PHASE SHIFT KEYING

FSK , the of the castles

In M
any one phase
-

takes on of the M possible values ,

Lit ( m D -

Om 9 M =L 2 M
-pg
= -

,
-
-

Accordingly
of
during
duration T one
. each
signalingpossible
interval
, of the M
signals
Smit ) =

gilt) fet-2itlmy-D-J.me
cos .
-
in

eJ2"fm ejzitfet)
=
Reffitt)

is sent. The fc =
note is selected for Some fixed
integer nc .

gut ) is the pulse shape .

Smh ) =

gt-ycoszttlhffloszttfet-gyttjsinzt.tn#Sinzitfet
has
In this case each
signal waveform
equal energy ,
ie

Em =
Es = Eg 12
and Es =

Egs
M
logs
since . gtctlcoszttfet and gtltlsinzitfet
are
orthogonal ,
we can select ortho -

normal
functions as
 T

And .

The M
signal
circle
points are equally spaced
radius Es and centre at
on
a
of
the
origin as shown below
for M -8
-

902ft)
The preferred mapping
⇐ .
-
-
or assignment of k
i information bits to the M
I' 14
' '
= 2^k possible phases is
-

→ 0 , It )
.

°
⑨ Gray encoding, so that
the most likely errors
caused by noise will
result in a single bit
error in the k-bit symbol.
 ) Eb
Eg=@JzM

M
-
BINARY PS K
coherent BPSK
9N a
system ,
the
pair
of signals Sitt ) and Ect
) used to
represent
binary symbols
as
I 40 respectively defined
,
is

't't]
eh
sit ) =

gtf t) cosztfet-refg.it,
HI
szct-gt.lt/Cosfzitftttit)=Refgdtle'
""

of teh
=
-

gut ) Coszitfef Hb
b
- f -
-
ne

Sf gtblt ) is selected as a
rectangular
pulse
IGHT
{
* et
,

gut, =

o
,
otherwise

haves
Faqs
we

, * = cos setft
salt ) -
-
-

JE¥
Cos zitfet
From this
pair of equations ,
it is clear that

for BPSK only one basis

function is

required :

Oct ) =
JIG cos 217ft ,
o# %

JEST dlt)
thus
s, it ) =

Salt) =
-

19154ft)
 Egle
Energy of
silt ) is E, =

, Salt) is Ez z
Egf -

Thus bit es Eels

average energy
=
,

=
And -

/ Ef d ft)
I
sect) =
← BPSK
S2 Ct) =
-

Efg
-

has dimensional
BPSK one
signal space
-
-
.

←
An
Yates
-

es ← *→
0ft)
52
°
s

Ne -
- 2 he =L
 GENERATION & DETECTION OF B PS K SIGNALS

IF
@ ft)
#bloszttfet
=

The
input binary
t and
sequence in
polar form with

amplitude level: ⑨ and

symbols 0
Hep resented
+
by constant
fees respectively -

encoding
.

transmission
The
signal encoder
is performed
by a
polar NRZ level
resulting
.
the
sinusoidal carrier alley
binary applied to
wave and a
are a
product multiplier The .

carrier
generate
and
the
the

binary
timing wave
pulses
are
usually
used to
extracted
from a common on Master clock . Thedesired
BPSK wave is obtained at the ofp of the
modulator .

Detector

Received
signal Alt) Threshold .
PROBABILITY OF BIT ERROR FOR BPSK .

For BPSK ,
dm in = 2 Ebf

thus Pe = Q
( JI÷) Q(T¥) =

POWER SPECTRA OF
BPSK .

The complex envelope of a BPSK wave

consists
of inan -

phase component only ,

which is
whet
either
gut) or
gtct) depending
-

on I or o is transmitted respect .

Fait) ZETA
=p ,
o stets
-

0 otherwise

BE

random
of binary
The PSD such a wave
is
equal to the
energy spectral
density of shaping function
the

divided
symbol duration
by the
symbol .

Hence the baseband PSD

of a BPSky

signal equals .

Since #Tb
Solt)=2Ey
)
-
 D. SB tf)
.

This
power spectrum falls off as the

inverse
square of frequency .

-
-
Quadrature phase shift keying CQPSK)
gn QPSK ,
the phase of the carrier on

one

as
of four equally spaced
o Tik , 2172 , and 31172 .
values
such
for this set
,

of values ,
the transmitted QPSK Signal
is

Smit) =
fat) cos Erft +251M¥ )
m =L , 2,3 , 4
T duration
symbol
=

=
gift cos
zitfet Cos
HTm gettin #
-
sin

has
of get H energy Eg ,
then

Em =
Es =
Egle

geht) Coszitfet
Qft) =

Eeg
duty = -

Ffg gift ) Sin zit ft

Esf
TCmz µm)ddt)
Smit) =
cos dit) t Sin

II
:
'

. mama
 Phase QPSK Coordinates of
of
'

signal 1rad 7 signal

oh
points
412
.

00 O EST O

I ITIZ O EST
11 IT O

10 34/2 O TES
Constellation

"•fs#
as
QPSK
is two 01 • I
°

dimensional .
or

Esf l l

'
'
get
SJ Ps J,

gifts •
•

changes
phase we 't
d- 'M
begin
'

earned
gym
00 a' Il 10