively.
will h
ave
• If a perfect square is of
igits, then its square root
n 2
digit if n is even
or
• Cubes of the numbers en
ding with the digits 0, 1, 4, 5
, 6 and 9
end with digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 a
nd 9 respectively.
Describe what is meant by
a perfect square. Give an exa
mple.
Explain how many square
roots a positive number can h
ave. How are
these square roots different?
12/04/18
The squ
are roots of 16 are
4 and – 4 because
4 = 16 and (– 4)
=
If m =
n, then m is a squ
are root of n.
Which type of
number has an ex
act square root?
Which type of
number has an ap
proximate square
root?
How can
?
use perfect squa
res to estimate
square root, suc
h as
• Cube of the n
umber ending in
2 ends in 8 and
cube root of the
number ending i
n 8 ends in 2.
• Cube of the n
umber ending in
3 ends in 7 and
cube root of the
number ending i
n 7 ends in 3.
In examples 1 t
o 7, out of given
four choices onl
y one is correct.
Write
the correct answ
er.
Example 1 : W
hich of the followi
ng is the square
of an odd numbe
r?
(a)
256 (b (c) (d)
) 400
3 4
6 4
1
Soluti
on : Correct a
nswer is (b)
.
Exam
ple : Which of th
e following wil
l have 1 at its
units place?
(a)2 2 2 2
Soluti
on : Correct a
nswer is (a)
.
Example 3 : H
ow many natural
numbers lie betw
een 18 and 19
?
(a)
30 (d)
36
Soluti
on : Correct a
nswer is (d)
.
12/04/18
Exampl
: Which of the followin
e 4 g is not a perfect squar
e?
(a) 36
1 (b) (c) 1128 (
156 d) 1681
Solution
: Correct answer is
(c).
Example 5 : A perfect squ
are can never have the follo
wing digit at
ones place.
(a) 1
(b) (c) (d) 3
6 5
Solution
: Correct answer is
(d).
(176+ = + =
=
Example 5625=75, the0.5625 is:
: Given thatalue of 56.25
(a) 82.
5 (b) (c) (d) 75.0
.75 25 5
Solution
: Correct answer is
(c).
If 5625
= 75, 0.5625
= 0.7556.25
= 7.5)
en nd
In examples 8 to 14, fill in t
he blanks to make the stat
ements true.
Exampl
e 8 : There are __________
perfect squares between
1 and 50.
Solution
: 6
Example 9 : The cube of 10
0 will have __________ zeroe
s.
Solution
: 6
Example 10 : The square of 6.
1 is ____________.
Solution
: 37.21
Squaring a number and ta
king a square root are invers
e operations.
What other inverse operations
do you know?
When the factors of a perfe
ct square are written in order fr
om the least
to greatest, what do you notice
?
Why do you think numbe
rs such as 4, 9, 16, ... are ca
lled perfect
squares?
Suppose you list the facto
rs of a perfect square. Why i
s one factor
square root and not the other f
actors?
12/04/18
Example 11 : The
cube of 0.3 is ___
_________.
Solution
: 0.027
here are some wa
ys to tell whether
a number is a squ
are number.
If we can find a d
ivision sentence
for a number so t
hat the quotient i
s
equal to the divis
or, the number is
a square number.
For example, 16 ÷
4 = 4, so 16 is a s
quare number.
dividend
divisor quotient
can also use f
actoring.
Factors of a num
ber occur in pairs
.
These are the dim
ensions of a recta
ngle.
and 16 are factors of
16
16 unit
2 2 and 8
factors
is of 16
unit
unit
twice.
unit
ctors:
Sixteen 1, 2, 4,
has 5 fa 8, 16
urs twi
ce
A factor
that occ
Since there
is only w
is an oddritten on
umber of ce in the
ctors,
one li
rect st
angl o
e is f
a sq f
uare a
. ct
o
r
s.
The square has si
de length of 4 unit
s.
We say that 4 is a
square root of 16.
We write 4
16
When a number h
as an odd numbe
r of factors, it is a
square number.
Discuss .
ether 9.5 is a
od first guess
r
Determine whi
ch square root or
roots would have
7.5 as a good firs
t
guess.
12/04/18
Example 12 : 68 will have _
_________ at the units place.
Solution
: 4
Example 13 : The positive s
quare root of a number x is d
enoted by
__________.
Solution : x
Example 14 : The least num
ber to be multiplied with 9 to
make it a
perfect cube is _____________
__.
Solution
: 3
In examples 15 to 19, state w
hether the statements are tru
e (T) or false (F)
Example 15 : The square of
0.4 is 0.16.
Solution : True
Example 16 : The cube root
of 729 is 8.
Solution
: False
Example 17 : There are 21 n
atural numbers between 10
and 11 .
Solution:
False
Example 18 : The sum of fir
st 7 odd natural numbers is
49.
Solution : True
Example 19 : The square roo
t of a perfect square of n digit
s will have
n
2 digits if n is even.
Solution : True
Example 20 : Express 36 as
a sum of successive odd natu
ral numbers.
Solution
: 1+3+5+7+9+11 =
36
A rectangle is a quadrilateral
with 4 right angles.
A square also has 4 right angl
es.
A rectangle with base 4 1c
cm and height 1cm is t m
he same as
a rectangle with base 1cm and
height 4 cm.
These two rectangles are congr
uent.
Is every square a rectangle?
Is every rectangle a square?
12/04/18
Copy this diagra
m on grid paper.
Then estim
to one de
ate the cimal plac
ue of e.
Example 21 : C
heck whether 90
is a perfect squa
re or not by usin
g
prime factorisati
on.
Soluti
on : Prime fact
orisation of
90 is
2
90
3
45
3
15
5
5
1
90 = 2 × 3 × 3 ×
5
The prime factors
2 and 5 do not oc
cur in pairs. There
fore,
90 is not a perfec
t square.
Example 22 : C
heck whether 17
28 is a perfect c
ube by using pri
me
factorisation.
Solut
ion : Prime fact
orisation of
1728 is
1728
2 × 2 × 3 × 3 ×
× 2 × 3
Since all prime
factors can be
grouped in tripl
ets.
Therefore, 1728 i
s a perfect cube.
Apply
Use square tiles.
Make as many di
fferent rectangles
as you can with a
rea 28 square uni
ts.
Draw your rectan
gles on grid paper
.
Is 28 a perfect sq
uare? Justify your
answer.
12/04/18
Example 23 : Using distribut
ive law, find the square of 43
.
Solution
: 43 = 40 + 3
So 43 = (40 + 3) = (40 + 3) (4
0 + 3) = 40 (40 +3) + 3(40 + 3)
= 40 × 40 + 40 × 3 + 3 × 4
0 + 3 × 3
= 1600 + 240 + 9
= 1849
So, 43 = 1849
Example 24 : Write a pythag
orean triplet whose smallest
number is 6.
Solution
: Smallest number i
s 6
2m = 6 or m = 3
m + 1 = 3 + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10
m – 1 = 3 – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8
So, the pythagorean triplet is
6, 8, 10.
:
25 is the square number
closest to 20, but greater than
20.
On grid paper, draw a square
with
area 25.
Its side length:
25 = 5
9
20, but le
ss than 2 4
0.
Draw a square with area 16
Its side length:
16 = 4
Draw the squares so that they
overlap.
A square with area 20 lies bet
ween these two squares.
Its side length
20 .
20 is between 16 and 25, but cl
oser to 16.
So,
20 is between
16 and25 , but
closer to
16 .
So, 20
is between 4 and 5, but
closer to 4.
An estimate
of is 4.4 to one decim
20
al place.
12/04/18
A couple wants t
o install a squar
e glass window t
hat has
an area of 500 sq
uare cm. Calculat
e the length of ea
ch side
and the length of
trim needed to th
e nearest tenth o
f cm.
Understand the
problem
First find the lengt
h of a side. Then
you can use the l
ength of the
side to find the peri
meter – the length
of the trim around t
he window.
Make a Plan
The length of a si
de, in cm, is the
number that you
multiply by
itself to get 500.
Find this number
to the nearest ten
th.
Use guess 500.
check to find
Solve
Because 5000 is b
etween 22 (484)
and 23 (529), the
square root
of 500 is between
22 and 23.
The square root is
between 22.3 and
22.4. To round to
the nearest tenth,
consider 22.35.
22.35 = 499.5225
low
2
2
The square root
must be
1
can round up.
To the22.1 22.2 22
neare.3 22.4 22.
5 22.6 22.7
st tent 22.8
h,
500
2
.
500
Now estimate the
length around the
window. The leng
th of a side of the
window to the ne
arest tenth of an i
nch is 22.4 inche
s.
4 × 22.4
= 89.6 (Perimeter
= 4 × side
)
The trim is about
89.6 cm long.
Look Back
The length 90 cm
divided by 4 is 22.
5 cm. A 22.5 cm s
quare has an
area of 506 squar
e cm, which is clo
se to 500, so the
answers are
reasonable.
12/04/18
Example 25 : Using prime fa
ctorisation, find the cube root
of 5832.
Solutio: The prime factorisat
n ion of 5832 is
3 3
5832 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 ×
3 × 3 × 3 × 3
Therefore
3
5832 3 × × × × × × ×
, ×
= 2 × 3 × 3
= 18
Take It Further
a) Find the square root of ea
ch palindromic number.
A palindromic number is a nu
mber that reads the same – for
ward and
backward.
(i) 121
(ii) 12321
(iii) 1 234321
(iv) 123454321
b) Continue the pattern.
Write the next 4 palindromic n
umbers in the pattern and thei
r square
roots.
Is 1 a square number? Ho
w can you tell?
Suppose you know the area
of a square. How can you find it
s perimeter?
Suppose you know the peri
meter of a square. How can you
find its area?
12/04/18
Example 26 : E
valuate the squ
are root of 22.0
9 by long divisi
on
method.
Solution
: 4.7
4
22.09
16
87
609
609
= 4.7
Ther
22.09
0 efor
e,
Example 27 : Fin
d the smallest per
fect square divisi
ble by 3, 4, 5 and
6.
Sol
utio: The least n
n umber divisib
le by 3, 4, 5
and 6 is their
LCM.
The LCM of 3, 4,
5 and 6 is 60. No
w, 60 = 2 × 2 × 5
× 3.
We see that pri
me factors 5 an
d 3 are not in p
airs.
Therefore 60 is
not a perfect squ
are. So, 60 shou
ld be
multiplied by 5 ×
3 = 15 to get a p
erfect square.
Thus, the require
d least square nu
mber = 60 × 15 =
900.
Example 28 A
: A ladder
10m long
ests
against l
a vertica
wall. If t
he lad
de
foot of th r
e ladder
is 6m aw
ay
from t 1
he wa
ll and
the la
dder
just reaches th
e top of the
wall, how high is
the wall?
Sol
utio: C
n L
e
t
A
C
b
e
t
h
e
l
a
d
d
e
r.
Therefore, AC =
10m
Let BC be the di
stance between
the foot of the la
dder
and the wall.
Therefore,BC = 6
m
∆ABC forms a ri
ght angled triang
le, right angled a
t B.
By Pythagoras th
eorem,
AC = AB +2
102
= AB + 6
or
AB = 10
–6 = 100
– 36 = 64
AB
or 64
= 8m
Hence, the wall i
s 8m high.
12/04/18
Example 29 : Find the le
ngth of a diagonal of a re
ctangle with
dimensions 20m by 15m.
Solution : Using Pythagor
as theorem, we have
Length of diagonal of the rect
angle
=
l b
= (20 +15 ) m
= + m
= 625 m
= 25 m
Hence, the length of diagonal
is 25m.
Work with a partner.
You will need grid paper and 2
0 square tiles.
Use the tiles to make as man
y different rectangles as you c
an with each
area.
4 square uni 12 square un
ts its
6 square uni 16 square un
ts its
8 square uni 20 square un
ts its
9 square units
Draw the rectangles on grid p
aper.
how many areas given abov
e were you able to make a s
quare?
What is the side length of
each square you made?
How is the
e length of a square related to
its area?
Compare your strategies an
d results with those of ano
ther pair of
classmates.
Find two areas greater than 2
0 square units for which you c
ould use tiles
to make a square.
How do you know you could m
ake a square for each of these
areas?
12/04/18
Example 30 : Th
e area of a recta
ngular field whos
e length is twice i
ts
breadth is 2450
m . Find the peri
meter of the field.
Sol
utio: Let the bre
n adth of the fi
eld be x metr
es. Then len
gth of
the field is 2x me
tres.
Therefore, area of
the rectangular fie
ld = length × brea
dth
= (2x)(2
(2x ) m
Given that area i
s 2450 m .
Therefore, 2x =
2450
2450
x =
2
x =1225
or x = 35
m
Hence, breadth =
35m and length
35 × 2 = 70m
Perimeter of the f
ield = 2 (l + b)
= 2(70+35)m
= 2×105m = 210
m
Example 31 : D
uring a mass drill
exercise, 6250 st
udents of differe
nt
schools are arra
nged in rows su
ch that the num
ber of
students in each
row is equal to th
e number of row
s. In
doing so, the inst
ructor finds out t
hat 9 children ar
e left
out. Find the num
ber of children in
each row of the sq
uare.
Solut
ion : Total num
ber of stude
nts = 6250
Number of stude
nts forming a squ
are = 6250 – 9
= 6241
Thus, 6241 stude
nts form a big squ
are which has nu
mber
of rows equal to t
he number of stu
dents in each ro
w.
Let the number
of students in ea
ch row be x, the
n the
number of rows
= x
Theref x × x =
ore, 6241
o = 79
6241
r
Hence, there are
79 students in ea
ch row of the squ
are
formed.
12/04/18
Example 32 : Find the least
number that must be added t
o 1500 so as
to get a perfect square. Also
find the square root of the
perfect square.
Solution : 38
3
68
We observe that 38 < 1500
2
< 39
Hence the number to be adde
d = 39 – 1500
= 1521 – 1500
= 21
Therefore, the perfect squ
are is 1500 + 21 = 1521
1521
= 39
Hence the required number i
s 21 and the square root is 3
9.
Tsunamis, sometimes called
tidal waves,
move across deep oceans at hig
h speeds with
barely a ripple on the water
surface. It is
only when tsunamis hit shall
ow water that
their energy moves them upwa
rd into a huge
destructive force.
The speed of a tsunami,
in metre per
second, can be found by the f
ormula r =
Tsunamis can b
, where d is e caused by
9.7344
d e water depth earthquake
s, volcanoe
s,
in metre. Suppos landslides, or
e the water dept meteorites.
h is
6400m . How fast is the
tsunami moving?
The speed of a tsunami in
km per hour can
e found
As the wave
using r 4.4944
whereapproaches th
e
d is the water beach, it slow
epth in s,
metre. Suppose builds in heig
e water ht
depth is 810 and crashes o
0 metre n
sh
ore
a) How fast is the tsunami
moving in km per hour?
b) How long would it take
a tsunami to travel
3000 km if the water depth wa
s a consistent 3000 m?
12/04/18
Example 33 : A
pplication of pro
blem solving str
ategies
• Find the small
est number by
which 1620 mu
st be
divided to get a p
erfect square.
Solution : U
nderstand and E
xplore
• What informati
on is given in the
question? – A nu
mber
which is not a pe
rfect square.
• What are you t
rying to find? –
The smallest nu
mber
by which 1620 m
ust be divided to
get a perfect squ
are.
Plan a strategy
• You have alrea
dy learnt prime f
actorisation. Use
it to
find the product
of prime factors
of 1620.
• Pair the prime f
actors to see if an
y factor is left unp
aired.
• This unpaired f
actor will be the
smallest number
that
must be divided t
o get a perfect sq
uare.
Solve
Prime factorisati
on of 1620 is
2 1620
2 810
5 405
3 81
3 27
3 9
3 3
1
The product of pr
ime factors = 2 ×
2 × 5 × 3 × 3 × 3
× 3
Pair these prime
factors = 2 ×
2 × 5 × 3 × 3 × 3
× 3
The factor 5 is le
ft unpaired.
Hence, the requir
ed smallest num
ber is 5.
Revise
Divide 1620 by 5
and check if it is
a perfect square.
1620 ÷ 5 = 324
We see that 324 i
s a perfect squar
e, hence our ans
wer is
verified.
12/04/18
1. Find the square root of th
e number obtained in step IV
.
2. Can you find the smallest
number that can be multiplie
d to 1620
to get a perfect square?
3. Find the square root.
In each of the questions,
1 to 24, write the correct a
nswer from the
given four options.
1. 196 is the square of
(a)
11 ( ( (d)
b c 16
) )
1 1
2 4
2. Which of the following is
a square of an even number?
(a)
144 (b (c (d)
) ) 625
16 44
9 1
3. A number ending in 9 will
have the units place of its sq
uare as
(a)
3 ( ( (d)
6
A magic square is a square wit
h numbers
arranged so that the sum of th
e numbers
in each row, column and diag
onal is the
same.
Complete each magic square b
elow.
Use the numbers –4, – 3, –2, –
1, 0, 1, 2,
3 and 4 to make a magic sq
uare with
row, column and diagonal sum
s of 0.
12/04/18
4. Which of the
following will hav
e 4 at the units pl
ace?
(a)
2 2 2 2
4
5. How many na
tural numbers lie
between 5 and
6 ?
(
a (d
) )
1
9 2
6. Which of the f
ollowing cannot b
e a perfect squar
e?
(a)
841 ( (c)
b 198
)
5
2
9
(d) All of the abo
ve
7. The one’s dig
it of the cube of 2
3 is
( )
a
) 3
6
(
d
8. A square boa
rd has an area of
144 square units
. How long is eac
h
side of the bo
ard?
(a)
11 (b) (c) (d)
nits 12 13 14 u
uni uni nits
ts ts
9. Which on a n
tter best umber li
resents thene?
ocation of
(
a (
) d
)
A
D
A B C D
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7
10.
If one member
of a pythagore
an triplet is 2m
, then the othe
r two
members are
(a) m, m +1
(b) m +1, m –1
(c) m , m –1
(d) m , m+1
11. The sum of
successive odd n
umbers 1, 3, 5, 7
, 9, 11, 13 and 1
5 is
(a
) (d
8 )
1 3
6
12. The sum of
first n odd natura
l numbers is
n
(b)
n ( +1
2 2
c
)
13. Which of th
e following numb
ers is a perfect c
ube?
(a)
2 (d)
43 8
64
0
14. The hypote
nuse of a right tri
angle with its leg
s of lengths 3x ×
4x is
(a 16
) x
5
x
(d
)
15. The next tw
o numbers in the
number pattern 1
, 4, 9, 16, 25 ... a
re
(a)
35, (d)
48 35,
49
12/04/18
16. Which among 43 , 67 ,
52 , 59 would end with digit
1?
(a) 2 2 2 2
17. A perfect square can ne
ver have the following digit in
its ones place.
(a)
1 ( ( (d)
6
18. Which of the following n
umbers is not a perfect cube
?
(a)
216 (b (c (d)
) ) 343
56 12
7 5
19. 3
1000 is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 1
00
(d) None of these
20.
If m is the square of a nat
ural number n, then n is
(a) the square of m
(b) greater than m
(c) equal to m
(d) m
21. A perfect square numb
er having n digits where n is
even will have
square root with
n
(a) n+1 digi digi digit
digit t t
22.If m is the cube root of n,
then n is
m
(a) 3 m
m
3
248+ + is
23. The value
of
(a) ( ( (d)
14 b c 13
) )
1 1
2 6
24. Give = 64, the4096 is
4096
n that alue of 40.96
In questions 25 to 48, fill in
the blanks to make the stat
ements true.
25. There are _________ per
fect squares between 1 and 10
0.
26. There are _________ per
fect cubes between 1 and 100
0.
27. The units digit in the squ
are of 1294 is _________.
12/04/18
28. The square o
f 500 will have __
_______ zeroes.
29. There are
2
_______ natural
numbers between
n and (n + 1)
30. The square r
oot of 24025 will
have _________
digits.
31. The square o
f 5.5 is _________
.
32. The square r
oot of 5.3 × 5.3 is
_________.
33. The cube of
100 will have ___
______ zeroes.
34. 1m = ______
___ cm .
35. 1m = ______
___ cm .
36. Ones digit in
the cube of 38 is
_________.
37. The square o
f 0.7 is _________
.
38. The sum of f
irst six odd natur
al numbers is __
_______.
39. The digit at t
he ones place of 5
7 is _________.
40. The sides of
a right triangle wh
ose hypotenuse is
17cm are ______
___
and _________.
= ________
41. 1.96
_.
42. (1.2) = ____
_____.
43. The cube of
an odd number is
always an _____
____ number.
44. The cube ro
ot of a number x i
s denoted by ____
_____.
45. The least n
umber by which
125 be multiplie
d to make it a pe
rfect
square is _______
______.
46. The least n
umber by which
72 be multiplied
to make it a perf
ect
cube is _________
____.
47. The least n
umber by which
72 be divided to
make it a perfect
cube
is _____________.
48. Cube of a nu
mber ending in 7
will end in the digi
t _____________
__.
In questions 49 to
86, state whether
the statements ar
e true (T) or false
(F).
49. The square
of 86 will have 6
at the units place
.
50. The sum of t
wo perfect squar
es is a perfect sq
uare.
51. The product
of two perfect sq
uares is a perfect
square.
52. There is no
square number b
etween 50 and 6
0.
12/04/18
53. The square root of 1521
is 31.
54. Each prime factor appe
ars 3 times in its cube.
55. The square of 2.8 is 78.
4.
56. The cube of 0.4 is 0.064
.
57. The square root of 0.9 is
0.3.
58. The square of every natu
ral number is always greater t
han the number
itself.
59. The cube root of 8000 is
200.
60. There are five perfect cu
bes between 1 and 100.
61. There are 200 natural n
umbers between 100 and 1
01 .
62. The sum of first n odd n
atural numbers is n .
63. 1000 is a perfect square
.
64. A perfect square can ha
ve 8 as its units digit.
65. For every natural num
ber m, (2m –1, 2m –2m, 2m
–2m + 1) is a
pythagorean triplet.
66. All numbers of a pythag
orean triplet are odd.
67. For an integer a, a is al
ways greater than a .
68.If x and y are integers suc
h that x > y , then x > y
.
69. Let x and y be natural n
umbers. If x divides y, then x
divides y .
70. If a ends in 5, then a
ends in 25.
71. If a ends in 9, then a
ends in 7.
72. The square root
a perfect square of n
its will have
i
f
n
i
s
o
d
d
.
x.
73. Square root of a num
ber x is denoted by
74. A number having 7 at its
ones place will have 3 at the
units place of
its square.
What’s the Error? A student
said that since the square root
s of a certain
number are 1.5 and –1.5, the
number must be their product,
–2.25. What
error did the student make?
12/04/18
75. A number h
aving 7 at its one
s place will have
3 at the ones pla
ce of
its cube.
76. The cube of
a one digit numb
er cannot be a tw
o digit number.
77. Cube of an
even number is o
dd.
78. Cube of an
odd number is ev
en.
79. Cube of an
even number is e
ven.
80. Cube of an
odd number is od
d.
81. 999 is a perf
ect cube.
82. 363 × 81 is
a perfect cube.
83. Cube roots
of 8 are +2 and –
2.
84.8 =3 3 .
85. There is no
cube root of a ne
gative integer.
86. Square of a
number is positiv
e, so the cube of
that number will
also
be positive.
Solve the followi
ng questions.
87. Write the fir
st five square nu
mbers.
88. Write cubes
of first three multi
ples of 3.
89. Show that 5
00 is not a perfec
t square.
90. Express 81
as the sum of firs
t nine consecutiv
e odd numbers.
91. Using prim
e factorisation, fi
nd which of the f
ollowing are per
fect
squares.
( (d)
a 7
) 29
4
8
4
92. Using prim
e factorisation, fi
nd which of the f
ollowing are per
fect
cubes.
( (d)
a 1
) 33
1 1
2
8
93. Using distri
butive law, find t
he squares of
(a)10 (b) 7
1 2
94. Can a right t
riangle with sides
6cm, 10cm and 8
cm be formed? G
ive
reason.
95. Write the Py
thagorean triplet
whose one of the
numbers is 4.
12/04/18
96. Using prime factorisatio
n, find the square roots of
(a)11025 (b) 4761
97. Using prime factorisatio
n, find the cube roots of
(a)512 (b) 2197
98. Is 176 a perfect square?
If not, find the smallest numb
er by which it
should be multiplied to get a
perfect square.
99. Is 9720 a perfect cube?
If not, find the smallest num
ber by which it
should be divided to get a pe
rfect cube.
100. Write two Pythagorean
triplets each having one of th
e numbers as 5.
101. By what smallest numb
er should 216 be divided so t
hat the quotient
is a perfect square. Also find
the square root of the quotie
nt.
102. By what smallest nu
mber should 3600 be multi
plied so that the
quotient is a perfect cube. Al
so find the cube root of the q
uotient.
103. Find the square root of
the following by long division
method.
(a)1369 (b) 5625
104. Find the square root of
the following by long division
method.
(a)27.04 (b) 1.44
105. What is the least numb
er that should be subtracted f
rom 1385 to get
a perfect square? Also find th
e square root of the perfect s
quare.
106. What is the least numb
er that should be added to 62
00 to make it a
perfect square?
107. Find the least number
of four digits that is a perfect
square.
108. Find the greatest num
ber of three digits that is a pe
rfect square.
109. Find the least square
number which is exactly divi
sible by 3, 4, 5, 6
and 8.
110. Find the length of the
side of a square if the length
of its diagonal is
10cm.
111. A decimal number is
multiplied by itself. If the pro
duct is 51.84, find
the number.
112. Find the decimal fracti
on which when multiplied by i
tself gives 84.64.
12/04/18
113. A farmer w
ants to plough hi
s square field of
side 150m. How
much
area will he have
to plough?
114. What will
be the number o
f unit squares on
each side of a s
quare
graph paper if th
e total number of
unit squares is 2
56?
115. If one side
of a cube is 15m
in length, find its
volume.
116. The dime
nsions of a recta
ngular field are
80m and 18m. F
ind the
length of its diag
onal.
117. Find the ar
ea of a square fie
ld if its perimeter
is 96m.
118. Find the le
ngth of each side
of a cube if its vol
ume is 512 cm .
119. Three nu
mbers are in the
ratio 1:2:3 and t
he sum of their c
ubes is
4500. Find the n
umbers.
120. How many
square metres of
carpet will be req
uired for a square
room
of side 6.5m to b
e carpeted.
121. Find the sid
e of a square who
se area is equal to
the area of a recta
ngle
with sides 6.4m
and 2.5m.
122. Difference
of two perfect cu
bes is 189. If the
cube root of the s
maller
of the two numb
ers is 3, find the
cube root of the l
arger number.
123. Find the n
umber of plants i
n each row if 10
24 plants are arr
anged
so that number of
plants in a row is
the same as the
number of rows.
124. A hall has
a capacity of 270
4 seats. If the nu
mber of rows is e
qual to
the number of s
eats in each row
, then find the n
umber of seats i
n
each row.
125. A General
wishes to draw up
his 7500 soldiers i
n the form of a sq
uare.
After arranging,
he found out tha
t some of them
are left out. How
many soldiers we
re left out?
126. 8649 stud
ents were sitting
in a lecture room
in such a manne
r that
there were as m
any students in t
he row as there
were rows in the
lecture room. How
many students we
re there in each r
ow of the lecture
room?
127. Rahul wal
ks 12m north fro
m his house and
turns west to wal
k 35m
to reach his frie
nd’s house. Whi
le returning, he
walks diagonally
from his friend’s
house to reach b
ack to his house
. What distance
did he walk whil
e returning?
12/04/18
128. A 5.5m long ladder is l
eaned against a wall. The lad
der reaches the
wall to a height of 4.4m. Find
the distance between the wal
l and the
foot of the ladder.
129. A king wanted to rewar
d his advisor, a wise man of t
he kingdom. So
he asked the wiseman to nam
e his own reward. The wisema
n thanked
the king but said that he wo
uld ask only for some gold c
oins each
day for a month. The coins w
ere to be counted out in a patt
ern of one
coin for the first day, 3 coins f
or the second day, 5 coins fo
r the third
day and so on for 30 days.
Without making calculations
, find how
many coins will the advisor g
et in that month?
130. Find three numbers in
the ratio 2:3:5, the sum of w
hose squares is
608.
131. Find the smallest squar
e number divisible by each on
e of the numbers
8, 9 and 10.
101 m . Find the l
132. The area
of a square 400ength of one si
is de
of the plot.
133. Find the square root of
324 by the method of repeat
ed subtraction.
134. Three numbers are i
n the ratio 2:3:4. The sum
of their cubes is
0.334125. Find the numbers
.
135. Evaluate :
27 + +
136. 5 + 12
137.
138. A perfect square numb
er has four digits, none of wh
ich is zero. The
digits from left to right have v
alues that are: even, even, o
dd, even.
Find the number.
139. Put three different nu
mbers in the circles so that
when you add the numbers
at the end of each line
you always get a perfect squa
re.
12/04/18
140. The perim
eters of two squ
ares are 40 and
96 metres respe
ctively.
Find the perimete
r of another squa
re equal in area t
o the sum of the
first two squares.
141. A three dig
it perfect square
is such that if it is
viewed upside d
own,
the number seen
is also a perfect s
quare. What is th
e number?
(Hint: The digits 1
, 0 and 8 stay the
same when view
ed upside down,
whereas 9 becom
es 6 and 6 becom
es 9.)
142. 13 and 31
is a strange pair
of numbers such
that their square
s 169
and 961 are also
mirror images of
each other. Can
you find two othe
r
such pairs?
1. Quick Trick
s.
Let me Alrigh
teach y t Geet
ou a.
a tric
k, Kara
n.
Pick a
ny 2-
digit
numb
er en 4
ding 5
in 5.
Take th Tens pa
e tens rt of 45 i
art s 4.
of the n Its succ
umber essor is
and 5,
so 4
multiply × 5 = 20
.
it with
its su
ccessor
.
Now p Square
refix th of 5 is 2
is 5, so
numb number
er to t obtaine
he d
is
square 2025.
of 5.
12/04/18
MATHEMATICS
98 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-3
Good.
Check The squ
it by are is c
orrect.
actual
multipl
ication
.
Friends,
you can
lso
try this
ck for 42
5 or
705 or Geeta, n
y other ow let m
digit e
number teach
ending you one
5.
You trick.
ll definitel
y
enjoy
t.
1
trick
Su n help
re you
nd
cube
ot
of
y 4,
r 6-digit
perfect
cube
ally.
do
we
have to
do
for it?
Alright.
But what
Pick an
y 4, 5 or
6
digit per
fect cub
e.
From th
e right p
911 ut a
25
comma
after 3
digits.
See the d
91, igit at the
125 units
place
and find t
he
units pla
ce of its c
ube.
SQUARE-SQUARE ROOT
AND CUBE-CUBE
ROOT
MATHEMATICS
Digit at u Good! This nu
nits mber is
place is 5 an the digit at uni
d digit ts place
at ones pla of the cube ro
ce of ot. Now
its cub see the digits
e before
is also the com
5. ma.
Ascertain w
hich
91 number's cu
be is
less than t
his
number.
The cube of Absolutely. This
4 is is the
64 which is digit at the tens
ess place
than 91. of the cube r
oot.
So it me You are r
ans ight.
that the c
ube
root is
45.
Friends, you
can
Fascinati also try the sa
ng! me for
13824, 2197, 5
0653 or
any other perfe
ct cube
of 4, 5
or 6 digit.
Bye for now!
100 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
2. Cross Numb
er Puzzle
Down
1. Cube of 9.
2. Missing num
ber to make 12,
____, 37, a pytha
gorean triplet.
4. Smallest nu
mber by which 2
48 be multiplied t
o make the resul
tant
a perfect cube nu
mber.
5. Square of 75.
6. Smallest squ
are number that i
s divisible by eac
h of 5 and 11
9. Without addi
ng, find the sum
of 1 + 3 + 5 + 7
+ 9 + 11.
10. Smallest nu
mber which whe
n added to 7669
makes the result
ant a
perfect square.
Across
2. Square of 19.
3. Look at the n
umbers given bel
ow and find the n
umber which can
not
be a perfect squa
re.
81, 100, 144, 25
000
7. Square root o
f 4489
8. Smallest nat
ural number othe
r than 1 which is
a perfect square
as
well as a perfect
cube number.
10. Cube root of
357911.
11. Smallest nu
mber which whe
n subtracted fro
m 374695 make
s the
resultant a perfec
t square number.
12/04/18
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
102 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-3
Rough Wor
k
SQUARE-SQUARE ROOT
AND CUBE-CUBE
ROOT
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
104 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• An algebraic eq
uation is an equalit
y involving variabl
es. It has an
equality sign. The
expression on the l
eft of the equality s
ign is the
Left Hand Side (LH
S) and the expressi
on on the right of th
e equality
sign is the Right H
and Side (RHS).
• In an equation t
he values of the ex
pressions on the L
HS and RHS
are equal for certai
n values of the vari
ables. These value
s are the
solutions of the eq
uation.
• Equations wher
e the expressions
which form the equ
ation contain
only one variable a
nd the highest pow
er of the variable a
ppearing
in the equation is
1, are called linear
equations in one v
ariable.
• A linear equatio
n may have linear
expressions on bot
h sides of the
equality sign.
• To find the so
lution of an equ
ation we perfor
m the same
mathematical oper
ations on both side
s of the equation, s
o that the
balance between t
he LHS and RHS i
s not disturbed.
• A linear equatio
n may have any ra
tional number as it
s solution.
• In an equation,
variables can be tr
ansposed from on
e side of the
equation to the ot
her.
12/04/18
In examples 1 and 2, there
are four options given out
of which one is
correct. Choose the correct
answer.
Exampl : If x = a, then which of t
e 1 he following is not alwa
ys true for
an integer k.
x a
(a) kx
= ak
k k
(c) x – k =
a – k (d) x + k =
a + k
Solution
: Correct answer is
(b).
Example
2 : If 3x – 4 (64 – x) = 10,
then the value of x is
(a) –
266 (b) 1 (c) (d) 38
33 .5
Solution:
Correct answer is
(d).
In examples 3 and 4, fill in t
he blanks to make the stat
ements true.
Exampl
e 3 : Fifteen added to thric
e a whole number give
s 93. The
number is __________.
Solution
: Correct answer is
26.
1 2
: − =− , then x is ____
Example
4 3 3_____.
Solution : Correct answer is
1.
In examples 5 and 6, state
whether the given statement
s are true (T) or
false (F).
Exampl
e 5
: Three
utive even numbers who
consecse sum is 156 are
51, 52 and 53.
Solution : False.
An equation is like a scale. T
he bit before the
equals sign has the same valu
e as the bit after
the equals sign, so the scale is
balanced.
When manipulating equations,
you have to keep
the scale balanced. You can’t
take 4 from one
side and not from the other b
ecause then the
two si 5
des ar
en’t e
qual.
The only way t
o keep the scal
3
e balanced is t
o
always
do the
same t
hing to
both si
des.
12/04/18
Exam: x = –12 is th
ple e solution of t
he linear equ
ation
5x –3(2x + 1) = 2
1+x
Solution : Tr
ue.
In examples 7 to
10 solve each of
them.
x
Examp: Solv
x =
le 7 e :x x
2 4
5
x x
Soluti x = x
on
2 4
5
+ + −
x x x
x
20
19x x
20
−x
20 = –10000
x = 200000
Example 8 : Th
e present age of f
ather is four times
the age of his son
.
After 10 years, a
ge of father will b
ecome three time
s the
age of his son. Fi
nd their present a
ges.
Solu
tion: Let the pres
ent age of s
on e x years
∴the present age
of father = 4x yea
rs
After 10 years
Age of son = (x +
10) years
Age of father = (4
x + 10) years
According to the
given condition
4x + 10 = 3(x + 1
0)
4x + 10 = 3x + 3
0
4x – 3x = 30 –10
x = 20
∴Present age of s
on = 20 years.
and present age
of father = 4x = 4
× 20 = 80 years.
12/04/18
Here’s another 3 + 6
way to show t 5
+
he 4
balance in the equation.
There are a tota =
l of 9 boxes on
each
side of the equals sign – s
o the
equation is balanced.
If you take any 3 boxes from
the
left-hand side, you also nee
d to
take 3 boxes from the right-
hand
side to kee =
p the equat
ion
balanced.
You still have
o keep both Both sides still have t
es he same total numbe
r of
of an equatio coloure
n balanced d boxe
when s.
there are variables involved.
Example 9 : A steamer goes
downstream from one point to
another in 7
hours. It covers the same dist
ance upstream in 8 hours. If
the speed of stream be 2 k
m/hr, find the speed of the
steamer in still water and the
distance between the ports.
Soluti
on : Let speed of steamer
in still water = x km/h
r
Speed of stream = 2 km/hr
Speed downstream = (x + 2)
km/hr
Speed upstream = (x – 2) km
/hr
Distance covered in 7 hours
while downstream = 7(x + 2)
Distance covered in 8 hours
while upstream = 8(x – 2)
According to the condition,
7(x + 2) = 8(x – 2)
7x + 14 = 8x – 16
x = 30 km/hr
Total Distance = 7(x + 2) k
m
= 7(30 + 2) km
= 7 × 32 km
= 224 km
Example 10 : Distance betw
een two stations A and B is
690 km. Two
cars start simultaneously fr
om A and B towards each
other, and the distance betwe
en them after 6 hours is 30
km. If the speed of one car i
s less than the other by 10
km/hr, find the speed of eac
h car.
Solutio
n : Let speed of faster c
ar = x km/hr
Then speed of other = (x – 1
0) km/hr
12/04/18
Let 1 one start f
rom A and other f
rom B.
M and N be their
position after 6 h
ours.
A N B
AM = 6x,BN = 6(
x –10)
According to con
dition,
6x + 6x – 60 + 3
0 = 690
12x = 690 + 30
12x = 720
x = 60 km/hr
Speed of other c
ar = 50 km/hr.
Example 11 : A
pplication on pr
oblem solving st
rategy
A home-owner i
s installing a fen
ce around the s
quare
garden. The gar
den has a perim
eter of 6480 cm.
Write
and solve the eq
uation to find the
garden’s dimensi
ons.
Solution : U
nderstand and e
xplore the probl
em
• What do you k
now?
Perimeter of squ
are garden = 648
0 cm
To find: Side of g
arden?
Plan a strategy
• To visualise t
hat fencing aro
und a garden m
eans
fencing its perim
eter.
• Recall that a sq
uare has four equ
al sides, say s ea
ch.
Solve
Fence around squ
are garden = Peri
meter of square g
arden
s + s + s + s = 64
80 cm
4s = 64
80 cm
s = 1620 c
m
Thus, side of gar
den = 1620 cm
Check
Verify your answ
er by adopting so
me other plan.
e.g. Here in this
problem instead
of taking perimet
er as
sum of its sides,
use the formula
12/04/18
4s = 6480 cm
s = 1620 cm Hence verified.
(i) What other values will
be needed if instead of sq
uare it is a
rectangular or circular garde
n?
(ii) What will happen if we h
ave to level the grass inside i
t instead of
fencing the garden?
(iii) What will happen if ther
e is a path running inside it?
In questions 1 to 15 out of
the four options only one i
s correct, write
the correct answer.
1. The solution of which of t
he following equations is neit
her a fraction
nor an integer.
(a) 3x + 2 (b) 4x –
= 5x + 2 18 = 2
(c) 4x + (d) 5x –
7 = x + 2 8 = x + 4
2. The solution of the equati
on ax + b = 0 is
a
(a) x b (b)
x =
–b
− b
(c) x b x
a
a
An equation like y + 9 = 16 is
balanced just like
one with only numbers. To fin
d the value of y, you
need to get the variable alone
on one side of the
equals sign.
If the variable has somethin
g added to it, use
subtraction to get it on its o
wn. In y + 9 = 16,
subtract 9 from both sides to g
et y on its own.
You can do exactly the same
without drawing the scales.
y + 9
= 16 +9
y + 9 – 9 = 1 and
6 –9 –9
y cancel each oth
= er out.
7
You can check that y = 7 is the
correct solution by substitutin
g it back into
the original equation.
7 + 9 = 16 — this it true, so y
= 7 is correct.
12/04/18
3.If 8x – 3 = 25 +
17x, then x is
(
a (
) b
)
a a
n
f
r i
a n
c t
t e
i g
o e
n r
(c)
a rati (d)
onal cann
num ot be
ber solv
ed
4. The shifting
of a number fro
m one side of a
n equation to ot
her is
called
(a)
T (b
ra )
ns Di
po str
siti ib
on uti
vit
y
(c)
Co (d)
m A
mu ss
tati oci
vity ati
vit
y
52
5. − , then the nu
merical valu
e of 2x – 7 is
1
(a)9 − (d)
13
6. The value of
x for which the e
xpressions 3x –
4 and 2x + 1 bec
ome
equal is
(a
) (
– d
3 )
1
7.
If a and b are
positive integer
s, then the sol
ution of the eq
uation
ax = b has to be
always
(a)
positi (b) ( (d)
ve ne c z
gat ) er
ive o
o
n
e
8. Linear equati
on in one variabl
e has
(a) only one vari
able with any po
wer.
(b) only one ter
m with a variable.
(c) only one vari
able with power 1
.
(d) only consta
nt term.
If a statement is a
proportion, the cr
oss-products of th
e terms are equal
.
If =
b d
To solve equation
s like 5t = –20, yo
u still need to get
the variable t, on
its
own. The variable
has been multiplie
d by a number, 5
— so you can get t
he
variable on its ow
n by dividing both
sides by that nu
mbers. In this ca
se,
you need to divide
by 5.
5 – Divide both
20 sides by th
e same nu
mber
5 5=–20
5 by which th
e variable i
s multiplied
.
t = –20 ÷ 5
t = –4
12/04/18
9. Which of the following is
a linear expression:
2
( (d)
c 1 + z
)
4
10. A linear equation in one
variable has
(a) Only one solution
(b) Two solutions
(c) More than two solutions
(d) No solution
1 2
11. Value of S + S =
3 5
4 1
(a) ( (d)
5 c 0
1
5 )
1
0
−4 3
12. y = − , then y =
3 4
A one-step equation is one that
can be solved in one step by ei
ther adding,
subtracting, multiplying or div
iding by one thing.
There are four main methods.
For example:
(i) a + 3 = 4.2 — solve by subt
racting 3 from both sides to ge
t a = 1.2
(ii) s – 7 = 12 — solve by addi
ng 7 to both sides to get s = 19
(iii) 9m = 27 — solve by dividi
ng both sides by 9 to get m = 3
(iv) d ÷ 8 = 2 — solve by multi
plying both sides by 8 to get d
= 16
Before you can solve an equa
tion, you must be able to spot
what kind of
equation you have.
12/04/18
15. The sum of t
hree consecutive
multiples of 7 is 3
57. Find the smal
lest
multiple.
(
(
In questions 16
to 32, fill in the
blanks to make
each statement
true.
16. In a linear eq
uation, the _____
____ power of the
variable appearin
g in
the equation is o
ne.
17. The solution
of the equation 3
x – 4 = 1 – 2 x is
_________.
18
18. The is ____
tion of the_____.
uation 2y
y –
19. Any value
of the variable w
hich makes both
sides of an equa
tion
equal is known as
a _________ of th
e equation.
20. 9x – ______
___ = –21 has the
solution (–2)
21. Three consec
utive numbers who
se sum is 12 are _
________, ______
___
and _________.
22. The share o
f A when Rs 25 a
re divided betwe
en A and B so th
at A
gets Rs. 8 more th
an B is ________
_.
23. A term of an
equation can be tr
ansposed to the o
ther side by chan
ging
its _________.
24. On subtract
ing 8 from x, the
result is 2. The v
alue of x is _____
____.
+ = 18 has the s
25.
olution as ___
______.
26. When a nu
mber is divided
by 8, the result i
s –3. The numb
er is
_________.
27. 9 is subtrac
ted from the pro
duct of p and 4,
the result is 11.
The
value of p is ____
_____.
2
x
28.
If , then x =
5 = _________
.
29. After 18 ye
ars, Swarnim wil
l be 4 times as o
ld as he is now.
His
present age is ___
______.
30. Convert the
statement Adding
15 to 4 times x i
s 39 into an equa
tion
_________.
12/04/18
A family spent Rs. 52.00 for ci
rcus tickets. This cost include
d
a Rs. 3.25 service fee for the o
rder, with the cost of the circus
tickets being Rs. 9.75 each. H
ow many tickets did the family
buy? Justify your answer.
Understand the problem
The answer is the number of
tickets that family bought. Lis
t the
important information– The se
rvice fee is Rs. 3.25 per order
, the
tickets cost Rs. 9.75 each, an
d the total cost is Rs. 52.
Let t represent the number of t
ickets bought.
Total co
st = Ticke + Service F
ts ee
52.0
0 = 9.75 + 3.25
t
Make a Plan
Think: First the variable is m
ultiplied by 9.75, and then 3.
25 is
added to the result. Work bac
kward to solve the equation.
Undo
the operations in reverse order
. First subtract 3.25 from both
sides
of the equation and then divid
e sides of the new equation by
9.75.
Solve
52.00 = 9.75t + 3.25
–
3. –3.25 Subtract
25 3.25 from both
sides.
48.75
= 9.75t
48.75 9
.75t
Divide both sid
9.75 es by 9.75.
9.75
5 The family bo
= ught 5 tickets.
t
Look Back
You can use a table to decide
whether your answer is reason
able.
Five tickets is a reasonable an
swer.
Tickets Cost of Tickets
Sometimes, a two-step equati
on contains a term or an expr
ession with a
denominator. In these cases,
it is often easier to first multipl
y both sides
of the equation by the denomi
nator in order to remove it, an
d then work to
isolate the variable.
12/04/18
31. The denomi
nator of a rationa
l number is great
er than the nume
rator
by 10. If the nu
merator is incre
ased by 1 the a
nd denominator
is
decreased by 1, t
hen expression fo
r new denominato
r is _________.
32. The sum of t
wo consecutive m
ultiples of 10 is 21
0. The smaller mu
ltiple
is _________.
In questions 33
to 48, state wh
ether the state
ments are true
(T) or
false (F).
33. 3 years ago,
the age of a boy
was y years. His
age 2 years ago
was (y
– 2) years.
34. Shikha’s pre
sent age is p yea
rs. Reemu’s pres
ent age is 4 time
s the
present age of S
hikha. After 5 yea
rs Reemu’s age
will be 15p years.
35. In a 2 digit
number, the unit
s place digit is x.
If the sum of digit
s be
9, then the numb
er is (10x – 9).
36. Sum of the
ages of Anju and
her mother is 65
years. If Anju’s pr
esent
age is y years the
n her mother’s ag
e before 5 years i
s (60 – y) years.
37. The numbe
r of boys and girl
s in a class are i
n the ratio 5:4. If
the
number of boys i
s 9 more than th
e number of girls
, then number of
boys is 9.
38. A and B are
together 90 years
old. Five years ag
o A was thrice as
old
as B was. Hence,
the ages of A and
B five years back
would be (x – 5)
years and (85 – x
) years respectiv
ely.
39. Two differen
t equations can n
ever have the sa
me answer.
40. In the equat
ion 3x – 3 = 9, tr
ansposing –3 to
RHS, we get 3x
= 9.
41. In the equat
ion 2x = 4 – x, tra
nsposing –x to L
HS, we get x = 4.
15 15
If − = 9, then
42. 9
8 –7x = 8
x 7 x 6
If + = , then
43. =
3 15 3 15
44.If 6x = 18, the
n 18x = 54
x 11
45.If = 15, then
11x = 15
If x is an even
number, then th
e next even nu
mber is 2(x + 1
).
12/04/18
47. If the sum of two conse
cutive numbers is 93 and on
e of them is x,
then the other number is 93
– x.
48. Two numbers differ by 4
0, when each number is incre
ased by 8, the
bigger becomes thrice the le
sser number. If one number
is x, then
the other number is (40 – x).
Solve the following:
3 8
49.
2x
50. = 2
2 1
2 3 1
51.
4 5 3
8 5
52.
x x
) 3(1 )
53. = 8
1 2
0.2x + 5 2
54.
3.5x − 3 5
y y
55.
(3 4 ) 5
x x
56.
5 6
57. 0.4(3x –1) = 0.5x + 1
58. 8x – 7 – 3x = 6x – 2x – 3
59. 10x – 5 – 7x = 5x + 15 –
8
60. 4t – 3 – (3t +1) = 5t – 4
61. 5(x – 1) – 2(x + 8) = 0
62.
2 4
12/04/18
1 1
63. 5
2
1 2
64.
4 3
2 1 3
65.1
5 3
66. 1 –(x – 2) – [
(x – 3) – (x – 1)] =
0
2
67 1
.
3 5 4
68. 3
2 3 3
69. 5
3
4 2
4
70. 0.25 (4x – 5
) = 0.75x + 8
9 3 8
71.
1 9 5
3 2 3
72.
2 3 4
5 1
73.1
2 3
3 2 2
74.3 7
3 2
6
75.
1
2
76. 4 (3p + 2) –
5(6p –1) = 2(p –
8) – 6(7p – 4)
77. 3 (5x – 7) +
2(9x – 11) = 4(8x
– 7) – 111
78. 0.16 (5x – 2
) = 0.4x + 7
79. Radha takes
some flowers in a
basket and visits t
hree temples one
by
one. At each tem
ple, she offers on
e half of the flowe
rs from the basket
.
If she is left with
3 flowers at the e
nd, find the numb
er of flowers she
had in the begin
ning.
12/04/18
80. Rs. 13500 are to be dis
tributed among Salma, Kiran
and Jenifer in
such a way that Salma gets
Rs. 1000 more than Kiran a
nd Jenifer
gets Rs. 500 more than Kiran
. Find the money received by
Jenifer.
81. The volume of water in
a tank is twice of that in the o
ther. If we draw
out 25 litres from the first and
add it to the other, the volum
es of the
water in each tank will be the
same. Find the volume of wat
er in each
tank.
82. Anushka and Aarushi ar
e friends. They have equal a
mount of money
1
in their pockets.
of her money t
Anushka gave o Aarushi as he
r
birthday gift. Then Aarushi g
ave a party at a restaurant a
nd cleared
the bill by paying half of the
total money with her. If the r
emaining
money in Aarushi’s pocket
is Rs.1600, find the sum g
ifted by
Anushka.
83. Kaustubh had 60 flower
s. He offered some flowers i
n a temple and
found that the ratio of the n
umber of remaining flowers
to that of
flowers in the beginning is 3:5
. Find the number of flowers o
ffered by
him in the temple.
84. The sum of three conse
cutive even natural numbers
is 48. Find the
greatest of these numbers.
85. The sum of three conse
cutive odd natural numbers i
s 69. Find the
prime number out of these n
umbers.
86. The sum of three cons
ecutive numbers is 156. Fin
d the number
which is a multiple of 13 out
of these numbers.
87. Find a number whose fif
th part increased by 30 is eq
ual to its fourth
part decreased by 30.
2
88. Divide 54 into of the ot
parts such that one7her.
t is
89. Sum of the digits of a t
wo-digit number is 11. The g
iven number is
less than the number obtai
ned by interchanging the di
gits by 9.
Find the number.
90. Two equal sides of a tri
angle are each 4m less than
three times the
third side. Find the dimensi
ons of the triangle, if its per
imeter is
55m.
