The Oxford Reverse Dictionary

The Oxford
Reverse
Dictionary

Compiled by
David Edmonds

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
\JNIVBR.SITY puss

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© Oxford University Press 1999

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First published 1999

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Data available
ISBN 0 19 86017�X

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Typeset in Nimrod and Arial
by Interactive Sciences Limited, Gloucester
Printed in Great Britain by
MacKays of Chatham
Chatham, Kent
....... .. ... .......... .. . ............ ............. .. ...... ........................ ................ ...... . .............. . ......... . ........ . ....... ..

Introduction
...................... .............. ......... ........... . ... .. ............... .... .. ........ . ...... ....... ......... ..... .. ......... ....... ........ ...

We all have words 'on the tip of our tongue', and we all know how hard such
words often are to coax back into consciousness, and how bad our speech or
writing will look without them: "that bit of the wall that turns into the
window" can never really replace reveal without the decorator thinking us a
fool, and "the sort of magistrate who conducts inquiries into the causes of
someone's death" is no substitute for coroner-indeed, no other term can be.
This dictionary is designed to solve these problems quickly and efficiently,
grouping the tongue-tip terms under their key concepts: so coroner will be
found in the article magistrate, reveal at wall, and kriegspiel at both war and
game.

The Oxford Reverse Dictionary will guide you to the standard terms for things
most people have heard of: it is not an English-learner's dictionary, nor will it
help you to literary or archaic words, or to slang; colloquialisms are offered
only where standard speech offers no workable substitute. The cabinet minis­
ter's tonguetip has of course a different population from the schoolboy's, and
the diversity of the 31,000 listed items takes this into account; but words from
specialist vocabularies have been omitted, as have core vocabulary words such
as dog and family which are usually immediately available to any native
speaker.

Items sharinga key concept will be found as entries within the article devoted
to that concept (so entries for topiary, spudder, and trug will all be found in the
article gardening), and items sharing a single definition (such as agent and
representative, or symposium and colloquium) are nested together in a single
entry within the appropriate concept article. Such nested items are related in
sense, but not necessarily interchangeable: they are listed alphabetically, and
any item moved to the back of such a list may be considered an inferior match.

Articles are arranged in a single alphabetical sequence through the diction­

ary. Within each article entries are arranged alphabetically where that is
possible, or in an appropriate sense-progression such as life-death, top-bot­
tom, eldestjlargest-youngestjsmallest: there is also a general tendency to
move out from core items to those that are more peripheral to the senses of the
article headword. Each entry is glossed in the briefest possible way consistent
with clarity-the user already knows what the tonguetip term means, and so
only needs a pointer, not an exhaustive definition.

Where any exist, suffixes or prefixes bearing the basic meaning of the article
headword are listed next after it (for example, -wise after manner), together
(unless one is found elsewhere in the article) with an example of their use:
they may serve as a spur to recollection of many further terms semantically
related to the topic treated in the article but not specifically mentioned in it, or
assist users in correctly coining their own mot juste where none is shown/
exists. Similarly, adjectives related to the article headword in meaning but not
in appearance (for example, dental at tooth), or whose formation may present
other difficulties if imperfectly remembered, are listed at the beginning of the
article. Item plurals are also given when irregular, but not where a regularly­
formed plural of equal currency exists.

Dictionary-writing is a lengthy and lonely process, and I am grateful to many

people for help and encouragement along the road. A special acknowledge­
ment is due to Patrick Hanks for detailed advice during the earlier stages of
the project, and to Kate Wandless for smoothing the bumpy road of
author-publisher relations. Thanks are also due to Dr Adrian Young for infor­
mation on medical terms, Tim Parry for clarification of some psychiatric con­
cepts, and Alasdair Cross for legal definitions. The typescript benefited at a
late stage from a thorough read conducted by Lucinda Coventry.

DJE
 Abbreviations

a.m. before noon

fern. feminine
pl. plural
e.g. for example
esp. especially
km kilometre(s)
m metre(s)
MP Member of, Parliament
NHS National Health Service
p.m. after noon
RAF Royal Air Force
RC Roman Catholic
UK United Kingdom
US,USA United States (of America)
VDU visual display unit
19th-c. nineteenth-century (and so on)
 In memoriam
CAROLINE MARY FRASER
optimae amicae
 Aa
abandonment • abandonment of a a bortion • advocating abortion:
legal claim: waiver • abandonmen t of pro-choice . deprecating abortion:
religious or political adherence: apos­ pro-life, right-to-l ife . start an abor­
tasy • person abandoning such ad­ tion artificially: ind uce . drug caus­
herence: apostate, turncoat ing abortion: abortifacient

abbot . adjective: abbatial . female a bout . combining forms: circum­

abbot: abbess • abbot's assistant: (e.g. circumambient), peri- (e.g. perim­
prior • abbess's assistant: prioress eter) . about to happen: i m minent,
abbreviation • abbreviation pro­ impending
nounced as a string of letters: i nitial­ above • combining forms: epi- (e.g.
ism • abbreviation pronou'nced as a epidermis), over- (e.g. overhang),
word: acronym • abbreviated title of su per- (e.g. superstructure), supra­
a book or document: short title eab­ (e.g. supramundane), sur- (e.g. sur­
breviated version of a statement or real)
document: precis, resume, summary
abrasive • abrasive powder: emery
abdomen . adjectives: coeliac, ven-
abroad • person emi­
•
tral severe abdominal pain caused living abroad:
by wind or intestinal obstruction: g re, exile, expatriate • done or regis­
colic . stress-associated abdominal tered abroad: offshore • sell abroad:
pain with diarrhoea or constipation: export
i rritable bowel syndrome • fibre­ absence • absence without permis­
optic inspection of the abdomen: sion: French leave • absence from
laparoscopy • incision into the ab­ school without permission: truancy
domen: laparotomy • membrane lin­ • permission to be absent: leave, fur­
ing the abdominal cavity: peritoneum lough • grant of brief absence from
• inflammation .of the peritoneum: school:exeat • person who is absent:
peritonitis a bsentee • employee's statement
Aberdeen • adjective: Aberdonian that his absence was due to illness:
self-certification • in absence: in
able • combining form: -able, -ible,
a bsentia
-uble • adequate ability: proficiency
• person with exceptional abilities: absurdity • absurd misrepresenta­
genius, prodigy • demonstrate one's tion: travesty • seemingly absurd but
abilities: prove oneself in fact true statement: oxymoron,
paradox • proof of a statement's fal­
Aboriginal • Aboriginal club: nulla­
sity by demonstrating the absurdity of
nulla, waddy . Aboriginal dance
ceremony: corroboree • Aboriginal
its logical consequences: reductio ad
medicine man: koradji . Abori­
a bsurdum
ginal throwing stick: boomerang academic . academic conference:
. Aboriginal wind instrument: didg­ colloquium, symposi um . academic
eridoo • land set aside for Aboriginal thesis: d issertation • academic
settl'!ment: reservation essay: dissertation, paper, memoir
academiC dre ss I act 2
..................................................................................................................................
...... ........

