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QUESTION 1 (40 marks)
Comparison between process

a) Atmospheric Distillation (ADU) and Vacuum Distillation (VDU)

Process Atmospheric Distillation (ADU) Vacuum Distillation (VDU)

Function Used to separate the desalted Heavy crude residue from the
crude into specific hydrocarbons atmospheric column is further
groups such as straight run separated using a lower-pressure
gasoline, naphtha, light gas oil etc distillation process.
or fractions.
Products Gases, Naphtha, Kerosene, gas oil Gas oil, Lubricants and residue
and residual
Raw Material Desalted crude Residuals
Types of Decomposition, Unification and Decomposition, Unification and
conversion alteration alteration
Products Gas recovery, reforming, treating, Catalytic cracker,
sending to unit catalytic cracking and visbreaking hydrotreating/Solvent Extraction,
operation Visbreaker /coker
Operational Pressure: 760mmHg Pressure: 0.4psi. 50-100mmHg for
parameter wet VDU
Temperature: >426OC
Temperature: >450OC

b) Visbreaking and Coking

Process Visbreaking Coking

Function Reduce the pour point of Reduces hydrogen from
waxy residues and hydrocarbon molecule that
significantly lower the the residue is a form of
viscosity feedstock almost pure carbon called
coke
Products Gasoline, vapour, residue, Naphtha, gasoline, coke and
gases gas oil
Raw Material Residuals Residual, clarified oil, tars,
wastewater (Sour), gases
Products sending to unit Treating, hydroteater, stripper Distillation column,
operation and gas plant shipping/recycle and catalytic
cracking
Source of raw materail ADU and VDU Atmospheric & vacuum
catalytic cracker, catalytic
cracker, various unit
Treatment & Gas plant