12/04/18
91. After 12 year
s, Kanwar shall b
e 3 times as old a
s he was 4 years
ago.
Find his present
age.
92. Anima left o
ne-half of her pro
perty to her daug
hter, one-third to
her
son and donated
the rest to an ed
ucational institut
e. If the donation
was worth Rs. 1,
00,000, how muc
h money did Ani
ma have?
1
is subtracted fr
93.
2om a number a
nd the differen
ce is multiplied
by
4, the result is 5.
What is the num
ber?
94. The sum of f
our consecutive i
ntegers is 266. W
hat are the intege
rs?
1
95. Hamid2 kg m
s three boxes2ore
of different
s. Box A weigh
s
1
10
than Box
kg more t
B and 4han Box
C weighs
B. The tot
al
3
48
weight kg. How m
4any kilogra
the three
boxes ms (kg) do
es
Box A weigh?
96. The perimet
er of a rectangle
is 240 cm. If its l
ength is increase
d by
10% and its brea
dth is decreased
by 20%, we get th
e same perimeter
.
Find the length a
nd breadth of the
rectangle.
97. The age of A
is five years more
than that of B. 5 y
ears ago, the ratio
of
their ages was 3:
2. Find their pres
ent ages.
98.
If numerator is
2 less than de
nominator of a
rational numbe
r and
when 1 is subtra
cted from numer
ator and denomi
nator both, the
rational . What i
mber in s the ra
simplesttional
rm is
2
number?
99. In a two dig
it number, digit i
n units place is t
wice the digit in
tens
place. If 27 is ad
ded to it, digits ar
e reversed. Find
the number.
100. A man was
engaged as typis
t for the month of
February in 2009
. He
was paid Rs. 500
per day but Rs. 1
00 per day were
deducted for the
days he remaine
d absent. He rec
eived Rs. 9,100
as salary for the
month. For how
many days did h
e work?
101. A steamer
goes downstrea
m and covers th
e distance betwe
en two
ports in 3 hours. I
t covers the sam
e distance in 5 h
ours when it goe
s
upstream. If the s
tream flows at 3
km/hr, then find
what is the spee
d
of the steamer up
stream?
12/04/18
102. A lady went to a bank
with Rs. 1,00,000. She aske
d the cashier to
give her Rs. 500 and Rs. 1,
000 currency notes in retur
n. She got
175 currency notes in all. Fin
d the number of each kind of
currency
notes.
103. There are 40 passen
gers in a bus, some with R
s. 3 tickets and
remaining with Rs.10 tick
ets. The total collection fr
om these
passengers is Rs. 295. Find h
ow many passengers have tic
kets worth
Rs. 3?
104. Denominator of a num
ber is 4 less than its numerat
or. If 6 is added
to the numerator it becomes t
hrice the denominator. Find th
e fraction.
105. An employee works in
a company on a contract of
30 days on the
condition that he will receive
Rs. 120 for each day he wor
ks and he
will be fined Rs. 10 for each d
ay he is absent. If he receives
Rs. 2300
in all, for how many days did
he remain absent?
106. Kusum buys some choc
olates at the rate of Rs. 10 per
chocolate. She
also buys an equal number of
candies at the rate of Rs. 5 p
er candy.
She makes a 20% profit on c
hocolates and 8% profit on c
andies. At
the end of the day, all chocol
ates and candies are sold ou
t and her
profit is Rs. 240. Find the nu
mber of chocolates purchase
d.
107. A steamer goes down
stream and covers the distan
ce between two
ports in 5 hours while it cov
ers the same distance upstr
eam in 6
hours. If the speed of the st
ream is 1 km/hr, find the sp
eed of the
steamer in still water.
108. Distance between tw
o places A and B is 210 km
. Two cars start
simultaneously from A and
B in opposite direction and
distance
between them after 3 hours is
54 km. If speed of one car is l
ess than
that of other by 8 km/hr, find
the speed of each.
109. A carpenter charged Rs
. 2500 for making a bed. The
cost of materials
used is Rs. 1100 and the la
bour charges are Rs. 200/hr
. For how
many hours did the carpente
r work?
110. For what value of x is t
he perimeter of shape 77 cm
?
12/04/18
111. For what v
alue of x is the p
erimeter of shape
186 cm?
112. On dividing
Rs. 200 between
A and B such tha
t twice of A’s sha
re is
less than 3 times
B’s share by 200,
B’s share is?
113. Madhulika
thought of a nu
mber, doubled it
and added 20 to
it. On
dividing the result
ing number by 25
, she gets 4. Wha
t is the number?
1. Ranika want
ed her friend Ra
dhika’s mobile n
umber. But Rad
hika
played a trick. Sh
e gave her the nu
mber as
9 X Y Z P 1 Q 2
R 3
and told her to d
ecode it with the
help of following
equations :
(a) 16 – 35 = 7 –
8
Y −
(b) =
Y +
Z 9
(c) 5
5 9
3 13
(d) P P =
10 10
4) 5( 2)
(f) 3(R+10) + 20
0 = 236
2. Determine th
e missing value i
n the puzzle belo
w :
12/04/18
3. Game : Who will be the L
akhpati ???
Rohit and Saurabh are playi
ng a game. The one who sol
ves the
following equations will be a
winner. Find out if you were
at their
place would you have been
be a winner. Till what mone
y did you
reach successfully?
Rules of the game
(a) You can only move to the
next problem if the previous a
nswer is
correct.
(b) Winning amount slab
(c) Problems:
x +1 3
(i) =
x + 8
(ii)
(x x
x x
(iii)
3 6
8
(iv) 3m = 7m –
7
(v)
−6
5 (x −10)
12/04/18
7 3
(vi)5x = x −14
2 2
x 8
(vii) 1
3 15
x x
(viii)x
2 4 6
50
(ix) 4 14
x
x
(x) + +
2
4. Work with a
partner.
Modelling the Eq
uation
Material Require
d : Glasses and
containers, Equa
tion met
5 – – – +
4
+
– – =
+
–
– +
Add 6 positive co
ntainers
to each side of t
he equal
and then remove
the zero
pairs.
5x – 6 + 6 = 4 +
6
+ +
= + +
= 10
+ the gl
asses
and
contai
ners i
nto fiv
e equ
al
+ + groups
.
+
+
12/04/18
Each Cup is matched with 2
positive contents. So, x = 2.
Model the following equation
s:
(i) 3x – 3 = 12
(ii) 12x + 4 = 24
(iii) 7y + 14 = 7
5. Cross word puzzle.
Solve the given crossword a
nd then fill up the given boxe
s. Clues
are given below for across a
s well as downward filling. A
lso, for
across and down clues, clue
number is written at the corn
er of the
boxes. Answers of clues have
to be filled up in their respectiv
e boxes.
Down
1. Inverse of addition.
4. A symbolic form made u
p of constants, variables an
d operation
(other than algebraic express
ions).
5.If a term of an expression c
onsists of a number multipl
ied by one
or more variables, this numb
er is the ________________
__ of the
term.
6. Inverse of division.
7. Equations that have the s
ame solution.
8. An _____________ in an
equality which is true for all v
alues of the
variable in the equality.
Across
2. A statement formed whe
n an equal sign in placed be
tween two
expressions.
3. 2(x+5) = 2x+10. This is a
n example of what property.
9. Branch of mathematics
concerned with operation b
y symbolic
numbers.
10. A linear equation of the
form Ax + By = C when A an
d B both are
not zero is in the ____________
_________.
11. An expression is ______
___________ if it has no grou
ping symbols
and all the like terms have be
en combined.
12/04/18
UNIT-4
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN
ONE VARIABLE
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
126 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-4
Rough Wor
k
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN
ONE VARIABLE
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
128 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• A simple closed
curve made up of
only line segments
is called a
polygon.
• A diagonal of a
polygon is a line s
egment connectin
g two non-
consecutive vertice
s.
• A convex poly
gon is a polygon
in which no porti
on of its any
diagonal is in its e
xterior.
• A quadrilateral i
s a polygon havin
g only four sides.
• A regular polygo
n is a polygon who
se all sides are eq
ual and also
all angles are equa
l.
• The sum of inter
ior angles of a poly
gon of n sides is (n
-2) straight
angles.
• The sum of inter
ior angles of a qua
drilateral is 360°.
• The sum of exte
rior angles, taken i
n an order, of a pol
ygon is 360°.
• Trapezium is a
quadrilateral in wh
ich a pair of oppos
ite sides is
parallel.
• Kite is a quadril
ateral which has t
wo pairs of equal
consecutive
sides.
• A parallelogram
is a quadrilateral i
n which each pair
of opposite
sides is parallel.
12/04/18
• A rhombus is a parallelogr
am in which adjacent sides a
re equal.
• A rectangle is a parallelogr
am in which one angle is of 9
0 .
• A square is a parallelogra
m in which adjacent sides are
equal and
one angle is of 90 .
• In a parallelogram, opposit
e sides are equal, opposite a
ngles are
equal and diagonals bisect e
ach other.
• In a rhombus diagonals in
tersect at right angles.
• In a rectangle diagonals ar
e equal.
• Five measurements can d
etermine a quadrilateral uniq
uely.
• A quadrilateral can be co
nstructed uniquely if the len
gths of its
four sides and a diagonal are
given.
• A quadrilateral can be co
nstructed uniquely if the len
gths of its
three sides and two diagonal
s are given.
• A quadrilateral can be c
onstructed uniquely if its tw
o adjacent
sides and three angles are giv
en.
• A quadrilateral can be con
structed uniquely if its three
sides and
two included angles are give
n.
In examples 1 to 8, there a
re four options out of which
one is correct.
Write the correct answer.
Exampl
: The number of diagon
e 1 als in a polygon of n sid
es is
nn nn nn
(a) (b) (c) (d) n (n–
2 2 23).
Solution: The correct answer
is (c).
Exampl: The angles of a quadril
e 2 ateral ABCD taken in an
order are
in the ratio 3 : 7 : 6 : 4. Then
ABCD is a
(a)
kit (b) para
e llelogram
(c) rhom
bus (d) trape
zium
Solution
: The correct answe
r is (d).
12/04/18
Exam: If the diago
plenals of a qua
drilateral bise
ct each other
at
right angles, it wi
ll be a
(a)
rh (b)
om tra
bus pez
ium
(c)
rect (d)
angl ki
e te
Soluti
on : The corre
ct answer is
(a).
Exam: The sum of
ple the angles of
a quadrilatera
l is
(a)
180° (b) (c)(d) 3
00°
70 0°
°
Soluti
on : The corre
ct answer is
(c).
Exam
: In a square
pleABCD, the di
agonals meet
at point O. Th
e
∆AOB is
(a) isosceles right
triangle
(b) equilateral tri
angle
(c) isosceles tria
ngle but not right
triangle
(d) scalene right t
riangle.
Soluti
on : The corre
ct answer is
(a).
Quadrilaterals w
ith certain prope
rties are given a
dditional names.
A
trapezium has ex
actly 1 pair of par
allel sides. A para
llelogram has 2 p
airs
of parallel sides. A
rectangle has 4 rig
ht angles. A rhom
bus has 4 congrue
nt
sides. A square h
as 4 congruent si
des and 4 right an
gles.
12/04/18
Exampl
: ABCD is a quadrilater
e 6 al in which AB = 5 cm,
CD = 8 cm
and the sum of angle A and a
ngle D is 180°. What is the
name of this quadrilateral?
(a) Parallelo
gram (b) Trape
zium
(c) R
hombu (d) Can not
s be determine
d
Solution
: The correct answe
r is (b).
Exampl: Rukmini has a farm l
e 7 and which is triangular
in shape.
What is the sum of all the e
xterior angles taken in an
order of the farm land?
(a) 90°
(b) 180° (c) 360°
(d) Can not be determined.
Solution
: The correct answer
is (c).
Example 8 : How many sid
es does an octagon have?
(A) 7
(b) (c) (d) 10
8 9
Solution
: The correct answe
r is (b)
In examples 9 and 13, fill
in the blanks to make the
statements
true.
Exampl
: The diagonals of a rh
e 9 ombus bisect each othe
r at _____
angles.
Solution : Right.
Example 10 : For getting di
agonals through vertex A of
a pentagon
ABCDE, A is joined to ______
___.
Solution : C and D.
Example 11 : For constructing
a unique quadrilateral at least
__________
measurements are required.
Solution
: Five.
Example 12 : If diagonals of
a quadrilateral bisect at right
angles it is a
__________.
Solution : Rhombus (or s
quare).
Example 13 : The diagonals
of a __________ intersect at r
ight angles.
Solution : Kite.
12/04/18
In examples 14
to 23, state wh
ether the state
ments are true
(T) or
false (F).
Example 14 : Ev
ery rectangle is a
parallelogram.
Solution : Tr
ue.
Example 15 : Ev
ery rhombus is a
kite.
Solution : Tr
ue.
Example 16 : Ev
ery parallelogram
is a trapezuim.
Solution : Tr
ue.
Example 17 : Ev
ery kite is a trape
zium.
Solution: False.
Example 18 : Ev
ery kite is a paral
lelogram.
Solution
: False.
Example 19 : Di
agonals of a rect
angle are perpen
dicular to each ot
her.
Solution
: False.
Example 20 : Fo
r constructing a
unique parallelog
ram lengths of o
nly
two sides should
be given.
Solution
: False.
Diagonals of a —
Parall bisect e
elogra ach oth
m er
bisect
each oth
Rho er
mbu are pe
s rpendicul
ar
to ea
ch other
are eq
ual
Rect
angl bisect
e each oth
er
bisect
each ot
her
Sq are
ua perpend
re icular to
each ot
her
are
equal
12/04/18
Example is a simple clos
21 : ed curve.
Solution : False.
Example is a concave p
22 : olygon.
Solution : True.
Example 23 : A triangle is n
ot a polygon.
Solution
: False.
Example 24 : The sides
AB and CD of a quadril
ateral ABCD
are extended to points P
and Q respectively. Is
∠ADQ + ∠CBP = ∠A + ∠C?
Give reason.
Solution D
C
: Join
AC, then
∠CBP = ∠BCA + ∠BAC and
∠ADQ = ∠ACD + ∠DA
C
(Exterior angles of triangle
A
s)
B P
Therefore, ∠CBP + ∠
DQ = ∠BCA + ∠BAC +
ACD + ∠DAC
= (∠BCA + ∠ACD) + (∠BAC
+ ∠DAC)
= ∠C + ∠A
Angles in a Quadrilateral
A diagonal of a quadrilateral i
s a segment that joins two ve
rtices of the
quadrilateral but is not a side.
You can use a diagonal of a q
uadrilateral
Cut a quadrilateral
The sum of the angle
Quadrilater
al with
along a diameasure2 pairs of
gonal to s in eachparallel
form two triangle s
iangles. is 180°. i
d
e
s
.
12/04/18
Example 25 : If
AM and CN are p
erpendiculars on
the diagonal BD
of a
parallelogram AB
CD, Is ∆AMD ≅ ∆
CNB? Give reaso
n.
Solution :
In triangles AMD
and CNB,
AD = BC (opposit
e sides of parallel
ogram)
∠AMB = ∠CNB
= 90
∠ADM = ∠NBC
(AD || BC and B
D is transversal.
)
So, ∆AMD ≅ ∆C
NB (AAS)
Example 26 : C
onstruct a quadr
ilateral ABCD in
which AB = AD
=
5cm, BC = CD
= 7cm and BD
= 6cm. What ty
pe of
quadrilateral is t
his?
Sol : Looking at
utiothe rough fig
n ure, draw a li
ne segment
BD =
6cm. Taking B a
nd D as centres
and 5 cm radius,
draw
arcs to intersect
at the point A, th
en taking B and
D as
centres and 7 cm
radius, draw arcs
in the opposite si
de
of A to intersect a
t the point C. Join
AB, AD and BC,
DC.
Then ABCD is th
e required quadri
lateral. It is a kite
.
12/04/18
Example 27 : Find x in the f
ollowing figure.
Soluti : In the given figure ∠
on 1 + 90° = 180° (linear
pair)
∠1 = 90°
Now, sum of exterior angles
of a polygon is 360°,
therefore, x + 60° + 90° + 90
° + 40° = 360°
x + 280° = 360°
x = 80°
Classifying Plane Figures
12/04/18
Example 28 : T
wo adjacent angl
es of a parallelo
gram are in the r
atio
4:5. Find their m
easures.
Solut
ion : Let the an
gles be 4x a
nd 5x.
Then, 4x + 5x =
180°
9x = 180°
x = 20°
So, angles are 4
× 20° = 80° and 5
× 20° =100°.
Example 29 : The
four angles of a q
uadrilateral are in
the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 :
6.
Find the angles.
Solut
ion : Let angles
be 3x, 4x, 5
x, 6x.
Thus, 3x + 4x + 5
x + 6x = 360° sinc
e sum of the angl
es of
a quadrilateral is
360°.
So, 18x = 360°
or, x = 20°
Thus, angles are
60°, 80°, 100°, 1
20°.
Example 30 : In
a parallelogram
PQRS, the
bisectors of ∠P a
nd ∠Q meet at
O. Find ∠POQ.
Solution : Si
nce OP and O
Q are the
bisectors of
∠P and ∠Q
respectively (see
figure on the
right),
1 1
so, ∠ ∠P and
∠Q
Q = 2∠OQP2
In ∆POQ,
∠OPQ + ∠PQO +
∠POQ = 180° (A
ngle sum propert
y)
1 1
i.e.∠P + ∠Q = 18
2OQ + 20°
1
i.e. ∠ = (∠P + ∠
OQ – 2Q)
1
= 180° × 180°
2
= 90°
12/04/18
Example 31 : Three angles
of a quadrilateral are 50°, 40
° and 123°.
Find its fourth angle.
Soluti: Let fourth angle be x.
on Then 50 + 40 + 123
+ x = 360 .
or x = 360 – 50 – 40 – 123
= 360 – 213 = 147 .
A quadrilateral is a closed p
lane figure with four sides t
hat are line
segments. The figures below
are special types of quadrilate
rals.
Example 32 : The ratio of e
xterior angle to interior angl
e of a regular
polygon is 1:4. Find the num
ber of sides of the polygon.
Solutio
n
: Let or angle of the polygo
e exterin be x
Then, the interior angle of pol
ygon = 180° – x
According to question,
12/04/18
x 1
180x 4
or, 4x = 180° – x
or, 5x = 180°
180
or, x =
5
So, x = 36°
3
Number 6
des of polygo 0
n =
exterior
angle
360
=
36
Example 33 : Ea
ch interior angle o
f a polygon is 108
°. Find the numbe
r
of sides of the pol
ygon.
Soluti: Since inte
on rior angle =
108°
so, exterior angle
= 180 – 108 =
72°
3600
Number
of sides 5
=
Example 34 : C
onstruct a rhom
bus PAIR, given
that PA = 6 cm a
nd
angle ∠A = 110°.
Solution :
Since in a rhomb
us, all sides are e
qual so, PA = AI
= IR =
RP = 6cm
Also, rhombus is
a parallelogram
so, adjacent angl
e, ∠I = 180° – 11
0° = 70°
12/04/18
Steps of construction
1. Draw AI = 6 cm
2. Draw
ray such that ∠IAX
110° and draw
such that ∠AIY = 70°.
3. With A and I as centres
and radius 6cm draw arcs
intersecting AX and IY at P a
nd R respectively.
4. Join PR.
Thus, PAIR is the required r
hombus.
Example 35 : One of the diag
onals of a rhombus and its sid
es are equal.
Find the angles of the rhomb
us.
Soluti
on : Let PQRS be a rho
mbus such that its dia
gonal PR is
equal to its side, that is, PQ =
QR = RS = PS = PR
So, ∆PRS and ∆PQR are equi
lateral.
∠S = ∠Q = 60° [Each angle of
an equilateral triangle is 60°.]
and
∠P = ∠1 + ∠2 = 60° + 60° =
120° = ∠R
Hence ∠S = ∠Q = 60° and ∠
P = ∠R = 120°
Example 36 : In the figure, H
OPE is a rectangle. Its diago
nals meet at
G. If HG = 5x + 1 and EG = 4
x + 19, find x.
Solution
:
Since diagonals of a rectangl
e bisect each other,
HP = 2HG = 2 (5x + 1) = 10x
+2
12/04/18
a OE = 2E
nd G = 2(4x
+19) = 8x
+ 38
Diagonals of a re
ctangle are equal.
So HP = OE
or 10x + 2 = 8x +
38
or 2x = 36 or x =
18
Example
37 : Appli C
cation on t
he proble
m strategy
RICE is a rhom
bus. Find x, y,
z.
Justify your findin
gs. Hence, find th
e
peri 1
met 2
er of
the r
hom
bus.
Solution
UnderstandE l
and explore
he problem
We
ve
nd
values
of
,
i.e. OE, OY y x
and side IR
of the rhomb
us
and perimeter of t
he rhombus.
W
h R
RICE is a rhomb
us and
OC = 12, OE = 5,
OI = x + 2, OR =
x + y
Plan a strategy
(1) We have t
o find the parts
of the diagonal.
Use
diagonals of a rh
ombus bisect eac
h other.
(2) We have to
find the side of t
he rhombus. We
use
diagonals inter
sect at right a
ngles and appl
y
pythagoras theor
em.
(3) Since all sid
es of a rhombus
are equal, perime
ter of
the rhombus = 4
× side.
Solve
Step
1. OI = OE ⇒ x
+ 2 = 5 or x =
5 – 2 = 3.
OC = OR ⇒ 12 =
y + x or y = 12 –
x
12 – 3 = 9
Step 2. EOR is
a right triangle
ER = OE +2
= 5 + 12 2
= 25 + 14 = 169
12/04/18
= 2 24 + 10
= 2 576+ 100
= 2 676 = 52 cm
(i)If RICE is a parallelogram,
not a rhombus can you find
x, y and z ?
(ii)
If RICE is a rhombus with
EC = 20 cm and OC = 12
cm, can you
find x, y, z ?
Example 38 : Application
on the problem solution str
ategy
Construct a rhombus with sid
e 4.5cm and diagonal 6cm.
Solution : Understand
and explore the problem
What do you know?
Here, side of rhombus = 4.5
cm.
Diagonal of rhombus = 6 cm.
12/04/18
What do we need
to make rhombus
?
4 sides and its on
e diagonal
Plan a strategy
(1) Use prop
erty of
rhombus— all sid
es are
equal.
(2) Make a free h
and rough
sketch and na
me it
ABCD.
Solve
Step-1. Draw A
B = 4.5 cm.
Step-2. With A
as centre and radi
us
6 cm draw an arc
above AB.
Step-3. With B
as centre draw a
n
arc to cut the ar
c drawn
in step 2 at pt C.
Step-4. Join AC
and BC.
Step-5. With A
and C as centre
and radius 4.5 c
m draw
arcs to interse
ct each
other at D.
Step-6. ABCD i
s required
rhombus.
Checking:
Verify your fi
gure by
adopting som
e other
property of rhom
bus.
Step 1. Join BD t
o intersect AC as
O.
Step 2. Measure
∠AOB. Is it 90°?
Step 3. Measure
OA and OC. Are t
hey equal?
Step 4. Measure
OB and OD. Are t
hey equal?
If your answer t
o 2, 3, 4 is yes it
means what
you have constru
cted is a right an
gle.
12/04/18
1. Can you draw this rhombu
s by using some other propert
y?
2. Can you draw a parallelogr
am with given measurement?
3. How will you construct this
rhombus if instead of side 4.5
cm diagonal
4.5 cm is given?
In questions 1 to 52, there a
re four options, out of which
one is correct.
Write the correct answer.
1.If three angles of a quadril
ateral are each equal to 7
5°, the fourth
angle is
(a) 15
0° (b) ( (d)
c 75°
13 )
5°
4
5
°
2. For which of the followin
g, diagonals bisect each othe
r?
(a) Square
(b) Kite
(c) Trape
zium (d) Quadril
ateral
3. For which of the followin
g figures, all angles are equal
?
(a) Rectangle
(b) Kite
(c) Trapezi
um (d) Rhomb
us
4. For which of the followin
g figures, diagonals are perp
endicular to
each other?
(a) Parallelogra
m (b) Kite
(c) Trapezi
um (d) Rectan
gle
5. For which of the followin
g figures, diagonals are equa
l?
(a) Trapezi
um (b) Rhomb
us
(c) Parallelogr
am (d) Rectang
le
6. Which of the following fig
ures satisfy the following pro
perties?
- All sides are congruent.
- All angles are right angles.
- Opposite sides are parallel.
12/04/18
( (
a d
) )
S
P
7. Which of the
following figures
satisfy the followi
ng property?
- Has two pairs of
congruent adjace
nt sides.
( (d)
a S
)
P
8. Which of the
following figures
satisfy the followi
ng property?
- Only one pair of
sides are parallel
.
( (
a c
) )
R
P
)
S
9. Which of th
e following figur
es do not satisfy
any of the follow
ing
properties?
- All sides are eq
ual.
- All angles are ri
ght angles.
- Opposite sides
are parallel.
( (
a
)
P
)
S
10. Which of the
following properti
es describe a tra
pezium?
(a) A pair of oppo
site sides is paral
lel.
12/04/18
(b) The diagonals bisect each
other.
(c) The diagonals are perpen
dicular to each other.
(d) The diagonals are equal.
11. Which of the following i
s a property of a parallelogra
m?
(a) Opposite sides are parallel
.
(b) The diagonals bisect eac
h other at right angles.
(c) The diagonals are perpen
dicular to each other.
(d) All angles are equal.
12. What is the maximum n
umber of obtuse angles that
a quadrilateral
can have ?
(a) (
1 b
(
d
13. How many non-
overlapping triangles can
we make in a n-gon
(polygon having n sides), by j
oining the vertices?
(a) n (b (c) (d) n –
–1 ) n 4
n –3
–
2
14. What is the sum of all t
he angles of a pentagon?
(a) 18 (b (c) (d) 72
0° ) 54 0°
3 0°
6
0°
15. What is the sum of all a
ngles of a hexagon?
(a) 18 (b (c) (d) 72
0° ) 54 0°
3 0°
6
0°
16.If two adjacent angles of a
parallelogram are (5x – 5)
° and (10x +
35)°, then the ratio of these a
ngles is
(a) 1 (b (c) (d) 1 :
3 ) 1 2
2 4
:
3
17. A quadrilateral whose al
l sides are equal, opposite an
gles are equal
and the diagonals bisect each
other at right angles is a ____
______.
(a) rhombus (b) parallelogra
m (c) square (d) rectan
gle
18. A quadrialateral whose o
pposite sides and all the angle
s are equal is a
(a) rectangle (b) parallelogra
m (c) square (d) rhom
bus
19. A quadrilateral whose al
l sides, diagonals and angles
are equal is a
(a) square (c) rectangle
(b) trapeziu (d) rhombus
m
12/04/18
20. How many
diagonals does a
hexagon have?
( 2
a
)
9
(d
)
If the adjacent s
21.
ides of a paralle
logram are equ
al then parallelo
gram
is a
(a) rect
angle (c) rho
(b) trap mbus
ezium (d) s
quare
If the diagonals
22.
of a quadrilater
al are equal an
d bisect each o
ther,
then the quadrila
teral is a
(a) rho
mbus (d) p
(b) r arallel
ectan ogra
gle m
23. The sum of
all exterior angle
s of a triangle is
(a) °
180 (
°
(d) °
720
24. Which of th
e following is an
equiangular and
equilateral polyg
on?
(a)
quar (b (c) Rho
e ) mbus
R (d) Rig
e ht trian
ct gle
a
n
gl
e
25. Which one
has all the proper
ties of a kite and
a parallelogram?
(a) Tra
peziu (c) Rect
m (b) angle
Rhom (d) Para
bus llelogra
m
26. The angle
s of a quadrilat
eral are in the r
atio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4.
The
smallest angle is
(a) °
72
°
(d)
18
27. In the trape
zium ABCD, the
measure of ∠D i
s
(a)
55 (d)
° 12
5°
28. A quadrilat
eral has three ac
ute angles. If eac
h measures 80°,
then
the measure of t
he fourth angle is
(a)
150 ( (d)
° 14
0°
29. The number
of sides of a regul
ar polygon where
each exterior angl
e
has a measure of
45° is
(
a (
) d
8 )
6
12/04/18
30.In a parallelogram PQRS, i
f ∠P = 60°, then other thre
e angles are
(a) 45°, 135°,
120° (b) 60°, 120°,
120°
(c) 60°, 135°,
135° (d) 45°, 135°,
135°
31.
If two adjacent angles of a
parallelogram are in the ra
tio 2 : 3, then
the measure of angles are
(a) 72°, 108° (b) 36°, 54°
(c) 80°, 120° (d) 96°, 144°
32.If PQRS is a parallelogra
m, then ∠P – ∠R is equal
to
(a) 60
° (b) (c) (d) 0°
90° 80°
33. The sum of adjacent an
gles of a parallelogram is
(a) 180
° (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 90
20° 60° °
34. The angle between the
two altitudes of a parallelogra
m through the
same vertex of an obtuse a
ngle of the parallelogram is
30°. The
measure of the obtuse angle i
s
(a) 10
0° (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 120
50° 05° °
35. In the given figure, A
BCD and BDCE are parall
elograms with
common base
BD, then ∠B
If BC ⊥ EC =
(a) 60
° (b) (c) (d) 120
30° 50° °
36. Length of one of the dia
gonals of a rectangle whose s
ides are 10 cm
and 24 cm is
(a) 25
m (b) 20 cm (c) 26
cm (d) 3.5 cm
37.If the adjacent angles of
a parallelogram are equ
al, then the
parallelogram is a
(a) recta
ngle (b) trape
zium
(c) rho
mbus (d) any of
the three
38. Which of the following c
an be four interior angles of a
quadrilateral?
(a) 140°, 40°,
20°, 160° (b) 270°, 150°
, 30°, 20°
(c) 40°, 70°,
90°, 60° (d) 110°, 40°,
30°, 180°
12/04/18
39. The sum of
angles of a conca
ve quadrilateral is
(a) m
ore th (b) le
an 36 ss th
0° an 36
0°
(c) e
qual (d) t
to 3 wice
60° of 3
60°
40. Which of th
e following can n
ever be the meas
ure of exterior an
gle of
a regular polygon
?
(a)
22° (d)
30°
41. In the figur
e, BEST is a rho
mbus, Then the v
alue of y – x is
(a)
40° (d)
10°
42. The closed
curve which is als
o a polygon is
(
b
(
43. Which of th
e following is not
true for an exteri
or angle of a reg
ular
polygon with n si
des?
360°
(a) Each exteri
or angle = n
(b) Exterior angle
= 180° – interior
angle
360
(c)n °
exterior angl
e
n ×
(d) Each °
erior angle
= n
44. PQRS is a s
quare. PR and S
Q intersect at O.
Then ∠POQ is a
(a) R
ight (b) St
angl raight
e angle
(c) R
eflex (d) Co
angle mplet
e angl
e
12/04/18
45. Two adjacent angles of
a parallelogram are in the rati
o 1:5. Then all
the angles of the parallelogra
m are
(a) 30°, 150°, 30°, 150° (b)
85°, 95°, 85°, 95°
(c) 45°, 135°,
5°, 135° (d) 30°, 180°, 3
0°, 180°
46. A parallelogram PQRS i
s constructed with sides QR =
6 cm, PQ = 4
cm and ∠PQR = 90°. Then P
QRS is a
(a) squ
are (b) (c) rhombus
angle (d) trapeziu
m
47. The angles P, Q, R and
S of a quadrilateral are in the
ratio 1:3:7:9.
Then PQRS is a
(a) paral
lelogra (b) trapeziu
m m with PQ ||
RS
(c) trapezium with QR||PS
(d) kite
48. PQRS is a trapezium
in which PQ||SR and
∠P=130°, ∠Q=110°.
Then ∠R is equal to:
(a) 70
° (b) (c) (d) 55
50° 65° °
49. The number of sides of
a regular polygon whose eac
h interior angle
is of 135° is
(a) 6
(b (c (d) 9
) )
7 8
50.If a diagonal of a quadrilat
eral bisects both the angle
s, then it is a
(a)
kit (b) paral
e lelogra
m
(c) rhom
bus (d) recta
ngle
51. To construct a uniqu
e parallelogram, the minim
um number of
measurements required is
(a) 2
(b (c (d) 5
) )
3 4
52. To construct a uniq
ue rectangle, the minimu
m number of
measurements required is
(a) 4
(b (c (d) 1
) )
3 2
In questions 53 to 91, fill in
the blanks to make the stat
ements true.
53. In quadrilateral HOPE, th
e pairs of opposite sides are _
_________.
54. In quadrilateral ROPE, th
e pairs of adjacent angles are
__________.
55. In quadrilateral WXYZ, th
e pairs of opposite angles are
__________.
12/04/18
56. The diago
nals of the quad
rilateral DEFG a
re __________
and
__________.
57. The sum of
all __________ of
a quadrilateral is
360°.
58. The measure
of each exterior an
gle of a regular pe
ntagon is _______
___.
59. Sum of the a
ngles of a hexago
n is __________.
60. The measur
e of each exterior
angle of a regular
polygon of 18 sid
es
is __________.
61. The number
of sides of a regu
lar polygon, wher
e each exterior a
ngle
has a measure of
36°, is _________
_.
is a clos
6 ed curv
e entirel
y made
up of lin
e segm
ents. Th
e
another name for
this shape is ____
______.
63. A quadrilat
eral that is not
a parallelogram
but has exactly
two
opposite angles of
equal measure is
__________.
64. The measur
e of each angle of
a regular pentago
n is __________.
65. The name of
three-sided regul
ar polygon is ___
_______.
66. The number
of diagonals in a
hexagon is _____
_____.
67. A polygon is
a simple closed c
urve made up of
only __________.
68. A regular p
olygon is a poly
gon whose all si
des are equal a
nd all
__________ are eq
ual.
69. The sum of i
nterior angles of
a polygon of n si
des is _________
_right
angles.
70. The sum of
all exterior angles
of a polygon is __
________.
71. __________
is a regular quadri
lateral.
72. A quadrila
teral in which a
pair of opposite
sides is parallel
is
__________.
If all sides of a
73.
quadrilateral ar
e equal, it is a _
_________.
74. In a rhombu
s diagonals inters
ect at _________
_ angles.
75. __________
measurements ca
n determine a qu
adrilateral uniquel
y.
12/04/18
76. A quadrilateral can be
constructed uniquely if its th
ree sides and
__________ angles are given.
77. A rhombus is a parallelo
gram in which __________ si
des are equal.
78. The measure of ______
____ angle of concave quadr
ilateral is more
than 180°.
79. A diagonal of a quadrilater
al is a line segment that joins t
wo __________
vertices of the quadrilateral.
80. The number of sides in
a regular polygon having m
easure of an
exterior angle as 72° is ______
____.
If the diagonals of a quadrila
81.
teral bisect each other, it is
a __________.
82. The adjacent sides of a p
arallelogram are 5 cm and 9 c
m. Its perimeter
is __________.
83. A nonagon has ________
__ sides.
84. Diagonals of a rectangle
are __________.
85. A polygon having 10 side
s is known as __________.
86. A rectangle whose adjace
nt sides are equal becomes a
__________.
87.If one diagonal of a rectangl
e is 6 cm long, length of the
other diagonal
is __________.
88. Adjacent angles of a para
llelogram are __________.
If only one diagonal of a
89.
quadrilateral bisects the
other, then the
quadrilateral is known as ____
______.
90. In trapezium ABCD with
AB||CD, if ∠A = 100°, then
∠D = __________.
91. The polygon in which su
m of all exterior angles is equ
al to the sum
of interior angles is called ___
_______.
In questions 92 to 131 state
whether the statements are
true (T) or (F)
false.
92. All angles of a trapeziu
m are equal.
93. All squares are rectangl
es.
94. All kites are squares.
95. All rectangles are parall
elograms.
12/04/18
96. All rhombus
es are squares.
97. Sum of all t
he angles of a q
uadrilateral is 18
0°.
98. A quadrilate
ral has two diago
nals.
99. Triangle is
a polygon whos
e sum of exterio
r angles is doubl
e the
sum of interior a
ngles.
is a
1 polyg
0 on.
0.
101. A kite is n
ot a convex quad
rilateral.
102. The sum o
f interior angles
and the sum of e
xterior angles ta
ken in
an order are equ
al in case of qua
drilaterals only.
103. If the sum
of interior angle
s is double the s
um of exterior a
ngles
taken in an order
of a polygon, the
n it is a hexagon.
104. A polygon i
s regular if all of i
ts sides are equa
l.
105. Rectangle
is a regular quad
rilateral.
106.
If diagonals of
a quadrilateral
are equal, it mu
st be a rectangl
e.
If opposite an
107.
gles of a qua
drilateral are
equal, it must
be a
parallelogram.
108. The interio
r angles of a tria
ngle are in the ra
tio 1:2:3, then th
e ratio
of its exterior an
gles is 3:2:1.
is a co
1 ncave
0 pentag
9 on.
.
110. Diagonals
of a rhombus are
equal and perpe
ndicular to each
other.
111. Diagonals
of a rectangle are
equal.
112. Diagonals
of rectangle bise
ct each other at ri
ght angles.
113. Every kite
is a parallelogra
m.
12/04/18
114. Every trapezium is a p
arallelogram.
115. Every parallelogram is
a rectangle.
116. Every trapezium is a re
ctangle.
117. Every rectangle is a tr
apezium.
118. Every square is a rho
mbus.
119. Every square is a paral
lelogram.
120. Every square is a trap
ezium.
121. Every rhombus is a tr
apezium.
122. A quadrilateral can be d
rawn if only measures of four
sides are given.
123. A quadrilateral can hav
e all four angles as obtuse.
124. A quadrilateral can be
drawn if all four sides and o
ne diagonal is
known.
125. A quadrilateral can be
drawn when all the four angl
es and one side
is given.
126. A quadrilateral can be d
rawn if all four sides and one
angle is known.
127. A quadrilateral can be
drawn if three sides and two
diagonals are
given.
128.
If diagonals of a quadril
ateral bisect each other
, it must be a
parallelogram.
129. A quadrilateral can be
constructed uniquely if three
angles and any
two sides are given.
130. A parallelogram can b
e constructed uniquely if bot
h diagonals and
the angle between them is gi
ven.
131. A rhombus can be con
structed uniquely if both diag
onals are given.
Solve the following :
132. The diagonals of a rho
mbus are 8 cm and 15 cm. Fi
nd its side.
133. Two adjacent angles o
f a parallelogram are in the r
atio 1:3. Find its
angles.
134. Of the four quadrilat
erals— square, rectangle,
rhombus and
trapezium— one is somewhat
different from the others beca
use of its
design. Find it and give justif
ication.
12/04/18
135. In a rectan
gle ABCD, AB =
25 cm and BC =
15. In what ratio
does
the bisector of ∠
C divide AB?
136. PQRS is a
rectangle. The pe
rpendicular ST fro
m S on PR divide
s ∠S
in the ratio 2:3.
Find ∠TPQ.
137. A photo fr
ame is in the sha
pe of a quadrilat
eral. With one di
agonal
longer than the o
ther. Is it a recta
ngle? Why or wh
y not?
138. The adjac
ent angles of a p
arallelogram are
(2x – 4)° and (3x
– 1)°.
Find the measur
es of all angles o
f the parallelogra
m.
139. The point
of intersection of
diagonals of a qu
adrilateral divide
s one
diagonal in the r
atio 1:2. Can it b
e a parallelogra
m? Why or why
not?
140. The ratio
between exterio
r angle and inter
ior angle of a re
gular
polygon is 1:5. Fi
nd the number of
sides of the poly
gon.
141. Two sticks
each of length 5
cm are crossing
each other such
that
they bisect each
other. What sha
pe is formed by j
oining their end
points? Give reas
on.
142. Two sticks
each of length 7
cm are crossing
each other such
that
they bisect each
other at right an
gles. What shap
e is formed by
joining their end
points? Give rea
son.
143. A playgro
und in the town i
s in the form of
a kite. The peri
meter is
106 metres. If on
e of its sides is 2
3 metres, what ar
e the lengths of
other three sides
?
144.
In rectangle R
EAD, find ∠EA
R, ∠RAD and
∠ROD
R D
60°
E A
12/04/18
145. In rectangle PAIR, find
∠ARI, ∠RMI and ∠PMA.
146. In parallelogram ABC
D, find ∠B, ∠C and ∠D.
147. In parallelogram PQR
S, O is the mid point of SQ. F
ind ∠S, ∠R, PQ,
QR and diagonal PR.
15 cm
S R
11 cm
60°
P
Q Y
148. In rhombus BEAM, fin
d ∠AME and ∠AEM.
149. In parallelogram FIST,
find ∠SFT, ∠OST and ∠ST
O.
12/04/18
150. In the give
n parallelogram
YOUR, ∠RUO =
120° and OY is e
xtended
to point S such
that ∠SRY = 50°
. Find ∠YSR.
151. In kite WE
AR, ∠WEA = 70
° and ∠ARW = 8
0°. Find the rem
aining
two angles.
152. A rectangu
lar MORE is sho
wn below:
Answer the follo
wing questions b
y giving appropri
ate reason.
( (i
i)
I
s
∠
M
Y
O
=
∠
R
X
E
?
(iii) (iv)
Is Is
∠M ∆M
OY YO
= ≅
∠R ∆R
EX XE
? ?
(v) Is MY = RX?
12/04/18
153. In parallelogram LOST
, SN⊥OL and SM⊥LT. Find
∠STM, ∠SON and
∠NSM.
154. In trapezium HARE,
EP and RP are bisectors
of ∠E and ∠R
respectively. Find ∠HAR and
∠EHA.
E R
25° 30°
P
H A
155.
In parallelogram MODE, t
he bisector of ∠M and ∠O
meet at Q, find
the measure of ∠MQO.
156. A playground is in the
form of a rectangle ATEF. T
wo players are
standing at the points F and
B where EF = EB. Find the v
alues of x
and y.
157. In the following figur
e of a ship, ABDH and
CEFG are two
parallelograms. Find the valu
e of x.
12/04/18
158. A Rangoli
has been drawn
on a flor of a ho
use. ABCD and
PQRS
both are in the s
hape of a rhomb
us. Find the radi
us of semicircle
drawn on each si
de of rhombus A
BCD.
159. ABCDE is
a regular pentag
on. The bisector
of angle A meets
the
side CD at M. Fi
nd ∠AMC
160. Quadrila
teral EFGH is
a rectangle in
which J is the
point of
intersection of th
e diagonals. Find
the value of x if J
F = 8x + 4 and
EG = 24x – 8.
161. Find the v
alues of x and y i
n the following p
arallelogram.
12/04/18
162. Find the values of x an
d y in the following kite.
163. Find the value of x in t
he trapezium ABCD given be
low.
164. Two angles of a quadril
ateral are each of measure 7
5° and the other
two angles are equal. What is t
he measure of these two angle
s? Name
the possible figures so forme
d.
165. In a quadrilateral PQR
S, ∠P = 50°, ∠Q = 50°, ∠R =
60°. Find ∠S. Is
this quadrilateral convex or c
oncave?
166. Both the pairs of oppo
site angles of a quadrilateral
are equal and
supplementary. Find the mea
sure of each angle.
167. Find the measure of ea
ch angle of a regular octagon
.
168. Find the measure of an
are exterior angle of a regula
r pentagon and
an exterior angle of a regula
r decagon. What is the ratio
between
these two angles?
169. In the figure, find the v
alue of x.
12/04/18
170. Three angl
es of a quadrilate
ral are equal. Fou
rth angle is of me
asure
120°. What is the
measure of equal
angles?
171. In a quadr
ilateral HOPE, P
S and ES are bi
sectors of ∠P a
nd ∠E
respectively. Give
reason.
172. ABCD is a
parallelogram. Fi
nd the value of x,
y and z.
173. Diagonals
of a quadrilateral
are perpendicular
to each other. Is
such
a quadrilateral al
ways a rhombus?
Give a figure to ju
stify your answer.
174. ABCD is a
trapezium such t
hat AB||CD, ∠A :
∠D = 2 :1, ∠B :
∠C =
7 : 5. Find the an
gles of the trape
zium.
175. A line l is p
arallel to line m a
nd a transversal
p interesects the
m at X,
Y respectively. Bi
sectors of interior
angles at X and
Y interesct at P
and Q. Is PXQY a
rectangle? Given
reason.
176. ABCD is a
parallelogram. Th
e bisector of angl
e A intersects CD
at X
and bisector of an
gle C intersects A
B at Y. Is AXCY a
parallelogram?
Give reason.
177. A diagonal
of a parallelogra
m bisects an angl
e. Will it also bise
ct the
other angle? Give
reason.
178. The angle
between the two
altitudes of a par
allelogram throug
h the
vertex of an obtus
e angle of the par
allelogram is 45°.
Find the angles
of the parallelogr
am.
179. ABCD is a r
hombus such that
the perpendicular
bisector of AB pa
sses
through D. Find t
he angles of the
rhombus.
Hint: Join BD. T
hen ∆ ABD is eq
uilateral.
180. ABCD is a
parallelogram. P
oints P and Q are
taken on the side
s AB
and AD respectiv
ely and the parall
elogram PRQA is
formed. If ∠C =
45°, find ∠R.
12/04/18
181.
In parallelogram ABCD, t
he angle bisector of ∠A b
isects BC. Will
angle bisector of B also bisect
AD? Give reason.
182. A regular pentagon A
BCDE and a square ABFG
are formed on
opposite sides of AB. Find ∠
BCF.
183. Find maximum num
ber of acute angles whic
h a convex, a
quadrilateral, a pentagon a
nd a hexagon can have. Ob
serve the
pattern and generalise the re
sult for any polygon.
184. In the following figure,
FD||BC||AE and AC||ED. Find
the value of x.
In the following figure, AB||
185.
DC and AD = BC. Find the
value of x.
186. Construct a trapeziu
m ABCD in which AB||DC,
∠A = 105°, AD =
3 cm, AB = 4 cm and CD = 8
cm.
187. Construct a parallelog
ram ABCD in which AB = 4
cm, BC = 5 cm
and ∠B = 60°.
188. Construct a rhombus
whose side is 5 cm and one
angle is of 60°.
189. Construct a rectangle
whose one side is 3 cm and
a diagonal equal
to 5 cm.
190. Construct a square of
side 4 cm.
191. Construct a rhombus
CLUE in which CL = 7.5 cm
and LE = 6 cm.
192. Construct a quadrilat
eral BEAR in which BE = 6
cm, EA = 7 cm,
RB = RE = 5 cm and BA = 9
cm. Measure its fourth side.
12/04/18
193. Construct
a parallelogram P
OUR in which, P
O=5.5 cm, OU =
7.2 cm
and ∠O = 70°.
194. Draw a circl
e of radius 3 cm
and draw its diam
eter and label it a
s AC.
Construct its perp
endicular bisector
and let it intersect
the circle at B
and D. What type
of quadrilateral is
ABCD? Justify yo
ur answer.
195. Construct
a parallelogram
HOME with HO
= 6 cm, HE = 4 c
m and
OE = 3 cm.
196. Is it possibl
e to construct a q
uadrilateral ABC
D in which AB =
3 cm,
BC = 4 cm, CD =
5.4 cm, DA = 5.9
cm and diagonal
AC = 8 cm? If
not, why?
197. Is it possib
le to construct a
quadrilateral RO
AM in which RO
=4 cm,
OA = 5 cm, ∠O =
120°, ∠R = 105°
and ∠A = 135°? I
f not, why?
198. Construct
a square in whic
h each diagonal i
s 5cm long.
199. Construct
a quadrilateral N
EWS in which NE
= 7cm, EW = 6 c
m, ∠N
= 60°, ∠E = 110°
and ∠S = 85°.
200. Construct
a parallelogram
when one of its s
ide is 4cm and it
s two
diagonals are 5.6
cm and 7cm. Me
asure the other si
de.
201. Find the m
easure of each a
ngle of a regular
polygon of 20 sid
es?
202. Construct
a trapezium RIS
K in which RI||
KS, RI = 7 cm, I
S = 5 cm,
RK=6.5 cm and
∠I = 60°.
203. Construct
a trapezium ABC
D where AB||CD,
AD = BC = 3.2c
m, AB
= 6.4 cm and CD
= 9.6 cm. Measur
e ∠B and ∠A.
[Hint : Difference
of two parallel sid
es gives an equil
ateral triangle.]
12/04/18
1 : Constructing a Tessellat
ion
Tessellation: A tessellation is
created when a shape is rep
eated over and
over again covering a plane s
urface without any gaps or ov
erlaps.
Regular Tesselations : It mean
s a tessellation made up of co
ngruent regular
polygons. For example:
A tessellation of triangles
This arrangement can be exten
ded to complete tiling of a floor
(or tessellation).
Rules for Regular Tessellati
on:
(i) In tessellation there shoul
d be no overlappings/gaps bet
ween tiles.
(ii) The tiles must be regula
r polygons.
(iii) Design at each vertex m
ust look the same.
Caution
Will pentagons work?
The interior angle of a pentag
on is 108 . . .
180 + 108 + 108 = 324 de
grees . . . No!
Thus, since the regular polyg
ons must fill the plane at each
vertex, the
interior angle must be an ex
act divisor of 360°.
12/04/18
Now, find the reg
ular polygon that
can tessellate by
trying a sample
in table below.
P T
1. Triangle
2. Square
3. Regular Pent
agon
4. Regular Hexa
gon
5. Regular Hept
agon
6. Regular Octa
gon
Conclusion
Thus, only regula
r polygons that c
an tessellate are
1. _____________
_________
2. _____________
_________
3. _____________
_________
Assignment
1. You can const
ruct a tessellation
on computer usin
g following steps:
- Hold down a b
asic images a
nd copy it to p
aintbrush.
- Keep on mo
ving and pasting
by positioning ea
ch to see a
tessellation.
12/04/18
2. Semi Regular Tessellatio
n : These are made by using
two or more
different regular polygons.
Every vertex must have th
e same
configuration, e.g.:
Y - yellow
B - Blue
G - Green
R - Red
Now discover same more tes
sellation of this type .
2 Constructing a TANGRA
M
Cut the pieces of given squa
re as shown on next page an
d make
different shapes as shown be
low.
Different shapes can be made
of Tangram Pieces
Try to form a story using diff
erent shapes of animals.
Required Square
3 Motivate the students to
participate
Read the following descriptio
n of a square before the stud
ents and
let them draw what you have
described.
Descriptions: My quadrilater
al has opposite sides equal.
12/04/18
Let students com
pare their drawin
gs with each oth
er and with your
square. Let stude
nts discuss what
all their drawings
have in common
(they are all par
allelograms) an
d what addition
al information is
necessary to gua
rantee that they a
ll would draw a s
quare.
(e.g. All 4 sides e
qual and one righ
t angle.)
4: Place ‘’ or ‘’
in the appropriate
spaces according
to the property of
different quadrila
terals.
Parallelogram Recta
ngle Rhombus Squ
are Trapezium Tra
pezium Kite
12/04/18
Use the quadrilateral chart a
t Page 167 to do the followin
g activity and
answer the following questio
ns.
(a) How can you use the pro
perties shown in the quadrilat
eral chart to
make a statement that you be
lieve is true about all parallelo
grams?
(b) How can you use the pro
perties shown in the quadrilat
eral chart to
make a statement that you b
elieve is true about all rhomb
uses?