academic dress • academic hat: for the current day's transactions:

bonnet, mortarboard, square • aca­ daybook, journal • account-book for
demic cloak: gown • coloured minor transactions: cash book
headcovering worn over the back of a . large book in which financial ac­
gown: hood . hood tail: l i ripipe counts are written up: ledger • enter
• dark clothing worn with academic an item in a ledger: post . make one
dress: su bfusc account consistent with another: rec­
accent • East London accent: Cock­ oncile . comparison of totals from a
'
ney • Irish accent: brogue • North­ double entry account: trial balance
umberland accent: burr • South East • money coming into an account: re­
England accent: Estuary English cei pts . person assembling and re­
• actors' sham rustic accent: cording financial data: bookkeeper
Mummerset • person recording or verifying finan­
cial data: accountant • preparation
accepted • generally accepted or
of financial data to aid management
believed: received
management accounting
decisions:
accommodation • available ac­ • cost
analysis of operational costs:
commodation: vacancy • accommo­ accounting . British government's
dation unit that is part of a larger general account at the Bank of Eng­
building: flat, maisonette • stable land: Consolidated Fund . con­
blocks converted to accommodation sidered account for legal or publicity
units: mews 0 denoting accommoda­ use: statement
tion with its own kitchen and bath­
accusation • counter-accusation:
room: self-contained . denoting ac­
recrimi nation
commodation available as part of a
work contract: tied • institution of­ achieve • achieve by skill or devi
fering basic accommodation: hostel ousness: contrive • best achieve­
• wardened accommodation for the ment: record • past achievements:

elderly or handicapped: sheltered record , track record

housing acid . dye indicating acidity: litmus
account . account showing the as­ acquaintance • influential ac­
sets , liabilities, and capital of a busi­ quaintance: connection • helpful ac­
ness at a particular point in time: bal­ quaintance: contact
ance sheet • denoting a balance
acrobat • acrobat performing on a
sheet showing no debts: ungeared
tightrope: wire-walker • acrobat's
• temporary account for items await­
tights: maillot • acrobat's pair of long
ing final allocation: su spense ac­
poles with foot supports: stilts
count • account to which credit pur­
• swinging bar used by acrobats: trap­
chases may be charged: charge
eze . acrobatic stunts on the wings
account • official examination of ac­
of an airborne aircraft: wing wa lking
counts: audit . accounting record of
money received: credit .accounting across . combining forms: d ia-,
record of money spent or owed: debit trans- (e.g. transatla ntic) • measure­

• accounting system with each item ment taken across a circle: diameter
entered both as a credit and as a debit: act • daring escapade, stunt
act:
double entry . difference between • illegal act: crime, offence • kind or
debits and credits in an account: bal­ helpful acts: offices, good offices
ance • accounting item rejected by . act without preparation: improvise
the auditor, and repayable by those re­ • act on another's behalf: represent
sponsible: surcharge • account-book • person acting on behalf of another:
3 acting I add

a gent, representative • sudden urge room assistant: d resser • actor's pre­

to act: impulse • repeatedly perform­ performance stage fright
nerves:
ing the same act(s): serial • actor's arrival on stage: entrance

acting • combining form: pro- (e.g. • actor's signal to speak: cue • ac­

pronoun) • person acting for an ab­ tor's long speech: monologue

sent doctor: locum .person acting .actor's speech when alone on stage:
for a monarch who is absent or incap­ soliloquy • actor's words not in­
acitated: regent .acting without tended to be heard by others on stage:
forethought: impetuous aside • actor's words made up on the
action .combiningform: -ation (e.g. spur of the moment: ad-lib • actor's

hesitation), -ence (e.g. reference), mistake in speaking: fluff • actor's

-tion, -ure (e.g. closure) • action done loud whisper: stage whisper
in automatic response to a stinmlus: • actors' sham rustic accent:
reflex • action done purely for ap­ Mummerset • actor's movements,
pearance: gesture, window dressing gestures, etc.: business .plan of
• action consisting of spoken o r writ­ an actor's movements: blocking
ten words: i IIocution • established • actor's departure from the stage:
series of actions: procedure, process, exit • actors' backstage rest room:
routine • freedom of action: carte g reen room • actor's return to the
blanche, free hand • ability to take stage to acknowledge applause: cur­
independent action: i n itiative • in­ tain call • noise made by actors simu­
capable of effective fiction: effete lating indistinct conversation: rhu­
.still requiring action: outstanding barb • denoting an actor who has
• out of action: hors de combat learnt his or her role completely:
activity • combining form: -ery (e.g. word-perfect • denoting an actor
archery), -ism (e.g. exorcism) .recre­ dressed as a member of the opposite
ational activity: hobby, pastime, pur­ sex: en travesti • tendency to offer an
suit • menial or boring activity: actor roles of a type in which he or she
drudgery • pointless cycle of activ­ has already been suucessful: type­
ities: merry-go-round casting • play for one actor: mono­
actor • adjective: histrion i c .ex­ d rama .scene for two actors: duo­
perienced actor: trouper • actor who logue .(of an actor) forget one's
overacts: ham • actor in a folk play: lines during a performance: d ry • re­

mummer • actor who performs in si­ mind an actor what he or she must
lence: mime .actor taking a princi­ say: prompt .acting technique en­
pal role: lead i n g lady, leading man couraging emotional identification
• actor taking minor roles: bit player with the character portrayed: the
• actor appearing only in crowd Method, method actin g • troupe of
scenes: extra, figurant .actor who actors presenting several plays at the
has prepared another actor's role, in same venue in the course of a season:
order to replace him or her if neces­ repertory company • euphemism
sary: understudy • sardonic term for denoting an unemployed actor: rest­
actor: Thespian • group of actors ing
playing together: ensemble • actors

participating in a performance: cast acupressure .Japanese acupres­

• actor's role • actor's try-out

part:
sure therapy: shiatsu • spot where

for a role:audition • actor's make-up: pressure is applied: acupoint

greasepaint • actor's flesh-coloured add • extra section added at the end
tights: fleshings .actor's dressing- of a book: appendix • add something
 .. �.�.��������.�.�� �.
........................................................................................

