Five (5) purpose of using one
50
standard in organizing
information in the library are:
a. Prevent duplication of work
b. Allow library to better share
bibliographic resources c.
Enables library to acquire
cataloguing data that is
predictable and reliable d.
Enables library to make use of
commercially available library
automation system to manage
library operations
e. Allows library to replace one
system with another.
Examples of standard used in
recording and description of
information/ documents•ISBD
-International Standard
Bibliographic
Description)•MARC -Machine
readable cataloguing
record•Z39.50 - Network
application standard •Dublin
Core -DUBLIN METADATA
CORE ELEMENT SET)•TEI (Text
Encoding Initiative) Header,
Major bibliographic
utilities:OCLC RLIN SILAS
AGRIS
5 Characteristics of
Information/:good info
1. Accuracy: Information needs
to be accurate enough for the
use 2. Completeness:
Information should contain all
the details required by the
user. 3.Timing: Information
Four (4) characteristics of poor
information are
a.Irrelevant: Information is of
little value when it is too old or
out-of-date to be relevant to
the user’s need
b. Swamping: It is not helpful
when information is too
voluminous to allow any sense
to be made of it. It is the
quality of information that is
important, not the quantity!
c. Unclear: Information is poor
when it is not presented in a
way that will facilitate a
decision d. Not all there: If
information is incomplete, it
may fail to provide a clear
sense of the entirety of the
problem
Subject cataloging are some of
the activities involved in
bibliographic control. The
most common tools used in
bibliographic control are files
or lists called bibliographic files
or, if automated, bibliographic
databases. Individual units of
such files or databases are
called
bibliographic records.
Classification determines a
classification number for an
item, which represents the
subject of the work in a
number and/or letters, using
any authoritative classification
scheme such as Library of
Congress Classification, Dewey
Decimal Classification,
Z39.
a.Network application
standard – it is open standard
that enable communication
between systems that run on
different hardware and use
different software b.
Developed during 1980s and
early 1990s and part of a
project by LC, OCLC, RLIN &
Western Library Network c.
Overcome problem associated
with:•multiple database
searching
•it simplifies search process by
making it possible for searcher
to use familiar user interface
of the local system to search
both: i. Local library catalog
ii. Any remote database
systems that support the
standard
a) to ensure that we obtain the
proper means to better
support our decision-making
process, particularly on high-
valued matters; b) to equip us
with knowledge and
subsequent understanding
over a particular matter; and
c) to helps others via
exchanging it for them to gain
benefit from the sharing (SEEK
INFORMATION)
Index An index consists of
short indention of information
with an adequate
bibliographical citation. Index
help to locate the required
information. The index is only
used for fact-finding. An index
is usually indicative An Index is
not a real surrogate of the
must be on time for the
purpose for which it is
required.
4. accessibility: Information
should be easy to obtain or
access.5. Reliability: Reliability
deals with the truth of
information or the objectivity
with which it is presented.
ISBD- Standardization.
Identification of bibliographic
data in any language.
Manipulation of bibliographic
data in computer application.
Problem of bibliographic
control activities are
1. In the realm of current book
and periodical publishing in
the United States, an adequate
though not complete
bibliographical record is being
maintained.2. Devices for the
systematic acquisition of
published material, domestic
and foreign, are being
developed by American
libraries.
3. Great progress has been
made through the National
Union Catalog, regional union
catalogs, and union lists in
providing access to library
materials. Millions of titles,
however, are still unlocated.4.
The thoroughness of
bibliographical control from a
subject, standpoint varies with
different fields, excellent in
certain branches of science,
for example, and inferior in
other important disciplines,
such as the social sciences. In
Universal Decimal
Classification and provide a
location for an item in a
collection
Decision making:The right
information.Available at the
right time. Available to the
right person.At the right cost.
Presented in the format to
facilitate decision
Collections are usually
maintained in a closed stacks
area, only accessible to staff.
Items are usually numbered
(accessioned) in matter that
makes them retrievable.