(c) How can you use the pro
perties shown in the quadrilat
eral chart to
make a statement that you be
lieve is true about all rhombu
ses, but
not parallelograms?
(d) How can you use the pro
perties shown in the quadrilat
eral chart to
make a statement that you b
elieve is true about only rho
mbuses?
(e) How are the propertie
s of rhombuses like the pr
operties of
parallelograms in general?
(f) How are the properties of
rhombuses different from the
properties
of parallelograms?
(g) Which quadrilaterals ha
ve exactly one line of symme
try? Exactly
two? Exactly three? Exactly f
our?
(h) Make a ‘Family Tree’
to show the relationship
among the
quadrilaterals you have been
investigating.
5: Have students take each
of the quadrilateral named be
low, join, in
order, the mid points of the s
ides and describe the specia
l kind of
quadrilaterals they get each t
ime:
(a) Rhombus.
(b) Rectangle.
(c) Trapezium with non-
parallel sides equal.
(d) Trapezium with non-
parallel sides unequal.
(e) Kite.
12/04/18
6: Crossword P
uzzle
Solve the given
crossword and t
hen fill up the giv
en boxes (on the
next
page). Clues are
given below for a
cross as well as
downward filling.
Also,
for across and d
own clues, clue
number is writte
n at the corner o
f the
boxes. Answers
of clues have to b
e filled up in their
respective boxes.
Clues
Across
1. A quadrilater
al with pair of par
allel sides.
2. A simple clos
ed curve made u
p of only line seg
ments.
3. A quadrilate
ral which has ex
actly two distinct
consecutive pair
s of
sides of equal len
gth.
4. A line segme
nt connecting two
non-consecutive
vertices of a poly
gon.
5. The diagonal
s of a rhombus ar
e _________ bise
ctors of one anoth
er.
6. The _______
____ sides of a pa
rallelogram are of
equal length.
7. The number
of sides of a regu
lar polygon whos
e each exterior a
ngle
has a measure of
45 .
8. The sum of m
easure of the three
angles of a ______
___________ is 18
0 .
9. A polygon
which is both e
quiangular and
equilateral is ca
lled a
_________ polygo
n.
10. Number of si
des of a nonagon
.
Down
11. Name of the f
igure
12. The _______
____ angles of a
parallelogram are
supplementary.
13. A _________
_____ is a quadril
ateral whose pair
of opposite sides
are
parallel.
14. The diagonals
of a rectangle are
of ____________
___ length.
15. A five sided p
olygon.
16. The diagonal
s of a parallelogra
m ____________
_ each other.
17. A quadrilater
al having all the
properties of a p
arallelogram and
also
that of a kite.
12/04/18
MATHEMATICS
170 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• 3D shapes/obj
ects are those wh
ich do not lie co
mpletely in a
plane.
• 3D objects have
different views fro
m different position
s.
• A solid is a poly
hedron if it is made
up of only polygon
al faces, the
faces meet at edge
s which are line seg
ments and the edge
s meet at
a point called vert
ex.
• Euler’s formula
for any polyhedron
is,
F + V – E = 2
Where F stands fo
r number of faces,
V for number of ve
rtices and
E for number of ed
ges.
• Types of polyhe
drons:
(a) Convex polyhe
dron
A convex polyhedr
on is one in which
all faces make it c
onvex.
e.g.
( (
12/04/18
(1) and (2) are convex polyhe
drons whereas
(3) and (4) are non convex po
lyhedron.
(b) Regular polyhedra or pla
tonic solids:
A polyhedron is regular if i
ts faces are congruent reg
ular
polygons and the same numb
er of faces meet at each verte
x.
For example, a cube is a pl
atonic solid because all six
of its
faces are congruent squar
es. There are five such soli
ds–
tetrahedron, cube, octahedron
, dodecahedron and icosahed
ron.
e.g.
• A prism is a polyhedron w
hose bottom and top faces (
known as
bases) are congruent polygo
ns and faces known as later
al faces
are parallelograms (when the
side faces are rectangles, the
shape
is known as right prism).
• A pyramid is a polyhedro
n whose base is a polygon a
nd lateral
faces are triangles.
• A map depicts the locatio
n of a particular object/place
in relation
to other objects/places.
The front, top and side of a fi
gure are shown. Use centime
tre cubes to
build the figure. Then sketch
the figure.
1
.
2.
Fro Si Fr T Side
nt d on o
e t p
3. The views below represent
a three-dimensional figure tha
t cannot be
built from cubes. Determine
which three-dimensional figur
es match
the views.
A B C D
Front Top Side
12/04/18
• Scale is the
relationship be
tween the dra
wing’s/model’s
dimensions to th
e actual object’s
dimensions.
• In a map, symb
ols are used to de
pict the different o
bjects and places.
• Maps involve
a scale which is fi
xed for a particul
ar map.
Explain how y
ou would find the
surface area of an
open-top box that
is
shaped like a rect
angular prism.
Describe the s
hapes in a net us
ed to cover a cyli
nder.
In examples 1
and 2, write th
e correct answ
er from the giv
en four
options.
Exam: A prism is a
ple polyhedron w
hose lateral fa
ces are
(a
) (b)
Ci T
rc ria
le ngl
s es
(c) elogra
Parall ms
(d) es or R
Rho hombi
mbus
Soluti
on : Correct a
nswer is (c)
.
Exam: A pyramid is
ple a polyhedron
whose lateral
faces are
(a)
Rect (b)
angl Tria
es ngle
s
(c)
Parall (d) Rh
elogr ombus
ams es or R
hombi
Soluti
on : Correct a
nswer is (b)
.
In examples 3 a
nd 4, fill in the bl
anks to make th
e statements tru
e
Exam
ple : In a regular
polyhedron _
_____ numb
er
of faces meet at e
ach vertex.
Solution : sa
me.
Example 4 : A
pentagonal prism
has ______ edge
s.
Solution
: 15.
In examples 5 a
nd 6, state whet
her the stateme
nts are
true or false.
Examp: A sphere i
le 5 s a polyhedr
on.
Solution
: False.
12/04/18
Exampl
: In a prism the lateral f
e 6 aces need not be congr
uent
Solution : True.
Example 7 : Draw the top,
front and side views of the gi
ven solid.
Solution :
Use a compass and straight ed
ge to create a larger version of
each net
on a cardboard. Fold each net
into a polyhedron.
REGULAR POLYHEDRONS
N
AME F EX NE
A AM T
C PL
E E
S
Tetrahedron
4 triangles
Octahedron 8 triangles
Icosahedron 20 triangles
Cube 6 squares
Dodecahedron12 pentagons
12/04/18
Exam: Use isomet
pleric dot paper t
o sketch a re
ctangular pris
m
with length 4 uni
ts, height 2 units
and width 3 unit
s.
Solution : St
eps:
(1) Draw a parall
elogram
with sides
4 units and Widt
h
L
This is top of the
prism
(2) Start at on
e vertex.
Draw a line
passing Height
through two
dots.
Repeat for other t
hree
vertic
es.
Draw F
i
the g
hidde .
n e 2
dges
as
dashed line (Fig
2).
(3) Connect the
ends of
the lines to com
plete
the prism (Fig 3).
Fig. 3
1. Complete the t
able for
the number of vert
ices
V, edges E and fac
es F
for each of
the
polyhedrons you m
ade.
2. Make a Co
njecture
What do you thi
nk is
true about th
e
relationship bet
ween
the number of verti
ces,
edges and faces
of a
polyhedron?
12/04/18
Example 9 : Identify the sh
ape whose net is given below
.
Solution : This shape is e
ntirely made of equilateral tria
ngles. When
folded, it results in a regular
octahedron. Note that since
these are all equilateral an
d congruent faces, it is a
regular polyhedron.
A polyhedron is formed by four
or more polygons that intersect
only at their
edges. The faces of a regular p
olyhedron are all congruent reg
ular polygons
and the same number of faces i
ntersect at each vertex, Regula
r polyhedrons
are also called Platonic solid.
There are exactly five regular
polyhedrons.
Example 10 : The solid give
n below is a rectangular pris
m or cuboid.
Make all the diagonals of this
shape.
Solution : There are only
four diagonals as shown belo
w.
12/04/18
Note that in a 3D
shape, diagonals
connect two verti
ces
that do not lie on
the same face.
E.g. the line seg
ment from A to H
in figure below is
not
a diagonal for th
e solid. Diagonal
s must pass thro
ugh
the inside of the s
hape. However, A
H is diagonal of fa
ce
ADHE.
Example 11: C
ount the number
of cubes in the gi
ven shapes.
e
s
Solu
tion :
(ii)
cube
s
Example 12 : N
ame the followin
g polyhedrons a
nd verify the Eul
er’s
formula for each
of them.
( (
Solution : S
. No Polyhedron
F
Tetrahedron 4
4 8 6
2
(b)
Cube 6 8
14
Volume, the spac
e inside a three-
dimensional objec
t, is measured in c
ubic
unit. If the block
s you build are e
ach 1 cubic unit,
then the volume
of a
block structure is e
qual to the number
of blocks in the str
ucture. For exampl
e,
a structure made
from eight blocks
has a volume of
8 cubic units. If t
he
blocks have an ed
ge length of 1 cm,
the structure’s vol
ume is 8 cm .
12/04/18
Example 13 : A polyhedron
has 7 faces and 10 vertices.
How many
edges does the polyhedron ha
ve?
Solution : For any polyh
edron,
F + V – E = 2
Here, F = 7, V = 10, E = ?
Using above formula,
⇒7 + 10 – E = 2
⇒17 – E = 2
⇒17 – 2 = E
⇒ Ε = 15
Example 14 : Find the num
ber of vertices in a polyhedr
on which has
30 edges and 12 faces.
Solution : For any polyh
edron,
F + V – E = 2
Here, F = 12, V = ?, E = 30
Using above formula,
12 + V – 30 = 2
V – 18 = 2
V = 2 + 18
V = 20
Example 15 : The distance
between City A and City B
on a map is
given as 6 cm. If the scale r
epresents 1 cm = 200 km,
then find the actual distance
between City A and City B.
Soluti
on : Actual distance repr
esented by 1cm = 200
km
What is the surface area of a
single block in square units?
If the edge lengths of a block ar
e 2 cm, what is the block’s surf
ace area?
What is the volume of the str
ucture at the right in cubic uni
ts?
What is the surface area of th
e structure above in square u
nits?
(Remember: Count only the s
quares on the outside of the st
ructure.)
12/04/18
Actual distance r
epresented by 6
cm = 6 × 200 km
= 1200 km
So, actual dist
ance between
City A and City
B is
1200 km.
Example 16 : He
ight of a building i
s 9 m and this bui
lding is represent
ed
by 9 cm on a ma
p. What is the sc
ale used for the
map?
Sizedra
wn
Solut: Scale
ion of mapActual
= size
9cm
(because 9 m
900cm
= 900 cm)
1
100
Thus, scale is 1:
100.
Example 17 : Th
e scale on a map
is 1 mm : 4 m. Fi
nd the distance o
n
the map for an a
ctual distance of
52 m.
Sol
utio: Distance o
n n map for an
actual distan
ce of 4 m =
1 mm
Distance on
map for actua52
l distance of
52 m
= 13 mm
Thus, distance
on map for actu
al distance of 5
2 m is
13 mm.
All prisms have t
wo identical, para
llel faces. These t
wo faces are alw
ays
polygons. A prism
’s other faces are
always parallelogr
ams.
A prism is someti
mes referred to b
y the shape of the
two identical face
s on
its ends. For exa
mple, a triangular
prism has triang
ular faces on its
ends,
and a rectangular
prism has rectang
ular faces on its e
nds.
Triangular Prism
Rectangular Pri
sm
Example 18 :
Application of
problem
solving strategy
Determine the
number of
edges, vertices
and in the
following figure:
12/04/18
Solutio: Understand and Ex
n plore the problem
• What information is given i
n the question?
A cube with one of its corner
cut.
• What are you trying to find
?
The no. of edges, vertices and
faces.
• Is there any information th
at is not needed?
The measures of edges are no
t needed.
Plan a strategy
• Think of the definitions of
an edge, vertex and faces
and try to co-relate them to t
he figure given above.
Solve
• The polygonal regions are c
alled faces, hence there are
7 faces.
• The line segment formed by
the intersection of two faces
is called edges, hence there a
re 15 edges.
• Edges meet at vertices whi
ch are points, hence there
are 10 vertices.
Revise
• The above answer is verifie
d using Euler’s Formula.
F + V = E + 2
For the above problem, F = 7
, V = 10, E = 15
F + V = 7 + 10 = 17
E + 2 = 15 + 2 = 17
Hence F + V = E + 2 is verifie
d.
These figures are prisms.
These figures are not prisms.
12/04/18
In each of the q
uestions 1 to 21,
out of four optio
ns only one is c
orrect.
Write the correct
answer.
1. Which amon
gst the following
is not a polyhedr
on?
(
d
)
2. Which of the
following will not
form a polyhedro
n?
( (b)
2 tr
ian
gle
s a
nd
3 p
ara
llel
ogr
am
( (d)
1
pe
nta
go
n a
nd
5 t
ria
ngl
es
3. Which of the
following is a reg
ular polyhedron?
( (
b
)
T
r
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
p
r
i
s
m
( (
4. Which of the
following is a two
Dimensional figu
re?
( (b
)
R
e
ct
a
n
g
ul
ar
P
ri
s
m
(c) (d)
Squ Squ
are are
Pyra Pris
mid m
5. Which of the f
ollowing can be t
he base of a pyra
mid?
(a) Line (c) Oc
segment tagon
(b) (d)
Circle Oval
6. Which of the f
ollowing 3D shap
es does not have
a vertex?
(a) (d)
Py Sp
ra her
mid e
7. Solid having
only line segment
s as its edges is
a
(a) ( (c)
Polyh b Cylin
edro ) der
n
( olyg
d on
What do all the pri
sms have in com
mon?
How are the non-
prisms different fr
om the prisms?
12/04/18
8. In a solid if F = V = 5, the
n the number of edges in this
shape is
(a) ( ( (d)
6 b c 2
) )
8
4
9. Which of the following is t
he top view of the given shap
e?
)
(
a
)
(
c
)
(
d
)
10. The net shown below c
an be folded into the shape
of a cube. The
face marked with the letter
L is opposite to the face ma
rked with
which letter?
(a) ( ( (d)
M b c O
) )
N Q
A net is a flat figure that can b
e folded to form a closed, thre
e-dimensional
object. Such an object is calle
d a solid.
12/04/18
11. Which of the
nets given below
will generate a co
ne?
( (
12. Which of th
e following is not
a prism?
c
)
(
a
)
)
13. We have 4 c
ongruent equilate
ral triangles. Wha
t do we need mor
e to
make a pyramid
?
(a) An equilater
al triangle.
(b) A square wit
h same side lengt
h as of triangle.
(c) 2 equilateral
triangles with sid
e length same as
triangle.
(d) 2 squares wi
th side length sa
me as triangle.
1. Explain how to
find the surface ar
ea of a solid
from the net for t
hat solid.
2. Here is a net
for a rectangula
r solid. Take
whatever meas
urements you
think are
necessary to fin
d the solid’s vol
ume and
surface area. Expl
ain what measure
ments you
took and what yo
u did with them.
The surface area
of a three-
dimensional obje
ct is the space co
vering the
object’s surface. I
f you could pick u
p the object and fl
atten it so you co
uld
see all sides at on
ce, the area of the
flat figure would b
e the surface area
.
(Don’t forget to co
unt the bottom su
rface!) Surface ar
ea is also measur
ed
in square units.
12/04/18
14. Side of a square garden
is 30 m. If the scale used to d
raw its picture
is 1cm: 5m, the perimeter of
the square in the picture is
(a) 2 (b) 24 cm (d) 30
0 cm (c) 2 cm
8 cm
15. Which of the following s
hapes has a vertex.
(a) ( (d
b )
) (
c
)
16. In the given map, the di
stance between the places is
shown using
the scale 1 cm : 0.5 km. The
n the actual distance (in km)
between
school and the book shop is
(a)
1.25
(b) ( (d)
2. c 1.1
5 )
2
To become familiar with some
of the vocabulary terms in the
chapter,
consider the following.
1. What does the term area t
otal tell you about the meanin
g of surface
area?
2. The word edge comes fro
m the Latin word acer, meanin
g sharp. How
does the Latin root help you
define an edge of a three-
dimensional
figure?
3. The word vertex can mean
peak or highest point. What pa
rt of a cone
or pyramid is the vertex?
4. The word prism comes fro
m the Greek word priein, mea
ning to saw.
How might you describe a pri
sm in terms of something sa
wn or cut
off?
12/04/18
17. Which of th
e following cann
ot be true for a p
olyhedron?
(a)
V = 4 (b)
, F = V = 6
4, E , F =
= 6 8, E
= 12
(c) V
= 20, F (d) V
= 12, E = 4, F
= 30 = 6, E
= 6
18. In a bluepri
nt of a room, an
architect has sh
own the height o
f the
room as 33 cm. I
f the actual heigh
t of the room is 3
30 cm, then the
scale used by her
is
(a) (c (d)
1 ) 1:3
:1
1 1:
1
0
0
19. The followin
g is the map of a t
own. Based on it
answer question
19-21.
The number of h
ospitals in the to
wn is
( (
a d
) )
1 4
There are two re
ctangular bases.
There are four re
ctangular faces.
The figure is a re
ctangular prism.
There is one rect
angular base.
There are four tri
angular faces.
The figure is a re
ctangular pyramid
.
There are two tri
angular bases.
There are three r
ectangular faces.
The figure is a tri
angular prism.
There is one hex
agonal base.
There are six tria
ngular faces.
The figure is a he
xagonal pyramid.
12/04/18
20. The ratio of the number
of general stores and that of
the ground is
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
1 : 2 2 2 : 3 : 2
1
21. According to the map, t
he number of schools in the t
own is
(a) ( ( (d)
4 b c 2
) )
5
3
In questions 22 to 41, fill i
n the blanks to make the st
atements true.
22. Square prism is also calle
d a _______.
23. Rectangular prism is also
called a ________.
In th
24. the number of fa
e fig ces meeting at B
ure, is ________.
25. A pyramid on an n side
d polygon has ______ faces.
If a solid shape has 12 fac
26.
es and 20 vertices, then t
he number of
edges in this solid is ______.
27. Th can be folde
e given d to make a
net ______.
28. A solid figure with only 1
vertex is a ______.
29. Total number of faces in
a pyramid which has eight ed
ges is______.
30. The net of a rectangular
prism has ______ rectangles.
(Hint: Every square is a rectan
gle but every rectangle is not a
square.)
Three-dimensional figures hav
e three dimensions: length, wi
dth and
height. A flat surface of a thre
e-dimensional figure is a face.
An edge is
where two faces meet.
A polyhedron is a three-
dimensional figure whose face
s are all polygons.
A vertex of a polyhedron is a p
oint where three or more edge
s meet. The
face that is used to name a pol
yhedron is called a base.
12/04/18
31. In a three-
dimensional sha
pe, diagonal is a
line segment that
joins
two vertices that
do not lie on the _
_____ face.
32.
If 4 km on a ma
p is represente
d by 1 cm, then
16 km is repres
ented
by ______ cm.
33. If actual dis
tance between t
wo places A and
B is 110 km and
it is
represented on a
map by 25 mm. T
hen the scale use
d is ______.
34. A pentagona
l prism has _____
_ faces.
35.
If a pyramid ha
s a hexagonal
base, then the
number of verti
ces is
______.
is the _
3 ______
6 view of
.
37. Th
e numb are
er of cu ___
bes in ___.
If the sum of n
38.
umber of vertic
es and faces i
n a polyhedron
is 14,
then the number
of edges in that s
hape is ______.
39. Total numbe
r of regular polyh
edra is ______.
A prism has two b
ases, and a pyra
mid has one base.
P P
A PrismA pyramid
a polyhedr
is a polyh
on that edron that
s
two parallel, congr
uent bases. The
has one base. The
base can be
bases can be any
polygon. The an
y polygon. The ot
her faces are
other faces triang
are paralleloles.
grams.
12/04/18
40. A regular polyhedron is a
solid made up of ______ face
s.
41. For each of the following
solids, identify the front, side
and top views
and write it in the space prov
ided.
(a)
(b)
The faces are all polygons, s
o the figure
is a polyhedron.
There is one triangular base.
The figure is a triangular pyra
mid.
The faces are not all polygon
s, so the figure
is not a polyhedron.
There are two circular bases
.
The figure is a cylinder.
The faces are not all polygon
s, so the figure
is not a polyhedron.
There is one circular base.
The figure is a cone.
12/04/18
(c)
(d)
In each of the
questions 42 t
o 61, state wh
ether the follo
wing
statements are t
rue (T) or false (
F).
42. The other n
ame of cuboid is
tetrahedron.
43. A polyhedro
n can have 3 fac
es.
44. A polyhedr
on with least nu
mber of faces is
known as a trian
gular
pyramid.
45. Regular oc
tahedron has 8
congruent faces
which are isosc
eles
triangles.
1. Explain how t
o identify a prism
or a pyramid.
2. Compare and
contrast cylinders
and prisms. How a
re they alike? How
are they different
?
3. Compare and
contrast pyramids
and cones. How a
re they alike? How
are they different
?
12/04/18
46. Pentagonal prism has 5
pentagons.
47. Every cylinder has 2 opp
osite faces as congruent circl
es, so it is also
a prism.
48. Euler’s formula is true f
or all three-dimensional shap
es.
49. A polyhedron can have
10 faces, 20 edges and 15 ve
rtices.
50. The top view of
is
51. The number of edges in
a parallelogram is 4.
52. Every solid shape has a
unique net.
53. Pyramids do not have a
diagonal.
54. The given shape is a cyl
inder.
55. A cuboid has atleast 4 d
iagonals.
56. All cubes are prisms.
Cylinders and cones are not p
olyhedrons because they are
not made of
faces that are all polygons.
Cyli C
nde on
rs es
A cylinder has two parallel
, A cone has one base that i
s a circle
congruent bases that are circle
s. and a surface that comes
to a point
called the vertex.
12/04/18
57. A cylinder is
a 3-D shape havi
ng two circular fa
ces of different ra
dii.
58. On the basi
s of the given fig
ure, the length of
a rectangle in the
net
of a cylinder is sa
me as circumfere
nce of circles in it
s net.
If a length of 1
00 m is repres
ented on a ma
59.
p by 1 cm, the
n the
actual distance c
orresponding to
2 cm is 200 m.
60. The model
of a ship shown i
s of height 3.5 c
m. The actual hei
ght of
the ship is 210 c
m if the scale ch
osen is 1: 60.
61. The actual
width of a store r
oom is 280 cm. I
f the scale chose
n to
make its drawin
g is 1:7, then the
width of the roo
m in the drawing
will be 40 cm.
Find the volume o
f each prism.
1
. 3
.
12/04/18
62. Complete the table give
n below:
of faces F of Vertices V
a. Cuboid
c. Square
d. Rectangular
e. Pentagonal
f. Hexagonal
g. Triangular
h. Square
i. Cube
j. Pentagonal
k. Octagonal
l. Heptagonal
63. How many faces does e
ach of the following solids, ha
ve?
(a) Tet
rahedro (b) Hex
n ahedron
(c) Octagon
al Pyramid (d) Octa
hedron
12/04/18
64. Draw a pris
m with its base a
s regular hexago
n with one of its f
ace
facing you. Now
draw the top vie
w, front view and
side view of this
solid.
65. How many v
ertices does each
of the following s
olids have?
( (
( (
d
)
O
c
t
a
g
o
n
a
l
P
y
r
a
m
i
d
(e (f)
) H
T ex
et ag
ra on
h al
e Pri
dr sm
o
n
66. How many e
dges does each o
f following solids
have?
( (
a b
( (
d
)
O
c
t
a
g
o
n
a
l
P
y
r
a
m
i
d
(e) (f)
Hexa Kale
gonal idos
Pris cop
m e
The volume of a t
hree-dimensional
figure is the num
ber of cubes it ca
n
hold. One cube re
presents one cubi
c unit of volume.
1. Use centimetr
e cubes to build t
he rectangular pri
sm
shown. What are
the length, width
and height of the
prism? How many
cubes does the pri
sm hold?
2. You can find
out how many cu
bes the prism ho
lds
without counting
every cube. First
look at the prism
from above. How
can you find the n
umber of cubes in
the to
p laye T
r with
out co
unting
every
cube?
3. Now look at th
e prism from the si
de. How many lay
ers
does the prism ha
ve? How can you
use this to find the
total number of c
ubes in the prism
?
Side
1. Describe a sh
ortcut for finding t
he number of cu
bes in a rectangu
lar
prism.
2. Suppose you k
now the area of th
e base of a prism
and the height of t
he
prism. How can y
ou find the prism’
s volume?
3. Let the area of
the base of a pris
m be B and the he
ight of the prism b
e
h. Write a formul
a for the prism’s v
olume V.
12/04/18
67. Look at the shapes given
below and state which of these
are polyhedra
using Euler’s formula.
( ( (
a d
) )
(e) ( ( (i)
g
)
)
( (
j
)
)
Find the volume of each cylind
er.
Use 3.14 for π and round to t
he nearest tenth.
1 2
.
3
.
12/04/18
1. Use a similar
process to that in
earlier Activity to
develop
the formula for th
e volume of a cyli
nder. You will nee
d an
empty can or other
cylindrical pot. Re
move one of the ba
ses.
2. Arrange centi
metre cubes in a s
ingle layer at the b
ottom of
the cylinder. Fit a
s many cubes int
o the layer as pos
sible.
How many cubes
are in this layer?
3. To find how m
any layers of cub
es would fit in the
cylinder,
make a stack of
cubes along the i
nside of the cylin
der.
How many layers
would fit in the cyl
inder?
4. How can you
use what you kno
w to find the appr
oximate
number of cubes
that would fit in th
e cylinder?
68. Count the n
umber of cubes i
n the given shap
es.
(b
)
(d
)
( (
e
)
)
( (
l
)
12/04/18
1. Suppose you know the are
a of the base of a cylinder and
the height of
the cylinder. How can you find
the cylinder’s volume?
2. Let the area of the base of a
cylinder be B and the height of
the cylinder
be h. Write a formula for the c
ylinder’s volume V.
3. The base of a cylinder is a
circle with radius r. How can
you find the
area of the base? How can yo
u use this in your formula for th
e volume
of a cylinder?
69. Draw the front, side and
top view of the given shapes.
( ( (f)
a d
) )
( ( ( (j
g )
)
1. Use a net to construct a rect
angular prism that is 3 cm by 6
cm by 9 cm.
2. Use a net to construct a cyl
inder with a height of 3 cm an
d a radius of
1.5 cm (Hint: The length of t
he rectangle in the net must
match the
circumference of the circles, s
o the length should be 2 π
r = 2 π (1.5) ≈
9.42 cm.)
12/04/18
A net is a pattern
of two-
dimensions that c
an be folded to m
ake a three-
dimensional figure
. You can use 1 c
m graph paper to
help you make net
s.
1. Use a net
to construct
a
rectangular prism
.
a. Draw the net at
right on a piece
of graph paper. E
ach rectangle is
10 squares by 4 s
quares. The two
squares are 4 s
mall squares on
each side.
b. Cut out the net.
Fold the net along
the edges
of each rectangle t
o make a rectangu
lar prism.
Tape the edges to
hold them in place
.
2. Use a net to c
onstruct a cylinde
r.
a. Draw the net
at right on a piec
e of graph
paper. The recta
ngle is 25 squar
es by 8
squares. Use a c
ompass to make t
he circles.
Each circle has a
radius of 4 squar
es.
b. Cut out the ne
t. Fold the net as
shown to
make a cylinder.
Tape the edges to
hold them
in place.
70. Using Euler
’s formula, find t
he value of unkn
own x, y, z, p, q,
r, in
the following tabl
e.
1. What are the
dimensions, in inc
hes, of the rectan
gular prism that y
ou
built?
2. What is the h
eight, in cm, of th
e cylinder that yo
u built? What is t
he
cylinder’s radius?
12/04/18
71. Can a polyhedron have
V = F = 9 and E = 16 ? If yes,
draw its figure.
72. Check whether a polyhe
dron can have V = 12, E = 6
and F = 8.
73. A polyhedron has 60 ed
ges and 40 vertices. Find the
number of its
faces.
74. Find the number of face
s in the given shapes:
75. A polyhedron has 20 fa
ces and 12 vertices. Find th
e edges of the
polyhedron.
76. A solid has forty faces a
nd, sixty edges. Find the num
ber of vertices
of the solid.
77. Draw the net of a regula
r hexahedron with side 3 cm.
(Hint: Regular
hexahedron - cube)
78. Draw the net of a regul
ar tetrahedron with side 6 c
m.
79. Draw the net of the follo
wing cuboid:
1. Tell whether a figure’s surf
ace area has increased or decr
eased if each
1
dimension of the figure is .
anged by a factor of 3
2. Explain how the surface ar
ea of a figure is changed if eac
h dimension
is multiplied by a factor of 3.
3. Explain how the volume
of a figure is changed if each
dimension is
multiplied by a factor of 2.
12/04/18
80. Match the f
ollowing:
F N
( (
( (
( (
( (
81. Complete t
he table given b
elow by putting t
ick mark across
the
respective prope
rty found in the s
olids mentioned.
Solids
Cone Cylinder
Prism Pyramid
82. Draw the ne
t of the following
shape.
12/04/18
83. Draw the net of the follo
wing solid.
(Hint: Pentagons are not con
gruent.)
84. Find the number of cub
es in the base layer of the fol
lowing figure.
85. In the above figure, if onl
y the shaded cubes are visibl
e from the top,
draw the base layer.
86. How many faces, edge
s and vertices does a pyram
id have with n
sided polygon as its base?
87. Draw a figure that repre
sents your mathematics text
book. What is
the name of this figure? Is it
a prism?
88. In the given figures, ide
ntify the different shapes invo
lved.
89. What figure is formed i
f only the height of a cube i
s increased or
decreased?
90. Use isometric dot paper
to draw each figure.
(a) A tetrahedron.
(b) A rectangular prism with
length 4 units, width 2 units a
nd height
2 units.
12/04/18
Identify the n
91.
ets given bel
ow and menti
on the name
of the
corresponding so
lid in the space p
rovided.
12/04/18
92. Draw a map of your sch
ool playground. Mark all nec
essary places
like 2 library, Playground, M
edical Room, Classrooms, A
ssembly
area, etc.
93. Refer to the given map t
o answer the following questi
ons.
(a) What is the built-up area
of Govt. Model School I ?
(b) Name the schools show
n in the picture.
(c) Which park is nearest to
the dispensary?
(d) To which block does the
main market belong?
(e) How many parks have be
en represented in the map?
94. Look at the map given b
elow.
Answer the following questio
ns.
(a) Which two hospitals are
opposite to each other?
(b) A person residing at Nit
i Bagh has to go to Chirag D
elhi after
dropping her daughter at As
iad Tower. Mention the imp
ortant
landmarks he will pass along
with the roads taken.
12/04/18
(c) Name of whi
ch road is similar
to the name of so
me month.
B Town, India
1 14
2
3
4
5
r
1
Polic F 6
e iS
Statio t
n 9
13 12
2
3 1
1
Sector 3
20 9
School
16 15 14 13
4
10
1
6
9 8 7 6
5
Sports
Co 3
mpl 2
ex 1
95. Look at the
map given below.
Houses
B Town, India
1 14
2
3
4
5
r
1
Polic F 6
e S
Statio t
n 9
8
13 12
2
3 1
1
Sector 3
20 10
School
16 15 14 13 4
10 1
2
6
9 8 7 6
5
Sports
Co 3
mpl 2
ex 1
12/04/18
Now answer the following qu
estions.
(a) Name the roads that me
et at round about.
(b) What is the address of th
e stadium?
(c) On which road is the Poli
ce Station situated?
(d)If Ritika stays adjacent to b
ank and you have to send h
er a card,
what address will you write?
(e) Which sector has maxim
um number of houses?
(f) In which sector is Fire St
ation located?
(g) In the map, how many se
ctors have been shown?
96. A photographer uses a
computer program to enlarge
a photograph.
What is the scale according t
o which the width has enlarg
ed?
97. The side of a square boa
rd is 50 cm. A student has to
draw its image
in her notebook. If the drawin
g of the square board in the
notebook
has perimeter of 40 cm, the
n by which scale the figure
has been
drawn?
98. The distance between s
chool and house of a girl is gi
ven by 5 cm in
a picture, using the scale 1
cm : 5 km. Find the actual
distance
between the two places?
12/04/18
99. Use a ruler t
o measure the di
stance in cm bet
ween the places j
oined
by dotted lines. If
the map has bee
n drawn using th
e scale 1 cm :10
km, find the actu
al distances betw
een
(1) School and
Library
(2) College and
Complex
(3) House and S
chool
100. The actua
l length of a pain
ting was 2 m. W
hat is its length i
n the
photograph if the
scale used is 1 m
m : 20 cm.
(b) Actual size 4
5 feet
Drawing size 5 in
ches
102.
In a town, an ic
e cream parlour
has displayed a
n ice cream scu
lpture
of height 360 cm.
The parlour claim
s that these ice c
reams and the
sculpture are in t
he scale 1:30. W
hat is the height
of the ice creams
served?
12/04/18
Activit
: Find the most appro
y 1 priate way to reach fro
m start to
finish.
(Use a coloured pen of your
choice to show the path
traced.)
Start
Finish
Start
Finish
12/04/18
Activ: Rohit is a 7
ity year old youn
g boy. His un
cle Raj asked
him
to draw a map to r
each Sport’s Com
plex from his (Ro
hit’s)
house. He drew t
he following map
.
Can you help
Uncle Raj by d
rawing a better
map
considering your
self as Rohit’s F
ather/Mother.
Activity 3 : Lo
ok at the map of
city given on the
next page:
(a) Colour the ma
p using the given
colour code as foll
ows.
Blue-water, Red-
Fire station, Whit
e-Hospital, Gree
n-
Parks, Cream-
River Bed, Brow
n-Mountains.
(b) Mark the sho
rtest route from
House to Pool wi
th the
help of arrowes.
(c) Put X at the i
ntersection of Ch
atra Marg and Ho
use
Lane.
Home Library
House L River La
ane ne
12/04/18
Activity 4 : Draw the nets
given below on coloured she
ets by taking
each side of the triangle as
3cm, and try to form the
shapes shown in front of it. C
ount the number of edges,
faces and vertices in ends an
d verify the Euler’s formula.
(a)
4 equilateral triangles
(b)
(c)
(d)
2 squares and 8 triangles
12/04/18
(e)
2 pentagons and
10 triangles
(f)
6 squares and 8 tri
angles
(g)
Activity 5 : G
uess who am I?
My name is give
n in the box belo
w.
Oops! Spelling of
my name is jumb
led up.
Try to identify it f
rom the clues giv
en below and wri
te it
in the blank spac
e.
(1) I am a polyh
edron with least nu
mber of faces. ___
_____
(2) I am a prism
whose all faces ar
e square. ______
__
(3) Looks like m
arbles but have n
o vertex. _______
_
(4) I am a solid
whose base is po
lygonal and other
faces
are triangles. ____
____
12/04/18
6. Draw the map of your lo
cality, showing the details of
your sector/
block. Also highlight the ap
propriate landmarks which
will help
your friend to locate your ho
use in your sector/block.
Activity 7 : Crossword Puzz
le
Answer the following based o
n the hints given below.
Across
1. Polyhedron whose lateral
faces are parallelograms.
2. Prism having fifteen edg
es.
5. Another name for a squa
re prism.
7. Polyhedron made up of f
our triangles.
9. Polyhedron made up of c
onvex polygons.
Down
2. Polyhedron whose lateral
faces are triangles.
3. In a solid shape, the line
segment joining two vertices
not lying
on the same face.
4. A 3-D shape having no v
ertex.
6. A solid figure having onl
y one vertex.
7. Number of pentagons in
a pentagonal prism.
10. Point where edges of a s
olid shape meet.
12/04/18
UNIT-6
VISUALISING SOLID SHA
PES
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
212 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
(i) Algebraic Expr
ession
• Terms are form
ed by the product
of variables and co
nstants, e.g.
–3xy, 2xyz, 5x , et
c.
• Terms are adde
d to form expressio
ns, e.g. –2xy + 5x
.
• Expressions th
at contain exactly
one, two and thre
e terms are
called monomials,
binomials and trin
omials, respectivel
y.
• In general, any e
xpression containin
g one or more term
s with non-
zero coefficients (a
nd with variables ha
ving non-negative e
xponents)
is called a polyno
mial.
• Like terms are f
ormed from the sa
me variables and t
he powers of
these variables ar
e also the same.
But coefficients of
like terms
need not be the sa
me.
• There are numb
er of situations like
finding the area of
rectangle,
triangle, etc. in whi
ch we need to mult
iply algebraic expr
essions.
• Multiplication of
two algebraic expr
essions is again a
n algebraic
expression.
• A monomial mul
tiplied by a monom
ial always gives a
monomial.
• While multiplyin
g a polynomial by
a monomial, we m
ultiply every
term in the polyn
omial by the mon
omial using the di
stributive
law a ( b + c) = ab
+ ac.
12/04/18
• In the multiplication of a p
olynomial by a binomial (or t
rinomial),
we multiply term by term, i.
e. every term of the polyno
mial is
multiplied by every term in t
he binomial (or trinomial) us
ing the
distributive property.
• An identity is an equality, w
hich is true for all values of its
variables
in the equality, i.e. an identit
y is a universal truth.
• An equation is true only fo
r certain values of its variable
s.
• Some standard identities:
(i) (a + b) = a + 2ab +2
(ii) (a – b) = a – 2ab +2
(iii)
(a + b) (a – b) = a –2
(iv)(x + a) (x + b) = x + (a +
b) x + ab
(ii) Factorisation
• Representation of an algeb
raic expression as the product
of two or
more expressions is called fa
ctorisation. Each such expre
ssion is
called a factor of the given al
gebraic expression.
• When we factorise an ex
pression, we write it as a pr
oduct of its
factors. These factors may be
numbers, algebraic (or literal) v
ariables
or algebraic expressions.
A formula is an equation sta
ting a relationship between t
wo or more
variables. For example, the n
umber of square units in the
area (A) of a
rectangle is equal to the num
ber of units of length (l) multi
plied by the
number of units of width (w).
Therefore, the formula for th
e area of a
rectangle is A = lw.
Sometimes, you can evaluate
a variable in a formula by usi
ng the given
information.
In the figure shown, the lengt
h is 9 units
and the width is 5 units.
A = lw
A
A w
The area is 45 square units or
45 units .
l
At other times, you must use
your knowledge of equations t
o solve for a
variable in a formula.
12/04/18
• An irreducible f
actor is a factor w
hich cannot be ex
pressed further
as a product of fa
ctors. Such a fact
orisation is called
an irreducible
factorisation or c
omplete factorisa
tion.
• A factor which
occurs in each te
rm is called the c
ommon factor.
• The factorisati
on done by usin
g the distributive
law (property) is
called the comm
on factor method
of factorisation.
• Sometimes, m
any of the expre
ssions to be fact
orised are of the
form or can be 2
ut in the form:
+ 2ab + b , a
2ab + b , a
or x + (a + b) x
+ ab. These expr
essions can be e
asily factorised
using identities:
a + 2ab + b2
(a + b)
a – 2ab + b2
a – b)
a – b = (a + b)
(a – b)
x + (a + b) x + a
b = (x + a) (x + b)
• In the division
of a polynomial
by a monomial,
we carry out the
division by dividi
ng each term of t
he polynomial by
the monomial.
• In the division
of a polynomial b
y a polynomial,
we factorise both
the polynomials
and cancel their
common factors.
In examples 1 t
o 4, there are f
our options give
n out of which o
ne is
correct. Write th
e correct answe
r.
Example 1 : W
hich is the like ter
m as 24a bc?
(a) 13 (b) 8 ×
8a × 2b 3 × a ×
c × a b × c
(c) 3 ×
× a × b (d) 3 × 8
c × c × a × b ×
b × c
Soluti: The corre
on ct answer is
(a).
Example 2 : W
hich of the follow
ing is an identity
?
(a) 2
(p + (b)2
= p – q
(p
(c) p –
= p + 2(p + q 2
– q (d)p +
+ q
Soluti
on : The corre
ct answer is
(d).
12/04/18
Example 3 : The irreducible f
actorisation of 3a + 6a is
(a)3a (a + 2)
(b) 3 (a + 2)
(c) a (3a
+ 6) (d) 3 × a × a × a +
2 × 3 × a
Solution
: The correct answer
is (a).
Example
: a ( b + c) = ab + a
c is
(a)commutative property(b)
distributive property
(c) associative property(d) clo
sure property
Solution
: The correct answer
is (b).
In examples 5 and 6, fill in t
he blanks to make the stat
ements true.
Example 5 : The represent
ation of an expression as the
product of its
factors is called __________.
Solution : Factorisation.
Example
: (x + a) (x + b) = x + (
6 a + b)x + ________.
Solution
: ab.
In examples 7 to 9, state whe
ther the statements are true (
T) or false (F).
Example 7 : An identity is t
rue for all values of its variabl
es.
Solution : True.
Example 8 : Common facto
r of x y and – xy is xy.
Solution : True.
Example 9 : (3x + 3x 2
x = 3x
Solution
: False.
Example 10
implify (i) – pqr (p +
q + r )
(ii) (px + qy) (ax – by)
Solutio
n : (i) – pqr (p
+ q + r )
= – (pqr) × p – (pqr) × q2
pqr) × r
= – p qr – pq r – pqr
(ii) (px + qy) (ax – by)
= px (ax – by) + qy (ax – by)
= apx – pbxy + aqxy – 2
12/04/18
Y
ou might think tha
t algebra is a topi
c
found only in text
books, but you ca
n find algebra all
around you – in s
ome
of the strongest pl
aces.
Did you know th
ere is a relations
hip between the
speed at which a
nts
crawl and the air t
emperature? If yo
u were to find so
me ants outside a
nd
time them as they
crawled, you coul
d actually estimat
e the temperature
.
Here is the algeb
raic equation that
describes this rel
ationship.
Celsius
mperature
t = 15s +
3
↑
ant speed in c
entimetres per
seconds
There are many
ordinary and ext
raordinary place
s where you will
encounter algebr
a.
W
hat do you think is
the speed of a typi
cal ant?
Example 11 :
Find the expan
sion of the follo
wing using suit
able
identity.
(i) (3x
+ 7y) +
3x – 7 +
)
Soluti(i) (3x + 7
on y) (3x – 7y)
Since (a + b) (a –
b) = a – b , ther
efore
(3x + 7y) (3x – 7
y) = (3x) – (7y)
= 9x – 49y
(ii) + +
Since (x + a) (x +
b) = x + (a + b)x
+ ab, therefore
+ +
=
=
5
4 4
16x y
=x y
2 2
=
25 5 16
12/04/18
Example 12 : Factorise the f
ollowing.
(i) 21x y (ii) a – 4a
+ 27x y + 12 – 3a
y2
(iii) 4x – 20x (iv) –9
+ 25
9
(v) x – 256
Solution
: (i) 21x y + 27
x y
= 3 × 7 × x × x × y × y × y + 3 ×
3 × 3 × x × x × x × y × y
= 3 × x × x × y × y (7y + 9x) (Us
ing ab + ac = a (b + c))
= 3x y (7y + 9x)
(ii) a – 4a + 12 – 3a
= a (a – 4) – 3a + 12
= a (a – 4) – 3 (a – 4)
= (a – 4) (a – 3)
(iii) 4x – 20x + 25
= (2x) – 2 × 2x × 5 + (5)2
= (2x –
) (Since a – 2ab + b
= (a – b) )
= (2x – 5) (2x – 5)
2
y
(iv) –9
9
=
If there are two numbers you
don’t know, that’s not a proble
m.
You can use two different vari
ables, one for each unknown
number.
An equation involving variables can
be true for all values of the variable
– for example, y + y = 2y (this kind
of equation is usually called an
identity).
q
Or it can be true for only
particular
valu f the variable – for exampl
es o e,
You can use express 2y + 3 = 11, which
ions with two q–p is true only if y =
more) 4
.
variables to repres
ent situations with Finding the valu
more es that make an
equation true is c
th alled solving the
an
on
e
un
kn
o
w
n
qu
an
tit
y.
equation.
12/04/18
y y
=
3 3
(v) x – 256
= (x ) – (16)2
= (x + 16) (x –
16) (using a – b
= (a + b) (a – b)
)
= (x + 16) (x – 4
)
= (x + 16) (x + 4)
(x – 4) (using a –
b = (a + b) (a –
b))
Example 13 : Ev
aluate using suit
able identities.
(i) ( (ii) 18 1
48) – 19
(iii) 497(iv) 2.07
× 505 × 1.93
Solution
: (i) (48
)
= (50 – 2)
Since (a – b) = a
– 2ab + b , ther
efore
(50 – 2) = (50)
– 2 × 50 × 2 +2
= 2500 – 200 + 4
= 2504 – 200
= 2304
(ii) 181 – 19 =
(181 – 19) (181 +
19)
[using a – b = (
a – b) (a + b)]
= 162 × 200
= 32400
(iii) 497 × 505 =
(500 – 3) (500 +
5)
= 500 + (–3 + 5)
× 500 + (–3) (5) [
using
(x + a) (x + b) =
x + (a + b) x + a
b]
= 250000 + 1000
– 15
= 250985
(iv) 2.07 × 1.93
= (2 + 0.07) (2 –
0.07)
= 2 – (0.07)
= 3.9951
12/04/18
Example 14 : Verify that
(3x + 5y) – 30xy = 9x + 25
y
Solution
: L.H.S= (3x + 5y)
– 30xy
= (3x) + 2 × 3x × 5y + (5y)
– 30xy
[Since (a + b) = a + 2ab +
b ]
= 9x + 30xy + 25y – 30xy
= 9x + 25y
= R.H.S
Hence, verified.
Example 15 : Verify that (11
pq + 4q) – (11pq – 4q) = 17
6pq
Solutio
n : L.H.S. (11pq + 2
– (11pq – 4q)
= (11pq + 4q + 11pq – 4q) × (
11pq + 4q – 11pq + 4q)
[using a – b = (a – b) (a + b),
here a = 11pq + 4q and
b = 11 pq – 4q]
= (22pq) (8q)
= 176 pq
R.H.S. Hence Verified
9
32
While the statement on the left
may be easier to read and und
erstand at
first, the statement on the right
has several advantages. It is s
horter and
easier to write, it shows clearly
how the quantities – Celsius te
mperature
and Fahrenheit temperature –
are related, and it allows you to
try different
Celsius temperatures and co
mpute their Fahrenheit equiva
lents.
Example 16 : The area of a r
ectangle is x + 12xy + 27y
and its length
is (x + 9y). Find the breadth
of the rectangle.
Area
Solution : Breadth Length
2 2
12xy 27y
=
x y
12/04/18
9 3 2
= 7
x
y
x x y y
= x y
+
9
x y x
= y
x y
= (x + 3y)
Example 17 : Di
vide 15 (y + 3) (y
– 16) by 5 (y –
y – 12).
Solut
ion : Factorisin
g 15 (y + 3)
(y – 16),
we get 5 × 3 × (y
+ 3) (y – 4) (y + 4
)
On factorising 5 (
y – y – 12), we g
et 5 (y – 4y + 3y
– 12)
= 5 [y (y – 4) + 3
(y – 4)]
= 5 (y – 4) (y + 3)
Therefore, on divi
ding the first expr
ession by the sec
ond
15( +3) 2
–16)
expression,
we get 5 (y
y
5 3 (y y
= y
(y
y
= 3 (y + 4)
1
Example 1
8 : By usin
g suitable
dentity, ev 2
aluate
x + =
Soluti: Given
on that
So, + =
Now,
1
(a + b) = a ]
ab + b , withx
= x and b =
= x +
12/04/18
= x +
1
Since 2 + 2 = 25
1
or x + x 2 = 25 – 2 = 23
2 2
Example 19 , using a sui
Find the value16 table identit
of y.
Solutio
n : Since a – b = (a +
b) (a – b), therefore
38 – 22 = (38 – 22) (38 + 22
)
= 16 × 60
16 60
So, =
16 16
= 60
Example 20 : Find the value
of x, if
10000x = (9982) – (18)2
Solution
: R.H.S. = (9982) –
(18)
= (9982 + 18) (9982 – 18) [Si
nce a – b =
(a + b) (a – b)]
= (10000) × (9964)
L.H.S. = (10000) × x
Comparing L.H.S. and R.H.S.
, we get
10000x = 10000 × 9964
10000×99
o 64 =9964
r 100
00
1. Can you find the
iprocal of
2 5
2. Can you compare the rati
o of this reciprocal with the ea
rlier one?
12/04/18
Find each side
of a figure given
below, if its are
a is
64 cm .
Understand and
Explore the probl
em
• What informat
ion is given in the
question?
AB = BC = DC = A
D, and ∠A = ∠B =
∠C = ∠D = 90°
Hence ABCD is a
square.
• What are you
trying to find?
The value of one o
f the sides of the s
quare ABCD.
•
Is there any info
rmation that is n
ot needed?
No.
Make a Plan
• In a square a
ll sides are equal
, therefore, squar
e of a side
gives the area.
Solve
(Side) = Area
⇒
(x + 2) = 64
⇒
(x + 2) = 8
⇒
x +
= 8
⇒
x = 8 – 2
∴ x = 6
∴ Side = x + 2 = 6
+ 2 = 8 cm
Revise
• The above a
nswer is verifie
d by squaring th
e side and
comparing the re
sult with the give
n area.
∴ (Side) = 8 = 6
4 = given area.
12/04/18
To become familiar with so
me of the vocabulary terms
in the chapter,
consider the following:
1.
The word equivalent contain
s the same root as the wor
d equal. What
do you think equivalent expres
sions are?
2. The word simplify means ma
ke less complicated. What d
o you think it
means to simplify an expressi
on?
3. The adjective like means ali
ke. What do you suppose li
ke terms are?
4. A system is a group of relate
d objects. What do you think
a system of
equations is?
In questions 1 to 33, there
are four options out of whic
h one is correct.
Write the correct answer.
1. The product of a monomi
al and a binomial is a
(a) m (b) bi
onomi nomia
al l
(c) t (d) no
rino ne of th
mial ese
2. In a polynomial, the expo
nents of the variables are alw
ays
(a) (b) po
inte sitive in
ger tegers
s
(c) non-
negative int (d) non-
egers positive inte
gers
3. Which of the following is
correct?
(a) (a – b) 2 (a – b) =2
+ 2ab – b – 2ab + b
(c)(a – b)2 (a + b) = a
– b + 2ab – b
4. The sum of –7pq and 2pq
is
(a) – (b (c (d) –
9pq ) ) 5pq
9 5
p p
q q
5.If we subtract –3x y from
x y , then we get
(a) – 4 (b) (c) (d) 4
x y – 2x 2x x y
y y
12/04/18
7. Which of the
following is a bin
omial?