not part of the original design: retro­ adolescence • adolescent love:

fit calf love • period in which adoles­
add ict • combining form: -holic (e.g. cents reach sexual maturity: puberty
alcoholic, workaholic) • addict's • skin disease of adolescents, with
phased abandonment of addictive black pustules: acne
drugs: withdrawal • addict's instant adult • age at which adulthood is
abandonment of addictive drugs: cold reached! majority, coming of age
tu rkey .firm treatment of addicts: • suitable for children and adults:
tough love • clear an addict's body of family
drug residues: detoxify
adultery • man whose wife has com­
addition . combiningform: epi- (e.g. mitted adultery: cuckold • married
epiphenomenon) .addition to a book woman's male lover: cicisbeo • con­
etc.: addendum, appendix, supple­ doned adulterous relationship: me­
ment • addition to a building: an nex, nage it trois (pl. menages a troiS)
annexe, extension .addition to a • person alleged in a divorce case to
collection: accession • addition to a have committed adultery: respondent
document: an nex, schedule, rider • person alleged in a divorce case to
• special addition to a price or pay­ have committed adultery with the re­
ment: premium, surcharge • add­
spondent: co-respondent
ition to will: cod icil
advance .advance payment: ante
address • address used as a
• performance in advance of official
collecting-point for mail: accom mo­
opening: preview • advance publica­
dation address • address for a letter
tion: preprint
to be left at a post office until called
for: poste restante advantage • advantage granted to
few: privilege • take unfair advan­
adhesive • synthetic resin used in
tage of: exp loit • use of various ploys
paints and adhesives: polyurethane
to gain psychological advantage over
.join with adhesives: bond
one's rivals: gamesmanship
adjective • characterizing adjec­
advertisement • advertisement
tive: epithet • denoting an adjective
that precedes its noun: attributive making exaggerated claims: puff
• denoting an adjective that is placed • advertisement discrediting rival
after the verb: predicative, postposi­ products: knocking copy • advertise­
tive ments shown between television pro­
grammes: spot advertising .prelim­
adjust • adjust a mechanism: regu­
inary advertisement not naming the
late, set • make small adjustments:
product: teaser • advertisement writ­
fi nesse, fine-tu ne, titivate • thin
ten by an aircraft smoke trail: sky­
strip of material used to make an
writi ng .catchphrase used in an ad­
exact fit: shim
vertisement: slogan • simple tune
admiration • uncritical admir-
used in an advertisement: jingle • ad­
ation: adulation • object of admir­
vertisement's quotation of a sup­
ation: cynosure • deserving admir­
posedly impartial and unsolicited
ation: commendable, estimable,
commendation of the item advertised:
laudable, praiseworthy
testimonial .large board to display
admission • admission ritual: in iti­ advertisements: hoarding • pair of
ation • university admission cere­ advertisement boards linked by shoul­
mony: matriculation • right of ad­ der straps: sandwich boards • small
mission: entree, entry handbill: flyer .promotional mater-
5 adviser I age

ial on the outside of packaging etc.: a process of enquiry conducted by af·

outsert • appearance of an advertise­ firmation: cataphatic
ment in a newspaper etc.: insertion afraid of • combining form: -phobe
.newspaper advertisement presented (e.g. xenophobe) � see also fear
as editorial material: advertorial
African .African club:
knobkerrie
.small newspaper advertisements
• African panga • long nar·
machete:
grouped by topic: classified advert­
row African drum: tom-tom • Afri­
isements • advertising campaign:
can hut village: kraal • African itin­
promotion • postal advertising cam·
erant storyteller: griot • expedition
paign: mai Ishot • unsolicited adver­
to hunt or observe wild animals: sa­
tising sent by post: j u n k mail • adver­
fari • African fly causing sleeping
tising using images or sounds not
sickness: tsetse
registered by the conscious brain:
subliminal advertising .advertise· after . combining forms: epi- (e.g.
ment's subliminal meaning: epilogue), meta- (e.g. metaca rp), post­
meta message • person who writes • after dinner: postprandial • after

the text for advertisements: copy­ sexual intercourse: postCOital

writer .person who sticks up un­ afternoon • adjective: post-
authorized advertisements: fly-poster meridian .afternoon performance:
� see also publicity matinee • afternoon sleep: siesta
adviser • respected personal ad­ again • combining forms: ana- (e.g.
viser: guru, mentor • professional anagram, where the letters are 'written
adviser: consultant • group nomin­ again' to form another word), re- (e.g.
ally advising the sovereign: Privy redo) • request for a performance to
Council • group of experts research· be given again, or such a perform­
ing specific government problems: ance: encore
think tank • influential but unofficial against • combining forms: anti­
advisers to a person in authority: (e.g. antih ista mine), cata- (e.g. cata­
kitchen ca bi net .person serving as pult, literally 'throw against ), contra­
a mouthpiece for divine advice: or­ (e.g. contraception), counter- (e.g.
acle, prophet countermeasure), ob- (e.g. object, lit­
aerial .horizontal rod aerial: dipole erally 'throw against,)
• aerial having a series of short rods: age • age of early childhood: infancy
Vagi antenna • bowl-shaped aerial • age at which sexual activity be·
receiving satellite signals: satell ite comes possible: puberty • age be­
dish tween puberty and adulthood: adoles­
aerobatics • vertical circle: loop cence • age at which consent to
the loop • aircraft's fast revolving sexual intercourse becomes legally
motion: spin • acrobatic stunts on valid: age of consent • person under
the wings of an airborne aircraft: the age of legal responsibility: minor
wing wa lking • age o f youthful immaturity: nonage
• too young to legally engage in a cer·
affection • be uncritically fond of:
tain activity: under age • age at
adulate, adore, dote upon .adoles·
which a person is considered capable
cent affection: pu ppy love .feel un­
of managing his own affairs: age of
requited affection for: carry a torch
d iscretion • age of legal adulthood:
for
majo rity • achieve this: come of age
affirmation • official affirmation: • age at which sexual activity de­
confi rmati on, ratification • denoting clines: climacteric • person of the
...a'!ent I ag
ric ulture .
6
.. .. ..... ........ ..... ........................ ................. ...................................................... ................... .