The vast majority of the
collections of museums and
art galleries consist of visual
materials in two- or three-
dimensional form. Collections
are less standardized and as
result are less likely to be
retrieved electronically as are
library or archive
collections.Accession records
are created of items held
within a collection. In some
cases, groups of singular
objects are described as a
single lot that is given a single
accession number.Curation of
individual objects, which may
not happen for some time,
become departmental level
catalog records, having there
own numerical sequence.
document. Abstract Whereas
abstract consists of concise
representation of an original
document with adequate
bibliographic details Abstract
helps to locate as well as select
the required item. Abstract is
also used for searching
document and at the same
time, it also insists the user to
read the real document. On
the other hand, abstract plays
a role as not only indicative
but to informative. Whereas
informative abstract can be
claimed so.
SIX FUNCTIONS OF
BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL
(Ronald Hagler , 1997)
1-Identifying the existence of
all types of information
resources as they are made
available
A book may be published or a
Web site may be established, if
no one knows of its existence
except the person involved in
its creation, it will be of no
informational use to anyone.
Existence can be made known
by publisher's announcement,
email, reviews,
2-Identifying the works
contained within those
information resources or as
parts of them
In majority of cases one
information resource is equal
to one intellectual or creative
work. However, in some cases
a single information source
general, subject bibliography is
in a less satisfactory state than
any other type of
bibliographical service.5. The
problem of bibliographical
control is as ancient as the
beginning of writing. Catalogs
of cuneiform tablets, for
example, were found among
the ancient Babylonians, and
lists of papyri among the Egyp-
tians.
Archives usually consist of
unique items.Archives are not
as standardized as libraries
are. Recently, standardization
has been sparked by increased
interest in research involving
documents and archival
collections housed over the
world.Archives preserve
records of enduring value that
document organizational or
personal activities
accumulated in the course of
daily life and work.
Organizational records consist
of annual reports,
correspondences, personal
records, etc. Personal records
may consist of letters, diaries,
manuscripts, collections of
memorabilia, souvenirs,
machinery, etc.Archive
materials are organized and
described in groups. Materials
are arranged by the basic
principles of provenance and
original order.
Provenance is the originator
(i.e. the corporate body or
individual) that created,
gathered, maintained the
may comprise a collection of
short stories or a group of
After receiving an accession
artistic images, etc...
number, items are registered.
Registration is a process much
similar to library or archival
3-Systematically pulling
cataloging.The register serves
together these information
as a catalog, where it
resources into collections in
establishes the organizational
libraries, archives, museums,
control over the works and
internet communication files,
artifacts.Like archives,
and other such depositories
provenance is important when
determining the name of an Many institutions purchase the
object. right to allow the users of their
collections to search a
Creating records for museum
resource online. Part of the
objects and art has it own set
organizing process is
of challenges. Because the
determining whether such
objects are often imperfectly
resources need to be added to
known at the time of
one's collection in some
accessioning and registering,
permanent way.
the chance that where will be
an accumulation of conflicting
over time is likely.
4-Producing lists of these
In addition, the lack of text information resources
associated with works of art prepared according to
and artifacts invites more standard rules of citation
subjective observation by
Lists created in the process of
those persons interpreting the
describing information
item or collection for public
resources include
record.
bibliographies, indexes, library
catalogs, archival finding aids,
museum databases, and web
“Under construction”. -->
directories.
Several different approaches
have been attempted at
organizing information on the
Internet.Libraries have 5-Providing name, title,
subject, and other useful
participated at organizing
bibliographies. Libraries have access to these information
resources
been at the forefront at
establishing metadata The activity that adds the most
standards.Virtual libraries (i.e. value to the usefulness and
NetLibrary.com, Questia.com., retrieval potential of a
ReplicaBookss.com) that collection is the provision of
borrow classification concepts name, title, and subject access
from physical libraries are points to the descriptions of
developing.Search engines,
collection before it was sent to
the archival institution. There
is also an attempt to show the
ownership history of a
particular item or collection.