( (
a b
)
6
a
+
7
b
+
2
c
(c) (
4 d
a )
×
3b 6
× (
2c a
+
b
)
8. Sum of a – b
+ ab, b + c – bc a
nd c – a – ac is
(a) (b)
2c + 2c –
ab – ab –
ac – ac –
bc bc
(c) (d)
2c + 2c –
ab + ab +
ac + ac +
bc bc
9. Product of th
e following mono
mials 4p, – 7q , –
7pq is
6
(a) (b q (c) –
196 ) 196 p
p q 1 q
9
(d 196 p q
)
10. Area of a re
ctangle with lengt
h 4ab and breadt
h 6b is
(a) 3 2
(d)
24a 24a
b b
11. Volume of
a rectangular bo
x (cuboid) with l
ength = 2ab, bre
adth =
3ac and height =
2ac is
(a) bc bc
2a
c
(d) 2ab +3ac + 2
ac
The five figures f
orm a pattern.
1. Copy and co
mplete the table t
o find the perime
ter of each figure
.
Each side of eac
h individual squar
e is 1 unit.
Figure
1 2 3
4 5
2. Without draw
ing a picture, des
cribe what the si
xth figure will loo
k
like and predict it
s perimeter.
3. If you continu
e this pattern, wh
at will be the peri
meter of the 35th
figure?
4. Explain how
the perimeter of
each figure is rel
ated to its figure
number.
5. Using the vari
ables n for the fig
ure number and
P for the perimete
r,
write an equation
for the relationshi
p in Question 4.
12/04/18
12. Product of 6a – 7b + 5
ab and 2ab is
(a) 12a b – (b) 12a b –
14ab + 10 14ab + 10a
ab b
(c) 6a (d) 12a b
– 7b + – 7ab +
7ab 10ab
13. Square of 3x – 4y is
(a) 9x (b) 6
– 16y x – 8
y
(c) 9x + (d) 9x +
16y + 24 16y – 24
xy xy
14. Which of the following a
re like terms?
(a) 5xyz (b) 2
, – 3xy yz ,
z yz
(c) 5xy (d) 5xy
z , 5x z , x y
yz z
−
15. Coefficient
3 is
of y in the term
− 1
(a) –
– 1 3
16. a – b is equal to
(a)(a –
2
(a–b(a–b)
(c)(a + b (a + b) (a +
) (a – b)
b)
17. Common factor of 17ab
c, 34ab , 51a b is
(a) 17 (b) (c) (d) 17
abc 17 17 a b c
ab ac
18. Square of 9x – 7xy is
(a) 81x (b) 81x
+ 49x – 49x
y y
(c) 81x + 4 (d) 81x + 4
9x y –126x 9x y – 63x
y y
19. Factorised form of 23xy
– 46x + 54y – 108 is
(a) (23x (b) (23x +
+ 54) (y – 54y) (y – 2
2) )
(c) (23xy + 54 (d) (23x + 5
(– 46x – 108) 4) (y + 2)
20. Factorised form of r – 1
0r + 21 is
(a)(r – 1 (r – 7) (r –
) (r – 3)
4)
(c)(r – 7 (r + 7) (r +
) (r + 3)
3)
21. Factorised form of p –
17p – 38 is
(a)(p – 19 (p – 19) (p
) (p + – 2)
2)
(c)(p + 19 (p + 19) (p
) (p + – 2)
2)
12/04/18
22. On dividing
57p qr by 114p
q, we get
(a)
p p p (d)
r r r 2
pr
23. On dividing
p (4p – 16) by 4
p (p – 2), we get
(a) ( (d)
2p b p –
+ 4 ) 2
2
p
–
4
24. The commo
n factor of 3ab a
nd 2cd is
(a
) (
1 d
)
c
25. An irreducib
le factor of 24x y
is
(a)
2
2
(
d
)
2
4
x
26. Number of f
actors of (a + b)
is
( )
a
) 2
4
(
d
27. The factoris
ed form of 3x – 2
4 is
(a)
3x (b) (c) (d) 3
24 24 (x – 1
( x 2)
– 3)
8)
28. The factors
of x – 4 are
(a)
( (x + 2),
x (x – 2)
–
2
)
,
(
x
–
2
)
(c)( (x – 4),
x (x – 4)
+
2
)
,
(
x
+
2
)
29. The value of
(– 27x y) ÷ (– 9x
y) is
(a)
3 (d)
xy 3
x
30. The value of
(2x + 4) ÷ 2 is
(a)
2x ( (c)
+ 2 b x
) + 4
x
+
(d) +
2x 4
31. The value of
(3x +9x + 27x )
÷ 3x is
(
a (
) b
)
x 3
x
+ +
9 3
x
+
+
2 2
7 7
x x
(c (
) d
3 )
x
+ x
9
x +
+ 3
9 x
+
9
32. The value of
(a + b) + (a – b)
is
(b 22
2
(a)
2a )
2b 2
a
–
2
b
33. The value of
(a + b) – (a – b)
is
(a) 2 (d)
2
4 a
a 2
b
In questions 34
to 58, fill in the
blanks to make
the statements t
rue:
34. The product
of two terms with
like signs is a
35. The product
of two terms with
unlike signs is a
12/04/18
36. a (b + c) = ax ____ × ax
_____.
37.(a – b) _________ = a 2
ab + b
38. a – b = (a + b ) ______
____.
39. (a – b) + ____________
2
a – b
40. (a + b) – 2ab = _______
____ + ____________
41.(x + a) (x + b) = x + (a +
b) x + ________.
42. The product of two polyn
omials is a ________.
43. Common factor of ax +
bx is __________.
44. Factorised form of 18m
n + 10mnp is ________.
45. Factorised form of 4y –
12y + 9 is ________.
46. 38x y z ÷ 19xy is equal
to _________.
47. Volume of a rectangula
r box with length 2x, breadth
3y and height
4z is _________.
48. 67 – 37 = (67 – 37) × __
______ = _________.
49. 103 – 102 = ________ ×
(103 – 102) = _________.
50. Area of a rectangular pl
ot with sides 4x and 3y is _
_________.
51. Volume of a rectangular
box with l = b = h = 2x is ____
_____.
52. The coefficient in – 37a
bc is __________.
53. Number of terms in the
expression a + bc × d is ____
____.
54. The sum of areas of two
squares with sides 4a and 4b
is _______.
55. The common factor met
hod of factorisation for a poly
nomial is based
on ___________ property.
56. The side of the square of
area 9y is __________.
3 3
57. On simplificatio
n 3
58. The factorisation of 2x +
4y is __________.
12/04/18
In questions 59
to 80, state wh
ether the state
ments are True
(T) or
False (F):
59.(a + b) =2
+ b
60.(a – b) =2
– b
61.(a + b) (a 2
= a – b
62. The product
of two negative t
erms is a negativ
e term.
63. The product
of one negative a
nd one positive te
rm is a negative t
erm.
64. The coeffici
ent of the term –
6x y is – 6.
65. p q + q r +
r q is a binomial
.
66. The factors
of a – 2ab + b
are (a + b) and (a
+ b).
67. h is a factor
of 2π (h + r).
n
, and (
68. Some
of the fact +1).
ors of
69. An equation
is true for all valu
es of its variable
s.
70. x + (a + b)
x + ab = (a + b) (
x + ab)
71. Common fa
ctor of 11pq , 12
1p q , 1331p q i
s 11p q .
72. Common fa
ctor of 12a b +
4ab – 32 is 4.
73. Factorisatio
n of – 3a + 3ab
+ 3ac is 3a (–a –
b – c).
74. Factorised f
orm of p + 30p
+ 216 is (p + 18)
(p – 12).
75. The differe
nce of the squar
es of two consec
utive numbers is
their
sum.
76. abc + bca +
cab is a monomi
al.
3
77. p by
, the quot
3 pient is 9.
dividing
78. The value of
p for 51 – 49 =
100p is 2.
79. (9x – 51) ÷ 9
is x – 51.
80. The value of
(a + 1) (a – 1) (a
+ 1) is a – 1.
12/04/18
81. Add:
(i) 7a bc, – 3abc , 3a bc, 2
abc
(ii) 9ax, + 3by – cz, – 5by +
ax + 3cz
(iii) xy z + 3x y z – 4x yz
, – 9x y z + 3xy z + x yz
(iv) 5x – 3xy + 4y – 9, 7y
+ 5xy – 2x + 13
(vi) 3a (a – b + c), 2b (a – b
+ c)
(vii) 3a (2b + 5c), 3c (2a +
2b)
82. Subtract :
(i) 5a b c from – 7a b c
(ii) 6x – 4xy + 5y from
2
+ 6xy – 3x
(iii) 2ab c + 4a b c – 5a b
c from –10a b c + 4ab c
+ 2a bc
(v) 2ab + 5bc – 7ac from 5a
b – 2bc – 2ac + 10abc
(vi) 7p (3q + 7p) from 8p (2
p – 7q)
83. Multiply the following:
(ii) 3x y z , 17xyz
(iii) 15xy , 17yz 2
(iv) –5a bc, 11ab, 13abc
(v) –3x y, (5y – xy)
(vi) abc, (bc + ca)
(vii) 7pqr, (p – q + r)
(viii) x y z , (xy – yz + zx)
(ix) (p + 6), (q – 7)
12/04/18
(x) 6mn, 0mn
(xi) a, a , a
(xii) –7st, –1, – 1
3st
(xiii) b , 3b5
ab
100 3 2
(xiv)
(xv) (a – b ), (a
+ b )
(xvi)(ab + c), (ab
+ c)
(xvii)(pq – 2r), (pq
– 2r)
(xvii
i)
3 2
(xix)
(xx) (x – 5x + 6
), (2x + 7)
(xxi) (3x + 4x –
8), (2x – 4x + 3)
(xxii) (2x – 2y –
3), (x + y + 5)
84. Simplify
(i) (3x + 2y2
3x – 2y)
(ii) (3x + 2y2
(3x – 2y)
(iii)
(iv)
(v) (
1.5p
+ 1.2q) – (1.5
2
– 1.2q)
(vi) (2.5m +2
q) + (2.5m –
q)
(vii) (x – 4) + (x
+ 4) + 16
(viii)(ab – c) + 2a
bc
(ix)
(a – b) (a + b
+ ab) – (a + b) (
a + b – ab)
12/04/18
(x) (b – 49) (b + 7) + 343
(xi) (4.5a + 1.5b) + (4.5
2
1.5a)
(xii) (pq – qr) + 4pq r
(xiii) (s t + tq ) – (2stq)
85. Expand the following,
using suitable identities.
(i)
(xy + yz ) 2
(ii) (x y – xy )
(iii)
(iv) x y
3 2
(v)
(vi) (x + 3) (x + 7)
(vii)
(2x + 9) (2x – 7)
(ix)
3 3 3 3
(x) (2x – 5y) (2x – 5y)
(xi) + −
(xvi) x y = (xy) 2
12/04/18
86. Using suita
ble identities, ev
aluate the follow
ing.
(i) 2
) (
(iii) 2
03) (
(v) 2 2
05)
(
v (
i v
i i
) i
i
)
4
7 5
2
×
×
5
3 5
3
(
i (
x x
) )
1
0 1
5 0
4
×
×
9
5 9
7
(x
i) (
xi
1 i)
0
1 9
× 8
1 ×
0 1
3 0
3
(
x (xiv)
9.8 ×
1
0
(x 2
v)
1
0.
1
×
1
0.
2
(xvii) 2
(69.
3) –
(30.7
)
(xix) 2 2
2) –
(xxi) (729) 2
71)
87. Write the g
reatest common
factor in each of
the following ter
ms.
(i) (ii)
3x
– y,
1 18
8 xy
a , –
, 6x
1 y
0
8
a
(iii) (iv)
2 l
xy, m
–y n, l
, 2 m
x n ,
y l
mn
(v) 21p (vi) qr
qr, –7p xy, pr
q r , 49 yz, rxy
p qr z
(vii) 3x y z, –
6xy z , 12x yz
(viii) 63p a r s,
– 9pq r s , 15p
qr s , – 60p a r
s
(ix) 13x y, 169
xy
(x) 11x , 12y
88. Factorise t
he following exp
ressions.
(i) (ii
)
6
a –
b x
+ y
1
2 –
b a
c y
2
(iii
)
ax
–
bx
+
cx
(v) 32 (vi) x
–6p q y + x
– 15r y –
xy +
xy
(vii) 4xy – 10x
y + 16x y + 2x
y
(viii) 2a – 3a b
+ 5ab – ab
12/04/18
(xi) a + a + a + 1
(xii) lx + my + mx + ly
(xiii) a x – x + a x – ax
3
(xiv) 2x – 2y + 4xy – x
(xv) y + 8zx – 2xy – 4yz
(xvi) ax y – bxyz – ax z 2
xy
(xvii) a b + a c + ab + ac + b
c + c b
(xviii) 2ax + 4axy + 3bx2
2ay + 6bxy + 3by
89. Factorise the
2
2 2 2
llowing, using the b
entity aaa
(i) x (ii) x
+ 6x + + 12x +
9 36
(v) 4x (vi) a x
+ 4x + + 2ax +
1 1
(vii) a x 2 (viii) a x
2abx + b + 2abxy +
b y
(ix) 4x (x) 16x
+ 12x + + 40x +
9 25
(xi) 9x (xii) 9x
+ 24x + 1 + 30x + 2
6 5
(xiii) 2x (xiv) a x
+ 24x + 7 + 2abx +
2x b x
2
x
(xv) 4x +2 + 2x + 4
x + 9x
4
y 2
(xvii) 9x + 2xy +
9
id
entity a – 2
(iii) y – (iv) p
14y + 49 – 2p +
1
(v) 4a 2 (vi) p y
b + b – 2py +
1
(vii) a y 2 (viii) 9x
aby + b – 12x + 4
x2
(ix) 4y – 2x + 4
– 12y +
9
4
12/04/18
42
(xi) a
y –
2aby
+ b y
91. Factorise t
he following.
(i) (ii)
x x
+ +
15 9x
x +
+ 20
26
(iii) (iv)
y p
+ 1 + 1
8x 4p
+ 6 + 1
5 3
(v) (vi
)
y y
+ –
4 2
y y
– –
2 1
1 5
(vii) 2 (viii
+ 11 ) x
x –
10
x +
21
(ix) (x)
x x
=
17 +
x + 4
60 x
–
77
(xi) (xii
y )
+ p
7y – 1
+ 3p
12 – 3
0
(xiii) a – 16p –
80
92. Factor = a
ise the follo + b
wing using
the identity
aaa
( (
( (i
i v
i )
i
) 3
a
4 b
x
–
2
– 7
a
4
9 b
y
(v) 28
2
(vi)
– 175 9
x
– 1
2 2
(vii)
2 9 2
5ax 5
–
25
a
(ix)–
2
(
x
)
4
9
x
–
3
6
y
25
2
y
(xi)9 – 625
25
–
2 2
(xiii)
8 16
3 3
(xv) (x
1 vi)
1
33
1x
y
–
1
1y
x
(xvii)
2 2
(xviii)
4
2 2 a
(a
)
( (
12/04/18
(xxi) (xxii) 1
p – 1 6x – 8
6p 1
(xxiii)
x – (xxiv)
y y – 8
1
(xxv) 1
6x – 62 (a – b)2
5y b – c)
(xxvii)
(x + y) (xxviii) x
– (x – y) – y + x –
y
y2
(xxix) (xxx)
8a – 2 x
a
100
(xxxi) 9x – (3y + z)
93. The following expressi
ons are the areas of rectan
gles. Find the
possible lengths and breadt
hs of these rectangles.
(i) x (ii) x
– 6x + – 3x +
8 2
(iii) x (iv) x
– 7x + 1 + 19x –
0 20
(v) x + 9x + 20
94. Carry out the followin
g divisions:
(i) 51x y
z ÷ 17xy (ii) 76x y
z z ÷ 19x
y
(iii) 17a (iv) –121p
b c ÷ (– q r ÷ (–
abc ) 11xy z )
95. Perform the following
divisions:
(i) (3pqr – 6
p q r ) ÷ 3 (ii) (ax – bx
pq + cx) ÷ (– dx
)
(iii) (x y + x
– xy + xy) ÷ (– qrxy + pryz
(iv) – rxyz) ÷ (– xy
z)
96. Factorise the expressi
ons and divide them as dire
cted:
(i) (x – 22x
117) ÷ (x – 13) (ii) (x + x – 1
32x) ÷ x (x – 11
)
(iii) (2x – 12x + 16x) ÷ (x
– 2) (x – 4)
(iv) (9x – 4) ÷ (3x + 2)
(v) (3x
– 48) ÷ (x (vi) (x – 16)
– 4) ÷ x + 2x +
4x + 8
(vii) (3x – 1875) ÷ (3x – 75
)
97. The area of a square is
given by 4x + 12xy + 9y . F
ind the side of
the square.
98. The area of a square i
s 9x + 24xy + 16y . Find t
he side of the
square.
12/04/18
99. The area of
a rectangle is x
+ 7x + 12. If its b
readth is (x + 3),
then
find its length.
100. The curve
d surface area o
f a cylinder is 2π
(y – 7y + 12) a
nd its
radius is (y – 3).
Find the height of
the cylinder (C.S.
A. of cylinder =
2πrh).
101. The area o
f a circle is given
by the expressio
n πx + 6πx + 9
π. Find
the radius of the
circle.
102. The sum
of first n natural
numbers is give
n by the expres
sion
n n
103. The sum o
f (x + 5) observa
tions is x – 625.
Find the mean o
f the
observations.
104. The height
of a triangle is x
+ y and its base
is 14xy. Find the
area
of the triangle.
105. The cost
of a chocolate i
s Rs (x + y) an
d Rohit bought
(x + y)
chocolates. Find
the total amount
paid by him in te
rms of x. If x =
10, find the amo
unt paid by him.
106. The base
of a parallelogra
m is (2x + 3 units
) and the corresp
onding
height is (2x – 3
units). Find the ar
ea of the parallel
ogram in terms of
x. What will be th
e area of parallel
ogram of x = 30
units?
107. The radius
of a circle is 7ab
– 7bc – 14ac. Fin
d the circumferen
ce of
the
e.
If p + q = 12 a
108.
nd pq = 22, th
en find p + q
.
If a + b = 25 a
109.
nd a + b = 2
25, then find a
b.
If x – y = 13 a
110.
nd xy = 28, th
en find x + y
.
If m – n = 16
111.
and m + n =
400, then find
mn.
112. If a + b
= 74 and ab = 35
, then find a + b.
12/04/18
113. Verify the following:
(i)(ab + bc) (ab – bc) + (bc + c
a) (bc – ca) + (ca + ab) (ca
– ab) = 0
(ii)(a + b + c) (a + b + c – a
b – bc – ca) = a + b + c
– 3abc
(iii)
(p – q) (p + pq + q )3
– q
(iv)
(m + n) (m – mn + n 3
m + n
(v)
(a + b) (a + b) (a + b) =
3
+ 3a b + 3ab + b
(vi)
(a – b) (a – b) (a – b) =3
– 3a b + 3ab – b
(vii) (a – b ) (a + b ) + (b
– c ) (b + c ) + (c – a ) + (c
+ a ) = 0
(viii) (5x + 8) – 160x = 2
– 8)
(ix) (7p – 13q) + 364pq2
7p + 13q)
(x) + − + =
p p
114. Find the value of a, if
(i) 8a = 35 – 27 2
(ii) 9a = 76 – 67 2
(iii) pqa = (3p + q) – (32
q)
(iv) pq a = (4pq + 3q) – (4p
q – 3q)
115. What should be added
to 4c (– a + b + c) to obtain 3
a (a + b + c) – 2b
(a – b + c)?
116. Subtract b (b + b – 7)
+ 5 from 3b – 8 and find the v
alue of expression
obtained for b = – 3.
1
117.I 2 .
f
x x
118. Factoris
e
119. Factorise p + q + p
q .
120. Find the value of
6.25 6.25 –1.75 1.75
(i)
4.5
198 198 –102 102
(ii)
96
12/04/18
121. The produ
ct of two expressi
ons is x + x + x
. If one of them is
x + x
+ 1, find the oth
er.
122. Find the le
ngth of the side of
the given square i
f area of the squa
re is
625 square units
and then find the
value of x.
123. Take suita
ble number of ca
rds given in the a
djoining diagram
[G(x ×
x) representing x
, R (x × 1) repres
enting x and Y (1
×
1] to factorise th
e following expre
ssions, by arran
ging the cards in
the form of rectan
gles: (i) 2x + 6x
+ 4 (ii) x + 4x +
4. Factorise 2x +
6x + 4 by using t
he figure.
Calculate the are
a of figure.
124. The figure
shows the dimen
sions of a wall h
aving a window
and a
door of a room.
Write an algebrai
c expression for t
he area of the wal
l
to be painted.
12/04/18
125. Match the expression
s of column I with that of col
umn II:
Col
umn Colu
I mn I
I
(1) (21x2
13y) (a) 441
x – 169
y
(2) (
21x (b) 441x
– 13 + 169y +
y) 546 xy
(3) (21x – 13
y) (21x + 13y (c) 441x +
169y – 546x
y
(d) 441x – 169y + 546xy
1. Algebraic Tiles
(i) Cut the following tiles fro
m a graph sheet. Now, colou
r the tiles
as per the colour code. Arra
nge these algebraic tiles to f
orm a
square.
Find the length of the side o
f the square so formed. Also
find the
area of the square. Using the
above result factorise x + 4x
+ 4.
12/04/18
(ii)
2. Find the lengt
h of the side of th
e rectangle so for
med. Also find th
e
area of the rectan
gle. Using the ab
ove result factoris
e x + 5x + 4.
Now choose and
cut more algebrai
c tiles from the gr
aph sheet. Create
your own colour
code and colour
the tiles. Arrang
e them to form
square/rectangle
. Find the area o
f the figure so for
med using it to
factorise
a) x + 4x + 3
b) x + 9x + 18
3. Build a squar
e garden. Divide t
he square garden
into four rectangul
ar
flower beds in suc
h a way that each
flower bed is as lo
ng as one side
of the square. Th
e perimeter of ea
ch flower bed is 4
0 m.
(a) Draw a diagr
am to represent t
he above informa
tion.
(b) Mention the
expression for pe
rimeter of the enti
re garden.
Crossword Num
ber Puzzle
Solve the given
crossword and t
hen fill up the gi
ven boxes. Clue
s are
given below for
across as well a
s downward fillin
g. Also for acros
s and
down clues clue
number is writte
n at the corner o
f boxes. Answer
s of
clues have to be
filled in their resp
ective boxes.
12/04/18
Down
1. A polynomial with two ter
ms.
2. An expression containing o
ne or more terms with non-
zero coefficient
(with variables having non-
negative exponents).
3. To find the value of a mat
hematical expression.
4. A _________ is formed by
the product of variables and c
onstants.
5. The abbreviation of the gr
eatest no. (or expression) tha
t in a factor
of two or more numbers.
6. A polynomial with three t
erms.
Across
7. A polynomial with only o
ne term.
8. An expression of the seco
nd degree.
9. Terms can be written as p
roduct of its _________.
10. The numbers –3, –2, –1,
0, 1, 2, 3 are known as _____
__.
11. __________ terms are for
med from the same variables a
nd the powers
of these variables are the sa
me term.
12. The highest power of a
polynomial is called the ____
_____ of the
polynomial.
Solution
1. Binomial
2. Polynomial
3. Evaluate
4. Term
5. GCF
6. Trinomial
7. Monomial
12/04/18
8. Quadratic
9. Factors
10. Integers
11. Like
12. Degree
12/04/18
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
244 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• Exponential n
otation is a powe
rful way to expre
ss repeated
multiplication of t
he same number
. Specifically, po
wers of 10
express very large
and very small nu
mbers in a manner
which is
convenient to read
, write and compar
e.
1
=
• For any nonm
-zero integer
a
• Laws of expone
nts are
(a) a × a = a
(b) a
÷ a =
(c) (a ) = a
(d) a × b = (ab)
(e) a° = 1, where
a ≠ 0
(f)
b
• Numbers can be
expressed in expa
nded form by using
exponents.
• Very large and
very small number
s can be expresse
d in standard
form.
• Standard form i
s also called scie
ntific notation for
m.
12/04/18
In example 1 and 2, there
are four options given out
of which one is
correct. Write the correct an
swer.
Example 1 : Multiplicative i
nverse of 2 is
(a) –7 (b)
2 (c)7 (d)7
2
Solution : The Correct an
swer is (a).
Example 2 : The human bo
dy has about 100 billion cells.
This number
can be written in exponential
form as
(a) –11
(b) (c)
9
(d)–9
10 0
Solution : The correct an
swer is (b).
In examples 3 to 5, fill in th
e blanks to make the state
ments true.
Example 3 (– 4) × =
Solution : 5 4
( ) × =
Example 4 : 2
Solution : 6 –6
Example 5 : The distanc
e between earth and sun is
150 million
kilometres which can be writ
ten in exponential form as
_______.
Solution : 1.5 × 10 km
In examples 6 and 7, state w
hether the statements are tru
e (T) or false (F):
Example 6 : Very small nu
mbers can be expressed in s
tandard form
using positive exponents.
Solution : False.
Example 7 : (–10) × (–10)
–4
× (–10) × (–10) = 10
Solution : False.
12/04/18
( ( 2)
Exampl
: Simpli
e 8 fy
3 4
( 2) ( 2)
Solu 3 {a }
tion a
4 a
( 2)
= {(a ) }
3 2a
( 10
=) = {a , = 2 }
a =2)
3
2 1 1
=
3 3
2
Example 9 7
nd x so that (–5)
× (–5) = (–5)
Solution :7
5) × (–5)
5)
(–5)
= (– {a }
x+1+5
5) =
(–5) = (–5)
On both sides,
powers have th
e same base, s
o their
exponents must
be equal.
Therefor x + 6 =
e, 7
x = 7 – 6 = 1
x = 1
Example 10 :
Find x so
hat (–5) × (–5) =
(–5)
Understand and
Explore the Probl
em
• What are you
trying to find?
The value of x whi
ch satisfies the gi
ven equation.
Plan a Strategy
• You know the l
aws of exponents.
Applying the laws
of exponent
in the given equat
ion to find the val
ue of x.
12/04/18
Solve
• Given (–5) 7
Using the Law of expone
nts, a × a = a , we get
(–5) 7
(–5)
= (–5) 7
On both the sides, power has th
e same base, so their exponent
s
must be equal,
Therefore, x + 6 = 7
x = 7 – 6
So, x = 1
Hence, the value of x is 1.
Revise
• Substitute the value of x
in the equation and check
if it
satisfies the equation.
LHS
= (– 5) × (–5)5
= (– 5) 5
= (–5) × (–5) 5
= (–5) 2+5
= (–5) = RHS
x = 1 satisfies the equation.
Hence our answer is correct.
(a) Try to find the value of x i
n the question by changing –
5 to 2. What
difference do you find in the v
alue of x ? What do you infer f
rom your
answer?
(b) See if you can find the valu
e of x if the equation is change
d to
(i) (–5) × (5) = (5)
(ii) (–5) × (5) = (5) 7
12/04/18
You might have t
o deal with fractio
ns that have nega
tive exponents in
the
numerator
and deno
into fractions with
only positive expo
nents because it’
s a simpler form.
A
number with nega
tive exponent in th
e numerator is eq
uivalent to the sa
me
number wit 2 =
h positive =
xponent in
he denomin
ator
number with a ne
gative exponent i
n the denominato
r is equivalent to t
he
same numb= =
−
er with positi
ve exponent
in the numer
ator
So.
2 get 3 mov
s mov2ed from
ed fro3 the
m the
denominat
numerat or and bec
or to 3omes
denomin 2
ator, 3 i
n th
w e n
he um
re era
it i tor.
s
wr
itt
en
as
2
.
In questions 1 t
o 33, out of the f
our options, onl
y one is correct.
Write
the correct answ
er.
1. In 2 , n is kn
own as
(a) (
Ba d
se )
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
2. For a fixed ba
se, if the exponent
decreases by 1, th
e number becom
es
(a) One-tenth of
the previous num
ber.
(b) Ten times of
the previous num
ber.
(c) Hundredth o
f the previous nu
mber.
(d) Hundred tim
es of the previou
s number.
3. 3 can be wri
tten as
1 1 2
(a)
2
1 2
−
2
3
4. The value
4−2 is
of
)
(a (c)
)
1
1
8
12/04/18
5. The value of 3 ÷ 3 is
(a)5 –6 11 –11
6. The value of
4 4 25 5
(a)
5 25 4 2
7. The reciprocal
2 5 5 2
(a)
5 2 2 5
8. The multiplicative inverse
of 10 is
(a) ( ( (d)
10 b c 10
) )
1 1
0 0
0
9. The value of (–2)
2×3 –1
is
(a) ( (c (d) –
32 b ) 64
) –
6 3
4 2
10. The value
1 81 −1 81
(a)
6 6
16 −16
8 8
1 1
The table shows several power
s of
10 in various forms. Note
the
following:
• Powers of 10 with posi
tive
integer exponents involv
e
repeated multiplication by 10.
• Power of 10 with neg
ative
integer exponents involv
e
1
repeated multiplication
10
(the multiplicative inverse of
10), or repeated division by 10
.
• The power of 10 with
an
exponent of 0 equals 1.
12/04/18
11. The
tiplicative
erse of
13. If y be any
non-zero integer,
then y is equal t
o
( (c)
No
t d
efi
ne
d
14. If x be any
non-zero integer,
then x is equal
to
1 −1
( x
a x
)
x
15. If x be any i
nteger different fr
om zero and m b
e any positive int
eger,
then x is equal
to
−1
(b)
(
xm m
16. I f x be any i
nteger different fr
om zero and m,
n be any integers,
then
(x ) is equal to
m
(a)
m m
x n
m–n
+ n
n
17. Which
the following
s equal to
(c)
(a)
18.
5
7
(a)
5
12/04/18
19.
5 5 7 −7
(a)
7 7 5 5
20. (–9) ÷ (–9) is equal to
(a)5 –5
(c) (d) (–
(– 9)
9)
21. For a non-zero integer
x, x ÷ x is equal to
(a)5 1
9
–5 –19
22. For a non-zero integer
x, (x ) is equal to
(a)12 –
12
64 –64
23. The value of – (3– 4 ) is
– 8 )
(a) ( (d) 1
44 2
24. The standard form for 0
.000064 is
(a) 64
4 (b)–4 (c)5 (d) –5
10 × × × 10
25. The standard form for 2
34000000 is
(a) 2.34
8 (b) 0.23
9 (c) –8 (d) 0.234
–9
Use a pattern to raise 10 to a
zero or negative
3
Step 1: Copy the tabl
e and complete the nex 2
t
two rows by
evaluating 1
0 and 10 .
Step 2: Look at the ro 1
ws you have completed
.
How does the standar
d form changes 0
each time the exponent decrea
ses by
1?
Step 3: Use the pattern you i
dentified in Step
2 to complete the remaining r
ows in
the table.
12/04/18
27.
1
( 1 (
a 0 d
) )
1
0 0
28.
(
29. For any two
non-zero rational
numbers x and y
, x ÷ y is equal
to
(a)0 1 4 8
y)
÷ p is
30. For 13
equal to
n-zero ration
al number
p
(a)
5
2
1
–
5
–19
31. For a is equ
al to
n-zero ration
al number
z
(
a (
) c
)
z
z
1
32. Cube− is
2
1 1 1 1
(a)
8 − −16
1 8
6
33. Which
he following
not the recipro
cal of
4 − − 4
4
(a)
4
In questions 34
to 65, fill in the
blanks to make
the statements t
rue.
34. The multiplic
ative inverse of 1
0 is _________
__.
35. a × a
Use your observ
ations to complet
e this exercise.
Write the power
of 10 in standard
form.
1.4
0
9
4
.
1
0
12/04/18
36. 5 = __________.
–5
38. The value
39. The expression for–2
40. Very small numbers ca
n be expressed in standard
form by using
_________ exponents.
41. Very large numbers ca
n be expressed in standard
form by using
_________ exponents.
42. By multiplying (10) by (1
0) we get ________.
43.
44. Find the value [4 +3 +
6 ] .
45. [2 + 3 + 4 ] = ______
1
46. The standard
orm of
47. The standard form of 12
340000 is ______.
48. The usual form of 3.41 ×
10 is _______.
49. The usual form of 2.3946
1 × 10 is _______.
1
50. If 36 expressed as a po
36
wer with the base
× 6 = 6 , then
6 is
________.
Scientific Notation
A number is written in scientifi
c notation if it has the form c ×
10 where
c > 1, c < 10, and n is an integ
er.
Standard ProducScientific n
form t form otation
325,0
00 3.25 × 3.25
5
100,00 10
0
0.00
05 5 × 5–4
0.00 0
01
12/04/18
51. By
iplying
52. 3 ÷ 3 can
be simplified as __
________.
53. The value of
3 × 10¯ is equal t
o ________.
54. To add the
numbers given i
n standard form,
we first convert t
hem
into numbers wit
h __ exponents.
55. The standar
d form for 32,50,0
0,00,000 is _____
_____.
56. The standar
d form for 0.0000
00008 is ______
____.
57. The usual for
m for 2.3 × 10 i
s ____________.
58. On dividing 8
by _________ w
e get 8.
59. On multiplyin
g _________ by 2
we get 2 .
60. The value of [
3 × 4 ] is ____
_____.
61. The value of [
2 × 3 ] is ___
______.
62. By solving (6
– 7 ) × (6 + 7 )
we get ________.
63. The expressi
on for 3 with a ne
gative exponent i
s _________.
64. The value for
(–7) ÷ 7 is _____
____.
–2
In questions 66
to 90, state whe
ther the given st
atements are tr
ue (T)
or false (F).
66. The multiplic
ative inverse of (–
4) is (4) .
67. The
multiplicati
ve inverse
of
1
68. 10
100
69. 24.58 = 2 ×
10 + 4 × 1 + 5 ×
10 + 8 × 100
70. 329.25
–1 –2
3 × 10 + 2
0 + 9 × 10
2 × 10
71. (–5)–3 –6
(–5)
72. (–4) = (4)
4)
12/04/18
2 2 2
73.
74. 5 = 5
75. (–2) = 2
76.
77. (–6) = –1
78. (–7) × (–7) = (–7)
1
79. The value
4–2 is equal to 16
f .
–3
81. a × b = (ab) pq
x y
82.
y
m 1
83. –m
a
84. The expontential
4
form for (–2)
85. The standard form for 0.
000037 is 3.7 × 10 .
Definition of Zero and Negati
ve Exponents
Let a be a non-zero number, a
nd let n be an integer.
W Exa
o mple
r
d
s
a to the zero
power is 1. a 5 =
1
=
1
a e roca
thec
l of a .
1 1
a
a n 2 3
1 1
a is the recipra –n –1
ocal of a . a 2
12/04/18
86. The standa
5
rd form for 2030
00 is 2.03 ×
87. The usual fo
rm for 2 × 10 is
not equal to 0.02.
88. The value of
5 is equal to 25
.
89. Large num
bers can be exp
ressed in the sta
ndard form by u
sing
positive exponent
s.
90. a × b m
ab)
91. Solve the fol
lowing:
1
(i)–1 1
000
2
2
92. Express–4
× 3
93. Express 16
as a power with t
he base 2.
27−
94. and
as powers
64 of a rational
press
number.
16−
95. and
as powers
81of a rationa
press
l number.
96. Express as
a power of a ratio
nal number with
negative expone
nt.
(b) (2
(a) ÷ 2
) × 2
–7
97. Find the pro
duct of the cube
of (–2) and the s
quare of (+4).
98. Simplify:
1 1
(i) 1
(ii)
49× –3
(z ≠ 0)
(iii) 7 × ×
(iv) (2 ÷ 2 –7
12/04/18
99. Find the value of x so th
at
(i)
(ii) (–2) × (–2) = (–2)
(iii) (2 + 4 + 6 + 8 ) = 1
100. Divide 293 by 10,00,0
00 and express the result in
standard form.
101. Find the
–3 ÷ (1
lue of x 00)
102. By what number sho
uld we multiply (–29) so t
hat the product
becomes (+29) .
103. By what number shoul
d (–15) be divided so that
quotient may be
equal to (–15) ?
Plan Strategy :
• Identify too much/too littl
e information.
When you read a problem, you
must decide if the problem has
too much or
too little information. If the pr
oblem has too much informati
on, you must
decide what information to use
to solve the problem. If the pro
blem has too
little information, then you sh
ould determine what addition
al information
you need to solve the problem.
• Read the problems below
and decide if there is too muc
h or too little
information in each problem. I
f there is too much informatio
n, tell what
information you would use to
solve the problem. If there is
too little
information, tell what addition
al information you would nee
d to solve
the problem.
• On Monda • Aayesha
y, 20 students is practising f
ook or a
an examina marathon.
tion. There She ran fo
were r 50
10 students on Mondaminutes
who scored y, 70
above
85 and 10 on Wednesd
students ay, and 45 mi
who nutes
scored belo on Friday.
w 85. What On Tuesda
was y and
the a Thursday
verag , she lifte
e sco d weights
re? at
the gym for 45 minutes each da
y.
She swam for 45 minutes ov
er
the weekend. What was th
e
average amount of time per da
y
Aayesha spent running la
st
week?
12/04/18
104. Find the m
ultiplicative inver
se of (–7) ÷ (90)
.
105. If 53x–1
106. Write 39,0
0,00,000 in the s
tandard form.
107. Write 0.00
0005678 in the s
tandard form.
108. Express t
he product of 3.
2 × 10 and 4.1
× 10 in the sta
ndard
form.
6
1.5 10
109.2.5–4 in the sta
xpress
0 ndard for
m.
110. Some mig
ratory birds trave
l as much as 15,
000 km to escap
e the
extreme climatic
conditions at ho
me. Write the dis
tance in metres
using scientific n
otation.
111. Pluto is 59,
1,30,00, 000 m fr
om the sun. Expr
ess this in the sta
ndard
form.
112. Special bal
ances can weigh
something as 0.0
0000001 gram. E
xpress
this number in t
he standard for
m.
113. A sugar fa
ctory has annual
sales of 3 billion
720 million kilogr
ams
of sugar. Expres
s this number in
the standard for
m.
114. The num
ber of red blood
cells per cubic
millimetre of blo
od is
approximately 5.
5 million. If the a
verage body con
tains 5 litres of
blood, what is th
e total number o
f red cells in the
body? Write the
standard form. (1
litre = 1,00,000
mm )
115. Express e
ach of the followi
ng in standard fo
rm:
(a) The mass of
a proton in gram i
s
1673
1000000000000
0000000000000
00
(b) A Helium ato
m has a diameter
of 0.000000022 c
m.
(c) Mass of a m
olecule of hydrog
en gas is about
0.000000000000
00000000334 to
ns.
(d) Human bod
y has 1 trillon of
cells which vary i
n shapes and
sizes.
12/04/18
(e) Express 56 km in m.
(f) Express 5 tons in g.
(g) Express 2 years in secon
ds.
(h) Express 5 hectares in cm
(1 hectare = 10000 m )
116. Find
that
117. By what numb
er should
be
In questions 118 and 119, f
ind the value of n
6 n 3
118. 6 –2 =6
6
119. 18
2 –3
125 × x –3
120. –3
25 x –6
2
121.
4 2
m 3 –2
122. If , find m.
12
5–5
123. A new born bear weigh
s 4 kg. How many kilograms
might a five year
old bear weigh if its weight in
creases by the power of 2 in
5 years?
124. The cells of a bacteria
double in every 30 minutes. A
scientist begins
with a single cell. How many
cells will be there after
(a) 1 (b) 2
2 hour 4 hour
s s
125. Planet A is at a distanc
e of 9.35 × 10 km from Eart
h and planet B is
6.27 × 10 km from Earth. W
hich planet is nearer to Earth
?
126. The cells of a bacteria
double itself every hour. How
many cells will
there be after 8 hours, if init
ially we start with 1 cell. Ex
press the
answer in powers.
12/04/18
127. An insect i
s on the 0 point o
f a number line, h
opping towards 1
. She
covers half the
distance from h
er current locati
on to 1 with eac
h
1 3
hop. after
after two
she 2ne 4hops, an
be at d so on.
(a) Make a table
showing the inse
ct’s location for th
e first 10 hops.
(b) Where will th
e insect be after
n hops?
(c) Will the inse
ct ever get to 1?
Explain.
128. Predicting
the ones digit, co
py and complete
this table and an
swer
the questions th
at follow.
Powers Table
x x
(a) Describe pat
terns you see in t
he ones digits of t
he powers.
(b) Predict the o
nes digit in the fo
llowing:
1 5.
. 10
4
(c) Predict the
ones digit in the f
ollowing:
1.10 4.
29
12/04/18
129. Astronomy The table
shows the mass of the plan
ets, the sun and
the moon in our solar syste
m.
(a) Write the mass of each pl
anet and the Moon in scientific
notation.
(b) Order the planets and th
e moon by mass, from least t
o greatest.
(c) Which planet has about t
he same mass as earth?
130. Investigating Solar Sy
stem The table shows the av
erage distance
from each planet in our solar
system to the sun.
8
(a) Complete the table by ex
pressing the distance from ea
ch planet
to the Sun in scientific notati
on.
(b) Order the planets from clo
sest to the sun to farthest from
the sun.
131. This table shows the
mass of one atom for five ch
emical elements.
Use it to answer the question
given.
12/04/18
(a) Which is the
heaviest element
?
(b) Which elem
ent is lighter, Silv
er or Titanium?
(c) List all five e
lements in order f
rom lightest to he
aviest.
132. The planet
Uranus is approxi
mately 2,896,819
,200,000 metres
away
from the Sun. W
hat is this distan
ce in standard fo
rm?
133. An inch is a
pproximately equ
al to 0.02543 met
res. Write this dist
ance
in standard form
.
134. The volu
me of the Earth
is approximately
7.67 × 10 time
s the
volume of the Su
n. Express this fi
gure in usual for
m.
135. An electro
n’s mass is appr
oximately 9.1093
826 × 10 kilog
rams.
What is this mas
s in grams?
136. At the e
nd of the 20th
century, the w
orld population
was
approximately 6.
1 × 10 people.
Express this pop
ulation in usual
form. How would
you say this num
ber in words?
137. While stu
dying her family’
s history. Shikh
a discovers rec
ords of
ancestors 12 ge
nerations back.
She wonders ho
w many ancestor
s
she has had in th
e past 12 generati
ons. She starts to
make a diagram
to help her figure
this out. The diag
ram soon becom
es very complex.
Shikha
Parents,
Past (Generation 1
)
Grandparents,
Past (Generation 2
)
Great-
grandparents,
Past (Generation 3
)
(a) Make a table
and a graph sho
wing the number
of ancestors in
each of the 12 ge
nerations.
(b) Write an e
quation for the
number of ance
stors in a given
generation n.
12/04/18
138. About 230 billion litres
of water flows through a river
each day. How
many litres of water flows thr
ough that river in a week? H
ow many
litres of water flows through t
he river in an year? Write yo
ur answer
in standard notation.
139. A half-life is the am
ount of time that it takes f
or a radioactive
substance to decay to one h
alf of its original quantity.
Suppose radioactive decay
causes 300 grams of a sub
stance to
decrease grams after 3 half-
300 × 2 lives. Evaluate 300 ×
2 to
determine how many grams
of the substance are left.
Explain why the expression 3
00 × 2 can be used to find th
e amount
of the substance that remain
s after n half-lives.
140. Consider a quantity of
a radioactive substance. The
fraction of this
quantity that remains after
t half-lives can be found by
using the
expression 3 .
(a) What fraction of substan
ce remains after 7 half-lives?
1
(b) After how many of the orig
243
alf-lives will the fractio
inal?
n be
141. One Fermi is equal t
o 10 metre. The radius of
a proton is 1.3
Fermis. Write the radius of a
proton in metres in standard
form.
142. The paper clip below h
as the indicated length. What
is the length in
standard form.
143. Use the properties of e
xponents to verify that each s
tatement is true.
(a)(2 ) 4 n
2 4
144. Fill in the blanks
145. There are 864,00 secon
ds in a day. How many days lo
ng is a second?
Express your answer in scie
ntific notation.
12/04/18
146. The given
table shows the
crop production
of a State in the
year
2008 and 2009.
Observe the table
given below and
answer the given
questions.
(a) For which cr
op(s) did the prod
uction decrease?
(b) Write the pr
oduction of all th
e crops in 2009 i
n their standard f
orm.
(c) Assuming the
same decrease in
rice production ea
ch year as in 200
9,
how many acres
will be harvested
in 2015? Write in
standard form.
147. Stretching
Machine
Suppose you hav
e a stretching ma
chine which coul
d stretch almost
anything. For e
xample, if you
put a 5 metre s
tick into a (× 4)
stretching machi
ne (as shown bel
ow), you get a 20
metre stick.
Now if you put 10
cm carrot into a (
× 4) machine, ho
w long will it be
when it comes ou
t?
×4
10 cm
148. Two mach
ines can be hoo
ked together. W
hen something i
s sent
through this hoo
k up, the output
from the first ma
chine becomes
the input for the
second.
(a) Which two m
achines hooked to
gether do the sam
e work a ( ×10 )
machine does? Is
there more than o
ne arrangement o
f two machines
that will work?
12/04/18
(b) Which stretching machi
ne does
the same work as two (
× 2)
machines hooked together?
149. Repeater Machine
Similarly, repeater machin
e is a hypothetical machin
e which
automatically enlarges items
several times. For example,
sending a
piece of wire through a (× 2
) machine is the same as
putting it
through a (× 2) machine four
times. So, if you send a 3 cm
piece of
wire through a (× 2 ) machine
, its length becomes 3 × 2 × 2
× 2 × 2 =
48 cm. It can also be written t
hat a base (2) machine is bei
ng applied
4 times.
What will be the new length o
f a 4 cm strip inserted in the
machine?
150. For the following rep
eater machines, how many
times the base
machine is applied and how
much the total stretch is?
(b)
(a)
(c)
151. Find three repeater m
achines that will do the same
work as a (×64)
machine. Draw them, or desc
ribe them using exponents.
152. What will the following
machine do to a 2 cm long pi
ece of chalk?
12/04/18
153. In a repeat
er machine with
0 as an exponen
t, the base mach
ine is
applied 0 times.
(a) What do thes
e machines do to
a piece of chalk?
(b) What do you
think the value of
6 is?
You have seen t
hat a hookup of r
epeater machine
s with the same
base can be repl
aced by a single
repeater machine
. Similarly, when
you multiply exp
onential expressi
ons with the sam
e base, you can
replace them wit
h a single expres
sion.
Asif Raza thought
about how he cou
ld rewrite the expr
ession 2 × 2 .
2 ×2 ... it's too long
to write out... hmmm..
.
But it's 25 factors of 2
and 5
more. So it's 25 factors
of
. I see... I
can
just add the exponent
s!
Asif Raza’s idea i
s one of the prod
uct laws of expo
nents, which can
be expressed like
this:
Multiplying Expr
essions with the
Same Base
a × a = a
Actually, this law
can be used with
more than two e
xpressions. As
long as the base
s are the same, t
o find the product
you can add the
exponents and us
e the same base.
For example:
3 × 3 × 3 = 3
= 15
12/04/18
154. Shrinking Machine
In a shrinking machine, a pie
ce of stick is compressed to r
educe its
length. If 9 cm long sandwi
ch is put into the shrinking
machine
below, how many cm long wil
l it be when it emerges?
155. What happens when 1
cm worms are sent through t
hese hook-ups?
(ii)
(i)
156. Sanchay put a 1cm sti
ck of gum through a (1 × 3 )
machine. How
long was the stick when it ca
me out?
157. Ajay had a 1cm piece
of gum. He put it through re
peater machine
given below cm long. What
d it came out is the missing
100,00
0
value?
158. Find a single machine t
hat will do the same job as the
given hook-up.
(a) a (× 2 ) machine follow
ed by (× 2 –2
(b) a (× 2 )machi
ne followed by
(c) a 99
) machine followed
–100
by a (5
12/04/18
Maya multiplied (
4 × 3 ) by thinki
ng about stretchi
ng machines.
Use Maya’s 3
to multiply 5
Maya’s idea is an
other product la
w of exponents.
Multiplying Expr
essions with the
Same Exponent
s
a × b = (a ×c
You can use this l
aw with more tha
n two expressions
. If the exponents
are the same, mu
ltiply the expressi
ons by multiplyin
g the bases and
using the same 8
ponent. For exam
ple, 2 × 3 ×
= (2 × 3 × 7)
159. Find a sin
gle repeater mac
hine that will do t
he same work as
each
hook-up.
(a)
(b)
(c)
12/04/18
(d)
(e)
(f)
160. For each hook-up, de
termine whether there is a
single repeater
machine that will do the sam
e work. If so, describe or dra
w it.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
12/04/18
(e)
161. Shikha ha
s an order from
a golf course de
signer to put pal
m trees
through a (× 2 )
machine and the
n through a (× 3
) machine. She
thinks she can d
o the job with a
single repeater
machine. What
single repeater m
achine should sh
e use?
162. Neha need
s to stretch some
sticks to 25 time
s their original len
gths,
but her (×25) m
achine is broken
. Find a hook-up
of two repeater
machines that wi
ll do the same w
ork as a (×25 )
machine. To get
started, think ab
out the hookup y
ou could use to r
eplace the (×25)
machine.
163. Supply the
missing informati
on for each diagr
am.
(a) 5 cm
5 cm ?
(b) 15 c
3 cm ? m
12/04/18
(c)
36 cm
(d) ?
×4 ×3
164. If possible, find a hook
-up of prime base number m
achine that will
do the same work as the give
n stretching machine. Do not
use (× 1)
machines.
(a) ( (
(d)
165. Find two repeater mac
hines that will do the same
work as a (× 81)
machine.
1
166, Find a repeater )
8
chine that will do the sam
e work as a (×
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
.
167. Find three machines t
hat can be replaced with ho
ok-ups of (× 5)
machines.
168. The left column of the c
hart lists the lengths of input p
ieces of ribbon.
Stretching machines are liste
d across the top. The other e
ntries are
the outputs for sending the i
nput ribbon from that row thr
ough the
machine from that column. C
opy and complete the chart.
1 5
12/04/18
169. The left col
umn of the chart l
ists the lengths o
f input chains of
gold.
Repeater machin
es are listed acro
ss the top. The o
ther entries are
the outputs you
get when you se
nd the input chai
n from that row
through the repe
ater machine fro
m that column. C
opy and complet
e
the chart.
170. Long bac
k in ancient tim
es, a farmer sa
ved the life of a
king’s
daughter. The ki
ng decided to re
ward the farmer
with whatever he
wished. The far
mer, who was a
chess champion,
made an unusal
request:
“I would like you t
o place 1 rupee o
n the first square
of my chessboard,
2 rupees on the
second square,
4 on the third sq
uare, 8 on the
fourth square, a
nd so on, until y
ou have covere
d all 64 squares
.
Each square sh
ould have twice
as many rupees
as the previous
square.” The king
thought this to be
too less and aske
d the farmer to
think of some bet
ter reward, but th
e farmer didn’t a
gree.
How much mone
y has the farmer
earned?
[Hint: The followi
ng table may hel
p you. What is th
e first square on
which the king wi
ll place at least
Rs 10 lakh?]
171. The diamet
er of the Sun is 1.
4 × 10 m and th
e diameter of the
Earth
is 1.2756 × 10
m. Compare their
diameters by divi
sion.
172. kg and m
ass of the
ss of Mar
Sun is 1.9
s is 6.42
× 10 9 × 10
kg. What is the t
otal mass?
12/04/18
173. The distance between
the Sun and the Earth is 1.49
6 × 10 km and
distance between the Earth
and the Moon is 3.84 × 10
m. During
solar eclipse the Moon com
es in between the Earth and
the Sun.