same age: contemporary • person tente • draft of an agreement: proto­

below the age of ful legal responsibil­ col • bargaining to reach an
ity: juve n i le • person in his or her agreement: negotiation • bargains

sixties: sexagenarian .person in his made to mutual advantage: horse­

or her seventies: septuagenarian trading .demand that must be satis­
• person in his or her eighties: octo­ fied before agreement is reached:
genarian • person in his or her nine­ sti pulation .condition attached to
ties: nonagenarian • person a hun­ an agreement: proviso • exceptions
dred or more years old: centenarian specified in an agreement: saving
• mental and physical decay associ­ clause • proviso added to an agree­
ated with old age: senil ity .loss of ment: rider • in full agreement:
memory and control of bodily func­ unanimous .one side to an agree­
tions amongst the aged: senile de­ ment: party • denoting an agreement
mentia • age of senile dependency: between two parties: bilateral .de­
dotage • person in this state: dotard noting an agreement between three or

agent • confidential agent: hench­ more parties: mu ltilateral .person

man • agent arranging sea transport: forwarding an agreement though not

shipbroker .agent for the purchase party to it: intermediary, mediator

• breach of an agreement's terms: in­
and sale of shares, insurance policies,
etc.: broker • broker's fee: brokerage fri ngement .formal announcement

• sporting or artistic agent searching of intention to end an agreement: no­

tice • reject an agreement already
for promising recruits: talent scout,
made: renounce, repudiate, rescind
talent spotter
aggression • policy of yielding to agricultural machinery .device
the demands of a potential aggressor: turning over the soil: plough .tined
appeasement • diplomacy enforced framework breaking the soil: harrow
by threats of aggression: gunboat d i p­ • sowing machine: dri II • reaping and
lomacy, power politics, sabre­ threshing machine: combine, com­
rattling bine harvester
agreement • apprenticeship agree­ ag riculture • combining forms:
ment: i n dentures • formal agree- agri-, agro- .agriculture perceived
ment: compact, pact • general as a technocratic activity: agribusi­
agreement: consensus • interim ness, agro-industry • agricultural

agreement: modus vivendi .legally system of abandoning land as it be­

enforceable agreement: contract comes exhausted: shifting cultivation
• agreement between the pope and a • denoting a shifting system in which
secular state: concordat • agreement vegetation in new areas is cut down
between states: treaty • imagined and burnt: slash-and-burn • denot­

agreement between members of a so­ ing agriculture producing small per­

ciety to forego certain personal free­ acre yields by cheap methods: exten­
doms for the general good: social con­ sive • denoting agriculture
tract • agreement to suspend producing high per-acre yields by ex­
hostilities for a stated period: armis­ pensive methods: intensive .denot­
tice • agreement reached through ing agriculture whose yields are just
concessions: com promise .agree­ sufficient to feed the farmer: subsist­
ment reached by parties to a dispute ence • denoting agriculture avoiding
or settlement • informal
lawsuit: the use of artificial chemicals: or­
treaty: convention • informal under­ ganic • denoting agriculture that
standing reached between states: en- preserves an ecological balance: sus-
7 aesthetics I a i rcraft

tainable 0 denoting agriculture or thermal 0 admit air to: aerate, venti­

land devoted to crop-growing: arable late oallowing the passage of air:
odenoting agriculture or land devoted porous odesigned for minimum air­
to stock-grazing: pastoral 0 denoting resistance: streaml ined 0 operated
agriculture involving both of these: by air pressure: pneu matic 0 in the
mixed 0 introduction of intensive open air: alfresco 0 denoting air hav­
agriculture to developing countries: ing less oxygen than normal: rarefied
green revolution 0 denoting agricul­ oairless region: vacuum 0 die
tural property or methods: agrarian through lack of air: suffocate 0 kill
ointensive stock-rearing methods: through deprivation of air: suffocate,
battery farming, factory farming asphyxiate oair-pollution filter for
obuilding for intensive poultry rais­ the nose and mouth: mask 0 retard­
ing: broi lerhouse odark and con­ ing effect of air on a moving object:
stricted pen in which a calf is raised drag 0 study of air movement: aero­
for veal:veal crate 0 crate-free envir­ dynamics 0 study of air travel: aero­
onment for stock-raising: loose hous­ nautics
i ng 0 ingathering of crops: harvest
aircraft 0 combining form: aero­
ocelebration of this: harvest festival ,
osmall light aircraft: m icrolight
harvest home 0 feeding cattle on cut
oaircraft with one pair of wings:
grass brought in: zero-g razi ng
0
ominimization of eros ion by plough­
monoplane aircraft having two
sets of wings: biplane odenoting an
ing along contours: contour plough­
aircraft that can move its wings from
ing 0 denoting agricultural land left
a right-angled to swept-back position:
unsown: fa llow 0 medieval allocation
of agricultural land: open-field sys­ swing-wing, variable geometry
oaircraft taking off from and landing
tem 0 agricultural machinery: dead­
on water: seaplane oaircraft taking
stock 0 agricultural animals: l ive­
stock 0 seasonal movement of off and landing on water or land: am­
livestock to different pasture: trans­ phibian ojet aircraft landing and

humance olivestock fattened for taking off vertically: jump jet oen­
slaughter: fatstock 0 animal's weight gineless fixed-wing aircraft: glider
as saleable meat: deadweight 0 book opowered aircraft kept buoyant by
recording livestock pedigrees: herd gas: airship, dirigible owingless air­
book 0 supply water for agricultural craft with powered horizontal rotor:
purposes: irrigate 0 study of soil hel icopter 0 wingless aircraft with
management and crop production: unpowered horizontal rotor: autogiro,
agronomy � see also crop, fa rm, autogyro oaircraft capable of space
tool travel: spaceplane oaircraft
equipped to carry liquids in bulk:
aesthetics 0 aesthetic expert: con­
tanker 0 aircraft observing enemy
noisseur 0 person with no aesthetic
positions: spotter plane • aircraft de­
sense: boor, philistine
signed to evade radar detection:
Aids 0 sexual activity with precau­ stealth plane 0 aircraft's main body:
tions against Aids: safe sex 0 cancer
fuselage oaircraft with little or no
suffered by Aids victims: Kaposi's fuselage: flying wing ofar from the
sarcoma fuselage: outboard 0 near to the fu­
air ocombining forms: aero-, atmo­ selage: inboard • inside the fuselage:
(e.g. atmospheric), pneum (o)- 0 in i n board, on board ooutermost layer
the air: aerial ocontaining air: pneu­ of an aircraft's structure: skin
matic 0 riSing current of warm air: olights showing an aircraft's position:
aircraft I airc
raft 8
.... .... ........... ........ . .... ..... .... .............. .......... ................. . ... .... ..
... . . .... . ... ........... .. . . ... . . . . ... . . . . .. .
. ... .
..