Original order is the order in
which the originator of an
archival collection kept or
created the collection. Today
in most archives the
collections are maintained
according to provenance and
the archives themselves
maintains the original order.
Archival collections are
generally located in closed
stacks areas, where the staff
has the greatest amount of
access.
Archive materials are
electronically formatted using
in MARCAMC (Archival and
Manuscript Collections)
format. In addition, SGML
(Standard Generalized Markup
Language), the international
standard for document
markup that allows for finding
aids to be accessible via Web
Each bibliography has a
particular focus of
arrangement such as: Subject
– bibliographies gathering
together publications or
information packages that are
about particular subject.
Author – bibliographies of all
or some works of a particular
author. Language –
bibliographies 4. Time period –
bibliographies listing all works
that came to light in a
designed primarily by
computer theorists, scientist,
and programmers, are
retrieval tools on the WWW
that matches keywords input
by a user to words found at
web sites.More effective
search engines incorporate the
theories and technologies that
provides for : Boolean
searching, cluster querying,
information extraction, pre-
coordination of terms, post
coordination of terms,
relevance search results.
Human indexers are also used
(Yahoo). Websites are
classified into broad and
narrow subject areas.
Office environments rely on
the applied concepts related
to data administration, the
control of the explosion of
electronic information in
offices and other
administrative settings.An
arrangement structure that is
historically related to the filing
procedures related to
organizations and
corporations.
Early 1970s UNESCO mooted
the idea of establish a regional
information systems. Fostered
the idea that the National
Library and the libraries of
UM, UKM, USM, UPM & UTM
to consider linkages
themselves. UNESCO donated
to Malaysia a complete set of
the hardware needed for the
proposed pilot project. The
coordinator for the MALMARC
project was USM library – it
the information resources
6-Providing the means of
locating each information
resource or a copy of it
Location of information
resources has been a value
added by institutions with
collections
Facilitating access to
documents or materials.
Guidance in searching
information. Vital element for
effective reference &
information services.
Recording and expanding
knowledge. Stimulating R & D
Avoiding duplication in R & D.
Encouraging cooperation,
exchange and sharing of
information between
institutions and nations
(purpose BIB control)
Bib utilities service
1.Shared cataloguing-Ease
cataloguing process
Standardized cataloguing
description & facilitate
exchanging of records. 2.
Online union catalog
- Ease the process of retrieving
cataloguing records.
3. Acquisition works.Help Info.
Professionals in acquiring
particular time period. Locale –
bibliographies listing all
information packages created
in a particular location.
Publishers – bibliographies
listing all products of a
particular publisher. Form –
bibliographies listing
information packages that
appear in a certain form,
format or genre
(videocassette, electronic
resources, poetry,
bibliographies etc.)of textual
entities in which the text is in a
certain language
have the most powerful
computer among the
universities involved
Introduces in 1978 due to
PNM computerization process
of its collection.The system
was shared cataloguing system
among university libraries and
National Library of Malaysia
MARC Machine Readable
Cataloging Record=
communications format is
used for transmitting data
from one system to another.
Information from a catalog
card cannot be typed into a
computer to produce
automated catalog. Adopted
MARC standards and making
LC MARC database a practical
& useful product. Benefits:
Furthering access to the
world’s information. Reducing
information costs. Helps
libraries / information centre
locate, acquire, access
information
materials for collection
development
Ease selection – what is, what
was available
4. Online information
searching. Facilitate access to
current & timely
information.5. Reference
service
- Help Info. Professionals in
providing an effective
reference services.
File description is required and
contains a bibliographic
description of the text – it
includes the title, author(s);
publication information and
the source of description
which is the description of the
original source from which the
electronic text was derived.
The encoding description
explain what rules or editorial
decisions were used in
transcribing the text (eg: How
spelling variations were
treated). The profile
description contains what
AACR2r calls added access
points. It also contains
language information, subject
access points and classification
notation. The revision
description contains a record
of every charge that has been
made to the, including when
each change was made and by
whom (TEXT ENCODING
INITIATIVE)