What is distance between th
e Moon and the Sun at that
particular
time?
174. A particular star is at
a distance of about 8.1 × 10
km from the
Earth. Assuring that light trav
els at 3 × 10 m per second,
find how
long does light takes from th
at star to reach the Earth.
175. By what number shoul
d (–15) be divided so that t
he quotient may
be equal to (–5) ?
176. By what number shoul
d (–8) be multiplied so that
that the product
may be equal to (–6) ?
177. Find x.
(1) ( 7)
2 2 2
(2)
5 5 5
(3) 2 + 2 + 2 = 192
x 7
−6
(4) =1
7
x–1
178. If a = – 1, b = 2, then fi
nd the value of the following:
(1) a
b (2)a (3)
×2 (4)ba
– a
179. Express each of the fo
llowing in exponential form:
−625
−12 −12 40
(1)96 5 0 10000
146 34 396
41 3 9
180. Simplify:
1 1 –3
(1) 2
2 4
12/04/18
−2 2
(2)
3 4
(3)
(4)
3 4
27 t
(5) –2 4 2
t
–22 3
( 2
(6) 5 2
3
Activity 1
To make ballot p
apers for the upc
oming school ele
ctions, cut a shee
t
of paper in half.
Stack the two pi
eces and cut th
em in half again
.
Stack the resulti
ng four pieces a
nd cut them in h
alf again. Repea
t
this process, cre
ating smaller size
d ballot papers.
Count the ballots
and record the r
esult in the table
below.
12/04/18
Now, answer the following:
(a) Can you predict the nu
mber of ballot papers after n
number of
cuts?
(b) Suppose you could make
40 cuts. How many ballot pap
ers would
you have?
(c) How many cuts would it
take to make enough ballot p
apers for
512 students at school?
(d) Suppose you start with a
sheet of paper having area 3
24 cm .
Copy and complete the tabl
e to show the area of each
ballot
paper after each of the first 1
0 cuts.
2
Observe the table and write a
n expression which gives the
area
of ballot papers after n numb
er of cuts on sheet of given ar
ea A.
(e) If you want 512 ballot p
apers each having area 16 c
m , then
what will be the area of starti
ng paper?
Activity 2
1. To meke ballot papers c
ut a sheet of paper into three
. Stack the
three pieces and cut the stac
k into three. Stack all the pie
ces and
cut the stack into three agai
n.
12/04/18
so on.
3 S
1 tep
Ste
p
(a) Complete t
he table to show
the number of ba
llot papers after
five such steps:
1
3
(b) Suppose you
continue this proc
ess. How many ba
llot papers would
you have after 15
steps? How many
would you have af
ter n cuts?
(c) How many
steps would it tak
e to make at leas
t one lakh ballot
paper?
Crossword
Across
(1) In x × x = x
, p is the ______
___ of m and n.
(1) –7 is the __
_____ of 2 expon
ents –5 and –2.
(2) Very large n
umbers like 6,250
,000,000 can be c
onveniently writte
n
using _______.
(3) The value of
a if n = 0.
(4) Very small
numbers can be
expressed in sta
ndard form usin
g
_____ exponents.
Down
(5) The value of
3 .
12/04/18
1
(6) The value of 2 –3 .
(7) 5 is read as 5 raised to th
e ______ of 7.
(8) As the exponent decreas
es by 1, the value becomes _
_____ of the
previous value.
(9) a is the ______ inverse
of a .
(10) 1.24 × 10 is known as
the ________ form of 0.00012
4.
12/04/18
UNIT-8
Rough Wor
k
EXPONENTS AND POWE
RS
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
280 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• Discount is a re
duction given on
marked price.
Discount = Marked
Price – Sale Price (
S.P.)
• Discount can b
e calculated when
discount percenta
ge is given.
Discount = Discou
nt % of Marked Pri
ce
• Additional expe
nses made after b
uying an article ar
e included in
the cost price and
are known as over
head expenses.
cost price = buying
price + overhead e
xpenses
• Sales Tax is cha
rged on the sale of
an item by the gov
ernment and
is added to the Bill
Amount.
Sales tax = Tax%
of sale amount
These days, howe
ver, the selling pric
es (known as MRP
) include
the tax known as
VAT (Value Added
Tax).
• The interest co
mpounded annual
ly is the interest c
alculated on
the previous year’s
amount A, (A = P +
I).
• The time period
after which the inte
rest is added each
time to form
a new principal is
called the convers
ion period.
• When the inter
est is compound
ed half yearly, th
ere are two
conversion periods
in a year of duratio
n 6 months each.
• Amount when i
nterest is compou
nded annually is
12/04/18
where P is Princip
al
R is Rate of interest
n is Time Period
• Amount when interest is c
ompounded half yearly is
R
where
is half yearly rate and 2
200
n is number of half year
s.
In examples 1 to 4, there a
re four options out of which
one is correct.
Write the correct answer.
Exampl
: A shirt with marked p
e 1 rice Rs 800 was sold a
t Rs 680.
The rate of discount allowed
on the shirt is
(a) 10% (c) 20% (
b) 15% d) 25%
Solution : Correct answer is
(b).
7
: % of a number is 42, t
Exampl
e 2 3 hen the number is
(a) 980
0 (b) (c) 1800
8 (d) 180
Solution
: Correct answer is
(c).
Example 3 : If the cost pric
e of 10 shirts is equal to the s
elling price of
8 shirts, then which of the
following is true for the
transaction?
(a) Profit o
f 25%
(b) Loss of
25%
(c) Profit of
20% (d) Loss of
20%
Solution
: Correct answer is
(a).
Exampl
: Rs 1600 lent at a com
e 4 pound interest of 5% pe
r annum,
compounded half yearly for
one year will amount to:
(a) Rs 1640
b) Rs 1680 (c) Rs (d) Rs 1
681 764
Solution:
Correct answer is (
c).
12/04/18
In examples 5 t
o 7, fill in the bl
anks to make th
e statements tru
e.
Exam: By selling 50
ple pens, a shopk
eeper lost the
amount equal
to
the selling price of
10 pens. His loss
per cent is ______
____.
50
Solution %.
3
Exam
ple: The discount
per cent is calc
ulated on the _
________ pric
e
of an article.
Solutio
n : Marked
Price.
Exam: Amna purch
pleased a toy for
Rs 660 includi
ng sales tax. I
f
the rate of sales t
ax is 10%, then t
he selling price o
f the
toy is _________.
Solution
: Rs 600.
In examples 8 to
11, state whether
the statements ar
e true (T) or false
(F).
Example 8 : W
hen the interest is
compounded half
yearly, the numbe
r
of conversion per
iods in a year is f
our.
Solution
: False.
Exam: Arnav buys
plea book costing
Rs 600. If the r
ate of sales ta
x
is 7%, then the t
otal amount pay
able by him is Rs
642.
Solution : Tr
ue.
Example 10 : Aft
er allowing a disc
ount of 15% on t
he marked price
of
an article, it is so
ld for Rs 680. Th
e marked price o
f the
article is Rs 800.
Solution : Tr
ue.
Example 11 : Ov
erhead charges, i
f any, are someti
mes included in t
he
cost price.
Solution
: False.
Example 12 : A
number is increa
sed by 20% and
then it is decreas
ed
by 20%. Find the
net increase or d
ecrease per cent.
Soluti
on : Let the n
umber be 1
00
Increase in the n
umber = 20% of
100 = 20
So Increased nu
mber = 100 + 20
= 120
12/04/18
20
Decrease in the numbe
×120 = 2
r = 20% of 120 = 100
4
So new number = 120 – 24 =
96
Net decrease = 100 – 96 = 4
4
Hence net decrease×100 = 4%
per cent = 100.
Example 13 : Vishakha offer
s a discount of 20% on all the
items at her
shop and still makes a profit
of 12%. What is the cost
price of an article marked at
Rs 280?
Solution
: Marked = Rs 280
ce
Discount = 20% of Rs 280
20
= × 280 = Rs 56
100
So selling price = Rs (280 –
56)
= Rs 224
Let the cost price be Rs 100
Profit
= 12% of Rs 10
0
= Rs 12
So selling price = Rs (100 +
12) = Rs 112
If the selling price is Rs 112,
cost price = Rs 100
100
If the selling price is 224
224, cost price = Rs 112
= Rs 200.
Example 14 : Find the comp
ound interest on Rs 48,000 f
or one year
at 8% per annum when com
pounded half yearly.
Solution
: Principal (P) = Rs
48,000
Rate (R) = 8% p.a.
Time (n) = 1 year
Interest is compounded half
yearly
A =
12/04/18
= 48,00
0
26 26
= 48,000 ×
25 25
= 76.8 × 26 × 26
= Rs 51,916.80
ThereforeCompo
und Interest = A
– P
= Rs (519,16.80 –
48,000)
= Rs 3,916.80
Example 15 :
Lemons were bou
ght at Rs 60 a doz
en and sold at the
rate of Rs 40 per
10. Find the gain
or loss percent.
Understand and
Explore the probl
em
• What do you k
now?
Cost of lemons pe
r dozen : Rs 60
and S.P. of 10 le
mons : Rs 40
Which other infor
mation is needed
to solve the given
problem?
Gain/Loss
Plan a Strategy
• Change: either
convert C.P. of 1 d
ozen into C.P. of 1
0 lemons
or convert S.P. of
10 lemons into S.
P. of 1 dozen
•
If C.P. > S.P. fin
d Loss = C.P. –
S.P.
If S.P. > C.P. find
gain = S.P. – C.P.
If S.P. = C.P. No g
ain, No loss
• If gain, find ga
in %
If loss, find loss %
Gain/Loss are alw
ays calculated on
the basis of C.P.
12/04/18
Solve
• C.P. of 1 dozen lemons = R
s 60
C.P. of 1 lemon = Rs 5
C.P. of 10 lemons = Rs 50
• S.P. of 10 lemons Rs 40
• As S.P. < C.P. = Loss
Loss
= C.P. – S.P.
= Rs 50 – Rs 40
= Rs 10
Loss
• L
×100%
C.P.
oss
10
= ×100%
50
= 20%
Revise
• Verify your answer by ado
pting Backward method
i.e. Loss % = 20%
Loss = 20% of 60
20
= ×60 = Rs 12
100
C.P. of 1 dozen
= Rs 60
Loss on 1 dozen = Rs 12
S.P. = C.P – Loss = 60 – 12 =
Rs 48
S.P. of 1 dozen
= Rs 48
48
= Rs = Rs 4
S.P. of 1 lemon
12
S.P. of 10 lemons = Rs 40
Hence verified.
12/04/18
(a) What would ha
ppen if C.P. of 1 d
ozen is Rs 48?
(b) What would ha
ppen if S.P. of 10 l
emons is Rs 60?
In questions 1 t
o 20, there are f
our options out
of which one is
correct.
Write the correct
answer.
1. Suppose for t
he principal P, ra
te R% and time T
, the simple inter
est
is S and compou
nd interest is C.
Consider the pos
sibilities.
(i) (iii) C
C > < S
S
Then
(a) only (i) is cor
rect.
(b) either (i) or (i
i) is correct.
(c) either (ii) or
(iii) is correct.
(d) only (iii) is c
orrect.
2. Suppose a
certain sum dou
bles in 2 years
at r% rate of si
mple
interest per annu
m or at R% rate o
f interest per ann
um compounded
annually. We hav
e
(a (d) c
) r an’t b
< e dec
R ided
3. The compou
nd interest on Rs
50,000 at 4% per
annum for 2 year
s
compounded an
nually is
(a)
s 4,0 (b)(c) (d) R
00 RsRs s 4,0
4,0
4,2 50
8080
4.If marked price
of an article is
Rs 1,200 and t
he discount is
12%
then the selling p
rice of the article
is
(a)
s 1,0 (b)(c) (d) R
56 RsRs s 1,1
1,3
1,2 88
4412
5.If 90% of x is 3
15 km, then the
value of x is
(a)
325 (c (d)
km ) 325
3 m
5
0
m
12/04/18
6. To gain 25% after allowin
g a discount of 10%, the sho
pkeeper must
mark the price of the article
which costs him Rs 360 as
(a) Rs (b) (c) R (d) Rs
500 s 45 s 46 486
0 0
7.If a % is the discount per c
ent on a marked price x, th
en discount is
x a a 100
(a) × 10 × 10(c)
a0 x0 100 x a
8. Ashima took a loan of R
s 1,00,000 at 12% p.a. comp
ounded half-
yearly. She paid Rs 1,12,360
. If (1.06) is equal to 1.1236,
then the
period for which she took the
loan is
1
(a) 2 y (b) (c) 6 12 years
ears 1 ye month
ar s
9. For calculation of intere
st compounded half yearly,
keeping the
principal same, which one of
the following is true.
(a) Double the given annual
rate and half the given number
of years.
(b) Double the given annua
l rate as well as the given nu
mber of
years.
(c) Half the given annual rat
e as well as the given number
of years.
(d) Half the given annual rate
and double the given number
of years.
10. Shyama purchases a sc
ooter costing Rs 36,450 and t
he rate of
sales tax is 9%, then the tota
l amount paid by her is
(a) Rs 36,490
.50 (b) Rs 39,730
.50
(c) Rs 36,454
.50 (d) Rs 33,169
.50
11. The marked price of an
article is Rs 80 and it is sold
at Rs 76, then
the discount rate is
(a) ( (c (d) app
5% b ) x. 11%
) 1
9 0
5 %
%
12. A bought a tape recorde
r for Rs 8,000 and sold it to B.
B in turn sold
it to C, each earning a profit
of 20%. Which of the followin
g is true:
(a) A and B earn the same
profit.
• The discount is the amoun
t by which the regular price is r
educed.
• The sale price is the regul
ar price minus the discount.
12/04/18
(b) A earns mor
e profit than B.
(c) A earns less
profit than B.
(d) Cannot be d
ecided.
13. Latika boug
ht a teapot for Rs
120 and a set of
cups for Rs 400.
She
sold teapot at a
profit of 5% and
cups at a loss of
5%. The amount
received by her is
(a) (c (d)
Rs ) Rs
94 R 534
s
5
0
6
14. A jacket was
sold for Rs 1,120
after allowing a di
scount of 20%. T
he
marked price of t
he jacket is
(a) (c (d)
Rs ) Rs 8
144 R 66.6
0 s 6
96
0
15. A sum is ta
ken for two years
at 16% p.a. If int
erest is compoun
ded
after every three
months, the num
ber of times for
which interest is
charged in 2 year
s is
( (
a d
) )
9
8
16. The original
price of a washin
g machine which
was bought for
Rs
13,500 inclusive
of 8% VAT is
(a) (b) Rs 14,58
s 12, 0 (c) Rs 1
420 2,500 (d
) Rs 13,492
17. Avinash bo
ught an electric i
ron for Rs 900 a
nd sold it at a ga
in of
10%. He sold a
nother electric ir
on at 5% loss w
hich was bought
Rs 1200. On the
transaction he ha
s a
(a) Profit
of Rs 75 (b) Loss
of Rs 75
(c) Profit (d) Loss
of Rs 30 of Rs 30
18. A TV set wa
s bought for Rs 2
6,250 including 5
% VAT. The origi
nal
price of the TV se
t is
(a)
(b) Rs 25,000
27,562.
50 (c) Rs 24,9
37.50 (d) Rs
26,245
19. 40% of [100
– 20% of 300] is
equal to
( 1
a 4
) 0
2
0
(
d
20. Radhika bo
ught a car for Rs
2,50,000. Next y
ear its price decr
eased
by 10% and furth
er next year it de
creased by 12%.
In the two years
overall decrease
per cent in the pri
ce of the car is
(a) (d)
3. 8%
2
%
12/04/18
In questions 21 to 45 fill in t
he blanks to make the state
ments true.
21. _________ is a reductio
n on the marked price of the
article.
22. Increase of a number
from 150 to 162 is equal t
o increase of
_________ per cent.
23. 15% increase in price of
an article, which is Rs 1,620, i
s the increase
of Rs _________.
24. Discount = _________ – _
________.
25. Discount = Discount % of
_________.
26. _________ is charged on
the sale of an item by the gove
rnment and is
added to the bill amount.
27. Amount when interest
is compounded annually is
given by the
formula _________.
28. Sales tax = tax % of ____
_____.
29. The time period after whi
ch the interest is added each
time to form a
new principal is called the ___
______.
30. _________ expenses ar
e the additional expenses incu
rred by a buyer
for an item over and above its
cost of purchase.
31. The discount on an item
for sale is calculated on the _
________.
32. When principal P is co
mpounded semi-annually at
r% per annum
for t years, then
Amount = _________.
33. Percentages are _______
__ to fractions with _________
equal to 100.
34. The marked price of a
n article when it is sold for
Rs 880 after a
discount of 12% is _________.
35. The compound intere
st on Rs 8,000 for one yea
r at 16% p.a.
compounded half yearly is __
_______, given that (1.08) =
1.1664.
36. In the first year on an in
vestment of Rs 6,00,000 the l
oss is 5% and
in the second year the gain is
10%, the net result is ______
___.
• The amount of money t
hat is earning interest or tha
t you are
borrowing is called the princi
pal.
• The amount dueSimple = prt
is equal to the princi
erest
pal
plus the accrued interest.
12/04/18
3
If amount 1+
37. 100
the principal
of Rs 6,000
s written as
000
and compound in
terest payable ha
lf yearly, then rat
e of interest p.a.
is _________ and
time in years is __
_______.
38. By selling a
n article for Rs 1,
12,000 a girl gain
s 40%. The cost
price
of the article was _
________.
39. The loss per
cent on selling 14
0 geometry boxes
at the loss of S.P.
of
10 geometry boxe
s is equal to ____
_____.
40. The cost pri
ce of 10 tables is
equal to the sale
price of 5 tables.
The
profit per cent in t
his transaction is
_________.
41. Abida boug
ht 100 pens at th
e rate of Rs 3.50
per pen and pay
s a
sales tax of 4%. T
he total amount p
aid by Abida is __
_______.
42. The cost of a
tape-recorder is R
s 10,800 inclusive
of sales tax charg
ed
at 8%. The price
of the tape-
recorder before s
ales tax was char
ged is
_________.
43. 2500 is great
er than 500 by __
_______%.
44. Four times a
number is a ____
_____ % increas
e in the number.
45. 5% sales tax
is charged on an
article marked Rs
200 after allowing
a
discount of 5%, th
en the amount pa
yable is _______
__.
In questions 46 t
o 65 state wheth
er the statements
are true (T) or fal
se (F).
46. To calculate
the growth of a b
acteria if the rate
of growth is kno
wn,
the formula for c
alculation of amo
unt in compound
interest can be
used.
47. Additional
expenses made
after buying an
article are includ
ed in
the cost price an
d are known as V
alue Added Tax.
48. Discount is
a reduction given
on cost price of a
n article.
49. Compound i
nterest is the inte
rest calculated o
n the previous ye
ar’s
amount.
50. C.P. = M.P.
– Discount.
51. A man purc
hased a bicycle f
or Rs 1,040 and
sold it for Rs 800
. His
gain per cent is 3
0%.
12/04/18
52. Three times a number i
s 200% increase in the num
ber, then one-
third of the same number is 2
00% decrease in the number
.
53. Simple interest on a giv
en amount is always less th
an or equal to
the compound interest on the
same amount for the same ti
me period
and at the same rate of inter
est per annum.
54. The cost of a sewing m
achine is Rs 7,000. Its value
depreciates at
8% p.a. Then the value of the
machine after 2 years is Rs 5
,924.80.
If the discount of Rs y
55.
is available on the mar
ked price of
x
100
Rs x, then the discount %.
percent is y
56. Number of students a
ppearing for class X CBSE
examination
increases from 91,422 in 1999
–2000 to 11,6054 in 2008–09.
Increase
in the number of students ap
peared is approximately 27%
.
57. Selling price of 9 article
s is equal to the cost price of
15 articles. In
66 .
this transaction there
profit of
58. The compound interes
t on a sum of Rs P for T ye
ars at R% per
annum compounded ann
ually is given by the form
ula P
59. In case
f gain, S.P. =
1 0
0
100 S.P.
60. In case of loss,
100 Loss%
.P. =
61. The value of a car, boug
ht for Rs 4,40,000 depreciate
s each year by
10% of its value at the begin
ning of that year. So its value
becomes
Rs 3,08,000 after three years
.
Another way to find the total co
st of an item is to add the sales
tax per cent
to 100%. Then multiply this ne
w per cent by the regular pric
e.
For example, if the regular pri
ce is Rs 35.98 and the sales t
ax is 6%, add
6% to 100%. Then find 106% o
f Rs 35.98.
1.06 – 35.98 = 38.14.
The total cost is Rs 38.14.
12/04/18
62. The cost of a
book marked at R
s 190 after paying
a sales tax of 2%
is
Rs 192.
63. The buying
price of 5 kg of fl
our with the rate
Rs 20 per kg, w
hen
5% ST is added
on the purchase i
s Rs 21.
64. The original
price of a shamp
oo bottle bought f
or Rs 324 if 8%
VAT
is included in the
price is Rs 300.
65. Sales tax is
always calculate
d on the cost pri
ce of an item an
d is
added to the val
ue of the bill.
Solve the followi
ng :
66. In a factory,
women are 35%
of all the workers,
the rest of the wor
kers
being men. The n
umber of men ex
ceeds that of wo
men by 252. Find
the total number
of workers in the
factory.
4
of
67. Three bags
contain 64.25
of sugar. The
cond bag contai
ns
45 of wha
the contents
%t there
of the first
d the third
ntains
is in the second b
ag. How much su
gar is there in ea
ch bag?
68. Find the S.
P. if
(a) M.P. = Rs 5
450 and discount
= 5%
(b) M.P. = Rs 1
300 and discount
= 1.5%
69. Find the M.
P. if
(a) S.P. = Rs 49
5 and discount =
1%
1
(b) S.P. = %
2
,250 and discou
nt = 7
70. Find discou
nt in per cent wh
en
(a) M.P. = Rs 6
25 and S.P. = Rs
562.50
(b) M.P. = Rs 90
0 and S.P. = Rs 8
73
71. The marked
price of an articl
e is Rs 500. The
shopkeeper give
s a
discount of 5% a
nd still makes a p
rofit of 25%. Find
the cost price of
the article.
72. In 2007 – 08,
the number of stu
dents appeared fo
r Class X examina
tion
was 1,05,332 an
d in 2008–09, the
number was 1,16
,054. If 88,151
students pass th
e examination in
2007–08 and 10
3804 students in
2008–09. What i
s the increase or
decrease in pas
s % in Class X
result?
12/04/18
73. A watch worth Rs 5400 i
s offered for sale at Rs 4,500.
What per cent
discount is offered during the
sale?
74. In the year 2001, the n
umber of malaria patients a
dmitted in the
hospitals of a state was 4,375
. Every year this number decr
eases by
8%. Find the number of pati
ents in 2003.
75. Jyotsana bought a pro
duct for Rs 3,155 including
4.5% sales tax.
Find the price before tax was
added.
76. An average urban India
n uses about 150 litres of wat
er every day.
Activit Litres per person
y per day
Drinking 3
Cooking 4
Bathing 20
Sanitation 40
Washing clothe 40
s
Washing utensil 20
s
Gardening 23
_________
Tota
l 150
_________
(a) What per cent of water is
used for bathing and sanitation
together
per day?
(b) How much less per c
ent of water is used for co
oking in
comparison to that used for
bathing?
(c) What per cent of wat
er is used for drinking, coo
king and
gardening together?
Another method to find the sal
e price of an item is to subtract
the per cent
of discount from 100. Then m
ultiply this number to the regu
lar price.
12/04/18
77. In 1975, the
consumption of
water for human
use was about 3
850
cu.km/year. It inc
reased to about 6
000 cu.km/year i
n the year 2000.
Find the per cent
increase in the c
onsumption of w
ater from 1975 to
2000. Also, find
the annual per
cent increase i
n consumption
(assuming water
consumption incr
eases uniformly).
78. Harshna ga
ve her car for ser
vice at service st
ation on 27-05-
2009
and was charged
as follows:
(a) 3.10 litres en
gine oil @ Rs 17
8.75 per litre and
VAT @ 20%.
(b) Rs 1,105.12
for all other servic
es and VAT @ 12
.5%.
(c) Rs 2,095.80
as labour charges
and service tax
@10%.
(d) 3% cess on s
ervice Tax.
Find the bill amo
unt.
79. Given the
principal = Rs
40,000, rate of
interest = 8%
p.a.
compounded an
nually. Find
(a) Interest if pe
riod is one year.
(b) Principal for
2nd year.
(c) Interest for
2nd year.
(d) Amount if p
eriod is 2 years.
80. In Delhi Univ
ersity, in the year
2009 – 10, 49,00
0 seats were avail
able
for admission to
various courses
at graduation lev
el. Out of these
28,200 seats wer
e for the students
of General Categ
ory while 7,400
seats were reserv
ed for SC and 3,70
0 seats for ST. Fin
d the per centage
of seats available
for
(i) Students of
General Categor
y.
(ii) Students of
SC Category and
ST Category take
n together.
81. Prachi boug
ht medicines fro
m a medical stor
e as prescribed b
y her
doctor for Rs 36.4
0 including 4% V
AT. Find the price
before VAT was
added.
82. Kritika orde
red one pizza an
d one garlic brea
d from a pizza st
ore
and paid Rs 387
inclusive of taxes
of Rs 43. Find th
e tax%.
12/04/18
83. Arunima bought househ
old items whose marked pric
e and discount
% is as follows:
Rate Amount Discount
%
Find the total amount of the
bill she has to pay.
84. Devangi’s phone s
ubscription charges for
the period
17-02-09 to 16-03-09 were a
s follows :
Find the final bill amount if 3
% education cess was also c
harged on
service tax.
If principal = Rs 1,00,000.
85.
rate of interest = 10% com
pounded half
yearly. Find
(i) Interest for 6 months.
(ii) Amount after 6 months.
(iii) Interest for next 6 mont
hs.
(iv) Amount after one year.
86. Babita bought 160 kg of
mangoes at Rs 48 per kg. Sh
e sold 70% of
the mangoes at Rs 70 per kg
and the remaining mangoes
at Rs 40
per kg. Find Babita’s gain or l
oss per cent on the whole de
aling.
87. A shopkeeper was selli
ng all his items at 25% disco
unt. During the
off season, he offered 30%
discount over and above th
e existing
discount. If Pragya bought a
skirt which was marked for
Rs 1,200,
how much did she pay for it?
• People employed in India
must pay an income tax base
d on their
income. The net pay, or take-
home pay, is the amount of
money
that a person is paid.
• Homeowners pay property
taxes based on the value of th
eir house
and property.
12/04/18
88. Ayesha ann
ounced a festival
discount of 25%
on all the items in
her
mobile phone sh
op. Ramandeep
bought a mobile
phone for himself
.
He got a discou
nt of Rs 1,960.
What was the m
arked price of th
e
mobile phone?
89. Find the diff
erence between
Compound Intere
st and Simple Int
erest
on Rs 45,000 at
12% per annum f
or 5 years.
90. A new comp
uter costs Rs 1,0
0,000. The depre
ciation of comput
ers
is very high as ne
w models with be
tter technological
advantages are
coming into the
market. The dep
reciation is as hi
gh as 50% every
year. How much
will the cost of co
mputer be after t
wo years?
91. The populati
on of a town was
decreasing every
year due to migra
tion,
poverty and une
mployment. The
present populati
on of the town is
6,31,680. Last ye
ar the migration
was 4% and the
year before last, i
t
was 6%. What w
as the population
two years ago?
92. Lemons wer
e bought at Rs 4
8 per dozen and
sold at the rate of
Rs
40 per 10. Find t
he gain or loss p
er cent.
93. If the price o
f petrol, diesel an
d LPG is slashed
as follows:
Complete the abo
ve table.
94. What is the
percentage incre
ase or decrease i
n the number of s
eats
won by A, B, C a
nd D in the gener
al elections of 20
09 as compared
to the results of
2004?
Political party
Number of seats
won Number
of seats won
12/04/18
95. How much more per ce
nt seats were won by X as co
mpared to Y in
Assembly Election in the stat
e based on the data given be
low.
96. Ashima sold two coolers
for Rs 3,990 each. On selling
one cooler she
gained 5% and on selling th
e the other she suffered a lo
ss of 5%.
Find her overall gain or loss
% in whole transaction.
97. A lady buys some penc
ils for Rs 3 and an equal nu
mber for Rs 6.
She sells them for Rs 7. Find
her gain or loss%.
98. On selling a chair for Rs
736, a shopkeeper suffers a l
oss of 8%. At
what price should he sell it s
o as to gain 8%?
99. A dining table is purcha
sed for Rs 3,200 and sold at
a gain of 6%. If
a customer pays sales tax a
t the rate of 5%. How much
does the
customer pay in all for the ta
ble?
100. Achal bought a second-
hand car for Rs 2,25,000 and
spend Rs 25,000
for repairing. If he sold it for
Rs 3,25,000, what is his profi
t per cent?
101. A lady bought an air-
conditioner for Rs 15,200 a
nd spent Rs 300
and Rs 500 on its transport
ation and repair respectivel
y. At what
price should she sell it to ma
ke a gain of 15%?
102. What price should a s
hopkeeper mark on an articl
e that costs him
Rs 600 to gain 20%, after all
owing a discount of 10%
When an item is on sale, you c
an save money buying it at les
s than regular
price. The discount is the am
ount that the regular price is r
educed. The
sale price is the regular price
minus the discount.
You can use a proportion or an
equation to solve problems invol
ving discount
and sale price.
12/04/18
103. Brinda pur
chased 18 coats
at the rate of Rs
1,500 each and
sold
them at a profit o
f 6%. If customer
is to pay sales ta
x at the rate of
4%, how much w
ill one coat cost t
o the customer a
nd what will be
the total profit ea
rned by Brinda af
ter selling all coa
ts?
104. Rahim borr
owed Rs 10,24,0
00 from a bank fo
r one year. If the
bank
charges interest
of 5% per annu
m, compounded
half-yearly, what
amount will he ha
ve to pay after th
e given time peri
od. Also, find the
interest paid by
him.
105. The followi
ng items are purc
hased from show
room:
T-Shirt worth Rs
1200.
Jeans worth Rs
1000.
2 Skirts worth Rs
1350 each.
What will these it
ems cost to Shik
ha if the sales ta
x is 7%?
106. The food l
abels given belo
w give informatio
n about 2 types o
f soup:
cream of tomato a
nd sweet corn. Us
e these labels to
answer the given
questions. (All th
e servings are ba
sed on a 2000 ca
lorie diet.)
12/04/18
(a) Which can be measured
more accurately : the total a
mount of
fat in cream of tomato soup
or the total amount of fat in
sweet
corn soup? Explain.
(b) One serving of cream
of tomato soup contains 29
% of the
recommended daily value of s
odium for a 2000 calorie diet.
What
is the recommended daily val
ue of sodium in milligrams? E
xpress
the answer upto 2 decimal pl
aces.
(c) Find the increase per cen
t of sugar consumed if cream
of tomato
soup is chosen over sweet co
rn soup.
(d) Calculate ratio of calori
es from fat in sweet corn so
up to the
calories from fat in cream of t
omato soup.
107. Music CD originally pri
ced at Rs 120 is on sale for 2
5% off. What is
the S.P.?
Sonia and Rahul have differe
nt ways of calculating the sal
e price for
the items they bought.
As you work on the next pro
blem, try both of these meth
ods to see
which you prefer.
108. Store A and Store B bot
h charge Rs 750 for a video g
ame. This week
the video game is on sale fo
r Rs 600 at Store B and for 2
5% off at
Store A. At which store is the
game less expensive?
12/04/18
109. At a toy sh
op price of all th
e toys is reduced
to 66% of the ori
ginal
price.
(a) What is the
sale price of a to
y that originally c
osts Rs 90?
(b) How much
money would you
save on a toy cos
ting Rs 90?
110. A store is h
aving a 25% disc
ount sale. Sheela
has a Rs 50 gift v
oucher
and wants to use
it to buy a board
game marked for
Rs 320. She is
not sure how to c
alculate the conc
ession she will ge
t. The sales clerk
has suggested tw
o ways to calcula
te the amount pa
yable.
- Method 1: Su
btract Rs 50 fro
m the price and
take 25% off th
e
resulting price.
- Method 2: Tak
e 25% off the ori
ginal price and th
en subtract Rs 5
0.
a. Do you think
both the method
s will give the sa
me result? If not
,
predict which me
thod will be bene
ficial for her.
b. For each met
hod, calculate th
e amount Sheela
would have to pa
y.
Show your work.
c. Which metho
d do you think st
ores actually use
? Why?
111. Living on y
our own: Sanjay
is looking for on
e-bedroom appa
rtment
on rent. At Neel
giri appartments
, rent for the firs
t two months is
20% off. The one
bedroom rate at
Neelgiri is Rs 6,0
00 per month. At
Savana appartm
ents, the first mo
nth is 50% off. T
he one bedroom
rate at Savana ap
partments is Rs 7
000 per month. W
hich appartment
will be cheaper f
or the first two m
onths? By how
much?
112. For an a
mount, explain
why, a 20% incr
ease followed b
y a 20%
decrease is less t
han the original a
mount.
There are various
taxes that people
must pay. Some
examples are sal
es
tax, property tax
and income tax.
A tax is charge, u
sually a percenta
ge,
that is imposed b
y the government.
You can set up a
proportion or equa
tion to solve probl
ems involving tax
es.
113. Sunscreen
s block harmful ul
traviolet (UV) ray
s produced by th
e sun.
Each sunscreen
has a Sun Prote
ction Factor (SP
F) that tells you
how many minut
es you can stay i
n the sun before
you receive one
12/04/18
minute of burning UV rays.
For example, if you apply s
unscreen
with SPF 15, you get 1 minut
e of UV rays for every 15 mi
nutes you
stay in the sun.
1
1. A sunscreen of the sun’s
15
th SPF 15 allowsUV rays. Wha
nly t
per cent of UV rays does the
sunscreen abort?
2. Suppose a sunscreen allo
ws 25% of the sun’s UV rays.
a. What fraction of UV rays
does this sunscreen block?
Give your
answer in lowest terms.
b. Use your answer from Pa
rt (a) to calculate this sunscre
en’s SPF.
Explain how you found your
answer.
3. A label on a sunscreen wit
h SPF 30 claims that the suns
creen blocks
about 97% of harmful UV ray
s. Assuming the SPF factor is
accurate,
is this claim true? Explain.
114. A real estate agent rec
eives Rs 50,000 as commissi
on, which is 4%
of the selling price. At what p
rice does the agent sell the p
roperty?
115. With the decrease in pr
ices of tea by 15% Tonu, the
chaiwallah, was
able to buy 2 kg more of tea
with the same Rs 45 that he s
pent each
month on buying tea leaves f
or his chai shop. What was th
e reduced
price of tea? What was the or
iginal price of tea?
The per cent of decrease tells
what per cent the amount of d
ecrease is of
the original number.
To find the per cent of decreas
e express a ratio of the amoun
t of decrease
to the original number as per
cent.
Per cent amount of decrea
×100
Decreasese
original numb
er
12/04/18
116. Below is t
he Report Card
of Vidit Atrey. Vi
dit’s teacher left
the last
column blank. V
idit is not able to
make out, in whi
ch subject he
performed better
and in which he n
eeds improveme
nt. Complete the
table to help Vidi
t know his comp
arative performa
nce.
Assessment Report
for 2009-2010
C Date :
l 31 Ma
a rch 20
s 10
s
:
9
B
117. Sita is prac
ticing basket ball.
She has manage
d to score 32 bas
kets
in 35 attempts. W
hat is her succes
s rate in per cent
age?
12/04/18
118. During school hours,
Neha finished 73% of her h
omework and
Minakshi completed 5/8 of he
r homework. Who must finish
a greater
per cent of homework?
119. Rain forests are hom
e to 90,000 of the 2,50,000
identified plant
species in the world. What p
er cent of the world’s identifi
ed plant
species are found in rain fore
sts?
120. Madhu’s room measu
res 6m × 3m. Her carpet co
vers 8m . What
per cent of floor is covered by
the carpet?
121. The human body is ma
de up mostly of water. In fact,
about 67% of a
person’s total body weight is
water. If Jyoti weights 56 kg,
how much
of her weight is water?
122. The per cent of pure go
ld in 14 carat gold is about 58
.3%. A 14 carat
gold ring weighs 7.6 grams. H
ow many grams of pure gold
are in the
ring?
n5
= to find 5% of
123. A student
10032
used the proporti 32. What did
on
th
e
st
u
d
e
nt
d
o
w
ro
n
g
?
124. The table shows the co
st of sunscreen of two brands
with and without
sales tax. Which brand has a
greater sales tax rate? Give t
he sales
tax rate of each brand.
1. Complete the grid using t
he clues given below.
Clues
Down
(1) The total cost price of a
TV set whose cost price is R
s 6,900 and
money spent on repairs is Rs
300.
(2) The price of a cycle is Rs
800. It is now increased by 20
%. The new
sale price is Rs ____________.
(3) The list price of a bag is
Rs 220. A discount of 15% i
s offered to
make the sales price as Rs ___
________.
12/04/18
Across
(1) Discount on
an item marked a
t Rs 800 and sol
d for Rs 721.
(3) The selling p
rice of a fan costi
ng Rs 1,200 if a
profit of Rs 5% is
to
be made.
(4) The cost pric
e of an item sold
at Rs 1,600 at a
100% profit.
(5) The profit
per cent of an it
em marked at
Rs 800 and sol
d at
Rs. 1,360.
2.
1. Children go t
o school for thei
r overall person
ality developme
nt.
Co-curricular ac
tivities (CCA) pl
ay a major role i
n this. Fill the
following table to
know, how the st
udents of your cl
ass did in the I
and II term.
CCA Difference I
ncrease/
Now, answer the
following questio
ns.
(a) Who is the m
ost active particip
ant in CCA activit
ies in I term? In
II term?
(b) What is the pe
rcentage of your
participation in I t
erm? In II term?
12/04/18
3. Discuss with your parents
and create a checkbook t
o keep a record
of monthly expenses of your fa
mily as shown below (You may
change
the entries as per your requir
ements).
Transaction Payment
Now, answer the following qu
estions.
(a) What per cent of the total
income is spend on school ex
penses?
(b) Are the expenditure on ga
s and electricity more than the
expenditure
on travelling expense?
(c) What is your family’s sav
ings for a month?
(d) What per cent of family in
come is saved?
(e) How can you increase yo
ur family’s savings?
4.
Observe your daily schedule
and note down the following:
12/04/18
1. Find the rati
o of number of
hours spent at s
chool to number
of
hours spent whil
e sleeping.
2. Find percenta
ge of hours spent
in
(a) studying at h
ome
(b) watching TV.
3. Find the ratio
of total time spe
nt on chatting to
studing.
5 School has
arranged for an
excursion. Stud
ents are thrilled
and
plan to decide th
eir menu. You be
ing the class repr
esentative have
the responsibili
ty to survey diff
erent shops to
make the least
expenditure. The
following table m
ay help you.
Have a discussi
on for the abov
e table to make
an economical
purchase. Enjoy
your excursion.
6. Crossword
Across
1. Shopkeeper
earns it if S.P. >
C.P.
2. The price at
which the article i
s purchased.
3. List price of a
n article.
4.It is a reductio
n given on M.P
.
5. Duration for t
he sum is borro
wed.
6. This become
s half if the intere
st is compounde
d half yearly.
7. Interest com
puted on the orig
inal principal.
12/04/18
Down
8. This comes from Latin wo
rd per centum.
9. The price at which article
is sold.
10. The original sum deposi
ted or borrowed.
11. The interest is calculate
d on the amount of the previo
us year..
12. Shopkeeper bears it if S.
P. < C.P.
12/04/18
• Two quantities x
and y are said to be
in direct proportion i
f they
increase or decreas
e together in such a
manner that the rati
o of
x = k w
their correspondi
ng values remainyhere
s constant. That
s,
k is a positive numb
er, if x and y are in
direct proportion or
vary
directly. In case of
direct proportion, if
y , y are the value
s of y
x x
correspondingy
he values x , xy
x respectively,
n
• Two quantities x
and y are said to b
e in inverse proporti
on if an
increase in x causes
a proportional decrea
se in y and vice-
versa, in
such a manner that
the product of their
corresponding valu
es
remains constant. Th
at is, xy = k where k i
s a positive number,
if x
and y are in inverse
proportion. In this ca
se, if y , y are the v
alues
of y corresponding to
the values x , x of x
respectively, then x
y =
1 1
x y orx y
• Quantities increas
ing or decreasing to
gether need not alw
ays be
in direct proportion,
same in the case of i
nverse proportion.
• When two quantitie
s x and y are in direct
proportion (or vary dir
ectly),
they are
∝ y. Symbol “∝” s
written
x tands for ‘is pro
portional to’.
12/04/18
• When two quantities x a
nd y are in inverse proporti
on (or vary
inversely) they are written
1
as x ∝ .
y
In examples 1 to 3, there a
re four options out of which
one is correct.
Choose the correct answer,
Exampl: If x and y are directl
e 1 y proportional and wh
en x = 13,
y = 39, which of the followin
g is not a possible pair of
corresponding values of x an
d y ?
(a) 1 a (b) 17 a
nd 3 nd 51
(c) 30 an
d 10 (d) 6 and
18
Solution: The correct answe
r is (c).
Exampl
: A car covers a distan
e 2 ce in 40 minutes with a
n average
speed of 60 km per hour. The
average speed to cover the
same distance in 30 minutes
is
45
(a) 80 k km/h
m/h 2
(c) 70 k
m/h (d) 45 k
m/h
Solution
: The correct answer
is (a).
Example 3 : Which of the f
ollowing is in direct proportio
n?
(a) One side of a cuboid and
its volume.
(b) Speed of a vehicle and
the distance travelled in a
fixed time interval.
(c) Change in weight and he
ight among individuals.
(d) Number of pipes to fill a
tank and the time required
to fill the same tank.
Solution
: The correct answer
is (b).
[Because, in a fixed time interv
al, as the speed of a vehicle
increases, the distance trave
lled by it also increases in
the same ratio.]
12/04/18
In examples 4 to
6, fill in the blank
s to make the sta
tements true.
Example 4 : A
mrita takes 18 ho
urs to travel 720 k
ilometres. Time
taken by her to trav
el 360 kilometres is
_______.
Solution
: 9 hours.
Exam: If x and y are i
ple nversely proport
ional then ____
_ = k where
k is positive const
ant.
Solution
: xy.
Exam
ple : Side of a rh
ombus and its
perimeter are
in ______
proportion.
Solution : Dire
ct.
In examples 7 to 9
, state whether the
statements are tru
e (T) or false (F):
Exam
ple : When two qu
antities x and
y are in invers
e proportion,
x
then is a constant
y .
Solution
: False.
Example 8 : If t
he cost of 10 pen
cils is Rs 90, then
the cost of 19
pencils is Rs 171.
Solution : Tru
e.
Exam
ple : If 5 persons c
an finish a job i
n 10 days then
one person
will finish it in 2 d
ays.
Solution
: False.
Example 10 : In a
scout camp, there
is food provision f
or 300 cadets
for 42 days. If 50
more persons join
the camp, for how
many days will the
provision last?
Solution : Mo
re the persons, th
e sooner would b
e the provision
exhausted. So, this
is a case of invers
e proportion.
Let the required nu
mber of days be x.
Hence, 300 × 42 =
(300 + 50) × x
300 × 42 = 350 ×
x
300 42
350
x = 36
12/04/18
Example 11 : If two cardbo
ard boxes occupy 500 cubic
centimetres
space, then how much space i
s required to keep 200 such
boxes?
Soluti
on : As the number of box
es increases, the space
required to
keep them also increases.
So, this is a case of direct pr
oportion.
2
So∴
500
2x = 500 × 200
500 200
x =
2
x = 50,000
Thus, the required space is
50,000 cubic centimetres.
Example 12 : Under the c
ondition that the temperat
ure remains
constant, the volume of gas i
s inversely proportional to
its pressure. If the volume of
gas is 630 cubic centimetres
at a pressure of 360 mm of
mercury, then what will be
the pressure of the gas if
its volume is 720 cubic
centimetres at the same tem
perature?
Solution : Given that, at c
onstant temperature pressure
and volume
of a gas are inversely prop
ortional. Let the required
pressure be x.
Then, 630 × 360 = 720 ×
x
720 x
x = 315
Therefore, the required
pressure is 315 mm of mercu
ry.
12/04/18
The time t required
to download a 4-
megabyte
music file from a
n internet music
seller is
inversely proportio
nal to the rate r at
which
data is transferred t
o the receiving com
puter.
a. How long will
it take to downloa
d a 4-
megabyte file if the
transmission occur
s at
a rate of 2.5 mega
bytes per minute?
How
long if the tran
smission rate is
0.8
megabytes per min
ute?
b. How can the rel
ationship of t and r
be expressed in sy
mbolic form?
c. How does the v
alue of t change as
the value of r incre
ases steadily?
How is this pattern
of change related to
the constant of prop
ortionality?
Example 13:
Lemons were boug
ht at Rs 60 a dozen
and sold at the
rate of Rs 40 per 10
. Find the gain or lo
ss per cent.
Understand and E
xplore the problem
• Rewrite given e
quation in your own
words.
30 men can reap a
field in 17 days. If t
he field is to be rea
ped
in 10 days then ho
w many men will b
e required? How m
any
extra men are to be
employed?
• What do you kno
w?
30 men can reap a
field in 17 days.
Plan a Strategy
• Think that 30 m
en are reaping the f
ield in 17 days, so t
o reap
the field in 10 days,
i.e. in less number
of days, men requir
ed
will be more or less
?
• No. of days has
reduced so men to b
e employed will incr
ease.
Therefore we will u
se indirect variation
.
• Find difference b
etween no. of men r
equired and the num
ber 30.
Solve
• Let number of
men required to fin
ish the job in 10 da
ys be x
12/04/18
• No.
xx
• No. of days has decrease
d so number of men will incr
ease.
Hence we will use inverse va
riation.
Hence 30 × 17 = x × 10
30 17
= 51
= 10
51 men will be required.
Extra number of men require
d = 51 – 30 = 21 men.
Revise
• Verify your answer by ado
pting some other method e.g.
Here
instead of using variation we c
an use unitary method.
e.g. No. of days No. of me
n
17
30
1
?
10
x
No. of men required to complet
e the job in 17 days = 30
No. of men required to complet
e the job in 1 day = 30 × 17
No. of men required to com
plete the job in 10 days =
30 17
10 = 51
No. of extra men required = 51
– 30 = 21 men.
Hence verified.
1. What will happen if questi
on is:
If 30 men can reap a field in 17
days, then 10 men reap the fiel
d in how
many days?
2. In the questions of men a
nd work we always use indir
ect variation.
Now think of some situation re
lated to men where direct vari
ation will
be used, e.g. If maximum 15
men can travel by three cars,
then find
minimum maximum number
of cars required for (a) 25 m
en (b) 38
men.
12/04/18
In questions 1 to
16, there are four
options out of whi
ch one is correct.
Write the correct
answer.
1. Both u and v v
ary directly with e
ach other. When
u is 10, v is 15,
which of the followi
ng is not a possible
pair of correspondin
g values of
u and v?
(a)
2 an (b) 8 and 12
d 3 (c) 15 and
20 (d) 2
5 and 37.5
2. Both x and y
vary inversely with
each other. When
x is 10, y is 6,
which of the followi
ng is not a possible
pair of correspondin
g values of
x and y?
(a)
2 an (b) 15 and 4
d 5 (c) 25 and
2.4 (d) 4
5 and 1.3
3. Assuming land
to be uniformly fert
ile, the area of lan
d and the yield
on it vary
(a) directly with ea
ch other.
(b) inversely with e
ach other.
(c) neither directly
nor inversely with
each other.
(d) sometimes dire
ctly and sometime
s inversely with ea
ch other.
4. The number of
teeth and the age
of a person vary
(a) directly with e
ach other.
(b) inversely with
each other.
(c) neither directl
y nor inversely with
each other.
(d) sometimes dir
ectly and sometim
es inversely with e
ach other.
Direct Variation: If t
he relationship of v
ariables y and x ca
n be expressed
in the form:
y = kx for some con
stant k,
then we say that y v
aries directly with x
or that y is directly p
roportional to x.
The number k is call
ed the constant of p
roportionality for the
relationship.
The close connect
ion between multi
plication and divisi
on of numbers
implies that =. The s
y is directlyymbolic
oportional
x, then
y
form
= shows that the ra
x tio of y to x is con
stant, for any corr
esponding
values of y and x.
12/04/18
5. A truck needs 54 litres of
diesel for covering a distanc
e of 297 km.
The diesel required by the tru
ck to cover a distance of 550
km is
(a) 100
litres (b) 50(c) 25.16 litre
litres s (d) 25 litres
6. By travelling at a speed o
f 48 kilometres per hour, a ca
r can finish a
certain journey in 10 hours.
To cover the same distance i
n 8 hours,
the speed of the car should b
e
(a) 60 km/h (b) 80 k
m/h (c) 30 km/h (d) 4
0 km/h
7. In which of the following
case, do the quantities vary
directly with
each other?
(a)
y 2 8 32
(b)
(c) r 2 5 1
0
10 5 2 0.5
(d) u 2 4 6
9 12
18 9 6 4 3
8. Which quantities in the p
revious question vary invers
ely with each
other?
(a) x
nd y (b) (c)
r and (d) u a
and s nd v
9. Which of the following va
ry inversely with each other?
(a) speed and distance cover
ed.
(b) distance covered and tax
i fare.
(c) distance travelled and ti
me taken.
(d) speed and time taken.
1 1
10. Both x and y are and are
n direct proportion, x y
n
(a) in indirect proportion.
(b) in inverse proportion.
(c) neither in direct nor in i
nverse proportion.
(d) sometimes in direct and
sometimes in inverse proporti
on.
12/04/18
11. Meenakshee
cycles to her scho
ol at an average s
peed of 12 km/h
and takes 20 minut
es to reach her sch
ool. If she wants to
reach her
school in 12 minut
es, her average sp
eed should be
20
(a) (
b
)
1
6
k
m
/h
(
c (
) d
)
2
0 1
k 5
m k
/ m
h /
h
12. 100 persons
had food provision
for 24 days. If 20
persons left the
place, the provisio
n will last for
96
( days
a
)
3
0
d
a
y
s
(c 0
) d
a
1 y
2 s
( d
d a
) y
4 s
0
13.
If two quantities
x and y vary dire
ctly with each ot
her, then
(a) rem (b) x –
ains y remai
const ns cons
ant. tant.
(c) x + (d) x × y
remains remains
constant constant
. .
14.
If two quantities
p and q vary inve
rsely with each o
ther, then
(a) rem (b) p +
ains q remai
const ns cons
ant. tant.
(c) p × (d) p – q
remains remains
constant constant
. .
If the distance tr
15.
avelled by a rick
shaw in one hou
r is 10 km, then
the distance travell
ed by the same ric
kshaw with the sa
me speed in
one minute is
250 500
(a)m m m
(c)
000 m
Inverse Variation: If
the relationship of v
ariables y and x can
be expressed
in the form.
k
y = for some consta
xnt k,
then we say that y v
aries directly with x
or that y is inversel
y proportional
to x. The number
k is called the co
nstant of proporti
onality for the
relationship.