navigation lig hts, ru nning lig hts, flying aircraft: pressu rization
sidelights .aircraft carrying goods: • aircraft's cargo area: hold • person
freig hter • pilotless aircraft packed in charge of cargo: loadmaster • air­
with explosives: flying bomb • air­ craft crew responsible for passengers
craft manufacture and technology: or cargo: cabin crew • list of aircraft
aerospace • part of an aircraft's passengers or cargo: man ifest .per­
structure specially curved to give it son hiding on an aircraft in order to
lift: aerofo i l • streamlining structure travel without paying: stowaway
on an aircraft: fa iring • flattened pro­ • aircraft's paying passengers and
jection improving stability: fin cargo: payload , useful load • behind
• wheels etc. supporting an aircraft or to the back of an aircraft: astern
while on the ground: landing gear, • on the outside of an aircraft: out­
un dercarriage .cables etc. control­ boa rd .use of a powered aircraft to
ling flight surfaces and engines: rig­ pull a glider into the air: aerotowing
ging • aircraft's single triangular • bulk air transport of troops or sup­
wing: delta wing • hinged rear edge plies: airl ift • flying or operation of
of an aircraft's wing: aileron, fla p aircraft: aviation • aircraft's planned
• aircraft wing flap projected t o create or actual course: fl ight path, vector
drag: spoiler .aircraft's door: hatch • route regularly used by aircraft: air

• detachable unit on an aircraft: pod lane, airway • permitted air route:

• front and rear of an aircraft: fore air corridor • official record of an
and aft • part of an aircraft for the aircraft's journey: log • aircraft's

flight crew: cockpit, flight deck flight recorder: black box, fl ight data
• transparent cover of an aircraft recorder .flight path of an aircraft
cockpit: ca nopy • flight crew's waiting to land: holding pattern
powered seat for emergency escape: • aircraft circling a given point at dif­
ejection seat, ejector seat • cockpit ferent altitudes while waiting to land:
instrument panel: console, dash­ stack • aircraft's path between take­
board • instrument showing an off and level cruising: climb-out • tilt

aircraft's height: altimeter • instru­ an aircraft to make a turn: bank

ment showing the rate of climb or des­ • aircraft's steep climbing turn:
cent: va riometer • rod controlling chandelle .level an aircraft: flatten
direction of flight: control column, out • aircraft's maximum possible al­
joystick • persons responsible for fly­ titude: ceiling • maintain an aircraft
ing an aircraft: fl ight crew .person at a steady altitude: trim .aircrafi's
in command of an aircraft: captain, deviation from course due to wind:
pi lot • captain's assistant: first of­ drift • aircraft's speed relative to the
ficer, co-pilot • person directing an ground: ground speed • aircraft's
aircraft's route: navigator • device speed relative to the ambient air: air­
keeping an aircraft on a set course: speed • trail of disturbed air left be­
automatic pilot • electronic avi­ hind a moving aircraft: slipstream,
ation equipment: avionics • remov­ wake, wa sh • trail of condensed
able cover for an aircraft engine: water left by an aircraft at high alti­
cowling • aircraft engine's outer cas­ tude: va pour tra i l • instance of two
ing: nacelle • section divider in an aircraft passing each other closer
aircraft: bulkhead .aircraft's small than is permitted: airmiss .denoting
window: porthole • aircraft's an aircraft in difficulties: in distress
kitchen: gal ley .maintenance of at­ • region of low or uneven pressure de­
mospheric pressure inside a high· stabilizing an aircraft: air pocket, tur-
9 aircraft I airport
......................................................... .......................................................................................

bulence • aircraft shake caused by lator • prohibit an aircraft from

turbulence: buffet, buffeting .(of an flying: ground • illegally seize con­
aircraft) rock from front to back: pitch trol of an aircraft: hijack, skyjack
.(of an aircraft) rock from front to .air force unit of six aircraft: fl ight
back: rol l • (of an aircraft) twist from • anti-aircraft fire: flak • military
side to side: yaw • violent swing of an aircraft's emergency takeoff: scram­
aircraft on or near ground: ground ble • military aircraft's wartime op­
loop • aircraft's steep downward eration: mission � see also aerobat­
plunge: nosedive • aircraft's fast re­ ics, airliner, navigation
volving motion: spin .aircraft's un­ aircraft carrier • airstrip on an
powered landing: deadstick landing aircraft carrier: fl ight deck
• aircraft's rough emergency landing:
airfield .military airfield: airbase
crash-landing, hard landing • air­
.hard-surfaced area on an airfield
craft's emergency landing with a final
where aircraft may park or man­
vertical drop: pancake landing
oeuvre: apron, fl ightline • strip for
• aircraft's gradual descent to the run­
taking off and landing: runway • illu­
way: approach • aircraft's circling
minated runway: flarepath .flexible
course after aborted approach:
cylinder showing wind direction and
goa rou n d • aircraft's .landing des­
force: drogue, sleeve, windsock
cent: glide path • runway contact by
.large building for housing aircraft:
the wheels of a landing aircraft:
hangar
touchdown • landed aircraft's decel­
eration along the runway: rol l-out airliner c airliner carrying many

• aircraft's slow ground movement to passengers: jum bo, j u m bo jet

or from the runway: taxi ing • airport • short-haul airliner carrying many

personnel servicing an aircraft be­ passengers: airbus • part of an air­

tween flights: ground crew .prepare liner for the passengers: cabin
an aircraft for its return journey: turn • most expensive class of passenger

rou n d • housing for an aircraft: accommodation: first class • middle

hangar • official unveiling of a new class passenger accommodation: cl u b
aircraft: roll-out • hire an aircraft for class • cheapest passenger accom­
a trip: charter • hire of an aircraft modation: economy class, tourist
without crew: d ry lease • hire of an class • persons attending to passen­
aircraft with crew: wet lease • enter gers' needs: cabin crew, flight attend­
or place on an aircraft: em bark, em­ ants, stewards • bag suitable for
plane, enplane .throw from an air­ transport in the cabin: carry-on,
craft: jettison • leave an aircraft: dis­ flight bag .air-traveller's luggage
em bark, deplane • denoting an beyond his or her allowance: excess
aircraft safe to fly: ai rworthy .estab­ baggage • list of airliner passengers:
lishment monitoring aircraft move­ manifest • person hiding on an air­
ments: tracki ng station • service
liner in order to travel without pay­
monitoring and directing aircraft ing: stowaway • company providing
movements: air traffic control .per­ scheduled public air transport: airline
mission for an air movement given by • product promotion giving vouchers

air traffic control: clearance .de­ redeemable for stated distances of free
tails of a proposed flight submitted to air travel: Air Miles™
air traffic control: flight plan .com­ airport .airport building for de­
puterized mock-up of an aircraft cock­ parting and arriving passengers: ter­
pit used in pilot training: fl ight simu- m i nal • airport reception counter:
airship I alle rgy . . .
10
......... ........................... ............ .......................... ..... ........ ................. .....................................