Once again, the clo
se connection betw
een multiplication a
nd division of
numbers implies th
at if y is inversely p
roportional to x, th
en xy = k. The
symbolic form xy =
k shows that the pro
duct of y and x is co
nstant, for any
corresponding value
s of x and y.
12/04/18
16. Both x and y vary directl
y with each other and when x
is 10, y is 14,
which of the following is not a
possible pair of correspondin
g values
of x and y?
(a) 25 and 35 (b) 35 and
25 (c) 35 and 49 (d) 15
and 21
In questions 17 to 42, fill in
the blanks to make the stat
ements true:
17.
If x = 5y, then x and y var
y ______ with each other.
18.
If xy = 10, then x and y va
ry ______ with each other.
19. When two quantities x a
nd y are in ______ proportion
or vary ______
they are written as x
∝ y.
20. When two quantities x a
nd y are in _______ proportion
or vary ______
1
they are written as x ∝ .
y
21. Both x and y are said t
o vary ______ with each oth
er if for some
positive number k, xy = k.
22. x and y are said to vary
directly with each other if for
some positive
number k, ______ =k.
23. Two quantities are said to
vary ______ with each other if
they increase
(decrease) together in su
ch a manner that the rati
o of their
corresponding values remain
s constant.
24. Two quantities are said t
o vary ______ with each othe
r if an increase
in one causes a decrease i
n the other in such a manne
r that the
product of their correspondin
g values remains constant.
25.
If 12 pumps can empty a r
eservoir in 20 hours, then
time required
by 45 such pumps to empty t
he same reservoir is ______
hours.
Understand the problem
• If you write a problem in
your own words, you may
understand it better. Before wr
iting a problem in your own
words, you may need to read it
over several times – perhaps
aloud, so that you can hear yo
urself say the words.
• Once you have written the p
roblem in your own words, you
may want to make sure yo
u have included all of the
necessary information to solve
the problem.
12/04/18
26.If x varies invers
ely as y, then
27.If x varies direct
ly as y, then
28. When the spe
ed remains consta
nt, the distance tra
velled is ______
proportional to the
time.
a
remain
29. On increas
bs_____
ing a, b increas
es in such a_
nner that
and positive, then
a and b are said to
vary directly with e
ach other.
30.If on increasing a,
b decreases in su
ch a manner that
_______ remains
______ and positive
, then a and b are s
aid to vary inversel
y with each
other.
If two quantities
31.
x and y vary direc
tly with each othe
r, then ______ of
their correspondin
g values remains c
onstant.
If two quantities
32.
p and q vary inve
rsely with each ot
her then ______
of their correspond
ing values remains
constant.
33. The perimete
r of a circle and its
diameter vary ___
____ with each
other.
34. A car is travel
ling 48 km in one
hour. The distance
travelled by the
car in 12 minutes is
_________.
35. An auto ricks
haw takes 3 hours
to cover a distanc
e of 36 km. If its
speed is increased
by 4 km/h, the time
taken by it to cover
the same
distance is _______
___.
If the thickness o
36.
f a pile of 12 card
board sheets is 4
5 mm, then the
thickness of a pile
of 240 sheets is __
_____ cm.
If x varies invers
37.
ely as y and x =
4 when y = 6, the
n when x = 3 the
value of y is ______
_.
a1 a2
______
38. In direct
proportion,_
1
b 2
12/04/18
a 2 b 2
− −
39. In case of inverse=
roportion,
40. If the area occupied by
15 postal stamps is 60 cm ,
then the area
occupied by 120 such postal
stamps will be _______.
If 45 persons can complet
41.
e a work in 20 days, then t
he time taken
by 75 persons will be ______
hours.
42. Devangi travels 50 m dist
ance in 75 steps, then the dist
ance travelled
in 375 steps is _______ km.
In questions from 43 to 59,
state whether the statemen
ts are true (T)
or false (F).
43. Two quantities x and y a
re said to vary directly with e
ach other if for
some rational number k, xy
= k.
44. When the speed is kept
fixed, time and distance vary
inversely with
each other.
45. When the distance is k
ept fixed, speed and time va
ry directly with
each other.
46. Length of a side of a s
quare and its area vary dire
ctly with each
other.
47. Length of a side of an
equilateral triangle and its p
erimeter vary
inversely with each other.
Plan a strategy
• Concept maps are visual to
ols for organising information.
A
concept map shows how key c
oncepts are related and can
help you summarise and anal
yse information in lessons or
chapters.
Create a Concept Map
• Give your concept map a tit
le;
• Identify the main idea of yo
ur concept map;
• List the key concepts:
• Link the concepts to show
the relationships between the
concepts and the main idea.
12/04/18
48. If d varies dir
ectly as t , then w
e can write dt = k
, where k is some
constant.
49.
If a tree 24 m hig
h casts a shadow
of 15 m, then the
height of a pole
that casts a shado
w of 6 m under si
milar conditions is
9.6 m.
50.
If x and y are in
direct proportion,
then (x – 1) and (
y – 1) are also in
direct proportion.
51.
If x and y are in i
nverse proportio
n, then (x + 1) a
nd (y + 1) are als
o
in inverse proporti
on.
52.
If p and q are in i
nverse variation t
hen (p + 2) and (
q – 2) are also in
inverse proportion.
53.
If one angle of
a triangle is kep
t fixed then the
measure of the
remaining two angl
es vary inversely w
ith each other.
54. When two q
uantities are relat
ed in such a man
ner that, if one
increases, the othe
r also increases, th
en they always var
y directly.
55. When two q
uantities are rela
ted in such a ma
nner that if one
increases and the
56.
other decreases, th
If x varies invers
en they always var
ely as y and whe
y inversely.
n x = 6, y = 8, th
en for x = 8 the
value of y is 10.
57. The number
of workers and the
time to complete a
job is a case of
direct proportion.
58. For fixed time
period and rate of i
nterest, the simple i
nterest is directly
proportional to the
principal.
59. The area of c
ultivated land and t
he crop harvested i
s a case of direct
proportion.
In questions 60 t
o 62, which of th
e following vary
directly and whic
h
vary inversely wit
h each other and
which are neither
of the two?
60.
(i) The time take
n by a train to co
ver a fixed distan
ce and the speed
of the train.
(ii) The distance
travelled by CNG
bus and the amou
nt of CNG
used.
(iii) The number o
f people working a
nd the time to com
plete a given
work.
12/04/18
(iv) Income tax and the inco
me.
(v) Distance travelled by an
auto-rickshaw and time taken
.
61.
(i) Number of students in
a hostel and consumption
of food.
(ii) Area of the walls of a ro
om and the cost of white wa
shing the
walls.
(iii) The number of people
working and the quantity of
work.
(iv) Simple interest on a giv
en sum and the rate of intere
st.
(v) Compound interest on a
given sum and the sum inves
ted.
62. (i) The quantity of rice
and its cost.
(ii) The height of a tree and
the number of years.
(iii) Increase in cost and nu
mber of shirts that can be pur
chased if
the budget remains the same
.
(iv) Area of land and its cost
.
(v) Sales Tax and the amou
nt of the bill.
Solve the following :
63.
If x varies inversely as y
and x = 20 when y = 600
, find y when
x = 400.
64. The variable x varies dir
ectly as y and x = 80 when y i
s 160. What is
y when x is 64?
2
l varies directly as. Find l w
65.
3hen
and l is equal to 5,
hen m =
m =
16 .
3
If x varies inversely as y a
66.
nd y = 60 when x = 1.5.
Find x. when
y = 4.5.
67. In a camp, there is eno
ugh flour for 300 persons for
42 days. How
long will the flour last if 20 m
ore persons join the camp?
68. A contractor undertook
a contract to complete a part
of a stadium in
9 months with a team of 560
persons. Later on, it was req
uired to
complete the job in 5 month
s. How many extra persons
should he
employ to complete the work
?
69. Sobi types 108 words i
n 6 minutes. How many wor
ds would she
type in half an hour?
12/04/18
70. A car covers
a distance in 40 mi
nutes with an aver
age speed of 60
km/h. What should
be the average spe
ed to cover the sa
me distance
in 25 minutes?
71.
It is given that l
varies directly as
m.
(i) Write an equat
ion which relates l
and m.
(ii) Find the cons
tant of proportion (
k), when l is 6 then
m is 18.
(iii) Find l, when
m is 33.
(iv) Find m when
l is 8.
72.
If a deposit of Rs
2,000 earns an i
nterest of Rs 500
in 3 years, how
much interest woul
d a deposit of Rs 3
6,000 earn in 3 ye
ars with the
same rate of simpl
e interest?
73. The mass of
an aluminium rod
varies directly wit
h its length. If a
16 cm long rod has
a mass of 192 g, fi
nd the length of the
rod whose
mass is 105 g.
74. Find the valu
es of x and y if a a
nd b are in invers
e proportion:
a. 12 x 8
b. 30 5 y
75.
If 0 steps to cover a
resh
distance of 200 m
walk
etres, find the
s
distance travelled i
n 350 steps.
76. A car travels
a distance of 225
km in 25 litres of p
etrol. How many
litres of petrol will
be required to cov
er a distance of 54
0 kilometres
by this car?
77. From the follo
wing table, determi
ne if x and y are in
direct proportion
or not.
(i) x 3
6 15
x 4
(ii) 7 10
12/04/18
78.If a and b vary inversely to
each other, then find the val
ues of p, q, r ;
x, y, z and l, m, n.
(i)
a 6 8
q
(ii)
(iii)
79. If 25 metres of cloth cos
ts Rs 337.50, then
(i) What will be the cost of 4
0 metres of the same type of
cloth?
(ii) What will be the length
of the cloth bought for Rs 81
0?
80. A swimming pool can b
e filled in 4 hours by 8 pump
s of the same
type. How many such pumps
are required if the pool is to b
e filled in
2
2 hours?
3
81. The cost of 27 kg of iron
is Rs 1,080, what will be the
cost of 120 kg
of iron of the same quality?
82. At a particular time, the l
ength of the shadow of Qutu
b Minar whose
height is 72 m is 80 m. What
will be the height of an elect
ric pole,
the length of whose shadow
at the same time is 1000 cm?
83.
In a hostel of 50 girls, ther
e are food provisions for
40 days. If 30
more girls join the hostel, ho
w long will these provisions l
ast?
84. Campus and Welfare C
ommittee of school is plannin
g to develop a
blue shade for painting the e
ntire school building. For this
purpose
various shades are tried by
mixing containers of blue p
aint and
white paint. In each of the f
ollowing mixtures, decide w
hich is a
lighter shade of blue and also
find the lightest blue shade a
mong all
of them.
12/04/18
If one container h
as one litre paint
and the building r
equires 105
litres for painting,
how many contain
er of each type is
required to
paint the building
by darkest blue sh
ade?
85. Posing a que
stion
Work with a partne
r to write at least fi
ve ratio statements
about this
quilt, which has w
hite, blue, and pur
ple squares.
How many square
s of each colour wi
ll be there in 12 su
ch quilts?
86. A packet of s
weets was distribu
ted among 10 chil
dren and each of
them received 4 s
weets. If it is distri
buted among 8 ch
ildren, how
many sweets will e
ach child get?
12/04/18
87. 44 cows can graze a fiel
d in 9 days. How many less/
more cows will
graze the same field in 12 da
ys?
88. 30 persons can reap a
field in 17 days. How many
more persons
should be engaged to reap th
e same field in 10 days?
89. Shabnam takes 20 mi
nutes to reach her school if
she goes at a
speed of 6 km/h. If she want
s to reach school in 24 minut
es, what
should be her speed?
90. Ravi starts for his schoo
l at 8:20 a.m. on his bicycle. I
f he travels at
a speed of 10km/h, then he
reaches his school late by 8
minutes
but on travelling at 16 km/
h he reaches the school 1
0 minutes
early. At what time does the
school start?
91. Match each of the entri
es in Column I with the appr
opriate entry
in Column II
Col Colu
umn mn I
I I
x
1. x and y vary inverse = Constant
ly to each other y
2. MathematicalB. y will incre
epresentation of ase in proporti
erse on
variation of quantities p and q
3. Mathematical r
epresentation of C. xy = C
onstant
direct variation of quantities
m and n
J. m α 1
n
92. There are 20 grams of p
rotein in 75 grams of sauted fi
sh. How many
grams of protein is in 225 g
m of that fish?
93. Ms. Anita has to drive f
rom Jhareda to Ganwari. Sh
e measures a
distance of 3.5 cm between t
hese villages on the map. W
hat is the
actual distance between the vil
lages if the map scale is 1 cm
= 10 km?
12/04/18
94. A water tank c
asts a shadow 21
m long. A tree of h
eight 9.5 m casts
a shadow 8 m long
at the same time. T
he lengths of the s
hadows are
directly proprotion
al to their heights.
Find the height of
the tank.
95. The table s
hows the time fo
ur elevators take
to travel various
distances. Find wh
ich elevator is fast
est and which is sl
owest.
How much distanc
e will be travelled b
y elevators B and
C seperately
in 140 sec? Who tr
avelled more and b
y how much?
96. A volleyball c
ourt is in a rectang
ular shape and its
dimensions are
directly proportion
al to the dimensio
ns of the swimmin
g pool given
below. Find the wi
dth of the pool.
12/04/18
97. A recipe for a particular
type of muffins requires 1 cu
p of milk and
1.5 cups of chocolates. Riya
has 7.5 cups of chocolates.
If she is
using the recipe as a guide, h
ow many cups of milk will sh
e need to
prepare muffins?
98. Pattern B consists of f
our tiles like pattern A. Writ
e a proportion
involving red dots and blue
dots in pattern A and B. Ar
e they in
direct proportion? If yes, writ
e the constant of proportion.
99. A bowler throws a cric
ket ball at a speed of 120 k
m/h. How long
does this ball take to travel
a distance of 20 metres to r
each the
batsman?
100. The variable x is inver
sely proportional to y. If x in
creases by p%,
then by what per cent will y
decrease?
101. Here is a key board of
a harmonium:
(a) Find the ratio of white key
s to black keys on the keybo
ard.
12/04/18
(b) What is the rat
io of black keys to
all keys on the give
n keyboard.
(c) This pattern o
f keys is repeated
on larger keyboard
. How many
black keys would y
ou expect to find o
n a keyboard with
14 such
patterns.
102. The followin
g table shows the
distance travelled
by one of the new
eco-friendly energy
-efficient cars trav
elled on gas.
Which type of pro
perties are indicat
ed by the table?
How much
distance will be co
vered by the car in
8 litres of gas?
103. Kritika is foll
owing this recipe f
or bread. She reali
ses her sister used
1
most of sugar cup
yrup for her 6of
akfast. Kritika
as only
syrup, so she deci
des to make a sm
all size of bread. H
ow much of
each ingredient sh
all she use?
Bread recipe
1 cup quick cookin
g oats
2 cups bread flour
1
3 cup sugar syrup
1 tablespoon cooki
ng oil
1
1 cups water
3
3 tablespoons yea
st
1 teaspoon salt.
104. Many school
s have a recomme
nded students-
teacher ratio as 35
:1.
Next year, school e
xpects an increase
in enrolment by 28
0 students.
How many new te
achers will they h
ave to appoint to
maintain the
students-teacher r
atio?
105. Kusum alwa
ys forgets how to
convert miles to kil
ometres and back
again. However sh
e remembers that
her car’s speedom
eter shows
both miles and kil
ometres. She kno
ws that travelling
50 miles per
hour is same as tra
velling 80 kilometre
s per hour. To cov
er a distance
of 200 km, how m
any miles Kusum
would have to go?
12/04/18
106. The students of Anju’s c
lass sold posters to raise mon
ey. Anju wanted
to create a ratio for finding t
he amount of money her cla
ss would
make for different numbers
of posters sold. She knew t
hey could
raise Rs 250 for every 60 pos
ters sold.
(a) How much money wou
ld Anju’s class make for sel
ling 102
posters?
(b) Could Anju’s class rais
e exactly Rs 2,000? If so, h
ow many
posters would they need to s
ell? If not, why?
Distance Travelle
1. Speed
d
Time Taken
Calculate the speed for at lea
st 10 students of your class b
y giving
them a certain distance to wa
lk. Measure the distance eac
h student
has walked and record the tim
e taken by each to cover the
distance.
Then, complete the table give
n below:
Name of the Distance walk
ed Time taken Rate of s
peed
Which student ran the fastes
t?
2. Figures that have the sam
e shape but not necessarily th
e same size
are called similar figures. We c
an make rectangles with simila
r figures
by increasing or decreasing it
s dimensions in the same rati
o. Let us
make similar figures using s
quare tiles.
What is the length of a simila
r rectangle where width is ma
de up of
12 tiles? Let us consider a r
ectangle having 10 square til
es along
the length and 4 along the br
eadth as shown in the figure
.
12/04/18
1 1
0 0
4 4
Use tiles to mak
e a 10 × 4
rectangles.
Add tiles to incre
ase width of
the rectangle to 12
tiles.
The width of the n
ew rectangle
is three times the
width of the
original rectangle.
To keep the
ratios of the len
gths of two
rectangles propo
rtional, the
length of this ne
w rectangle
must also be thre
e times the
length of the origin
al rectangle.
Add tiles to increas
e the length
of the rectangle to
30 tiles.
To check our ans
wers, we can
use the idea of dire
ct proportion.
12/04/18
4 12
=
10 30
2 2
or, =
5 5
Do yourself
Use square tiles to make si
milar rectangles with given d
imensions
and find x.
(a) The original rectangle is
8 tiles wide and 6 tiles long. T
he similar
rectangle is 16 tiles wide and
x tiles long.
(b) The original rectangle is
3 tiles wide and 7 tiles long.
The similar rectangle is 9 tile
s wide and x tiles long.
3 Inverse Variation
Take four cylindrical contain
ers of the same size each of
radius 5
cm. Fill the containers with di
fferent types of liquids with s
ame mass
(different density) like Mercu
ry, Water, Alcohol, Oil.
Note the height in each cas
e at which the level of liquid
stands.
Tabulate this information in
the following table and sho
w that
this is case of inverse proport
ion.
12/04/18
3
1 4
1
4
Density × Height =
Constant.
4. Crossword
Across
1. Two things ar
e said to be varyi
ng __________ if
they increase
(decrease) togeth
er such that ratio
of their correspon
ding values
remains constant.
4. Problems base
d on direct proportio
n can be solved usi
ng __________
method.
5. More the num
ber of workers, __
_________ the nu
mber of days to
finish a job.
7.
Indirect _______
____.
9. Two quantities
are said to be in in
verse proportion if
an increase in
one quantity cause
s a proportional __
_________ in other
.
Down
2. Speed and ti
me are in ______
______ proportion
to each other if
distance remains t
he same.
3. It is used to co
mpare two ratios or
make __________ f
ractions.
6.
‘k’ is called ____
_____ of variation
.
7. In inverse prop
ortion, __________
_ of corresponding
values remains
constant.
8. With an increa
se in quantity of mil
k, cost of milk also
___________.
12/04/18
MATHEMATICS
334 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-10
Rough Work
DIRECT AND INVERSE PRO
PORTIONS
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
336 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• Length of boundar
y of a simple closed fi
gure is known as peri
meter.
• Area is the measur
e of region enclosed i
n a simple closed cur
ve.
• Perimeter of a rect
angle = 2 (length + br
eadth).
• Area of a rectangl
e = length × breadth.
• Perimeter of a squ
are = 4 × side.
• Area of a square =
side × side.
1
• Area × Base × Cor
2responding H
a triangle
= eight.
• Area of a parallelo
gram = Base × Corre
sponding Height.
2
, where r is t
• Area he radius.
circle =
• Area of a tr
apezium =
1 × (Sum of pa
2 rallel sides) ×
Height.
1
• Area × Product o
rhombus2f diagonals.
• Lateral surface are
a of a cube = 4 (side)
.
• Total surface area
of a cube = 6 (side) .
• Lateral surface ar
ea of a cuboid = 2 ×
height × (length + br
eadth).
• Total surface area
of a cuboid = 2(lb +
bh + hl).
• Lateral (curved) s
urface area of a cylin
der = 2πrh.
• Total surface area
of a cylinder = 2πr (r
+ h), where r is the r
adius
and h is the height.
12/04/18
• Amount of space occupied
by a solid is called its volume
.
• Volume of a cube = (side) .
• Volume of a cuboid = leng
th × breadth × height.
• Volume of a cylinder = πr
h.
• 1cm = 1ml
• 1L = 1000 cm .
• 1m = 10,00,000 cm = 1,
000 L.
In examples 1 and 2, there
are four options out of whic
h one is correct.
Write the correct answer.
Example 1 : What is the area
of the triangle ADE in the follo
wing figure?
A B
E
8 cm
D C
10 cm
(a)45 cm (b) 50 cm (
c) 55 cm (d) 40 cm
Solution: The correct answer
is (d).
Exampl: What will be the chang
e 2 e in the volume of a cub
e when its
side becomes 10 times the or
iginal side?
(a) Volume becomes 1000 ti
mes.
(b) Volume becomes 10 time
s.
(c) Volume becomes 100 tim
es.
1
(d) Volume become times.
s 1000
Solution: The correct answe
r is (a).
In examples 3 and 4, fill in t
he blanks to make the stat
ements true.
Exampl
: Area of a rhombus is e
e 3 qual to __________ of its
diagonals.
Solution
: Half the product
.
12/04/18
Exam: If the area of
ple a face of a cub
e is 10 cm , th
en the total
surface area of the
cube is _________
_.
Solution : 60 c
m .
In examples 5 and
6, state whether th
e statements are tr
ue (T) or false (F).
Example
: 1L = 3
5 0 cm
Solution : Tru
e.
Exam: Amount of re
ple gion occupied b
y a solid is calle
d its surface
area.
Solution
: False.
Example 7 : 16
0 m of water is t
o be used to irriga
te a rectangular
field whose area is
800 m . What will
be the height of the
water level in the fi
eld?
Soluti
on : Volume of
water = 160
m
Area of rectangula
r field = 800 m
Let h be the height
of water level in th
e field.
Now, volume of w
ater = volume of c
uboid formed on th
e
field by water.
160 = Area of base
× height
= 800 × h
160
h = = 0.2
800
So, required heigh
t = 0.2 m
Exam: Find the are
ple a of a rhombus
whose one sid
e measures
5 cm and one diag
onal as 8 cm.
Solution : Let
ABCD be the rhom
bus as shown belo
w.
12/04/18
DO = OB = 4cm, since dia
gonals of a rhombus are
perpendicular bisectors of ea
ch other. Therefore, using
Pythagoras theorem in AO
B,
AO + OB = AB
To become familiar with som
e of the vocabulary terms in
the chapter,
consider the following:
1. The square root of a num
ber is one of the two equal fa
ctors of the
number. For example, 3 is a sq
uare root because 3 3 = 9. H
ow might
picturing plant roots help you r
emember the meaning of squ
are root?
2. The word ‘perimeter’ com
es from the Greek roots peri,
meaning ‘all
around,’ and metron, meaning
‘measure.’ What do the Greek
roots tell
you about the perimeter of a g
eometric figure?
3. To square a number mea
ns ‘to multiply the number by
itself,’ as in
2 2. Keeping this idea of squ
are in mind, what do you think
a perfect
square might be?
4. The word ‘circumference’
comes from the Latin word c
ircumferre,
meaning to “carry around”. How
does the Latin meaning help yo
u define
the circumference of a circle?
12/04/18
Now, draw CL || A
D
Then ALCD is a p
arallelogram
So AL = CD = 20 c
m and CL = AD =
26 cm.
In ∆CLB, we have
CL = CB = 26 cm
Therefore, ∆CLB i
s an isosceles tria
ngle.
Draw altitude CM
of ∆CLB.
Since ∆ CLB is an
isosceles triangle.
So, CM is also the
median.
1 1
Then BL × 20 cm
= MB 2 2= 10 cm
[as BL = AB – AL
= (40 – 20) cm = 2
0 cm].
Applying Pythagor
as theorem in ∆CL
M, we have
CL = CM + 2
26 = CM + 10
CM = 26 – 10 =
(26 – 10) (26 + 10)
= 16 × 36 = 576
CM =576
= 24 cm
1
Hence, the (sum of
rea of the2parallel
pezium =
1
sides) (20 + 40) × 2
24 = 30 × 24 =
Height
720 cm .
Example 10 : Fin
d the area of poly
gon ABCDEF, if A
D = 18cm, AQ =
14 cm, AP = 12 cm
, AN = 8 cm, AM =
4 cm, and FM, EP,
QC and BN are pe
rpendiculars to dia
gonal AD.
Solution
:
12/04/18
In the figure
MP = AP – AM = (12 – 4) cm
= 8 cm
PD = AD – AP = (18 – 12) cm
= 6 cm
NQ = AQ – AN = (14 – 8) cm
= 6 cm
QD = AD – AQ = (18 – 14) cm
= 4 cm
Area of the polygon ABCDEF
= area of ∆AFM + area of trap
ezium FMPE + area of ∆EPD
+ area of ∆ANB + area of tra
pezium NBCQ + area of
∆QCD.
1 1 1 1
= 2 × AM 2(FM + EP)
PD × ×
M + MP + 2+ 2
1 1
AN × NB
(NB + CQ) QD × CQ
2Q + 2
1 1 1 1 1
= 2 × 4 ×2 (5 + 6)2 × 6 2 × 8 2
+ 8 + + +
1
(5 + 4) × 6 + × 4 × 4.
2
= 10 + 44 + 18 + 20 + 27 +
8 = 127 cm
Example 11 :
Horse stable is in the form o
f a cuboid, whose external
dimensions are 70 m × 35 m × 4
0 m, surrounded by a cylinder
halved vertically through diam
eter 35 m and it is open from
one rectangular face 70 m × 4
0 m. Find the cost of painting
the exterior of the stable at the
rate of Rs 2/m .
Understand and Explore the
problem
• What do you know?
Here you know dimensions
of cuboid, L = 70 m, B = 35
m,
H = 40 m, diameter of cylinder
35 m and cost of painting Rs.
2
per m .
• What fact do you need to s
olve the question and is not giv
en?
Height of cylinder.
12/04/18
Plan a Strategy
• Begin by visuali
sing the shape of t
he stable and draw
it (open
from shaded pa
rt).
• Think of area
to be painted in c
uboidal part as w
ell as in
cylindrical part.
• Add the two are
as calculated in ste
p 2.
• Find cost.
Solve
• Area of cylindri
cal top be painted
1
= [T.S.A]
2
1
= [2πR (R + H)]
2
=
= 4812.5 m 2
• Area of cuboid t
o be painted = area
of three walls
= lh + 2bh
= 70 × 40 +2 × 40 ×
35
= 2800 + 2800
= 5600 m 2
•
Total area to be
painted
= 4812.5 + 5600
= 10412.5 m 2
• Cost of painting
per m = Rs 2
Cost of painting 104
12.5 m = Rs 1041
2.5 × 2
= Rs 20825
Revise
• Verify your ans
wer by adopting so
me other plan, i.e.
here in
this problem inste
ad of taking area i
n two steps, let’s fi
nd in
one step.
Area to be painted
= Area of three wal
ls + Area of cylindri
cal part.
12/04/18
1
= 2bh + lh + [2πRH + 2πR ]
2
= h [2b + l ] + [πR (R + H)]
= 40 [2 × 35
+ 70] +
= 40 [140] + 55 × 87.5
= 5600 + 4812.5
Final cost (same as in previou
s method)
Hence verified.
(a) What would be the cost of p
ainting if cylindrical root is not t
o be painted?
(b) What would be the cost if o
ne face is not included.
Is there any difference in the c
ost?
A cube is a three-dimensional
solid with six
square faces.
Its surface area is the total ar
ea of all Six of
its faces. As each face is a squa
re, the formula
for surface area of a cube2
= 6sss
In questions 1 to 28, there
are four options out of whic
h one is correct.
Write the correct answer.
1. A cube of side 5 cm is p
ainted on all its faces. If it is
sliced into 1
cubic centimetre cubes, ho
w many 1 cubic centimetre
cubes will
have exactly one of their face
s painted?
(a) (b (c (d)
27 ) ) 142
4 5
2 4
12/04/18
2. A cube of side
4 cm is cut into 1
cm cubes. What is
the ratio of the
surface areas of th
e original cubes an
d cut-out cubes?
(a) ( (d)
1 : c 1 :
2 ) 6
1
:
4
3. A circle of maxi
mum possible size i
s cut from a square
sheet of board.
Subsequently, a s
quare of maximu
m possible size is
cut from the
resultant circle. W
hat will be the are
a of the final squar
e?
(a) of ori of origin
ginal al squar
squar e.
e.
(c) of ori of origin
ginal al squar
squar e.
e.
4. What is the a
rea of the largest
triangle that can
be fitted into a
rectangle of length
l units and width
w units?
3
(a) (c)
lw lw/
/2 6
) w/
l 4
1
5.If the heig
of the ori
ht of a 4ginal heig
nder becoht and the
mes
radius is doubled,
then which of the f
ollowing will be tru
e?
(a) Volume of the
cylinder will be do
ubled.
(b) Volume of the
cylinder will remai
n unchanged.
(c) Volume of the
cylinder will be hal
ved.
1
(d) Volume
of the ori
4ginal volu
of the cylind
er will beme.
Volume is a measu
rement of the amo
unt of
space inside a thre
e-dimensional obje
ct.
It’s measured in cu
bic units and equal
s the
number of unit cub
es (cubes whose e
dges
have length 1) that
fit inside the object
.
In the diagram on t
he right, each side
has a
length of 2 units, s
o two unit cubes fit
along
each side. (One uni
t cube is shaded bl
ue.)
You can calculate t
he volume of cube
using
the formula.
V = S × S × S
Or V = S 3
12/04/18
1
6.If the height of the original
4height and the
cylinder becom
es
radius is doubled, then whic
h of the following will be true
?
(a) Curved surface area of t
he cylinder will be doubled.
(b) Curved surface area of t
he cylinder will remain uncha
nged.
(c) Curved surface area of t
he cylinder will be halved.
1
(d) Curved of the original c
ace area will 4urved surface.
1
7.If the height of the original
cylinder becom4height and the
es
radius is doubled, then whic
h of the following will be true
?
(a) Total surface area of the
cylinder will be doubled.
(b) Total surface area of the
cylinder will remain unchang
ed.
(c) Total surface of the cylin
der will be halved.
(d) None of the above.
8. The surface area of the th
ree coterminus faces of a cub
oid are 6, 15
and 10 cm respectively. The
volume of the cuboid is
(a) 3
0 cm (b) (c) (d)
3
40 20 c cm
m m
9. A regular hexagon is insc
ribed in a circle of radius r. T
he perimeter
of the regular hexagon is
r
(a) ( (c) 9
3r b r
)
6
( ) 12
d r
10. The dimensions of a go
down are 40 m, 25 m and 10
m. If it is filled
with cuboidal boxes each of
dimensions 2 m × 1.25 m ×
1 m, then
the number of boxes will be
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 8
800 200 4000 000
0
Think about your answers to
these questions. Discuss yo
ur ideas with
other students and your teach
er. Then write a summary of y
our findings in
your notebook.
1. Explain how to find the tota
l area of all the faces of a rect
angular box.
2. Explain how to find the nu
mber of identical cubes it will
take to fill a
rectangular box.
3. Suppose several different n
ets are made for a given box.
What do all of
the nets have in common? Wh
at might be different?
12/04/18
11. The volume o
f a cube is 64 cm .
Its surface area is
(a) (b) (d)
16 c 64 c 128
m m cm
(c)
96
m
If the radius of a
12.
cylinder is triple
d but its curved
surface area is
unchanged, then i
ts height will be
(a) (b) consta
tripl nt (c) on
ed e sixth (
d) one third
13. How many
small cubes with
edge of 20 cm e
ach can be just
accommodated in
a cubical box of 2
m edge?
(a ( (d)
) c 100
1 ) 00
0
1
0
0
0
14. The volume o
f a cylinder whose
radius r is equal to
its height is
1 3 3
π
3
(a)4 3 8
2
15. The volume of
a cube whose edg
e is 3x is
(a)3 3 3 3
x
16. The figure
ABCD is a quad
rilateral in which
AB = CD and
BC = AD. Its area i
s
(b)
36 c
(a) m (d)
72 c (c) 18 c
m 24 c m
m
17. What is the
area of the rhomb
us ABCD below if
AC = 6 cm, and
BE = 4cm?
(b)
16 c
(a) m (d)
36 c (c) 13 c
m 24 c m
m
12/04/18
18. The area of a parallelogr
am is 60 cm and one of its a
ltitude is 5 cm.
The length of its correspondi
ng side is
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2
2 cm 6 cm 4 cm cm
19. The perimeter of a trape
zium is 52 cm and its each no
n-parallel side
is equal to 10 cm with its hei
ght 8 cm. Its area is
(a) 12
4 cm (b) 118 cm (c)
128 cm (d) 11
2 cm
20. Area of a quadrilateral
ABCD is 20 cm and perpen
diculars on BD
from opposite vertices are 1 c
m and 1.5 cm. The length of
BD is
(a) (b) 15 cm (d) 18
4 cm (c) cm
6 cm
21. A metal sheet 27 cm lon
g, 8 cm broad and 1 cm thick
is melted into
a cube. The side of the cube
is
(a) (b) (c) (d) 24
6 cm 8 12 c cm
m m
22. Three cubes of metal
whose edges are 6 cm, 8 c
m and 10 cm
respectively are melted to for
m a single cube. The edge of
the new
cube is
(a) 1 (b) 24 cm (d) 20
2 cm (c) 1 cm
8 cm
23. A covered wooden box h
as the inner measures as 115
cm, 75 cm and
35 cm and thickness of wood
as 2.5 cm. The volume of the
wood is
(a) 85,000 cm (b) 80,000
cm (c) 82,125 cm (d) 84,0
00 cm
24. The ratio of radii of two
cylinders is 1: 2 and heights
are in the ratio
2:3. The ratio of their volume
s is
T Circ
le
bh
(b 2
12/04/18
25. Two cubes h
ave volumes in the
ratio 1:64. The rati
o of the area of a
face of first cube t
o that of the other i
s
(a (d)
) 1:3
1: 2
4
26. The surface a
reas of the six fac
es of a rectangular
solid are 16, 16,
32, 32, 72 and 72
square centimetre
s. The volume of t
he solid, in
cubic centimetres,
is
(a) ( (d)
1 c 25
92 ) 92
4
8
0
27. Ramesh has t
hree containers.
(a) Cylindrical co
ntainer A having r
adius r and height
h,
(b) Cylindrical co
ntainer B having r
adius 2r and heig
ht 1/2 h, and
(c) Cuboidal cont
ainer C having dim
ensions r × r × h
The arrangement
of the containers i
n the increasing o
rder of their
volumes is
(a) A, B, C
(b) B, C, A
(c) C, A, B
(d) cannot be arra
nged
28. If R is the radi
us of the base of t
he hat, then the
total outer surface
area of the hat is
(a) πr (2(b) 2πr (h
h + R) + R)
(c) 2 π2 (d) None o
+ πR f these
In questions 29 t
o 52, fill in the bl
anks to make the
statements true.
29. A cube of sid
e 4 cm is painted o
n all its sides. If it i
s sliced in 1 cubic
cm cubes, then nu
mber of such cube
s that will have ex
actly two of
their faces painted i
s __________.
30. A cube of sid
e 5 cm is cut into 1
cm cubes. The per
centage increase
in volume after suc
h cutting is ______
____.
31. The surface
area of a cuboid f
ormed by joining t
wo cubes of side
a
face to face is _____
_____.
12/04/18
32.If the diagonals of a rho
mbus get doubled, then t
he area of the
rhombus becomes _________
_ its original area.
33.If a cube fits exactly in a c
ylinder with height h, then
the volume of
the cube is __________ and su
rface area of the cube is _____
_____.
34. The volume of a cylinder
becomes __________ the ori
ginal volume if
its radius becomes half of th
e original radius.
35. The curved surface are
a of a cylinder is reduced by
____________
per cent if the height is half
of the original height.
36. The volume of a cylind
er which exactly fits in a cu
be of side a is
__________.
37. The surface area of a cyl
inder which exactly fits in a cu
be of side b is
__________.
38. If the diagonal d of a quadri
lateral is doubled and the h
eights h and
h falling on d are halved, the
n the area of quadrilateral is __
________.
39. The perimeter of a recta
ngle becomes __________ ti
mes its original
perimeter, if its length and br
eadth are doubled.
40. A trapezium with 3 equ
al sides and one side double
the equal side
can be divided into _________
_ equilateral triangles of _____
__ area.
41. All six faces of a cuboid a
re __________ in shape and o
f ______ area.
42. Opposite faces of a cuboi
d are _________ in area.
43. Curved surface area of
a cylinder of radius h and hei
ght r is _______.
44. Total surface area of a c
ylinder of radius h and height
r is _________
45. Volume of a cylinder wi
th radius h and height r is __
________.
Revise
• Is your answer reasonable?
After you solve a word proble
m, ask yourself if your answer
makes sense. You can round
the numbers in the problem
and estimate to find a reason
able answer. It may also help
to write your answer in senten
ce form.
12/04/18
1
product of
46. Area
2_________
f a rhombus
= .
47. Two cylinders
A and B are forme
d by folding a rect
angular sheet of
dimensions 20 cm
× 10 cm along its l
ength and also alo
ng its breadth
respectively. Then
volume of A is ___
_____ of volume of
B.
48. In the above
question, curved s
urface area of A is
________ curved
surface area of B.
49. __________ o
f a solid is the mea
surement of the sp
ace occupied by it.
50. __________ s
urface area of room
= area of 4 walls.
51. Two cylinder
s of equal volume
have heights in th
e ratio 1:9. The
ratio of their radii is
__________.
52. Two cylinder
s of same volume
have their radii in t
he ratio 1:6, then
ratio of their height
s is __________.
In question 53 to 6
1, state whether th
e statements are tr
ue (T) or false (F).
53. The areas of
any two faces of a
cube are equal.
54. The areas of
any two faces of a
cuboid are equal.
55. The surface ar
ea of a cuboid form
ed by joining face t
o face 3 cubes of
side x is 3 times th
e surface area of a
cube of side x.
56. Two cuboids
with equal volumes
will always have eq
ual surface areas.
57. The area of a
trapezium become
4 times if its height
gets doubled.
58. A cube of sid
e 3 cm painted on
all its faces, when
sliced into 1 cubic
centimetre cubes,
will have exactly
1 cube with none
of its faces
painted.
59. Two cylinders
with equal volume
will always have eq
ual surface areas.
60. The surface a
rea of a cube form
ed by cutting a cub
oid of dimensions
2 × 1 × 1 in 2 equ
al parts is 2 sq. un
its.
61. Ratio of area
of a circle to the a
rea of a square w
hose side equals
radius of circle is
1 : π.
12/04/18
Solve the following:
62. The area of a rectangul
ar field is 48 m and one of it
s sides is 6m.
How long will a lady take to
cross the field diagonally at t
he rate of
20 m/minute?
63. The circumference of t
he front wheel of a cart is 3
m long and that
of the back wheel is 4 m long
. What is the distance travell
ed by the
cart, when the front wheel ma
kes five more revolutions tha
n the rear
wheel?
64. Four horses are tethere
d with equal ropes at 4 corne
rs of a square
field of side 70 metres so that
they just can reach one anot
her. Find
the area left ungrazed by the
horses.
65. The walls and ceiling
of a room are to be plastere
d. The length,
breadth and height of the
room are 4.5 m, 3 m, and
350 cm
respectively. Find the cost of
plastering at the rate of Rs 8
per m .
66. Most of the sailboats hav
e two sails, the jib and the mai
nsail. Assume
that the sails are triangles. Fi
nd the total area of each sail
of the sail
boats to the nearest tenth.
(
i
i
(
i
i
)
(
)
67. The area of a trapezium
with equal non-parallel sides
is 168 m . If
the lengths of the parallel sid
es are 36 m and 20 m, find t
he length
of the non-parallel sides.
68. Mukesh walks around a
circular track of radius 14 m
with a speed
of 4 km/hr. If he takes 20 rou
nds of the track, for how long
does he
walk?
12/04/18
69. The areas of
two circles are in t
he ratio 49:64. Fin
d the ratio of their
circumferences.
70. There is a ci
rcular pond and a
footpath runs alo
ng its boundary.
A person walks ar
ound it, exactly on
ce keeping close t
o the edge. If
his step is 66 cm l
ong and he takes
exactly 400 steps t
o go around
the pond, find the
diameter of the po
nd.
71. A running tr
ack has 2 semicir
cular ends of radi
us 63 m and two
straight lengths. T
he perimeter of th
e track is 1000 m.
Find each
straight length.
72. Find the peri
meter of the given
figure.
73. A bicycle wh
eel makes 500 re
volutions in movin
g 1 km. Find the
diameter of the wh
eel.
74. A boy is cycli
ng such that the
wheels of the cycl
e are making 140
revolutions per ho
ur. If the diameter
of the wheel is 60
cm, calculate
the speed in km/h
with which the bo
y is cycling.
75. Find the leng
th of the largest p
ole that can be pl
aced in a room of
dimensions 12 m
× 4 m × 3 m.
G F
H F
? 3m
G
A C
D
12
4
A
B
12/04/18
Find the area of the followi
ng fields. All dimensions are
in metres.
76 7
. 7.
Find the area of the shade
d portion in the following figu
res.
7
7 9.
8
.
S R
B
24 m 10 m
16 m
P
A
3 4
0
C
8 8
0 1
. .
12 B
0
D C c
m
4
0
c
m
20 cm
30 cm
100 cm
7 cm
A F
4 160
0 m
c
m
12/04/18
8 8
2 3
6cm
12 cm
4cm
8cm
3cm
16cm
8 8
86. Find the volu
me of each of the
given figure if volu
me = base area ×
height.
( (
87. A cube of si
de 5 cm is cut int
o as many 1 cm c
ubes as possible.
What is the ratio o
f the surface area
of the original cub
e to that of
the sum of the surf
ace areas of the s
maller cubes?
12/04/18
88. A square sheet of pap
er is converted into a cylind
er by rolling it
along its side. What is the rat
io of the base radius to the si
de of the
square?
89. How many cubic metre
s of earth must be dug to co
nstruct a well 7
m deep and of diameter 2.8
m?
90. The radius and height
of a cylinder are in the rati
o 3:2 and its
volume is 19,404 cm . Find i
ts radius and height.
91. The thickness of a hollo
w metallic cylinder is 2 cm. It
is 70 cm long
with outer radius of 14 cm.
Find the volume of the met
al used in
making the cylinder, assumin
g that it is open at both the e
nds. Also
find its weight if the metal wei
ghs 8 g per cm .
92. Radius of a cylinder is r
and the height is h. Find the
change in the
volume if the
(a) height is doubled.
(b) height is doubled and th
e radius is halved.
(c) height remains same an
d the radius is halved.
93.
If the length of each edge of
a cube is tripled, what will b
e the change
in its volume?
94. A carpenter makes a b
ox which has a volume of 13
,400 cm . The
base has an area of 670 cm
. What is the height of the box
?
95. A cuboidal tin box open
ed at the top has dimensions
20 cm × 16 cm
× 14 cm. What is the total ar
ea of metal sheet required to
make 10
such boxes?
96. Find the capacity of w
ater tank, in litres, whose di
mensions are
4.2 m, 3 m and 1.8 m?
97. How many cubes each o
f side 0.5 cm are required to
build a cube of
volume 8 cm ?
98. A wooden box (includin
g the lid) has external dimens
ions 40 cm by
34 cm by 30 cm. If the wood i
s 1 cm thick, how many cm
of wood is
used in it?
99. A river 2 m deep and 4
5 m wide is flowing at the ra
te of 3 km per
hour. Find the amount of w
ater in cubic metres that run
s into the
sea per minute.
12/04/18
100. Find the ar
ea to be painted in
the following block
with a cylindrical
hole. Given that l
ength is 15 cm, w
idth 12 cm, heigh
t 20 cm and
radius of the hole
2.8 cm.
101. A truck carr
ying 7.8 m concr
ete arrives at a job
site. A platform of
width 5 m and hei
ght 2 m is being c
ontructed at the si
te. Find the
length of the platfo
rm, constructed fr
om the amount of
concrete on
the truck?
102. A hollow gar
den roller of 42 cm
diameter and lengt
h 152 cm is made
of cast iron 2 cm t
hick. Find the volu
me of iron used in
the roller.
103. Three cube
s each of side 10
cm are joined en
d to end. Find the
surface area of the
resultant figure.
104. Below are th
e drawings of cros
s sections of two d
ifferent pipes used
to fill swimming p
ools. Figure A is
a combination of
2 pipes each
having a radius of
8 cm. Figure B is a
pipe having a radiu
s of 15 cm.
If the force of the fl
ow of water comin
g out of the pipes i
s the same in
both the cases, w
hich will fill the swi
mming pool faster
?
Fig Fi 15
ure gu cm
A re
B
105. A swimming
pool is 200 m by 5
0 m and has an av
erage depth of 2 m
.
By the end of a s
ummer day, the w
ater level drops b
y 2 cm. How
many cubic metre
s of water is lost o
n the day?
12/04/18
106. A housing society con
sisting of 5,500 people need
s 100 L of water
per person per day. The cylin
drical supply tank is 7 m high
and has
a diameter 10 m. For how m
any days will the water in the
tank last
for the society?
107. Metallic discs of radius
0.75 cm and thickness 0.2 c
m are melted to
obtain 508.68 cm of met
al. Find the number of dis
cs melted
(use π = 3.14).
108. The ratio of the radius
and height of a cylinder is 2:3
. If its volume is
12,936 cm , find the total sur
face area of the cylinder.
109. External dimensions of
a closed wooden box are in t
he ratio 5:4:3. If
the cost of painting its outer s
urface at the rate of Rs 5 per
dm is Rs
11,750, find the dimensions
of the box.
110. The capacity of a closed
cylindrical vessel of height 1 m
is 15.4 L. How
many square metres of metal
sheet would be needed to ma
ke it?
111. What will happen to th
e volume of the cube, if its e
dge is (a) tripled
(b) reduced to one-fourth?
112. A rectangular sheet of
dimensions 25 cm × 7 cm is r
otated about its
longer side. Find the volume
and the whole surface area o
f the solid
thus generated.
113. From a pipe of inner r
adius 0.75 cm, water flows a
t the rate of 7 m
per second. Find the volume
in litres of water delivered by
the pipe
in 1 hour.
114. Four times the area of
the curved surface of a cylind
er is equal to 6
times the sum of the areas of
its bases. If its height is 12 c
m, find its
curved surface area.
115. A cylindrical tank has
a radius of 154 cm. It is filled
with water to a
height of 3 m. If water to a he
ight of 4.5 m is poured into it,
what will
be the increase in the volum
e of water in kl?
116. The length, breadth a
nd height of a cuboidal reser
voir is 7 m, 6 m
and 15 m respectively. 840
0 L of water is pumped out
from the
reservoir. Find the fall in the
water level in the reservoir.
117. How many bricks of
size 22 cm × 10 cm × 7 cm
are required to
construct a wall 11m long, 3.
5 m high and 40 cm thick, if t
he cement
and sand used in the constru
ction occupy (1/10) part of
the wall?
12/04/18
118. A rectangul
ar examination hal
l having seats for
500 candidates ha
s
to be built so as to
allow 4 cubic metr
es of air and 0.5 s
quare metres
of floor area per c
andidate. If the le
ngth of hall be 25
m, find the
height and breadt
h of the hall.
119. The ratio bet
ween the curved s
urface area and th
e total surface are
a
of a right circular c
ylinder is 1:2. Find
the ratio between
the height
and radius of the
cylinder.
120. A birthday c
ake has two tiers a
s shown in the figu
re below. Find the
volume of the cake
.
Work out the surf
ace area of follow
ing shapes in que
stions 121 to 124
(use π
1 1
1 1
125. Water flows
from a tank with a
rectangular base
measuring 80 cm
by 70 cm into anot
her tank with a sq
uare base of side
60 cm. If the
water in the first t
ank is 45 cm dee
p, how deep will i
t be in the
second tank?
12/04/18
126. A rectangular sheet of
paper is rolled in two differe
nt ways to form
two different cylinders. Find t
he volume of cylinders in ea
ch case if
the sheet measures 44 cm ×
33 cm.
1. Rashid has decided to bui
ld a swimming pool as shown
in the figure
on an empty plot 25 metres lo
ng and 15 metres wide. He is
discussing
with his son Majid about his
plan to build the pool, put til
es on the
bottom of the pool and other r
equirements of the pool. Can
you help
Majid to answer the following
questions which his father h
as asked
in the discussion?
1. What is the surface area
of the pool?
2. If Rashid plans to cover th
e bottom and sides of the poo
l with square
tiles having side 25 cm, how
many such tiles will be requir
ed?
3. If each tile costs Rs 40, h
ow much will be the total cost
?
4. A local digging company
charges at the rate of Rs 15
0/- per cubic
metre. How much Rashid has
to pay for digging the swimmi
ng pool?
[Hint : Volume = base area ×
height]
12/04/18
5. How long will i
t take for the swim
ming pool to be fill
ed completely,
if a pipe is pourin
g water into the p
ool at the rate of
40 litres per
minute?
6. What is the ar
ea of the wall at t
he shallow end of
the swimming
pool?
7. What is the ar
ea of the wall at th
e deep end of the
swimming pool?
8. How much R
ashid has to pay i
n total for making
the swimming
pool operational,
considering cost
of digging the poo
l and fixing
tiles?
2. The following
table shows the d
imensions of cub
oids such that,
their volumes re
main the same. E
xtend the table wi
th as many
more dimensions
such that all the c
uboids thus forme
d have the
same volume. Co
mplete the table
and write your co
nclusion on
surface area and v
olume of each cub
oid.
Are
Dimens S a
ions of u
cuboid rf
a
c
e
V lu
o me
(i
n (cub
u e un
ni it)
ts
)
1
1
-
-
-
-
3. The figure sh
own is a geoboar
d in which a recta
ngle has been
outlined using a r
ubberband.
1. What is the are
a of the rectangle?
2. Draw a similar
figure whose area
is 50% larger than
this figure.
3. Draw a similar
figure whose area
is 25% larger than
this figure.
4. Suppose that t
he figure shown is
75% of another fig
ure. What would
the other figure lo
ok like?
12/04/18
5. The enclosed area repres
ents 75% of another area on t
he geoboard.
Use a geoboard or draw a dia
gram of a geoboard to repres
ent 100%
of the area.
4
i. Given here are sketches
of front, back, sides and roof
of a kennel.
The drawings are as per the s
cale. 1 cm = 10 cm.
2
Area
Back cm
cm
Roof
4 cm
4 cm
Front 2
Area
3 2
c
m
Roof
12/04/18
Sid 3 3 c
e m
4
3
Side 3 3
c
m
4 cm
3 cm
(ii) Sketches give
n above belong to
which kennel?
( (
a c
(iii) Draw the net
of the correct choi
ce on the graph pa
per.
(iv) Take a waste
piece of cardboard.
Trace the net you h
ave drawn above
on the cardboard
and fold it to make
the kennel.
(v)If you had to pay
Rs 2 for each squ
are cm of surface
area, how much
would it cost you t
o paint the kennel
?
12/04/18
5.
Word Maze
b t r a
y l i n
i j l t
k b d f v
s g t r o
n k p e
Find the names of the solids
from the given word maze w
hose areas or
volumes are given below by
colouring the boxes using th
e given colour
code.