desk • those parts of an airport ter­ nature • alcohol denatured by metha­

minal that lie between its street en­ nol: methylated spirit • abstinence
trance and customs and passport con­ from alcoholic drinks: teetotalism,
trol: landside • those parts of an temperance
airport terminal that lie between the alcoholism .delusions caused by
aircraft and customs and passport alcoholi&l: delirium tremens
control: airside • desk where depart­ • intermittent craving for alcohol:
ing passengers have their tickets in­ dipsomania echild's mental and
spected: check-i n • non-appearance physical retardation caused by the
of booked passenger: no-show • re­ mother's consumption of excessive al­
fusal to honour a ticket, due to over· cohol during pregnancy: fetal alcohol
booking: bumping • ticket-holder
syndrome
waiting for a seat to become available:
algae .proliferation of algae in
stanC:by .airport information board
water: algal bloom • study of algae:
or screen: ind icator • airport lounge
algology
for passengers changing planes: tra n­
sit lounge • airport exit to a particu­ algebra • algebraic expression of

lar flight: gate • raised passageway the sum or difference of two terms: bi­
to an aircraft: pier • movable steps nomial .expression of more than
giving access to an aircraft: ram p two algebraic terms: polynom ial
.airport's non-flying staff: ground • number multiplying an algebraic

staff • airport employees servicing variable: coefficient

an aircraft: ground crew • rotating alien • fictional mechanical alien or­
machine from which luggage is col­ ganism: dalek _ imagined alien
lected: carousel • arrival or depart­ being: l ittle green man • person
ure of an aircraft: movement • ele­ claiming to have had dealings with
vated office from which flight alien beings: contactee • wartime
movements are controlled: control imprisonment of resident aliens: i n­
tower • tiredness felt after a flight ternment • resident alien in ancient
across time zones: jet lag Greece: metic
airship .mechanically propelled alkali • dye indicating alkalinity: l it­

airship: dirigible • German military mus .non-alkaline substance: base

airship used in First World War: Zep­ all . combining forms: o mni-, pa ne,
pel i n • airship's gas container: en­ panto- (e.g. pantomime, originally (re­
velope • cabin suspended beneath an ferring to a mime artist) 'imitator of all)
airship: gondola .for all persons or things: u niversal
• all at once: en bloc, simu lta neously
alcohol • courage gained by drink­

ing alcohol: Dutch courage • appar­ .all-in: freestyle • all-knowing: om­

atus for distilling alcohol: sti l l .per­ n iscient • all-powerful: omnipotent
• all together: en bloc, en masse
son authorized to sell alcoholic
drinks: victualler, licensed victualler • disease breaking out over all parts of

• denoting a place authorized to sell

a country or over all the world: pan­
alcoholic drinks: licensed .denoting demic
an alcoholic drink served without fur­ allergy • allergy causing breathing
ther dilution: neat, straight .denot­ difficulties: asthma • allergy caused
ing a region where alcoholic drinks by pollen: hay fever • substance
cannot be purchased: d ry • add alco­ causing an allergic reaction: al lergen
hol surreptitiously to a drink: spike • denoting a substance unlikely to
.make alcohol unfit to drink: de- cause an allergic reaction: hypo-
11
allergenic • itchy red spots caused by
food allergies: h ives, nettlerash, urti­
caria • compound released into cells
to combat allergens: h istamine
• medicine used to treat allergies:
antihistamine • cure allergy by grad­
ual exposure to its cause: desensitiza­
tion • skin allergy test: patch test
alliance • informal alliance: en-
tente • secret alliance between firms
to prevent competition: cartel • se­
cret alliance of purchasers at an auc­
tion to force down prices: ring • tem­
porary alliance between political
parties: coal ition, front .temporary
alliance between businesses: consor­
tium
allowance • money paid to a carer
for looking after an invalid: attend­
ance allowance .money paid to
local councillors for tim� spent on
council business: attendance allow­
ance
alloy • alloy used to join metal: sol­
der • mercury alloy used to fill teeth:
amalgam • alloy of gold and silver:
electrum • goldlike alloy of copper
and zinc: pinchbeck • silver-like
alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper:
nickel silver, German silver • alloy
of which monumental brasses are
made: latten
almond • almond paste: marzipan
• scald almonds to remove their skin:
blanch
alone • pers<1n who lives alone: her­
mit, recluse • person who enjoys
being alone: loner, sol itary
almost .combining form: quasi­
(e.g. quasi-autonomous) • strip of
land almost detached from the main­
land: pen insula
Alps • beyond the Alps: ultramon­
tane • this side of the Alps:
cismontane • traditional Alpine
wooden house: chalet
al phabet • ancient Anglo-Saxon
and Scandinavian alphabet: futhark,
alliance I ambassador
runes • ancient British and Irish al­
phabet: ogham • Indian alphabet:
Devanagari • alphabet of raised dots
for blind people: Bra i l le .former al­
phabet of raised letters for blind
people: Moon • pronunciation sign
written above or below a letter: dia­
critic • write in a different alphabet:
transliterate
altar • chief altar: high altar • port­
able altar: su peraltar • altar canopy:
baldacchino, ciborium • ornamental
cloth covering the front of an altar:
frontal • ornamental cloth behind an
altar: dossal • shelf behind an altar:
reta ble • ornamental screen behind
an altar: reredos • painting placed
behind an altar: a ltarpiece • railing
round an altar: parclose • altar cabi­
net for the reserved sacrament: taber­
nacle • drain near an altar: piscina
alternative medicine • medical
system associating parts of the hands
and feet with different parts of
the body: zone therapy • massage
system based on zone therapy: re­
flexology .joint manipulation:
chiropractic .regime of massage,
exercise, and diet control: naturop­
athy • medicinal use of plants: herb­
alism • healing by spiritual means:
faith healing .healing by crystals:
crystal healing
amateur • amateur dabbler in an
art or skill: dilettante • person
falsely claiming amateur status:
shamateur
ambassador .papal ambassador:
nuncio • nuncio sent to a non­
Catholic country: pro-nuncio • am­
bassador's deputy: charge d'affaires
• ambassador's assistant: attache
• ambassador's residence: em bassy
• ambassador's introductory letter:
credentials, letter of credence
• dress of an ambassador who is pre­
sented to the head of state: court
d ress � see also d i plomacy
ambiguity I an ger 12
. . . . . ...............................................................................
.
........ . ...... . . ... ..... .............................. ....