Area/Volu Colour Co
me de
1
1. d × re
2d
d
2. l bl
b ue
h
3.
πr h yell
ow
4. 2
gre
en
1
5. b ora
2
h nge
1
6. (a + b) pink
2× h
12/04/18
UNIT 12
INTRO
DUCTI
ON TO
GRAPH
S
(A) Main Con
cepts and Res
ults
• Graphical repres
entation of data is
easier to understa
nd.
• A bar graph,
a pie chart and
histogram are
graphical
representations of
data.
• A line graph displ
ays data that cha
nges continuously
over periods
of time.
•A line graph in w
hich all the line s
egments form a p
art of a single
line is called a line
ar graph.
• For fixing a poi
nt on the graph
sheet, we need t
wo mutually
perpendicular lines
(in which horizont
al line is called x
axis and
the vertical line as
y axis) alongwith,
x coordinate (absci
ssa) and
y coordinate (ordi
nate) of the point.
The process of fixi
ng a point
with the help of th
e coordinates is k
nown as plotting
a point in
the plane.
• The relation betw
een a dependent
variable and an i
ndependent
variable is shown
through a graph.
(B) Solved Ex
amples
In examples 1 an
d 2, there are four
options out of whi
ch one is correct.
Write the correct
answer.
Examp: Every point o
le 1 n the x axis is
of the form.
(a)
y) (b) (c) (d) (x,
x, x, 1)
)
Soluti
on : The correct
answer is (b)
.
MATHEMATICS
Exampl
: The given graph sho
e 2 ws Nisha’s trip to a m
all by a car.
Observe the graph carefully
and find what was she doing
between 5 pm and 7 pm?
(a) Driving
the mall. (b) Driving ba
ck home.
(c) Was n
ot driving. Not enough data
to answer.
Solution: The correct answ
er is (c).
In examples 3 and 4, fill i
n the blanks to make the
statements true.
Exampl
: In a __________ grap
e 3 h, all the points on the
graph lie on
the same straight line.
Solution
: Linear.
Example 4 : The coordinat
es of the origin are _______
____
Solution
: (0, 0).
In examples 5 and 6, state
whether the statements are
true (T) or false (F).
Example 5 : Points (3, 4) a
nd (4, 3) represent the sa
me point on the
graph.
Solution :
False.
Example 6 : The y coordina
te of any point lying on the
x axis will be 0.
Solution :
True.
Example 7 : Plot the points (
4, 4), (1, 3), (4, 2) and (7,
3) on a graph
paper and connect them wi
th line segments. Name the
shape formed by these poin
ts.
366 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
Solution :
The shape forme
d is a rhombus.
Exam
: Write the coo
plerdinates of all t
he points in th
e given graph.
Solut
: (A) (I) (
ion (4, 4, 5)
)
(E)
(3,
5)
(B) (F) (J) (5,
4) 5, 4)
(C) (G) (K) (4,
1) 5, 3) 3)
(D) (H) (L) (3,
4) 3, 3) 4)
Exam
: The following
pleis a conversio
n graph of tem
perature in °C
and °F.
Use the graph to
answer the follow
ing questions.
(a) Convert 140
°F to °C.
(b) Convert 20 °
C to °F
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Solution : (a) 140°F = 60°C
.
(b) 20°C = 68°F
Example 10 : Following gra
ph shows a comparison of t
he approximate
sale of items manufactured
by a company for the first
two years of its operation.
(a) In which months there
was maximum difference i
n
the sale of items of two year
s?
(b) In which year was there
more stability in the sale of
items?
(c) In which month the sal
e remains the same in bot
h
the years?
Vocabulary Connect
ions
To become familiar with so
me of the vocabulary terms
in the chapter,
consider the following.
1. The word origin means ‘b
eginning.’ How do you think
this might apply
to graphing?
2. The root of the word ‘qu
adrant’ is ‘quad,’ which mean
s ‘four.’ What do
you think a quadrant of a gr
aph might be?
3. The word ‘ordered’ means
‘arranged according to a rule
.’ Do you think
it refers to a rule.’ Do you t
hink it matters which number
comes first
in an ordered pair? Explain.
368 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
(d)
In which month
was the sales of
first year less t
han
that of second ye
ar?
Solut
: (a) The m
ion aximum diffe
rence was in
June.
(b)
There was mor
e stability in sal
es in the first ye
ar.
(c) The sales re
mained the same
in August.
(d) June and No
vember.
Example 11 : Th
e given graphs
show the progre
ss of two differ
ent
cyclists during a ri
de. For each grap
h, describe the rid
er’s
progress over the
period of time.
SoluAs time passes
tion, the speed of
cyclist I decrea
ses steadily.
(b)
Speed of cyclist
II increases for
a short time peri
od,
and then increas
es very slowly.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Exampl - A double bar graph
e 12 is useful for the ___
_______ of
two sets of data.
- Data represented in a
circular form is called a
_________ chart.
- The graph of a linear equati
on is always a __________
line.
- The cartesian system u
sed two axes which are
__________ to each other.
Solutio
n : Comparison, Pie, Str
aight, Perpendicular.
Think and Discuss
1. Describe the kind of dat
a that is best represented by
a bar graph.
2. Give a situation in which
you would use a line graph t
o display data.
Application on Probl
em Solving Strategy
Example 11 :
Complete the given table a
nd draw a graph for it.
Understand and Explore th
e problem
• What information does th
e question give?
The x-coordinates and the eq
uation for finding the y-
coordinate
• What are you trying to fin
d?
(1) The y-coordinates.
(2)
The coordinates of all 5
points.
(3)
Plotting the graph of thes
e 5 points.
Plan a Strategy
• You have learnt to solve li
near equations. Use the co
ncept to
find the y-coordinates by putt
ing x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 in the equ
ation
y = 2x.
•
Take a graph sheet and dr
aw the 2 axes and locate t
he points
on it. Join the points to get
a graph.
370 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
Solve
• Given y = 2x
If x = 0, y = 2 (0)
= 2
If x = 1, y = 2 (1)
= 2
If x = 2, y = 2 (2)
= 4
If x = 3, y = 2 (3)
= 6
If x = 4, y = 2 (4)
= 8
So the completed
table will be
The coordinates
of the 5
points are (0,0),(1,
2), (2, 4),
(3, 6), (4, 8)
Take a graph she
et and plot
the coordinates of
these 5
points on it. Join
the points
to get a graph.
The graph sheet
will look
like this.
Revise
• Substitute the va
lues of x
and y from
each
coordinate in th
e given
equation y = 2x a
nd see if the coor
dinates satisfy the
equation.
For coordinate (0,
0)
L.H.S. = 0
R.H.S. = 2 (0) = 0
LHS = RHS
Hence satisfied.
For coordinate (1,
2)
L H S = 2
R H S = 2 (1) = 2
= LHS = RHS
Hence satisfied.
Similarly, you ca
n verify for othe
r coordinates to
see if the
coordinates found
were correct.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Think and Discuss
(a) Can you predict from the
graph, the value of y when x
= 7 ?
(b) How would the graph cha
nge when the equation chang
es to y = 3x ?
(C) Exercises
In questions 1 to 10, there
are four options out of whi
ch one is correct.
Write the correct answer.
1.Comparison of parts of a
whole may be done by a
(a) bar (b) pie
(c) linear grap
graph charth (d) line grap
h
2.A graph that displays dat
a that changes continuou
sly over periods
of time is
(a) bar (b) pie
(c) hist(d) line g
graph chartogramraph
3.In the given graph the co
ordinates of point x are
(a) ( (b) (c) (d) (3,
0,2) (2, (3, 0)
3) 2)
Find Some Solutions
to Plot a Graph
To graph a linear equation,
you need to find some order
ed pairs to plot
that are solutions to the lin
ear equation.
You do this by putting some
x-values into the equation a
nd finding their
corresponding y-values.
372 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
4. In the given g
raph the letter th
at indicates the
point (0, 3) is
( (
a d
) )
P S
5.The point (3, 4)
is at a distance
of
(a)
3 fr (b)
om 4 fr
bot om
h th bot
e a h th
xis e a
xis
(c) 4
from (d)
the 3 fr
x axi om
s an x ax
d is a
nd
3
f
r f
o r
m o
m
y
y
a
x a
i x
s i
s
6.
A point which lie
s on both the axi
s is _________
_
(a)
(0, ( (d)
0) c (1,
) 1)
(
1
,
0
)
7.
The coordinates
of a point at a
distance of 3 un
its from the x a
xis
and 6 units from
the y axis is
(a) ( (d)
(0, c (6,
3) ) 3)
(
3
,
6
)
In the given figur
8.
e the position of
the book on the t
able may be giv
en
by
(a) (7, (b) (3,
3) 7)
(c) (3, (d) (7,
3) 7)
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Think and Discuss
1. Give the coordinates of a
point on the x-axis and a poin
t on the y-axis.
2. Give the missing y-
coordinates for the solutions t
o y = 5x + 2;
(1, y), (3, y), (10, y).
9.Data was collected on a s
tudent’s typing rate and gr
aph was drawn
as shown below. Approxim
ately how many words had
this student
typed in 30 seconds?
(a) ( ( (d)
20 b c 34
) )
2 2
4 8
10. Which graphs of the fo
llowing represent the table
below?
2 2
0 0
1 1
8 8
1
6 1
2
0 46810 12 46810 12 14 1
14 16 6 18 20
18 20
Length
( (b)
374 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
In questions 11
to 25, fill in the
blanks to make
the statements t
rue.
11. __________
displays data that
changes continuo
usly over periods
of
time.
The relation bet
12.
ween dependent
and independen
t variables is sh
own
through a ______
____.
We need ______
13.
____ coordinates
for representing
a point on the gr
aph
sheet.
A point in whic
14.
h the x-
coordinate is ze
ro and y-
coordinate is n
on-
zero will lie on th
e _________
15. The horizont
al and vertical li
ne in a line gra
ph are usually c
alled
__________ and __
________.
16. The process
of fixing a point
with the help of
the coordinates
is
known as ______
____ of the point.
The distance of
17.
any point from th
e y-axis is the __
________ coordi
nate.
18. All points wi
th y-coordinate a
s zero lie on the _
_________.
19. For the point
(5, 2), the distan
ce from the x-
axis is _________
_ units.
The x-
20.
coordinate of an
y point lying on
the y-axis will b
e __________.
21. The y-
coordinate of the
point (2, 4) is ___
_______.
In the point (4, 7
22.
), 4 denotes the
__________.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
A point has 5 as its x–
23.
coordinate and 4 as its y
–coordinate. Then
the coordinates of the point
are given by __________.
24. In the coordinates of
a point, the second num
ber denotes the
__________.
25. The point where the tw
o axes intersect is called the
__________.
In the questions 26 to 34,
state whether the stateme
nts are true (T) or
false (F).
For fixing a point on the g
26.
raph sheet we need two c
oordinates.
Distribution of Prim
es
Remember that a prime num
ber is only divisible by 1 and
itself. There are
infinitely many prime number
s, but there is no algebraic
formula to find
them. The largest known pri
me number, discovered on No
vember 14, 2001,
–1. In standard form, this n
umber would have 4,053,948
digits.
Sieve of Eratosthenes
One way to find prime num
bers
is called the Sieve
of
Eratosthenes. Use a list of w
hole
numbers in order. Cross off 1.
The
next number 2 is prime. Ci
rcle
it. Then cross off all multiple
s of
2, because they are not pri
me.
Circle the next number on
the
list. Cross off all of its multip
les. Repeat this step until all
of the numbers
are circled or crossed off. Th
e circled numbers will all be
primes.
1. Use the Sieve of Eratosth
enes to find all prime numbe
r less than 50.
2. On graph paper plot the fi
rst 15 prime number. Use th
e prime number
as the x-coordinates and th
eir positions in the sequen
ce as the y-
coordinates; 2 is the 1st prim
e, 3 is the 2nd prime, and s
o on.
3. Estimate the line of best fit
and use it to estimate the nu
mber of primes
under 100. Use the Sieve of
Eratosthenes to check your e
stimate.
376 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
A line graph ca
27.
n also be a who
le unbroken line
.
28. The distanc
e of any point fro
m the x-axis is c
alled the x-
coordinate.
29. The distanc
e of the point (3,
5) from the y-
axis is 5.
The ordinate of
30.
a point is its dis
tance from the
y-axis.
In the point (2,
31.
3), 3 denotes th
e y-coordinate.
32. The coordin
ates of the origin
are (0, 0).
33. The points (
3, 5) and (5, 3) r
epresent the sa
me point.
34. The y-
coordinate of an
y point lying on t
he x-axis will be
zero.
35.
Match the coord
inates given in
Column A with t
he items menti
oned
in Column B.
Colum Colum
n A n B
(1) y coordinate
(0, is 2 × x - co
5) ordinate + 1
.
(2) (2, 3)
(b) Coo
rdinates
of origin.
(3) Only y–
(4, coordinate
8) is zero.
(4) The distanc
(3, e from x–
7) axis is 5.
(5) y coordinat
(0, e is double
0) of x–
coordinate.
(6) The distan
(5, ce from y–
0) axis is 2.
36. Match the or
dinates of the po
ints given in Col
umn A with the it
ems
mentioned in Co
lumn B.
Colu Colu
mn mn
A B
(a) The ordinat
(7 e is double t
, 0 he abscissa
) .
(b) (1 The ordin
1, 11) ate is zero
.
(c) The ordinat
(4, e is equal to
8) the absciss
a.
(d) The absciss
(6, a is double t
2) he ordinate.
(e) The abscis
(0, sa is triple t
9) he ordinate.
(f) ( The abscis
6, 3 sa is zero.
)
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
From the given graph, ch
37.
oose the letters that indic
ate the location of
the points given below.
(d)
2,
38. Find the coordinates o
f all letters in the graph giv
en below.
39.Plot the given points on
a graph sheet.
(a) (5
, 4) (b) (c) (d) (e) (4
2, 3, 1) 0, ,5)
378 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
Study the given
40.
map of a zoo an
d answer the fol
lowing question
s.
(a) Give the loca
tion of lions in th
e zoo.
(b) (D, f ) and (
C, d) represent l
ocations of whic
h animals in the
zoo?
(c)Where are the t
oilets located?
(d) Give the loca
tion of canteen.
41. Write the x-
coordinate (absci
ssa) of each of th
e given points.
(a) ( (b (c) (0
7, 3) ) , 5)
(5
,
7)
42. Write the y-
coordinate (ordin
ate) of each of th
e given points.
(b) (4
(a) ( , 0)
3, 5)
(c) (2
, 7)
Make a Plan :
• Do you need a
n estimate or an
exact answer?
When you are sol
ving a word probl
em, ask yourself
whether
you need an exact
answer or whether
an estimate is suffi
cient.
For example, if
the amounts giv
en in the proble
m are
approximate, only
an approximate an
swer can be given
. If an
estimate is suffi
cient, you may
wish to use esti
mation
techniques to sav
e time in your ca
lculations.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Plot the given points on a
43.
graph sheet and check if t
he points lie on
a straight line. If not, name
the shape they form when j
oined in the
given order.
(a) (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4,
8).
(b) (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2,
2).
(c) (4, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (5, 4
).
If y–coordinate is 3 times
44.
x-coordinate, form a table
for it and draw a
graph.
Make a line graph for the
45.
area of a square as per th
e given table.
2
Is it a linear graph?
The cost of a note book is
46.
Rs 10. Draw a graph after
making a table
showing cost of 2, 3, 4, ....
note books. Use it to find
(a) the cost of 7 notebooks
.
(b) The number of note bo
oks that can be purchased
with Rs 50.
47. Explain the situations
represented by the followi
ng distance-time
graphs.
(
Complete the given table
48.
s and draw a graph for ea
ch.
( (
x–1 0
380 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
49. Study the giv
en graphs (a) an
d (b) and comple
te the correspon
ding
tables below.
( b
50. Draw a gra
ph for the radius
and circumferen
ce of circle usin
g a
suitable scale.
(Hint : Take radi
us = 7, 14, 21 un
its and so on)
From the graph,
(a) Find the circ
umference of the
circle when radiu
s is 42 units.
(b) At what radiu
s will the circumf
erence of the circ
le be 220 units?
51. The graph
shows the maxi
mum temperatur
es recorded for
two
consecutive wee
ks of a town. S
tudy the graph
and answer the
questions that fol
low.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
(a) What information is giv
en by the two axes?
(b) In which week was the t
emperature higher on most
of the days?
(c) On which day was the t
emperature same in both th
e weeks?
(d) On which day was the
difference in temperatures t
he maximum
for both the weeks?
(e) What were the tempera
tures for both the weeks on
Thursday?
(f) On which day was the te
mperature 35°C for the first
week?
(g)On which day was the tem
perature highest for the se
cond week?
The gra ph given below
52.
gives the actual and expe
cted sales of cars
of a company for 6 months.
Study the graph and answer
the questions
that follow.
(a)In which month was the act
ual sales same as the expe
cted sales?
(b) For which month(s) w
as (were) the difference in
actual and
expected sales the maximu
m?
(c) For which month(s) wa
s (were) the difference in
actual and
expected sales the least?
(d) What was the total sale
s of cars in the months–
Jan, Feb. and
March?
(e) What is the average sal
es of cars in the last three m
onths?
(f) Find the ratio of sales in
the first three months to the
last three
months.
382 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
The graph given
53.
below shows th
e marks obtaine
d out of 10 by S
onia
in two different t
ests. Study the
graph and answ
er the questions
that follow.
(a) What informa
tion is represente
d by the axes?
(b) In which subj
ect did she score
the highest in Te
st I?
(c) In which subj
ect did she score
the least in Test I
I?
(d)
In which subject
did she score th
e same marks in
both the Tests?
(e) What are the
marks scored by
her in English in
Test II?
(f) In which test
was the performa
nce better?
(g) In which subj
ect and which te
st did she score f
ull marks?
54. Find the coo
rdinates of the ve
rtices of the give
n figures.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Study the graph given bel
55.
ow of a person who starte
d from his home
and returned at the end of t
he day. Answer the questio
ns that follow.
(a) At what time did the pe
rson start from his home?
(b) How much distance did
he travel in the first four
hours of his
journey?
(c)
What was he doing from
3 pm to 5 pm?
(d) What was the total di
stance travelled by him thr
oughout the
day?
(e) Calculate the distance
covered by him in the first 8
hours of his
journey.
(f) At what time did he cov
er 16 km of his journey?
(g) Calculate the average s
peed of the man from (a) A t
o B (b) B to C
(c) At what time did he retur
n home?
Plot a line graph for the v
56.
ariables p and q where p i
s two times q i.e,
the equation is p = 2q. The
n find.
(a) the value of p when q =
(b)
3
the value of q when p =
8
Study the graph and ans
57.
wer the questions that fol
low.
(a) What information does
the graph give?
(b) On which day was the t
emperature the least?
(c) On which day was the t
emperature 31°C?
(d) Which was the hottest
day?
384 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
SunMon
Tues
WedThur
Fri Sat
Days ¾®
58. Study the di
stance-time grap
h given below f
or a car to trav
el to
certain places an
d answer the que
stions that follow.
(a) How far does
the car travel in 2
hours?
(b) How much ti
me does the car t
ake to reach R?
(c) How long doe
s the car take to
cover 80 km?
(d) How far is Q
from the starting
point?
(e) When does th
e car reach the pl
ace S after starti
ng?
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
59. Locate the points A (1,2
), B (4,2) and C (1,4) on a g
raph sheet taking
suitable axes. Write the coo
rdinates of the fourth point
D to complete
the rectangle ABCD.
60.Locate the points A(1,2),
B (3,4) and C (5,2) on a g
raph sheet taking
suitable axes. Write the coo
rdinates of the fourth point
D to complete
the rhombus ABCD. Meas
ure the diagonals of this r
hombus and
find whether they are equal
or not.
Locate the points P (3,4),
61.
Q (1,0), R (0,4), S (4,1) o
n a graph sheet
and write the coordinates of
the point of intersection of li
ne segments
PQ and RS.
The graph given below com
62.
pares the sales of ice crea
ms of two vendors
for a week.
50
40
3
V
V
2 e
0
10
Observe the graph and ans
wer the following questions.
(a) Which vendor has sold
more icecreams on Friday?
(b) For which day was the s
ales same for both the vend
ors?
(c) On which day did the
sale of vendor A increase
the most as
compared to the previous d
ay?
(d) On which day was the
difference in sales the maxi
mum?
(e) On which two days was
the sales same for vendor B
?
386 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
The table given
63.
below shows th
e temperatures
recorded on a d
ay at
different times.
Observe the tabl
e and answer the
following questio
ns.
(a) What is the t
emperature at 8
am?
(b) At what time
is the temperatur
e 3°C?
(c) During whic
h hour did the te
mperature fall?
(d) What is the c
hange in tempera
ture between 7 a
m and 10 am?
(e)
During which h
our was there a
constant tempe
rature?
The following ta
64.
ble gives the gr
owth chart of a
child.
Draw a line graph
for the table and
answer the questi
ons that follow.
(a)What is the hei
ght at the age o
f 5 years?
(b) How much tal
ler was the child
at the age of 10 t
han at the age of
6?
(c) Between whi
ch two consecuti
ve periods did th
e child grow mor
e
faster?
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
65. The following is the tim
e-distance graph of Sneha’
s walking.
(a) When does Sneha m
ake the least progress?
Explain your
reasoning.
(b) Find her average spee
d in km/hour.
Draw a parallelogram AB
66.
CD on a graph paper with
the coordinates
given in Table I. Use this ta
ble to complete Tables II an
d III to get the
coordinates of E, F, G, H a
nd J, K, L, M.
Table I
Table Table III
Draw parallelograms EFGH
and JKLM on the same gra
ph paper.
Plot the points (2, 4) and (4,
2) on a graph paper, then d
raw a line
segment joining these two
points.
67. Extend the line segme
nt on both sides to meet th
e coordinate axes.
What are the coordinates
of the points where this lin
e meets the
x-axis and the y-axis?
388 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
The following gr
68.
aph shows the
change in temp
erature of a blo
ck of
ice when heated.
Use the graph to
answer the follow
ing questions:
(a) For how man
y seconds did th
e ice block have
no change in
temperature?
(b)
For how long w
as there a chan
ge in temperatur
e?
(c) After how ma
ny seconds of he
ating did the temp
erature become
constant at 0°C?
(d) What was the
temperature after
25 seconds?
(e) What will be
the temperature
after 1.5 minutes
? Justify your
answer.
The following gr
69.
aph shows the n
umber of people
present at a cert
ain
shop at different t
imes. Observe th
e graph and ans
wer the following
questions.
Y
25
20
15
10
5
X
0
10
amam
ampm
pmpm
pmpm
pmpm
Time ¾®
(a)What type of a
graph is this?
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
(b) What information does
the graph give?
(c) What is the busiest tim
e of day at the shop?
(d)How many people enter t
he shop when it opens?
(e) About how many peopl
e are there in the shop at 1:
30 pm?
70. A man started his jou
rney on his car from locat
ion A and came
back. The given graph sho
ws his position at different t
imes during
the whole journey.
(a) At what time did he sta
rt and end his journey?
(b) What was the total dur
ation of journey?
(c) Which journey, forwar
d or return, was of longer d
uration?
(d) For how many hours di
d he not move?
(e)At what time did he have
the fastest speed?
71. The following graph sh
ows the journey made by
two cyclists, one
from town A to B and the ot
her from town B to A.
(a) At what time did cyclist
II rest? How long did the cy
clist rest?
(b) Was cyclist II cycling fa
ster or slower after the rest
?
(c) At what time did the tw
o cyclists meet?
(d) How far had cyclist II tr
avelled when he met cyclist
I?
(e)When cyclist II reached tow
n A, how far was cyclist I fr
om town B?
390 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
Ajita starts off fr
72.
om home at 07.
00 hours with h
er father on a sc
ooter
that goes at a uni
form speed of 30
km/h and drops h
er at her school
after half an hour
. She stays in the
school till 13.30 h
ours and takes
an auto rickshaw
to return home. T
he rickshaw has
a uniform speed
of 10 km/h. Draw t
he graph for the a
bove situation and
also determine
the distance of Aj
ita’s school from
her house.
73. Draw the lin
e graph using su
itable scale to sh
ow the annual gr
oss
profit of a compa
ny for a period of
five years.
74.
The following ch
art gives the gro
wth in height in t
erms of percent
age
of full height of b
oys and girls wit
h their respective
ages.
81% 84% 88% 9
2% 95%
88% 91% 95% 98
% 99% 99.5% 100
% 100%
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Draw the line graph of abov
e data on the same sheet an
d answer the
following questions.
(a)In which year both the boy
s and the girls achieve the
ir maximum
height?
(b) Who grows faster at pu
berty (14 years to 16 years
of age)?
The table shows the data
75.
collected for Dhruv’s walk
ing on a road.
(a)Plot a line graph for the gi
ven data using a suitable
scale.
(b) In what time periods di
d Dhruv make the most pro
gress?
Observe the given graph c
76.
arefully and complete the t
able given below.
77. This graph shows the
per cent of students who
dropped out of
school after completing Hi
gh School. The point label
led A shows
that, in 1996, about 4.7% o
f students dropped out.
392 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
(a) In which yea
r was the dropou
t the rate highest
? In which year
was it the lowest
?
(b) When did th
e per cent of st
udents who drop
ped out of high
school first fall be
low 5%?
(c) About what
per cent of stude
nts dropped out
of high school in
2007? About wh
at per cent of stu
dents stayed in h
igh school in
2008?
78. Observe the
toothpick pattern
given below:
Pat P Patt
ter a ern
n 1 tt 4
e
r
n
3
(a)
Imagine that thi
s pattern contin
ues. Complete t
he
ble to show
the number of to
othpicks in the fi
rst six terms.
(b)
Make a graph b
y taking the patt
ern numbers on
the horizontal
axis and the num
ber of toothpicks
on the vertical axi
s. Make the
horizontal axis fr
om 0 to 10 and th
e vertical axis fro
m 0 to 30.
(c) Use your gr
aph to predict th
e number of toot
hpicks in pattern
s
7 and 8. Check y
our answers by a
ctually drawing t
hem.
(d) Would it mak
e sense to join th
e points on this g
raph? Explain.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
79. Consider this input/o
utput table.
(a)Graph the values from the
table by taking Input alon
g horizontal
axis from 0 to 8 and Output
along vertical axis from 0 t
o 24.
(b)Use your graph to predict
the outputs for inputs of 3
and 8.
This graph shows a map o
80.
f an island just off the coa
st of a continent.
The point labelled B represe
nts a major city on the coast.
The distance
between grid lines represen
ts 1 km.
Point A represents a resort t
hat is located 5 km East an
d 3 km North
of Point B. The values 5 an
d 3 are the coordinates of
Point A. The
coordinates can be given as
the ordered pair (5, 3), wh
ere 5 is the
horizontal coordinate and 3
is the vertical coordinate.
(i)
Onof the map, mark the poi
copy
nt that is 3 km East and 5
km North of Point B and la
bel it S. Is Point S in the w
ater or on
the island? Is Point S in the
same place as Point A?
(ii) Mark the point that is 7
km east and 5 km north of
Point B and
label it C. Then mark the
point that is 5 km east an
d 7 km
north of Point B and label it
D. Are Points C and D in th
e same
place? Give the coordinates
of Points C and D.
394 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
(iii) Which point
is in the water,
(2, 7) or (7, 2)?
Mark the point
which is in water
on your map and
label it E.
(iv) Give the coo
rdinates of two p
oints on the islan
d that are exactly
2 km from Point
A.
(v) Give the coor
dinates of the poi
nt that is halfway
between Points
L and P.
(vi) List three po
ints on the islan
d with their x-
coordinates great
er
than 8.
(vii)
List three point
s on the island
with a y-
coordinate less
than 4.
81. As part of hi
s science project
, Prithvi was sup
posed to record
the
temperature ever
y hour one Satu
rday from 6 am
to midnight. At
noon, he was tak
ing lunch and for
got to record the
temperature. At
8:00 pm, his favo
urite show came o
n and so forgot ag
ain. He recorded
the data so collec
ted on a graph sh
eet as shown bel
ow.
(a) Why does it
make sense to c
onnect the points
in this situation?
(b)
Describe the ov
erall trend, or pa
ttern, in the way
the temperature
changes over the
time period show
n on the graph.
(c) Estimate the
temperature at n
oon and 8 pm.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
82. The graph given below
compares the price (in Rs)
and weight of 6
bags (in kg) of sugar of diff
erent brands A, B, C, D, E,
F.
(a) Which brand(s) costs/c
ost more than Brand D?
(b) Bag of which brand of s
ugar is the heaviest?
(c) Which brands weigh the
same?
(d) Which brands are heav
ier than brand B?
(e) Which bag is the lighte
st?
(f) Which bags are of the sa
me price?
83. The points on the grap
h below represent the heig
ht and weight of
the donkey, dog, crocodil
e, and ostrich shown in t
he drawing.
(a) What are the two variab
les represented in the grap
h?
(b) Which point represents
each animals? Explain.
396 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
84. The two gra
phs below comp
are Car A and
Car B. The left
graph
shows the relation
ship between age
and value. The rig
ht graph shows
the relationship b
etween size and
maximum speed.
Use the graphs to
determine whethe
r each statement i
s true or false,
and explain your
answer.
(a) The older car
is less valuable.
(b) The faster ca
r is larger.
(c) Th (d) Th
e large e faste
r car is r car is
older. older.
(e)The more valua
ble car is slowe
r.
85.Sonal and Anm
ol made a sequ
ence of tile desi
gns from square
white
tiles surrounding
one square purpl
e tile. The purpl
e tiles come in
many sizes. Thre
e of the designs
are shown below.
(a) Copy and co
mplete the table
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
(b) Draw a graph using the
first five pairs of numbers in
your table.
(c) Do the points lie on a lin
e?
Sonal and Anmol then ma
86.
de another sequence of th
e designs. Three
of the designs are shown be
low.
(a) Complete the table.
(b)Draw a graph of rows and
number of white tiles. Dra
w another graph
of the number of rows and t
he number of purple tiles. P
ut the number
of rows on the horizontal a
xis.
(c) Which graph is linear?
(D) Activities
Create a table like the one
shown.
398
EXEMPLAR
ROBLEMS
UNIT-12
* Length of your
geometry box
* Length of your
maths notebook
If an estimate is t
he same as the a
ctual
measurement t
hen the point (
actual
measurement, es
timate) lies on th
e line,
straight line p. F
or example, if an
object
measures 5 cm
and you estimate
it to
5 cm, then the gr
aph of its point li
es on
line p in the figur
e below.
Using your compl
eted table,
(i) Plot the data f
rom the table wh
ere the coordinat
es of the points
are (measureme
nt, estimate).
(ii) Identify the o
bjects overestim
ated.
(iii) Identify the
objects underesti
mated.
(iv) By looking
at the graph,
how can over
estimates and
underestimates b
e determined? Ho
w accurate is your
estimation?
Activity 2
Clues
Down
(1) A graph use
d to show compar
ison among categ
ories. (2 words)
(2) The point (0,
4) lies on the ___
_______.
(3)
A line graph wh
ich is a whole u
nbroken line.
(4) The point wh
ere the two axes
meet.
(5)
__________ of
a point are requi
red to locate the
point on a graph
.
(6)
The x-axis and
y-axis are at ___
_______ angles
to each other.
(7) x-coordinate
of a point.
Across
(8) The plural of
Axis.
(9)
The sheet of pap
er on which coor
dinates of any gi
ven point are plo
tted.
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
(10)
The system of fixing point
s on a graph with the help
of coordinates.
(11) A __________ graph
displays the data that chan
ges continuously
over time.
(12) y-coordinate of a point
.
(13)
A pie chart is used to com
pare parts of a _________
_.
(14) A bar graph that sho
ws data in intervals.
(15)
In a histogram there are n
o __________ between th
e bars.
(16)
The x-axis is a ________
__ line on a plane.
(17) y-coordinate of a poin
t represents the distance o
f the point from
the __________.
Activity 3
Complete Parts (a) and (b) f
or each following graphs.
(a) Tell what two variables
does the graph show.
(b) Describe what the grap
h tells you about the things
represented by
the points. Then try to com
e up with an idea about wh
at the points
could represent.
400 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
402 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-12
Rough Work
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH
S
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
404 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
• Numbers can be
written in general for
m. For example, a tw
o digit
number ab is written
as ab = 10a + b; a th
ree digit number abc
is
written as abc = 100
a + 10b + c.
• The general form o
f numbers are helpful
in solving various pro
blems
related to numbers.
• Rationale for the d
ivisibility of numbers
by 11, 10, 5, 2, 9 or
3 can
be explained by writi
ng the numbers in g
eneral form.
• Many number puz
zles involving differe
nt letters for different
digits
are solved using rule
s of number operatio
ns.
In examples 1 to 4,
out of four options
only one is correct.
Write the
correct answer.
Exam : Generalised fo
ple rm of a three-
digit number xyz
is
(a) (b) 1
x + 00x +
y + 10y +
z z
(c) 100z + 10y + x
(d) 100y + 10x + z
Soluti : The correct
on answer is (b).
Exampl
: The usual for
e 2 m of 100a + b +
10c is
(a)
bc (b) (c) (d) a
c ba cb
ab c
Soluti
on : The correct
answer is (d).
Examp: If 5 × A = CA t
le 3 hen the values of
A and C are
12/04/18
(a) A = 5, (b) A = 4,
C = 1 C = 2
(c) A = 5,
C = 2 (d) A = 2,
C = 5
Solution
: The correct answe
r is (c).
Exampl
e 4 : If 5 A + 25 is equal to
B 2, then the value of A
+ B is
(a) 15
(b) (c) (d) 7
10 8
Solution
: The correct answer
is (a).
In examples 5 to 7, fill in th
e blanks to make the state
ments true.
Exampl
: The number ab – ba w
e 5 here a and b are digits
and a > b
is divisible by ________.
Solution : 9.
Exampl
: When written in usual
e 6 form 100a + 10c + 9 is
equal to
________.
Solution
: ac 9
Exampl
e 7 : If AB × B = 9B, then A
= _________, B = _____
____.
Solution
: 9, 1
In examples 8 to 10, state wh
ether the statements are true
(T) or false (F).
Exampl
e 8 : If abc, cab, bca are th
ree digit numbers form
ed by the
digits a, b, and c then the
sum of these numbers is
always divisible by 37.
Solution : True.
Exampl
e 9 : Let ab be a two-digit
number, then ab + ba i
s divisible
by 9.
Solution
: False.
Example 10 : If a number is
divisible by 2 and 4, then it wi
ll be divisible
by 8.
Solution : False.
Example 11 : A three-digit n
umber 42x is divisible by 9. F
ind the value
of x.
Soluti
on : Since 42x is divisibl
e by 9, the sum of its
digits, i.e.
4 + 2 + x must be divisible b
y 9.
12/04/18
i.e 6 + x is d
. ivisible b
y 9
i. 6 + x = 9
e. or 18, __
___.
Since x is a digit, t
herefore 6 + x = 9
or, x = 3.
Example 12 : Find
the value of A and
B if 41 A
+ B 4
5 1 2
Solu: From ones
tion column A + 4
gives a numb
er whose one
s
digit is 2. So, A =
8. The value of B
can be obtained b
y
solving 2 + B is a
number whose o
nes digit is 1. So,
B = 41
9. 8
+ 94
512
Example 13 : Sup
pose that the divisi
on x ÷ 5 leaves a re
mainder 4 and
the division x ÷ 2 l
eaves a remainde
r 1. Find the ones
digit of x.
Solu: Since x ÷ 5 l
tion eaves a remai
nder 4, so one
s digit of x can
be 4 or 9. Also, sinc
e x ÷ 2 leaves a re
mainder 1, so ones
digit must be 9 onl
y.
x is divisibl
Example 14 : isdigit fin
e by 11, d the
ere xx
value of xxx .
Understand and E
xplore the problem
• What is given in
the question?
A four digit number
756x is divisible by
11.
• Which property
is required to solve
the problem?
Divisibility of a nu
mber by 11.
Plan a Strategy
• Find the sum of
the digits of given n
umber 756x at odd
places.
• Find the sum of
the digits of 756x at
even places.
• Find the differen
ce of step 1 and ste
p 2.
12/04/18
Solve
• Given y = 2x
• Sum of digits at odd places
= x + 5
• Sum of digits at even place
s = 6 + 7 = 13
• Difference = (x + 5) – 13
= x – 8
Now (x – 8) should be equal to
0 or a multiple of 11 (i.e. 11, 2
2,
33, ..., etc.)
x – 8 = 0
x = 8 or x – 8 = 11
x = 11 + 8 = 19
• Since x is a digit so it can t
ake values from 0 – 9
Hence x = 8
Required number is 7568.
Revise
• 7568
Sum of digits at odd places =
5 + 8 = 13
Sum of digits at even places
= 6 + 7 = 13
Difference = 13 – 13
= 0
So Value of x is correct.
1. What would be the value of
y, if 277y is divisible by 11?
In each of the questions 1
to 17, out of the four optio
ns, only one is
correct. Write the correct an
swer.
1. Generalised form of a fo
ur-digit number abdc is
(a) 1000 a + 100 b + 10 c +
d
(b) 1000 a + 100 c + 10 b +
d
(c) 1000 a + 100 b + 10 d +
c
(d) a × b × c × d
12/04/18
2. Generalised fo
rm of a two-digit n
umber xy is
(a)
x (c) (d) 1
+ 10 0y +
y x x
–
y
3. The usual form
of 1000a + 10b + c
is
(a
) ( (d)
a c ab
b ) oc
c
a
o
b
c
4. Let abc be a th
ree-digit number.
Then abc – cba is
not divisible by
( 1
a 8
)
9
(
d
5. The sum of all
the numbers form
ed by the digits x,
y and z of the
number xyz is divi
sible by
(
a (d
) )
1 7
1 4
6. A four-digit nu
mber aabb is divis
ible by 55. Then p
ossible value(s)
of b is/are
(a) 0
and (b) (c) (d)
2 2 0 7
nd nd
5 5
7. Let abc be a thr
ee digit number. Th
en abc + bca + cab
is not divisible
by
(a) a
+ b ( (
c d
)
9
8. A four-digit n
umber 4ab5 is di
visible by 55. Th
en the value of
b – a is
(
a (
) d
)
0 5
9.If abc is a three
digit number, th
en the number a
bc – a – b – c is
divisible by
( (d
a )
) 1
9 1
10. A six-digit nu
mber is formed by
repeating a three-
digit number. For
example 256256,
678678, etc. Any n
umber of this form
is divisible
by
(a)
7 o (c) (d)
nly 13 100
onl 1
y
If the sum of digit
11.
s of a number is
divisible by three,
then the number
is always divisible
by
(
a (
) d
)
2 9
If x + y + z = 6 and
12.
z is an odd digit, t
hen the three-
digit number xyz i
s
(a) an
odd m (b) od
ultiple d mult
of 3 iple of
6
(c) e
ven (d) e
multi ven
ple of multi
3 ple of
9
12/04/18
13.If 5 A + B 3 = 65, then the
value of A and B is
(a) A =
2, B = 3 (b) A =
3, B = 2
(c) A =
2, B = 1 (d) A =
1, B = 2
14.
If A 3 + 8 B = 150, then th
e value of A + B is
(a)
13 (b (c) (d)
) 15
1 17
2
15.
If 5 A × A = 399, then the
value of A is
(a)
3 ( ( (d)
b c 9
) )
7
6
16.
If 6 A × B = A 8 B, then th
e value of A – B is
(a)
–2 ( (c (d)
b ) 3
) –
3
2
17. Which of the following n
umbers is divisible by 99
(a) 91
3462 (b) 11434 (d) 357
5 (c) 2406
5792
In questions 18 to 33, fill in
the blanks to make the stat
ements true.
18. 3134673 is divisible by 3
and ______.
19. 20x3 is a multiple of 3 if
the digit x is ______ or ______
or ______.
20. 3x5 is divisible by 9 if t
he digit x is __________.
21. The sum of a two–digit n
umber and the number obtain
ed by reversing
the digits is always divisible b
y __________.
22. The difference of a two
–digit number and the numb
er obtained by
reversing its digits is always di
visible by ___________.
23. The difference of three-
digit number and the numbe
r obtained by
putting the digits in revers
e order is always divisible
by 9 and
___________.
2 B
24.If then A = ______ a
nd B = ______.
8 A
A B
25.If then A = ______ an
d B = ______.
9 6
B 1
26. If then B = ______
_.
4 9B
12/04/18
27. 1 x 35 is divis
ible by 9 if x = ____
___.
28. A four-digit n
umber abcd is divi
sible by 11, if d +
b = _______ or
_____
29. A number is
divisible by 11 if t
he differences bet
ween the sum of
digits at its odd pla
ces and that of digit
s at the even place
s is either 0
or divisible by ____
__.
30.
If a 3-digit numb
er abc is divisible
by 11, then ____
__ is either 0 or
multiple of 11.
31.
If A × 3 = 1A, the
n A = ______.
32.
If B × B = AB, the
n either A = 2, B
= 5 or A = _____
_, B = ______.
33.
If the digit 1 is pl
aced after a 2-
digit number wh
ose tens is t an
d
ones digit is u, the
new number is ___
___.
State whether the
statements given
in questions 34 to
44 are true (T)
or false (F):
34. A two-digit nu
mber ab is always
divisible by 2 if b is
an even number.
35. A three-digit
number abc is divi
sible by 5 if c is an
even number.
36. A four-digit n
umber abcd is divi
sible by 4 if ab is d
ivisible by 4.
37. A three-digit n
umber abc is divisi
ble by 6 if c is an e
ven number and
a + b + c is a multi
ple of 3.
38. Number of the
form 3N + 2 will lea
ve remainder 2 wh
en divided by 3.
39. Number 7N +
1 will leave remain
der 1 when divided
by 7.
40.
If a number a is
divisible by b, th
en it must be di
visible by each
factor of b.
41.
If AB × 4 = 192,
then A + B = 7.
42.
If AB + 7C = 102,
where B ≠ 0, C ≠
0, then A + B +
C = 14.
43.
If 213x 27 is divi
sible by 9, then t
he value of x is
0.
44.
If N ÷ 5 leaves r
emainder 3 and
N ÷ 2 leaves re
mainder 0, then
N ÷ 10 leaves rema
inder 4.
Solve the followin
g :
45. Find the lea
st value that must
be given to numb
er a so that the
number 91876a2
is divisible by 8.
12/04/18
1 P
46.If where Q – P = 3, then
find the values of P an
d Q.
Q 6
47.
If 1AB + CCA = 697 and th
ere is no carry–over in add
ition, find the
value of A + B + C.
48. A five-digit number AAB
AA is divisible by 33. Write al
l the numbers
of this form.
49. Find the value of the lett
ers in each of the following q
uestions.
A A
+A A
XA Z
50. B 1 B
8 5 516 A
.
+ A
+4 B A
A
8
B C A 2
3
53.
C 5 55.
B A 4. A 0 1
B A B
A
+ C +1
B A + 0 A
B B
A A
1 B
A 1 0
3 0 8
56.
5 58.
A B 7. A A
A
B
A B
×
6
× A
C
C 6 A B
8
value of A.
62. 212 x 5 is a multiple of
3 and 11. Find the value of x
.
63. Find the value of k wher
e 31k 2 is divisible by 6.
64. 1y3y6 is divisible by 11
. Find the value of y.
65. 756 x is a multiple of 11
, find the value of x.
66. A three-digit number 2
a 3 is added to the number
326 to give a
three-digit number 5b9 which
is divisible by 9. Find the valu
e of b –a.
12/04/18
67. Let E = 3, B
= 7 and A = 4. Fin
d the other digits i
n the sum
B A S E
+B A L L
G AM E S
68. Let D = 3, L
= 7 and A = 8. Fin
d the other digits i
n the sum
M A D
+ A S
+ A
B U L L
69.
If from a two-
digit number, w
e subtract the n
umber formed
by
reversing its digits t
hen the result so o
btained is a perfect
cube. How
many such numbe
rs are possible? W
rite all of them.
70. Work out th
e following multipli
cation.
12345679
× 9
Use the result to a
nswer the following
questions.
(a) What will be 1
2345679 × 45?
(b) What will be 1
2345679 × 63?
(c) By what nu
mber should 123
45679 be multipl
ied to get
888888888?
(d) By what nu
mber should 12
345679 be multi
plied to get
999999999?
71. Find the valu
e of the letters in e
ach of the followin
g:
(i)
(
M
×
L M 1
72. If 148101B09
5 is divisible by 33
, find the value of
B.
73. If 123123A4 i
s divisible by 11, fi
nd the value of A.
74.
If 56x32y is divis
ible by 18, find t
he least value of
y.
12/04/18
1. Polygonal Numbers
Study the patterns given belo
w and extend it. We already
know about
square numbers.
* * *
* * *
* * * *
*
* * *
1 9
4
Draw two more.
Here for the first square numb
er, use 1 ; for the second squ
are number,
use 2 . To find the third squ
are number use 3 and so o
n. Write the
nth square number.
Now let’s move to triangular
numbers.
* * *
*
* * * *
* *
* * * * *
*
* * * *
1
1
0
Find the next triangular nu
mber.
n n
To find the nth triangular
number we use the form
ula 2
12/04/18
Are you familiar wi
th pentagonal num
bers?
First three are give
n to you. Write the
next one
* * *
* *
*
1 * *
5
*
*
12
Draw the dot patt
erns for the next
pentagonal numb
er. Count the
number of dots in
side the entire sha
pe and write the n
umber under
the shape.
2. Put tick mark in
the appropriate box
es if the given num
bers are divisible
by any of 2, 3, 4, 5
, 6, 8, 10, 11 num
bers.
2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
12/04/18
3. Cross Number Puzzle
Fill in the blank spaces in the
cross number puzzle using fo
llowing clues.
Down
(a) 59 ______ 63 ÷ 33
(b) 81 ______ 42 ÷ 6
(c) 7 ______ 6988 ÷ 11
(d) 37604 ______ 5 ÷ 15
12/04/18
(e) 56 ______ ÷ 10
Across
(f) 90 ______ 815
÷ 15
(g) 3514 ______ ÷
12
(h) 4 ______ 07 ÷
7
(i) 8 ______ 558
÷ 6
(j) 6 ______ 5 ÷ 5
5
12/04/18
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
418 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
UNIT-13
Rough Work
PLAYING WITH NUMBERS
MATHEMATICS
Rough Work
420 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
1. (d) 2. ( 3. 4. 5. 6. (a)
b) a) d) a)
7. (a)
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. (c)
c) ) b) a)
13. (b)
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. (d)
d) a) a) b)
19. (d)
20. 21. 22. 23. 24. (a)
a) a) a) d)
–45 5
31. 32. 33.
2
34.
no 1, – x
1
8 8
–7 3
41. positi 42. or 43. 44.
ve der 5 4
101
45.1 46.× 47. 48. Fals
3 –4 e
100
49. False 50. True 51. True 52.
False 53. True 54. True
55. True 56. False 57. False 58.
True 59. False 60. False
61. False 62. False 63. True 64.
True 65. False 66. False
67. True 68. False 69. False 70.
False 71. False 72. False
73. False 74. False 75. True 76.
False 77. False 78. False
12/04/18
79. False 80. True 81.
False 82. False 83. True
84. False
85. False 86. False 87.
False 88. True 89. True
90. True
91. True 92. True 93.
True 94. False 95. Tru
e 96. True
97. False 98. True 99.
True
100., , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , 16 –12
4 3 3 2 –4 28
1 1 1 1
2 2
− − 25 − 17
a)
102. (a) (b) (c)
106.
9 3 7 (distributiv
5 5 e law)
107. Associative property
(a)
111. or – 29
8 3 8
8 3 3
142 7 2 32 41
(a) or (b) (c) (d)
112.
15 15 7 63 48
113.
as it is smaller than –1 w
hereas rest of the number
s are greater
than –1
3
114. 115. 85 m or 1.5
Rs 18 m/h 2m
6.
117. Rs. 77,000 120.
118. 16 pieces 1920
119. 28
121. Rs 864, Rs 720, Rs 43
2
122. Rs 32,000, Rs 12,000,
Rs 16,000
123. Associative and com
mutative property.
124. (i) Commutative pro
perty.
(ii) Distributive property of
multiplication over addition.
(iii) Associative property.
(iv) Additive identity of ratio
nal number.
(v) Multiplicative identity of
rational number.
(i) (ii)
125. > >
9 1
0
– 2 7
127.
2 0 129 130
3 2 . . 5
1 39
, and
131. , 5 5
No. ,
,
6
6
6
6
6
12/04/18
11 0
13 m
24 7 5
4. 8 2
12
1 –or6
137. 2
(i)
19 209
140. a)m m
10 100
–1
7 cup
142.5
;
3
2
3 13
144. km km c) Nan
160 200 cy
145. 58 b)
117 km
146. (a) (b) Paper
ess than Glass
1
(c) (d) Paper > G
re 2 lass > Scrap
> Aluminium
cans
97 cm, 98 cm,
147.
98 cm, 97 cm
97 cm < 97 m
cm < 14
8.
616 5 60
308 7 7
1
150.10 , Assa
10, Bihar
,
10
P : m : :
624 7 565
31 0 113
2 6
3
5
3
Karnat
aka 10 , 10 , 10 ,
ala10 :
645 5 66
129 7 9
6
2
8
3
Mahara
shtra10 , Oris
10 , Punj
sa ab
10
12/04/18
598 6 589
299 3
7
Rajastha
n : 10 , Tamil10, U.P.
10,
adu :
628 314
West Bengal : 10 5
Kerala; Punjab; HP; Mahar
ashtra; Haryana; Tamil Nad
u; West Bengal;
Karnataka; Gujarat; Andhra P
radesh; Bihar; Rajasthan; UP;
Orissa; Assam;
MP.
152. 39 cm153. Manavi : R
s 315,Kuber : Rs 84
1.
24 104
–133 38 152
57 114
2.
Down 1: Down 2
Rationa : Additiv
l e
Down 3: Down 4: Re
Commut ciprocal (or I
ative nverse)
Down 5: I Down 6:
ndefinitely Division
D Down
o 8: Nu
w mber
n
7:
1
Acros Across 2
s 1:infi : Associ
nite ative
Across 3:M Across 4:
ultiplication Natural
Across 5: Across 6
Not define : Inverse
d
3. Riddle
S.No. Lowe S.No. Lowe
st Term st Term
Word Word
–
(1) 5 3 H
O
S
T
2 3
(2) 3 1 SH
A
RP
3 1
(3) 4 5 G
A
I
N
12/04/18
3. Riddle
S.No. L S.No. L
owest Ter owest Ter
m Wo m Wo
rd rd
4 1
(7) 5 4 A
W
A
Y
– –
(8)2 3 S
W
E
E
T
O__ __
(1)
(10
) ) ) ) )
4.