ambiguity .statement made am­ through a common ancestor: cognate

biguous by
its grammar: amphi­ • relationship by descent from a com­
bology, amphiboly • statement de­ mon ancestor: consanguinity .re­
signed to have a second (usually sembling or deriving from ancestral
indecent) meaning: double entendre, characteristics: atavisti c
double entente anchqr • small anchor with several

American Indian In­ • American flukes: grapnel • small anchor used

dian thought to have magic powers: to haul a ship: kedge, kedge anchor
medicine man, shaman .American .straight part of an anchor: shank
Indian axe: tomahawk • American • triangular plate on an anchor's arm:

Indian peace pipe: calu met .Ameri­ fluke .stone used as an anchor: kil­
can Indian shoe: moccasin .Ameri­ lick
can Indian spell: medicine .Ameri­ ancient • combining forms:
can Indian tent: lodge, teepee, archaeo-, palaeo- • excavation and
wigwam study of the physical remains of an­
among . combiningform: inter- (e. g. cient civilizations: archaeology
international) .among others: inter • study of fossil animals and plants:

al ios • among other things: inter pa laeobiology .study of fossil

alia plants: palaeobotany
amount • tiny
amount: iota, jot, angel • angel of the first order: ser­

soup�on, trace, vestige• required aph • angel of the second order:

or permitted amount: quantu m , cherub • angel of the third order:
quota, ration • insufficient amount: throne • angel of the fourth or­
short measure • amount left over: der: domination .angel of the fifth
surplus • express or measure an order: virtue .angel of the sixth or­
amount: q uantify • assessed by der: power • angel of the seventh
amount: quantitative, quantitive order: principal ity • angel of the

eighth order: archangel .angel of

ammunition • ammunition for a

single shot: round • denoting ammu­ the ninth order: angel .feast of the
archangel Michael: M ichaelmas
nition containing explosive: l ive • de­
noting ammunition containing explo­ .local group of Hell's Angels: chap­
sive but no projectile: blank ter
• ammunition store: magazine anger • anger at unfair treatment:
ind ig nation, offence, outrage, re­
anaesthetic .anaesthetic affect­
sentment • expression of public
ing the whole body: general anaes­
anger: outcry • public outrage or the
thetic .spinal anaesthetic given in
event causing it: scandal • public
childbirth: epidural, extradura l .de­
display of anger: scene • childish
noting an anaesthetic affecting a spe­
outburst of anger: tantrum .easily
cified part only: local
angered: irascible, irritable, short­
analysis • detailed
critical analysis: tempered, testy, tetchy, truculent
critique • analysis
of complex pro­ • intended to cause anger: provoca­
cedures to improve efficiency: sys­ tive • remark made to provoke anger:
tems analysis taunt • sulky bad temper: petu lance,
ancestor • earliest
ancestor: pro­ pique • natural proneness to anger
genitor, primogenitor • enumeration or equanimity: tem perament • petu­
of a person's ancestors: genealogy, lant expression of the lips: moue,
pedigree • related through a com­ pout • angry frown: scowl • angry
mon male ancestor: agnate • related rebuke: scolding .denoting a bad-
13 angle I animal

tempered person: curmudgeonly, tune: mascot _ animals bred or

dyspeptic .cause persistent resent­ raised for profit: livestock, stock
ment: ra nkle .soothe anger: ap­ • animal hunting others: predator
pease, mollify, pacify, placate, pro­ .hunted animal: prey .animal used
pitiate by hunters to attract others: decoy
• animal eating its own species: canni­
angle . combining form: -gon
• angle smaller than 90°: acute angle bal • animal eating flesh: carn ivore
• animal eating plants: herbi­
• angle of 90°: right angle • angle be­

tween 90 180°: obtuse angle .denot­ vore • animal feeding on refuse:

ing an angle not a right angle: oblique scavenger .animal in its second
• denoting an angle that combines
year: yearling • animal that chews
with another to make 90°: comple­ the cud: ru minant • animal depend­
mentary • denoting an inward­ ent upon external sources of heat:
pointing angle: re-entrant • denoting ectotherm • animal creating its own
bodily heat: endotherm • animal
an outward-pointing angle: salient
.figure with many angles: polygon maintaining a steady body tempera­
ture: homeotherm 0 male animal
.having three angles: triangular
• having four angles: quadran­ kept for breeding: sire • animal's fe­
gular _ having five angles: male parent: dam • young born to an
pe nta ngular it having, eight. angles: animal at one time: brood, litter
• smallest member of a litter: runt
octangular • tool for marking angles:
• give birth to young: th row • mal­
bevel • instrument to measure or
draw angles: protractor, set square formed or mutant animal: monster
• offspring of animals of differen t spe­
• instrument measuring angles pre­
cies: crossbreed, hybrid • large
cisely: goniometer
group of animals: herd • group of
Anglo-Saxon • ancient Anglo- herded animals: drove, herd, flock
Saxon alphabet: futh ark, runes • animals of a particular or
• Anglo-Saxon prince or noble: athel­
time: fa una 0 underwater animal
ing life: epifauna .denoting an animal
animal . combining forms: theri-, native to a particular region: endemic
zoo- • animal without a backbone: .wild animal's home: den , lair, lie
invertebrate • animal having a back­ • area regularly traversed by an ani­

bone: vertebrate • animal having mal: home ra nge • animal's seasonal

two feet: bi ped • animal having four
feet: quadrltped • warm-blooded ani­
mal suckling its young: mammal
• animal carrying its young in a
pouch: marsupial • scaly-skinned
cold-blooded animal: reptile • cold­
blooded terrestrial animal having an
aquatic larval stage: amphibian
• variety of animal developed by
breeding: strain • animal used to pull
carts, ploughs, etc_: draught animal
• set of draught animals: team • ani­
mal used to carry loads: beast of
b u rden • animal regarded as symbol­
izing a group or bringing good for-
change of habitat: migration .pan­
icked rush of a number of animals:
stampede • animal's bedding of
straw etc.: litter • animal's projecting
nose and mouth: snout • animal's
flexible snout: proboscis • animal's
frightening jaws: maw • hind part of
an animal's body: rump • animal's
skin with the hair: pelt • clean an
animal's coat: groom • skin disease
of hairy and woolly animals: mange
• animal's seasonal loss of plumage or
fur: moult • animal's internal organs
eaten as meat: offal, pluck .animal's
flexible grasping appendage: tentacle
an kle I anuS 14
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........
. . . ..... .......