12/04/18
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (
d) (a) (b) (c) (d) b)
37. 20 38. Upp 40. Pa
er class limit 39. rts
9
52. Clas53. 54 55. Bars
s Intervals 2 . 56. likel
5 y
57. X, Y 58. 20-30 59.
True 60. False 61. Tru
e 62. True
63. True 64. True 65.
True 66. False 67. Tru
e 68. True
69. False 70. False 71.
True 72. False 73. True
74. False
75. False 76. True 77.
False 78. False 79. True
80. False
81. False 82. a) 20 b) 6
0 c) 4 d) 20-30 e) 30-
40 f) 10
84. a) 329 b) d) 2 hour
168 c) 301 s or more
1
85. a) d e) car
us b)4c) 72 ) and Wal
k
6
1
86. or or
2 ) 6 d) 6 3
0
87. a) Ce
rtain to ha (b) May or
ppen may not ha
ppen
c)Certain
to happe (d) Imposs
n ible to happ
en
e)Impossib
le to happe (f) May or
n may not hap
pen
88. Mathematics 180, Engl
ish 135, Social Science 30
Science 105, Hi 89. 28
ndi 90
90. (a) 42 (b) 150-155 (c)
5 (d) 28
12/04/18
91.
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92.
93.
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94.
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a) 25 - 30 b) 35 - 40
9 (i) 1 Cr
ore
(ii) 2.5 times
3
(iii)
10
98.
1
99. (a)
8
(b) ,
16 16
12/04/18
100. Class interval
|
|
|
|
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|
||||
|
a) 9 70 - 75
101. 12, 14, 06, 2,
1
102.
103.
12/04/18
104. a) 10-15, 15-20, 20-
25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40
b) 5
c) 10-15
d) 15-20
105. a) 5
b) maximum experience 2,
minimum experiences 5
c) 9
106
. 107
.
Stat
e Ba R
o
nk a
of I d
ndia
1
1 4
5 4
0 °
°
Electricity
54°
Bank of
Baroda Drinking
ab 5 water
85° 0 90°
nal °
1
0 1
8 0
. 9
.
64°
P
64° 5 a
6 c
i
f
i
c
o
c
e
a
n
1
4
4
°
3
2
2 Indian
64° 56° ocean
36° 72°
Others
110. (i) Cold drinks
(ii) 300
7
111. 1 3
4 8 8
1 3 1
112. d)
a) 10 0
2 1
0
113. a b) c) d) 1
) 32 2 2 8%
% 8% 2%
114. a) c) 3
32% b) 0%
3
8%
12/04/18
115. Ho -Rs 15,
using 000
Food
-Rs 10,0
00
Car loa
n -Rs 12,5
00
Utilitie
s -Rs 5,0
00
Phone
-Rs 2,5
00
Clothin
g -Rs 2,5
00
Entertainment -Rs
2,500
116. a) Newspaper
b) Radio
c) 39%
d) 63%
e) Internet, Webmedi
a
(I K Q Tot
) 10 9 al
8 7 6
5 4 3
A
Spade 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
13
Heart 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
13
Diamond 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
13
Club 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
13
52
1) 3) 4) 4 Spad
2 e, Heart, Di
3 amond, Clu
b
5)
6 6) 7) 3 8)
26 of ea 12
ch ty
pe
6 2 1
9) 3 1
52
12 3 2 2
(iv)
6 or 1 1
3 1
( 5 52
v
i
i
)
1
4 13 1
(x) 1
1 2
12/04/18
(II) (a)
Outcomes Sum Outcom
es Sum Outcomes S
um
(1,5 (4, (6, 9
) 1) 3)
(1, 6 (4 (6, 10
) , 2 4)
)
(2, 1 (4 (6, 11
) , 3 5)
)
(2, 2 (4 (6, 12
) , 4 6)
)
(2, 3) 5 (4, 5) 9
(2, 4) 6 (4, 6) 10
(2, 5) 7 (5, 1) 6
(2, 6) 8 (5, 2) 7
(3,1) 4 (5, 3) 8
(3, 2) 5 (5, 4) 9
(3, 3) 6 (5, 5) 10
(3, 4) 7 (5, 6) 11
(3, 5) 8 (6, 1) 7
(3, 6)
9 (6, 2) 8
(b)
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|
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12/04/18
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|
(III) 1. ||||||||
||||
||||
|||| |
B
|
C
|||| |||| ||||
D
|||| |
E
|||||||||||||||||||| |
F
|||| |
G
||||
H
|||| |
I
|||| |||| |||| |
J
K
L
|||| ||||
M
|||| |
N
|||| |||| |||| |
O
|||| |||| |
P
||||
Q
R
|||| |||| ||||
S
|||| |||| |||| |
T
|||||||||||||||||||||
U
|||| |
V
|
W
|
X
|
Y
|
Z
|
12/04/18
2. 2 ||||
|||| 2
letter |
| 0
s
|
|
3 le
tter ||||
||||| 1
s 8
4 le
tter ||||
||||| 1
s 8
5 le
tter |
s
08
6 le
tter | 0
s
more than
letters ||||
||||
||||
||||
||||
||||| 33
106
Crossword Answers
Across
1. Pie Chart
5. Five
7. Range
8. Event
9. Whole
10. One
12. Equal
Down
2. Histogram
3. Raw
4. Class Size
6. Frequency
11. Zero
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (
c) (a) (c (d) (b) c)
)
7.
b) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. (
(b) (c) (b) (b) b)
13.
b) 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. (
(a) (b) (d) (b) b)
19.
a) 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. (
(d) (b) (a) (c) d)
12/04/18
25. 2 2 2 2930.
8 6. 7. 8. . 3
2n
8 6 4
31. 30. 33 34. 100
25 32. . 00 35.
5.3 6 1000000
101. 10 a) 37
6; 2. b) 75
6 60;
60
104. 10
a) 5. 5.
2 b) 1
1.2 6;
37
106. 10 10 109.
41, 79 7. 8. 3600
10
24 61
11050 11 113.
. 5 1. 22500
7 m
.2
12/04/18
121 1 1 124.
. 4 2 2 52
2 3.
.
3
2
6
125. 1 127. 37 m
104 2 128. 3
6 .3 m
.
9
3
1
129. 130. 8, 132. m
900 , 20 131102
. 3600
133. 134 135
18 . 0 .
.3, 3.6
0.4
5, 0
.6
136. 50,653
137. 85, 184
138.
8836 139. 6, 141. 1
9, 30 96, 961
40. 104
142. 12, 21, 102, 201
Cross Number Puzzle
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (
c)
(c) (c (a) (b) c)
)
6
18. 19. 21. 3,
5 solu 4 and 5
tion
22. Rs 16. 24 25. – 60
50 23. . 26. –24
sign 10
27.
5 28. 29. 30. 4
7 6 x + 15
ye = 39
ars
31. x + 9 32. 100 33.
False 34. False 35. Fals
e 36. True
37. False 38. True 39.
False 40. False 41. False
42. False
43. False 44. True 45.
False 46. False 47. False
48. False
12/04/18
8
49. 5 5 x=
3
x = 0 1.
8 .
x
x =
7
= 17
–
2
31
53. x=
6 56.
x = x
0 = –
5
57.
x = 5 59 t = 0
2 8 .
. x
=
x –6
=
4
–12
61. 6 x=
5
64.
x = 2 x = 11
7 .
–8
x
=
2
65.
x=
9 6 x=
35 t = 1
6 7
.
x
=
5
69.
y= 7 y= x=
2 0 57 2.
. 18
x
=
3
7
1 7 –5
73.
x t= m= P=
= 3 5 22
17
77.
x 7 4500
79.
– 96 8 4
ers
0.
s
81.
50 8 83.
100 2. 24
84.
18
8 88.
5. 12, 4
2
2
3
8 9 91
9. .
12
5 ye
6 ar
s
7
92. Rs 4 94.
00,000 65, 6
3. 6, 67,
68
95.
14
1 kg l = 80 cm, b
3 = 40 cm
1
97.
A = 20 99.
ears, B 5 36
15 years
100. 20 101.
9 km/h
ays r
102. 500 R 103
s notes: 150, .
1000 Rs no 15
te: 25
9
104.
5 106. 100
107.
11 km/hr
108.
22 km/ 110.
hr, 30 x = 10
km/hr cm
111. 11 1
x = 3c 2. 1
m Rs 3.
80,
Rs 4
12 0
0
1. (a) x = 3 (b) Y
= 2 (c) Z = 2 (d)
P = 1 (e) Q = 6 (f)
R = 2
2.
12/04/18
1 2
3.(c) 6 (ii) (iii) (v) x
= 2 x = x = 7 = 60
(vi) x –7 24
–5 (vii)5 (viii)5 (ix) (x) x =
= = = 5 42
4. 1 2
6 ( ( (5) 6
2 2 3 7 0
) )
1
1
(6) 7 4
-5 (9) (10) 4
5 5 5 2
5. 1.
Subtract 2. 3. Dist
ion Eq ributive
uat
ion
4. Variable expre 6. Multi
ssion 5. Coef plication
ficient
7. Equivalent eq 9. Alg
uation 8. Ide ebra
ntity
10. Standar 11. Simpl
d form ified
6
12/04/18
1. 2. 6.
b) (c)
a)
Angl
es
61.0
6 C
0 2 o
. n
cave .
olygon
6 K
3 it
e
64.0 65. 66.
08 An e 9
quila
teral
trian
gle
67 69.
. 2n–4
Li
ne
se
g
m
en
ts
70.0 71 72. Tr
0 . apeziu
Sq m
ua
re
73. 75.
Rho 5
mbus
, Squ
are
76. 2 79.
includ O
ed ppo
77. Al site
l
8 81. 83.
0 Paral 9
. lelog
ram
5 82.
28c
m
84. 85. 86. 87.
Equ S 6cm
al ec qu
ag are
on
0
88.
S
upp
lem
ent
ary
Tru
91. Qu 9 e
adrilater 3
al 92. .
False
9 . F
4 alse
95. 9 9 98.
Tr 6 7 Tru
ue . . e
F
a
F l
a s
l e
s
e
99. 1 1 102.
Tru 0 0 Tru
e 0. 1. e
F Tr
al u
se e
103. 1 1 106.
Tr 0 0 Fals
ue 4 5. e
.
F
F al
a s
ls e
e
107. 1 1 110.
Fals 0 0 Fals
e 8. 9. e
F F
al al
s se
e
12/04/18
12 cm, 52 cm 20
20
149
. 4
0
151.
5 , 15 ea
75 ch
, 35
152.
(i)Yes, opposite sides of a
rectangle are equal.
(ii)Yes, MY and RX are perpe
ndicular to OE.
(iii)Yes, these are alternate in
terior angles.
(iv)Yes, MYO ≅≅≅ ∆∆
153.
50 , 155.
0
50 , 90
50
156. 13
5 , 45 157 15 159.
0
. 1 8.
00 2.
5
160. x =
2 161. x = 10 , y
= 20
162. x = 8
0 , y = 11 163.
0 x = 80
164. 105 eac
h, Parallelogra 165. 200
m , concave
166. 90
0
167. 135
0
360
168. Ext. angle of = 0
ular pentagon =
0
360
Ext. angle of regular = 36
cagon = 10
72 = 2 × 36 0
169. 74 0 170. 80
12/04/18
171.1∠1∠P = 180 – ∠P
es, 2 2SE ⇒ ∠E + ∠P =
360 – 2∠PSE
and ∠E + ∠P + ∠O +
∠H = 360
⇒ 360 – 2∠PSE + ∠
O + ∠H = 360
172. x = 90 , y =0
, z = 30
173. False
Trap ABCD
in which AD BC
174. ∠A = 120 , ∠B
= 105 , ∠C = 75 , ∠D
= 60
175. l m
∠DXY = ∠ (alt int. ∠
YA S)
DXY XYA
2 2
∠1 = ∠2 (XP and Y
Q are bisectors)
∴
XP (1)
QY
Similarly XQ (2)
PY
From (1) and (2)
PXQY is a parallelogr
am
∠DXY + ∠XYB =0
DXY XYB 1800
2 2 2
∠1 + ∠3 = (4)
90
In ∆∆∆ XYP
∠1 + ∠3 + ∠P = 0
90 + ∠P0 (from 4)
80
∠P = 90
From (3) and (5), PXQ
Y is a rectangle
176. (opp.
)
gm
∠A = Ls
∠C a
(÷2)
2 2
But ∠2 = ∠3 (all ∠s)
∴
∠1 = ∠3
12/04/18
But they are a pair of corresp
onding ∠s
∴
AX YC (1)
AY X (2) (AB
C
From (1) and (2)
177. Given: (i) ABCD gm
(ii) ∠1 = ∠2
To Prove: (i) ∠3 = ∠4
(ii) ABCD is rhombus
Proof: (i) ∠1 = ∠4
∠2 = ∠3 (alt ∠s)
But ∠1 = ∠2
∠3 = ∠4
(ii) ∠1 = ∠2 (given alt.)
∠2 = ∠3
∠1 = ∠3
Hence CD = DA
∴ ABCD is a rhombus
178. 135 , 45 , 135 , 45
179. 60 , 120 , 60 , 120
180. 45 0
181. Given:
ABCD is , bisector of ∠
= ∠2,
gm
bisects BC in
e. ∠1
CF = FB
Const: Draw FE BA
Proof: ABFE is a
onst. (FE
∠1 = ∠6 (alt. ∠)
But ∠1 = ∠2
(given)
∴
∠2 = ∠6
AB = FB (
1)
(sides opp s)
to equal ∠
∴ ABFE is a rhombus
In ∆∆∆ ABO and ∆∆
12/04/18
AB = BF from (1)
BO = BO Commo
n
AO = Diagonals bi
FO sect each ot
her
∆ ∆∆
∠3 = ∠4
1
BF = BC (given)
2
1
BF =AD (BC = AD
2 )
1
AE = AC (BF = AE
2 )
∴ E is mid point of AD
182. 9 0
183. 3, 3, 3. So, max
imum number of acut
e angles is always 3.
184. (a) 116 0
185. 30cm
186. ∠A + ∠D = 180
105 + ∠D
= 180 X
∠
D
=
7
5
Steps of construction
1. Draw AB = 4 cm
2.
aw A Y
∠BAX 7
5
= 105
3. Mark a
point D on
AX 1
such
that
AD =
3cm
4 cm
4. Draw DY
∠ADY = 75 0
5. Mark a point C su
ch that CD = 8cm
6. Join BC. X
ABCD is the
required trap
ezium.
18 C
7.
O
pp
si
de
s
of
a
g
m
ar
e
eq
ua
l.
A
B 5 5
m
B
12/04/18
1. Draw AB = 4 cm
2. Draw ray BX such that
∠ABX = 60 0
3. Mark a point C such
that BC = 5cm
4. With C and A as centre,
draw arcs intersecting at
a point D respectively
ABCD is the required
parallelogram.
188. ∠B = 60 (suppose)
∠A + ∠B = 180 (sum of co-
interior angles)
∠A + 60 = 180
∠A = 120 0
AB = BC = CD = DA = 5cm
Steps of construction
1. Draw AB = 5cm
2. Draw ray AY such that ∠
BAY = 120
3. Mark a point D such tha
t AD = 5cm
4. Draw ray BX such that
∠ABX = 60
5. Mark a point C such that
BC = 5cm
6. Joint C and D
∴
ABCD is the required rhom
bus
189. Diagonals of a rectangl
e are equal.
AC = BD = 5 cm
Steps of construction
1. Draw AB = 3 cm
2. Draw a ray BX such that
∠ABX = 90
3. Draw an are such that A
C = 5cm
4. With B as centre, draw a
n arc of radius 5cm. With C
as centre
draw another arc of radius
3cm which intersect first ar
c at a
point, suppose D.
5. Join CD and AD
12/04/18
ABCD is the required
rectangle.
190.
191.
U E
L C
1
A
R
7 cm
5 cm
B 6 c E
m
RA = 5 cm
12/04/18
194. Cyclic quadrilateral
∠B = ∠D (Angle in a semic
90 ircle)
∠A = ∠C = 90
∠B + ∠D = 180
∠A + ∠C = 180 0
opposite ∠s are supplement
ary.
195.
196. No,
In a ∆∆∆ ,
AB + BC > AC
197. No,
∠O + ∠R + ∠A = 120 +0
+ 135 = 360
1 Diag
onals
bisect
s at ri
ght an
gle
12/04/18
199.
Fourth angle = 360 –
(60 +110 +85 )
= 360 – 255 = 105
0
2 S
120
5 c
6.5 m
cm
60
R I
7 cm
Other side = 5 cm
201. 72 0
202. ∠I + ∠S =0
60 + ∠S = 180 0
∠S = 120 0
A 6.4 cm B
203.
D 9.6 cm E C
BEC is an equilateral
triangle
∠A = 120 , ∠B = 60
12/04/18
Across
1. Trap
ezium 2. 3.
Polyg Kite
on
4. Dia
gonal 5. Perpendicula
r 6. Opposit
e
7.
Eight 8. 9. Re
Tri gular
ang
le
10. Nine
Down
11. He
ptagon 12. 13. Par
Adjac allelogra
ent m
14.
Equal 15. 16. Bi
Penta sect
gon
17. Rhombus
12/04/18
1. 2. 6.
c) (d)
(
a
)
7.
a) 8. 10. 11.12.
(b)
(c ) )
)
13.
(b) 14. 15. 16.17.18.
(b)
) ) d) )
19.
(b) 20. 21. 22. cube
23. cubo
) ) id 24. 4
25. n+
1 26. 27. Prism 2
30 8. Cone 29.
Five 30.
Six
31. S
ame 33. 35.
2. 4 1: 7
44
00
00
0
36. top
37. eight 39.40. Co
38. 12 Five
ngruent
41. a) Front view
Side view
Top view
b) i) Side view
ii) Top view
iii) Front view
c) i) Side view
ii) top view
iii) Front view
d) i) Side
ii) Front
iii) Top
42. False 43. False
44. True 45. Fal
se 46. False 47.
False
48. False 49. False
50. True 51. Fal
se 52. False 53.
True
54. False 55. True
56. True 57. Fa
lse 58. True 59.
True
60. True 61. True
62. (a) 6, 8, 12, 14,
14,
(b) 4, 4, 6, 8, 8
(c) 5, 5, 8, 10, 10
(d) 5, 5, 8, 10, 10
(e) 6, 6, 10, 12, 12
(f) 7, 7, 12, 14, 14
(g) 5, 6, 9, 11, 11
(h) 6, 8, 12, 14, 14
12/04/18
(i) 6, 8, 12, 14, 14
(j) 7, 10, 15, 17, 17
(k) 10, 16, 24, 26, 26
(l) 9, 14, 21, 23, 23
63. a) 4
b) 6
c) 9
d) 8
64.
65. ( (c) n
a) 1 one
(b)
n
on
e
(d)
9 (e (f)
) 12
4
66. (
a) 1 ( (c)
b none
)
2
(d) 1
6 (e) (f)
1 9
8
67. (c), (f), (m) and (k) are n
ot polyhedrons
68. ( 0
a) 1 (
(c) 1
0 (
(e)
11 ( ( (h)
110
(i)
113 ( ( (l)
j k 14
) )
1
5
6
6
12/04/18
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
12/04/18
(i)
(j)
70. x = 15
y = 8
z = 9
p = 8
q = 8
r = 17
71. Yes, draw an octagonal
pyramid.
72. No.
73. 22
74. (a)
14 (b) (c) 1
10 6
75. 30
76. 22
77.
78.
12/04/18
79.
80. i) b
ii) d
iii) a
iv) c
81. 1. 2.
Prism, Pyra
Pyramid mid
3. C
one, 4. P
Cylind rism,
er Pyram
id
5. Cyl
inder, P 6.
rism Pyra
mid
7. Cone
82.
83.
84. 7
85.
86. F = n+1
V = n+1
E = 2n
12/04/18
87.
It is a cuboid. Yes.
88. a) Cylindrical mounte
d by hemi sphere.
b) Hexagonal prism mounte
d by a cone.
89. Cuboid
91. a) Cube
b) Cuboid
c) Cylinder
d) Cone
e) Square Pyramid
f) Triangular prism
92. a) 2.1 acre
b) Govt Model School I and
II
c) Park A
d) B block
e) 6
93. a) AIIMS and Safdarja
ng Hospital
b) Sirifort Auditorium, Bhel
, Asiad Tower
c) August Kranti Marg
94. a) Flower Road
Khel Marg, Mall Road
and Sneha Marg,
b) Stadium, Sector 27
B Town, B Town India
c) Sneha Marg
d) H.N.I, Nr. Bank
Sector 19, B Town India
e) Sector 27
f) Sector not mentioned
g) 3.
12/04/18
96. 9 98.
1:2 7 25 k
. m
5
:
1
99. 1) 60 km
2) 20 km
3) 35 km
100.
10 mm 101. a) 1 cm
= 4 m b) 1 in
ch = 9 feet
102. 12 cm
Across
1. Pris 2. Pentagon
m al
5. Cubo7. Tetrahedr
id on
8. Convex
Down
2. Pyramid
3. Diagonal
4. Sphere
6. Cone
7. Two
9. Vertex
12/04/18
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (
b) (b) (b) (d) (d) b)
39. 2 40. a + b 41.
ab – 2 ab 42. p
b olynomial
58. 59. False 60.
x + False 61. Tru
2y e 62. False
63. True 64. True 65.
False 66. False 67. Fals
e 68. True
69. False 70. False 71.
False 72. True 73. False
74. False
75. True 76. True 77.
False 78. True 79. Fals
e 80. True
81.i) 10 ii) 10a
a bc x – 2by
– abc + 2cz
vii) 6ab + 21ac + 6bc
iii) 2ab c – iv) –7t + 12t
4a b c + 7a – 6t + 4t + 5
bc
v) 3ab – 7bc + vi) – 33p
ac + 10abc – 77 pq
vii) – 3ap – 3pr – 3pq – 3px
12/04/18
vii) 7p qr – 7pq r + 7
pqr viii)x y z – x
y z + x y z
ix) pq – 7 12 xii) –
+ 6q – 42 91 S t
x) 0
xiii) 4
3 xv) a2
ab b xvi)
) b +
c + c
17 2
xvii) p 2 xy
4pqr +
19
xix) p q – 2q xx)2x
– 6– 3x – 23x + 42
84. ii
i) 18 )
x +
8y 2
4
x
y
49
iii)a +b2 x
81
y
16
9
4
v) 7 vi)
.2 p 2.5
q m
+
viii)2 3 x) 2
+ 49b
b
85. i) ii) x
x y + y – 2
2xy z + x y +
y z x y
16
iii)a + 2 x –
25
2xy +
y
16
v) p + vi) x
25
+ + 10x
+ 21
2
16 4xy
vii) 4 3y
x +
4x –
63
25 5 16
ix) – x)
4x
–
20
xy
+
25
y
12/04/18
2
xi) a – xii) x
9 9 – y
xiii) a +4 xiv) 49x
b + b + 70x + 2
5
xv) 1296a +
2401 b – 352 xvi) 0.81
2
8a b – 0.9pq +
5q
86. i) ii) iii) 1
2704 0609
2
4
0
1
x) 1
88.
i) iii) x (ax
b ( ii) – – bx + c)
+ (x + a
iv) lm v) 3r (
n (lm + pq – 2p
mn – l q r –
n) 5r)
vi) xy (x vii) 2xy (
y + xy – 2y – 5x + 8
y + 1) xy + 1)
viii) a (2a – 3ab + 5b – b)
ix) 3pqrs (21pqr – 3qrs + 5p
rs – 20pqs)
x) xyz (24 xz – xi) (a + 1)
6y z + 15xy – 5) (a + 1)
xii)(x + y) (l + m) xiii) x (a
– x ) (a + x)
xiv) (x + 2y) (2x – 1)
xv)(y – 4z) (y xvi) x (ax + b
– 2x) y) (y – z)
xvii) (a + a + bc) (b + c2
iii) (2a + 3b) (x + y)
89.(i)(x + 3) (ii)
(x + 6)(iii) (x + 7)
x + 3) x + 6) (x + 7)
12/04/18
(iv)
( (v)
(
2x
+
1)
(2
x
+
1)
(vi)
(a (ax + b) (
x ax + b)
+
1)
(a
x
+
1)
(viii) (ax + by) (ax + b
y)
(ix) (x)
(2 (4x
x + + 5
3) ( ) (4
2x x +
+ 3 5)
)
(xi) (xii)
(3x (3y
+ 4) + 5)
(3x (3y
+ 4) + 5)
(xiii) x (ax +
2x b) (ax +
(x + b)
6) (
x +
6)
(xv)
x (2
x +
3) (2
x +
3)
(xvii) x x
90.( (x – 5) (
x x – 5)
(iii) (x – 7) (y – 7)
(
(p b)
1)( (2
– a
–
b)
(vi)
(p (ay – b) (
y ay – b)
–
1)
(
p
y
–
1)
(viii (ix)
) ( (2
3x y –
– 2) 3) (
(3x 2y
– 2) – 3
)
(x (xi) y (
) ay – b)
(ay – b
)
(xii)
91.( (x + 5) (
x x + 4)
+
1
3
)
(
x
+
2
)
(iii)
( (iv)
x
+
(p +
1)
(v)
( (y – 5) (
y y + 3)
+
7
)
(
y
–
3
)
(vii (x – 7) (
) ( x – 3)
9 +
x) (
2 +
x)
(ix)
( (x + 11)
x (x – 7)
–
1
2
)
(
x
–
5
)
(xi)
( (p – 15) (
y p + 2)
+
4
)
(
y
+
3
)
(xiii)
(a – 20) (a + 4)
12/04/18
92.(i)
(x ii) (2
– x – 5
3) y) (2x
(x + 5y)
+
3)
iii) (2x iv) 3a b
– 7y) (2 (b – 3a) (
x + 7y) b + 3a)
v) 7a (2y – vi) (3x –
5x) (y + 5 1) (3x + 1
x) )
vii) 25
a (x – 1
) (x + 1)
ix) x) (7x –
6y) (7x +
6y)
xi) xii)
5
5
xiii) x y
x y
2 2
3
2
3
xv)xy xvi) 11xy (11
x – y) (11x + y)
xvii
)
xiv) 2ab ( (x – 1) (x + 1
2a – 2ab ) (x + 1)
+ b )
xx) (y – 5) p (p – 2) (p
(y + 5) (y + 2) (p + 4)
+ 25)
xxii) (2x – 3) (x – y) (x + y
(2x + 3) (4x ) (x + y )
+ 9)
xxiv) (y – 3) (y + 3) (y + 9)
xxv) (2x – 5y) (2x + 5y) (4x
+ 25y )
xxvi)
(a – 2b xxvii) 8
+ c) (a – xy (x +
c) y )
xxviii)
(x – y) (x + xxix) 2a (2a
y) (x + y – 1) (2a + 1)
1)
xxx) xxxi) (3x –
3y – 3) (3x +
3y + 3)
12/04/18
(i (
v v
) )
x x
+
2 +
0
a 5
n
d a
x n
– d
1
x
+
4
xz
3
94. (iii)
(i) –
3x 17
y bc
3 3 3
(iv)
2 3
95.(i) r x
x
– 2 d
pqr d d
(iv) r
z x
96.
(i) ( (iii)
2
x x
–
9
(iv)
3x ( (vi)
– 2 v x – 2
)
3
(
x
+
4
)
(vii) x + 25
97.
2x 9 99.
+ 3 8 x + 8
y .
3
x
+
4
y
1
10 2
0.
y
–
4
103. (x 104. + y )
25) (x – 5) xy (
105. Rs x + 8x + 16;
Rs 196
106. 4x 107.
– 9 sq. u 44 (a
nits; 391 b – b (
sq. units –2ac))
1 11
0 0.
8. 22
5
1
0
0
111 112.
. 7 12
2
1 143(iv)
(iii) 8
2
115. 3a + ab +2
c + 2b – 6bc – 4c
116. –b 11
+ 2b + 7.
7b – 8; 1 5
6 1
x
118. 119.
x (p
+ q
– pq)
(p +
q +
pq)
120.
( (x – x
+ 1)
122. 124.
Side 10x (
= 25 2x +
units; 1) sq.
x = 5 units
125.
(i) (ii (iii) –
– ( ) (a)
b) –
(
c
)
12/04/18
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (
c) (a) (b) (a) (c) c)
1
37 –6 40. N
. egative
1
2 6
–36
36
41.
Posit 4 44.
ive 13 22
2.
1
0
1 0 4 ×
48. 34
10000 49. 50. 51. 3
–2
39461 6 or 81
0
52.1
1 53. 0.00 55. 10
00003 25 ×
54. equ
al
56. –9
10 57. 4
0.00
000
000
0
1
59.10 60. 61. 62.
12144 6 0
or
1
63.–5 6 6 66.
5 False
.
4
9
67. 6 69. 70.
True 8. Fal True
se
Tr
u
e
71.
Flase 72 73. 74. F
. Fal alse
Fl se
as
e
75.
False 76 77. 78.
. Fal True
Fa se
lse
79.
True 80 81. 82.
. Fal True
Fa se
ls
e
83.
True 8 85. 86.
4. Tr True
ue
Tr
u
e
87.
False 88 89. 90.
. Tr True
Fa ue
lse
–1
1
91.(i) 10 (ii)
5
2
12/04/18
3
1 3
92. –
8
3 9
4 −
−6
95. 4 (b)
2
97. – 128
5
2
1
9
(i) 7
1 102
9 0 4
99.
(i) x (ii) (iii)
x = 0
– 2 = –
100. –4 10 102. 1
3 × 10 1. 103.
(10 1
0)
4
104.
9 1 106.
8
0 3.9
5 10
9
0 .
x
=
2
107. 5.678
-6 108. 1.31
6
× 10 2 × 10
109.
6.0
9 1.57 11
5.913 ×
10 0 1. 10 km
0 × 10 3.7
g 2 ×
10
kg
115. (a)
–
2 (b)
1.673 × 2.2
× 1
0
cm
(c) 3.34 12
× 10 to
ns
(e) 5.6
4
5
10
(g) 6.3 (h) 5
072 × 1 .0 × 1
0 sec 0 cm
116. 119.
x
= –
1
1 n =
1 9
8.
n
=
1
120.
3
4 = 123.
625 0 6 16 k
0 g
124.
(a)
24 (b)
4
8
2
2
127. (a)
12/04/18
1 1
1 2 2
.
1 1 1 1
2 1 4
4
2 2
2
1 1 1 1
3 3 8
8
2 4
4
1 1 1 1
4 7 1 16
6
2 8
8
1 1 1 1
5. 1 3 32
5 2
2 1
6
16
1 1 31 1 1
6. 2 3 6 64
2 4
32
1 1 63 1 1
7. 2 6 1 128
4 2
64 8
1
1 1
2 12
8 256
128 25
6
1 1 1
9. 512
2 25 51
6 2
256
1 1 1
10. 1024
2 51 102
2 4
512
n
1
127. (b) 1–
2
n
1
(c) No, because for reach
ing 1, 2
which is not possible.
12/04/18
128. (a)
x x x
1 1 2 3 4
5 6 7
8
1 4 9 16
3 1 8 27
4 1 16
5 1 32
6 1 64
7 1 128 2187 16384
78125
8 1 256 6561 65536
390625 1679616 5764801
16777216 43046721 10000
0000
2,4, 3,9, 4,6 5
6 7,9,
8,6 7,1
( (4)
b) 5
( (5)
1) 0
6
(c)
(1) (4
1 )
1
129. (a)
un - 1.993
0 Merc
23
10 ury
3.3
10
Venus 24
87 × 10 Earth
24
5.97
10
Mars -29
2 × 10 Jupiter
27
- 1.9
10
Saturn26
68 × 10 Uranus
25
- 8.68
10
Neptune
.02 × 1026 Pluto
22
.27
Moon - 7.35 × 10
22
(b) Pluto < Moon < M
ercury < Venus < Eart
h < Uranus < Neptune
<
Saturn < Jupiter < M
ars.
(c) Venus
130. (a)8
un - 1.496 Jupite
8
10 r -
83
10
Mars -8
79 × 10 Mercury
7
- 5.79
10
Neptune9
497 × 10 Pluto
9
.9 ×
Saturn 9
427 × 10 Uranus
9
2.87
0
Venus - 1.082 × 10
8
(b) Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, Nepu
te,
Pluto.
131. (a)
Lead (b) Tit
anium
(c) Hydrogen < Lithi
um < Titanium < Silve
r < Lead
132. 2.8968192 × 10
m 133. 2.543 × 10
m
12/04/18
134. 0.00 135. 9.10938
0000767 26 × 10 g
136. Six thousand one hun
dred million.
137. (a) Generati
on Ancestor
1
2
2
2 2
12
2 12
(b)
2
138. 1610 billion in a week
12
or 1.61 × 10
83950 billion in an year14
8.395 × 10
1
139. 140.
37 (b) 5 half
37.5 g (a) lines
141. 1.3 × 10 142. 5.0 × 10
m m
144. 14 1
4 6
145. 1.15 × 10 days
146. (a) Bajra, Jawar, Rice
(b) Bajra 1.3 × 10 3
Jawar 1.26 × 10 6
Rice 3.6 × 10 3
Wheat 7.0 × 10 5
(c) 3.0 × 10 hectares
147. 40 cm
148. (a) (×2 ) and yes (×5 )
hooked together
(b) (×4) machine
149. 64 cm
150. (a) Two times
Total stretch is 10,000
(b) Five times
Total stretch 16,807
(c) Seven times
Total Stretch is 78,125
12/04/18
151. (×4 152. It
, (×8 ), (×2 will rema
) machines in same.
153. (a) They
do not change(b) 1 1
its length. 54. 3 c
m
1 1
155.
(i) 1cm or 0.12 cm 15
(ii)85 cm 97. 5
6.
1
158. )
(b) (c)
(a) (× × 5
2) 2
159. 9 12 (c)
61
2 7
(d)2y 3
160. (a) Yes, (c)
(× 7 ) (b) No
No
(d) Yes, (x (0.5) ) (e)
Yes, (x12 )
1
163.
(a) ( (c) 5 cm
× 2 ) (change in
question)
(d) 3 cm
164. (a)
2 × 5 (b) 1
× 11
(c) (x3
7) (d) 101
× 111
165.2 x
, x9
167. a × 2 168.
5, a × 125, × 12
a × 625 5
169.
5
170. Give them a 8 ×
8 grid
Now find sum of each
row, e.g. 1st row
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2
= 255
2nd row
= 2 + + + + + + 2
+ 2
12/04/18
= 2 (2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
+ 2 )
= 2 × 255
= 256 × 255
= 65280
3rd row
= 2 × 255
= 16711680
2 = 256
2 = 2 × 2 8
= 256 × 256
and so on
171. Diameter of sun is 100
times the diameter of earth)
172. 29 kg 173. 1492.16 ×
2 × 10 10 m 174. 2.7 × 1
0 sec
64
175. 3 176.
27
177. (1) (2) (3) x
x = – 2 x = – = 6
7
(4) x =
7 (5) x (6) x =
= – 1 4
3 1 1
178. (4)
1) 2 2
2 2
8 2
180. ( 8 (4)
1) 2 0
1
5 ) 1
6
9
0
(5) 3 × t 2 (6) (3t)6
12/04/18
Activity 1
1
2
3
4
(a 40 (c) 9
) cuts
2
(d)
2
Formula – A × 2 (cha
nges made in question
)
(e) 8192 cm 2
Activity 2
(a)
(c) At l
east 11 s
(b) , teps
3
12/04/18
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (
a) (b) (b) (a) (c) a)
24. Disco 25. Discoun
unt = M.P. t = Discount
– S.P. % of M.P.
Rn
A =P
26. Sal
27. 28. Sales tax =
es tax + 100tax% of Bill amo
unt
29. Con 30. Over
version p head expe
eriod nses
31.
Mar
ked
Pric
e
33. equal, d 34. Rs
enominator 1,000
35. A = Rs 9331.20, CI = 13
31.20 36. Rs 27,000
1
37. 10%, 1 years
2
40
38. x x = 1,12,000 (Let C.P
100. be x)
140x
= 1,12,000
100
800
1,12,000 ×100
x= =8000
1
39.
%
3 41. Rs 36
4 42.
Rs 10,000
12/04/18
55. 5 58.
Fals 6 False
e .
T
r
u
e
59. 6 62.
Tr 0 False
ue .
F
a
l
s
e
63. 6 66.
Tr 4 840
ue .
T
r
u
e
67. 29.67 kg, 23.73
kg, 10.79 kg or 10.8 k
g (approx.)
68. (a) Rs 5177.
(b) Rs
50 (b) Rs 1280.510,000
0 69. (a) Rs
0
70. (a)71. Rs %
10% 380 72.
) 3% Increase
5.76
74. 37
03 75. 301
9.14
3
76. (a) 40%
2
(b)
3 3
55.84
77 %, 2.
. 23%
Rs 66
78 4.95
. (b) Rs
(a) 1243.
26
(c) Rs 2305.38 (d) S
ervice Tax = Rs 6.29,
Total = Rs 4219.88
79.
(a) Rs 3,200 (b) Rs
43,200 (c) Rs 3,456
(d) Rs 46,656
80.
(i) 57. 82.
55% 12.5
(ii) 22. %
65%
83. Bil 882.9 + 3
l amou % = Rs 90
nt Rs 5 9.39
82.01
85.
(i) Rs 5,000 (ii) Rs
1,05,000 (iii) Rs 5,2
50 (iv) Rs 1,10,250
86. Gain 88. Rs
27.08% 7,840 89
87. Rs 6 . 7305.3
30 8
90. 91. 92. 0% g
s 25,07,00 ain or no p
00 ,000 rofit no los
s
93. Petrol 10.96%, D
iesel 6.09%, LPG 8.2
0%
94. A B. 1
. 42.06 5.94
% (inc % (de
rease) creas
e)
C. 83. D. 8.
34% ( 34% (
decrea decrea
se) se)
95. 18 96.
.027% Loss
or 18.0 = 0.2
3% 5%
98. Rs 8
97. 64
4
0%
Rs 3561.
60 1
00. 30%
101. Rs 103. Rs
8,400 10 1653.60,
2. Rs 800 Rs 1620
104. Amount = Rs 1
0,75,840, Interest = R
s 51,840
105. Amount to be p
aid = Rs 3798.50
106.
(a) 1
(b)
690
mg
(c)
120
%
(d)
3 :
7
0
12/04/18
108. At store A the game is l
ess expensive.
109. (a) Rs 30.60 (b) Rs 59
.40
110.
(a) No 2 method will give
a lower price.
(b) Method 1 : Rs 202.50, Me
thod 2: Rs 190
(c) Method 1, because in thi
s method actual discount is l
ess.
111. Neelgiri apartments w
ill be cheaper for the first tw
o months by Rs
900.
112. 20% increase is on or
iginal amount (if original pri
ce is Rs 100 so
increased price would be Rs
120) but 20% decrease is on i
ncreased
amount (i.e. 20% of 120 wo
uld be Rs 24), so decrease
d amount
would be 120-24 = 96. Hence
decreased price is less than t
he original
amount.
3
113. 1. 93.3%2.
2. SPF - 4
4
3
3. False, as accord
affect of U
ing to the claim, 100
V rays
1
1 minute = 33 SPF
3
Affect ≠
30 SPF claim
114. Rs 12,50,000
115. Original price = Rs 3.9
7 per kg. Reduced Price = R
s 3.38/kg
116. (
1) 81. (2) (3) (4)
6 9 8 84
0.4 5
(5) 8
6.67
(6) 8
2.5 (7) (8)
90 82
(9) 86.6
7 (10) (11) 88.
87 5
117. 91.43%
118. Minakshi must finish g
reater per cent of homework
at home.
119.
36% 120. 121. 122. 4.
44. 37.52 431 gra
4% kg m
123. He is finding what per
cent is 5 of 32.
124. Brand 1 (X) has greate
r sales tax rate
Brand 1 : 7.14%
Brand II (Y) : 4.84%
12/04/18
1. 6.
(c) (a)
7.
(a) 10.11.12.
(a)
) )
13.
(a) 14 15. 16. 17. d
. irectly
(c) ) )
18. inve
rsely 19. direct,
directly
20.
inver 21. i
se, i nvers
nver ely
sely 22.
x/y
2 .
3
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
2
4
25. 16
/3h or 5 27.
h 20 mi 96
ns
28.
directl 29. 30. ab,
y cons constan
tant t
31.
ra 3 33. direc
tio 2. tly 34.
9.6 km
pr
o
d
u
ct
1
35. = 8
37.
4h or y
2h
15
min
s
a
38 b 40. 4
. a 80 cm
= b
41. 42. 43. 44.
288 0.25 Fal False
rs 0 k se
m
45.
Fals 4 48.
e 6 False
.
F
a
l
s
e
49.
Tr 5 51.
ue 0 False
.
F
a
l
52. l
Fa
53.
Fals 5 56.
e 4 False
.
T
r
u
e
57.
False 5 59.
8. True
Tr
u
e
60. (i) In
versely (iii) Inve
(ii) Dire rse (i
ct v) Dire
ct
(v) Direct
61.
(i) (ii (iii (iv)
Dire ) ) Direct
ct Di Di
re re
ct ct
(v) Neither
62.
(i) (ii) (iii) Inver
Dir se (iv
ect N ) Direct
eit
he
r
(v) Direct
63.
y = 64 l = = 20
30 . 40
x
=
12
8
3
67.
39 68. 448 pers
8 on 69. 54
0 words 70.
96 km/h
1
k=
71.
(i)k (iv)
m 3 l =
11 m = 2
4
72.
s 9,00 73. 74. x =
0 8.75 72, y =
cm 45
75. 7 77. (i)
280 No (ii)
m Yes (iii
) Yes
12/04/18
78.(i) 27/2 = p, 36/13 = q,
108/25 = r
(ii) x = 45, y = 7.2, z = 9
(iii) l = 12, m = 20/3, n = 1
2/5
79. (i) Rs 5
40 (ii) 80. 12 pum
60 m ps 81. Rs
4,800
82. 9 m
83. 25 days
84.
(i) mixture (iii) mixture F
(ii) mixture, (iv) mixture
D, G
Lightest blue shade in mixtur
e D.
30 containers of blue colours
75 containers of white colour
s
85. Purple
(=12), Blue (=20),Whi
te (=16)
Total = 12 + 20 + 16 = 48
Statement I : P : Total = 12 :
48 = 1 : 4
Statement II : B : Total = 20 :
48 = 5 : 12
Statement III : W : Total = 16
: 48 = 1 : 3
Statement IV : P : B : = 12 : 2
0 = 3 : 5
Statement IV : P : W : = 12 :
16 = 3 : 4
86. 5
weets 87. 21 person
11 co 89.5 km
ws
90. 9.00 A.M.
91. 1 -
H, 2 - D, 3 4 - F
- G,
5 - C6 - A 7 - B 8 - E
12/04/18
103. 1/2 cup quick c
ooking gas
1/6 cup bread flour
1/6 cup sugar syrup
1/2 tablespoon cooki
ng oil
2/3 cup water
3/2 tablespoons yeast
1/2 tea spoon salt
104. 105
8 ne . 1
w tea 25
chers mil
es
106. (a) Rs 425, (b)
480 posts
Acros Dow
s n
1 Direc 2 Inver
tly se
4 Unit 3 Equiv
ary alent
5 Le 6 Con
ss stant
7 Propor 7 Prod
tion uct
9 Decre 8 Incre
ase ases
1. 2 4. 6.
c) . (c)
(
c a
) )
7.
d) 8. 10. 11.12.
(d)
a) ) )
13.
(c) 14. 15.16.17.18.
(d)
) a) b) )
19.
(c) 20. 21.22. 23.24.
(a)
) a) a) )
25.
(c) 26. 27 28 29. 24
. . 30.
a) (c) (c) None
1
31. 3
4
1
0a
35. 2 (h +
5 h ) d
0%
4
39. 4 41. r
wo tim ectang
es ular, di
fferent
42.
equa 4 44. 2
l 3 πrh (
. h +
2
π
r
h
45.
46. 48.
π agonal Equal
r h s
47.
wice
49.
Vo 50. : 1 52.
lum L 36
e ate
ral
53.
Tr 5 56.
ue 4 False
.
F
a
l
s
e
57.
Fals 5 59.
e 8 False
.
T
r
60. s
Fal
12/04/18
64. 1,050 m 65. Rs 528
66. (1) 352.8
m , 468.3 2 (2) 106.3
m , 102.8
0 m
(3) 13.35 m , 235.6 m 2
80. 6
00 m 81. 1304683. 2
cm 82.9.5 cm
72 cm
84. 228.85 cm 85. 88.2
8 cm
x3
86.(a) : 5 88. 1
( : 2π
b
)
6
y
2
89. 43.12
m 90. r = 21 cm, h
= 14 cm
91. V = 11440 cm , Weight
= 91520 g
92. (a) doub (b) Half o
le of the origi f the origin
nal al
(c) One fourth 93. 27 times
of the original the original
94.
h = 20 cm 95. 13280
cm 96. 22.68m , 2268
0 l
97. 64 cubes 98. 675
2 cm 99. 45,000 m
100.
1390.72
2
0.78 m
cm
102. 42038.8 104. B Pipe
57 103. 1400 105. 200
cm m
106.
1 da 107. 108. 18
y 1440 48 cm
109. 25 d
m, 20 dm, 1 r = 0.07m,
5 dm 0.44m
1
111.
(a) 27 t 3850
2
64
es (b) m
i
m = 110
e cm
s
113. 445 r = 8 cm,
2
000 cm ,= = 603.428
44.55 l m
115. 11180400 cm , 11.180
400 cm 116. 621600 l
117. 10 118. h = 8 m, b
00 = 10 m
119.
1 : 1 6500
3 2
m
122. 201123. 401.2
124 2
6 cm 2042 . m
125. 70
cm 126. 5082 cm
3
3811.5 cm
12/04/18
1. 6.
b a
7. 1 11. li
d 0. ne gra
ph
d
12. graph 13. pair o
f 14. y-axis 15. x-
axis y-axis
48. (a) x
(b)
12/04/18
49. (a)
(b)
50. (a) 264 unit (b) r = 35
unit
51. (a) Maximum temp. in °
C in the two consecutive wee
ks.
(b) First
week (c) (d) Fr
Wedn iday
esday
(e) 1st week - 37°C, 2nd wee
k - 33°C
(f) Sunda
y (g) Wednes
day
52. (a)
April (b) Ma(d) 250 (f) 2
rch (c) (e) /3
April 5
53. (a) Subjects marks obta
ined (out of 10) by Sania in t
wo terms exams
in class VIII.
(b) Mat
hs (c) English
& Maths
(d) Englis
h & Hindi(e) 6 (f) Sam
e in boths (g) Test I
Maths
54. (A) (
1, 1) E (5 I (4,4
, 1) )
(B) (3, 0 F (6, J (4, 5
) 3) )
12/04/18
(f) P after 1 hour
R after 5 hours
Q after 3 hours
S after 6 hours
59. 60. D (3, 0
D (4, ) No 61.
4) (2, 2)
62. (a) Ve (c) Satu
ndor A rday to S
) Sunday unday
(d) Thursday (e)
Tuesday & Wednesday
63. ( (b (c)
a) 7° ) 3°C
C 6
a.
m
.
(d) betw (e) bet
een 8 am ween 8 a
to 9 am m to 9 a
m
64. ( (b) 20 cm m
a) 90 ore (c) betw
cm een 4 yrs to 6
yrs
65. Sneha made lea
st progress between 2
5 minutes to 40 minut
es
66. (a) E ( J (2, 1.
0.5, 0.5) 5)
F (2, 2) K (8, 6)
G (4, 2) L (16. 6)
H (2.5, 0. M (10, 1.
5) 5)
68. (a) 0 - (c) ne
0 sec. (b) arly 20°
30 sec. C
(d) It reaches 100°C
at 50 sec. which is the
maximum.
69. (a) line graph
(b) It represents the no.
of people who visited a
store at a particular tim
e.
(c) 1 less than 5
.m. (e) 20
70. (a) 5.30 a.m. and
ends at 6 p.m. (b)
12:30 hours
( (
c d
) )
f 3
o h
r o
w u
a rs
r
d
71. (a) ( (c) a
8:45 am f b t 9.00
or 15 min ) a.m.
utes
a
s
t
e
r
(d) 10 km (e) 10 k
. m.
72. Graph 15 km.
73. Graph
74. (a) 18 (b)
years, 17 boy
years, s
75. (a) Time and dis
tance
(c) 0 to 5 minutes an
d 5 to 10 minutes
12/04/18
76.
y 1.25
77. (a) highest(b) (c) 4
1990, lowest 20 199 .7%
00 6
(b) grap (c)pattern y = 3x
h + 1
(d) x
(e) Yes
79. (a) y = 3x – 1
(b) x
4. 5 6. (
(6, 1 . 7.5, 3
1) ) 2 k
( m
7
,
3
)
(
5
,
5
)
7. (8.5, 3) 8. (6.25, 3)
9. (9, 4) (10, 4) (11, 5) 10. (
7, 8) (8, 8) (9, 8) 11. (5, 3) (
6, 2) (7, 2)
81. a) Makes it easy to un
derstand the temp. change
b) Temp. increases up to 1:
00 p.m. and then decreases
c) at 12 pm 19°C., at 8 pm
10°C.
82. a) b c) B and
E and F ) F, C and E
D
d) C e) f) g) A
, D, E and C
Y
e A
s
83. (a) Height and Weight
(b) D - Ostric A - Cr C - Do
h B - Donkey ocodil g
e
84. a) b) c) Tr
True True ue
d) True e) False
85. Side len 2 5 10
gth of purple 3 100
S 1 4
12/04/18
1. 2 3. L
Bar inear
grap grap
h h
4. 5. 6. Ri
O ght
rigi oo
n rdi
na
te
s
7. 9.
Abc Gr
issa ap
h
10.
Cart
esia
1 nate
2
13. 14 15.
W . Gaps
hol Hi
e st
og
ra
m
16. Hori 17. x-
zontal axis
1. 6.
(c) (c)
7. 10.11.12.
(d) (a)
d) )
13. 14 15 16.17.18.
(c) . . 9
(a (c) a) )
)
19. 1, 21.22 23.
, 7 20. . 11
1 1 9
24. 25. A = 2,
A = 6 B = 4 (four)
, B = 26. B = 7
3 27. x = 0
28. a + c (a 31
or 12 (a + + .
c) 29. c) 5
1 –
b
32. values
t 34. True
, A = 3, 35. False
6 33. 36. False
37. True 38. Tru
e 39. True 40.
True 41. False 4
2. True
43. 44. False 45.
alse a = 3 46. P = 6
and Q = 9 47.
12
48. 3
3033,
66066,
99099 49. A
= 9, Z
= 8, X
= 1
50. A = 8, B = 1, C =
3 51. A = 6, B = 7,
C = 1 52. A = 6, B =
9.
53. A = 5, B 55.
= 6, C = 7 A = 8,
54. A = 9, B B = 9
= 1
56. A = 7, 58. A
B = 8, C = 4 = 9, B
57. A = = 1, C
2, B = 5 = 8
12/04/18
66. 67. S = 8, L = 5, M =
2 9, G = 1 68. S = 6, M
= 9, B = 1, U = 0
69. 96, 85, 74, 63, 52, 41, 3
0
70. (a)5 (b) 77777(d) 81
55555555 7777 (c)
72
71.
(i)P = (ii) 72.4 73.
4
7, Q = 7, L =
4
74. Least value of y is 0
Cross Number Puzzle
(A) 7 (F) 4
(B) 0
(G) 8
(C) 4
(H) 9
(D) 2
(I) 1
(E) 0
(J) 0
1. 3, 5, 9
2. 2, 3, 6, 9
3. 2, 5, 10
4. 2, 3, 6, 9, 11
5. 2, 4, 8
12/04/18