• animal's track or scent: spoor • de­ versary: terce ntenary .400th anni­
noting animals adapted to a very dry versary: q uatercentenary • SOoth
environment: xerophilous • ability anniversary: quincentenary .600th
of certain animals to change colour: anniversary: sexcentenary
metachrosis • denoting a tamed ani­
announcer .announcer at a public
mal: domestic, domesticated .de­
event: master of ceremonies • an­
noting an animal returned to the wild: '
nouncer at a variety show: compere
feral • establish an animal in a for­
eign habitat: natural ize • denoting an noy .easily annoyed: irritable,
an animal bred for research: labora­ peevish, tetchy • until it becomes
tory .denoting an untethered ani­ annoying: ad na useam
mal: loose .animal's dose of medi­ anointing .ritual anointing for re­
cine: drench .climb onto an animal ligious purposes: unction .oil used
for riding: mount .(of a male ani­ for ritual anointing: chrism
mal) climb onto a female animal for
copulation: mount • animal excre­
answer • sharp answer: retort
ment: droppings, dung .remains of
• witty answer: rejOinder, riposte
.witty answer thought of too late:
prehistoric animals found in rock:
fossil • taking the form of an animal: esprit de I'escalier • refusal to give
straight answers: stonewalling
theriomorphic, zoomorphic • ani­
mal trainer: handler • exploitation of ant . combining form: myrmec(o)­
animals justified by alleged human • adjecti ve: formic • female ant:
superiority: speciesism • protected queen .male ant: drone • sterile
area for wildlife: reserve, sanctuary ant performing most basic tasks:
• enclosure for keeping animals in worker .African and Asian animal
semi-natural conditions: vivarium that eats ants: pangolin, scaly ant­
• place for keeping stray animals: eater • study of ants: myrmecology
pound .collection of wild animals antibiotic • antibiotic produced
for exhibition: menagerie, zoo .doc­ from blue moulds: penici l l i n .denot­
tor treating animals: vet, veterinary
ing an antibiotic effective against a
surgeon .allegedly unjustifiable ex­ large range of organisms: broad­
periments performed on animals: vivi­
spectrum
section • book describing different
kinds of animals: bestiary • study of antidote .serum containing anti­
animals: zoology • study of animal dotes: antiserum, antivenin .sup­
behaviour: ethology • study of ani­ posed antidote to al poisons:
mals whose existence is doubted: mithridate
cryptozoology antique • interesting antique: objet
ankle • ankle-covering: gaiter, spat de vi rtu • person who studies or col­
• ankle ornament: anklet lects antiques or antiquities: anti­
quaria n, antiquary
anniversary .25th anniversary:
silver j u bilee .SOth anniversary: antler .flat section of antler: palm
• prong of antler: tine
golden jubilee .2Sth or SOth anni­
versary: ju bilee • denoting a 40th an­ anus . combining form: proct(o)­
niversary: ruby .denoting a 60th .adjective: anal .muscle closing the
anniversary: diamond .1OOth anni­ anus: sphincter .inflammation of
versary: centenary .1SOth anniver­ the anus: proctitis • swollen veins in
sary: sesquicentenary .200th anni­ the anus: haemorrhOids, piles .in­
versary: bicentenary .300th anni- strument for inspecting the anus:
15
proctoscope • surgical construction
of an artificial anus: colostomy
• study of the anus: proctology
anxiety .abnormally tense or anx­
ious: neurotic • showing no anxiety:
nonchalant
apart • combining forms: d ia- (e. g.
diagnosis, literally 'telling apart), se­
(e.g. separate)
apartheid • formerdomination by
whites in South Africa: baaskap
• term under apartheid for a South Af­
rican black: Bantu • offensive former
South African term for any black per­
son: Kaffir .offensive former South
African term for a person of mixed
ethnic origins: Coloured • homeland
for South African blacks under apart­
heid: Bantustan • urban settlement
for South African black� under apart­
heid: location, township • township
drinking place: sh ebeen
ape • adjective: simian
powerful ape: gorilla
apex .adjective: apical
Aphrodite • Latin name: Venus
appeal •passionate appeal: cri de
• litigant who
cceur (pl. cris de creur)
appeals to a higher court: appellant
appearance . combining
-morph (e.g. polymorph),
• appearance of a god to mortals:
epiphany, theophany .first appear­
ance of an ' artist in public: debut
.sportsman or -woman playing in
public for the first time: debutant
• surface appearance of a manufac­
tured article: fi nish .done merely
for the sake of appearance: token
.denoting pleasant appearance and
manner: personable • misleading
appearance: gu ise, illusion
appendix .inflammation of the
appendix: appendicitis • surgical
removal of an appendix: appendec­
tomy
anxiety I Arab
appetite • adjective: orectic .per
son with a gross appetite for food:
gourmand .person with an insati­
able sexual appetite: lecher
appetizer .first course of a meal:
hors d'oeuvre, starter .small open
sandwich served as appetizer: canape
• alcoholic drink taken before a meal
as an appetizer: aperitif
applause .loud and long applause:
ovation • persons hired to applaud:
claque
apple • apple that is green when
ripe: g reening • alcoholic drink
made from apple juice: cider • apple
brandy: Ca lvados .apple of one's
eye: cynosure
appointment • appoint to a post:
nominate .where no appointments
are needed: d rop-i n .person not
keeping an appointment: no-show
apprenticeship • apprenticeship
• large agreement: indentures • having com­
pleted an apprenticeship: time­
served
Arab .Arab leader: sheik .Arab
scholar or man of high social stand­
ing: effendi .nomadic desert Arab:
Bedou in .Arab living in Israel or
Palestine: Palesti nian .Arab who
does not want a negotiated peace with
form:
Israel: rejectionist .Arab guerrillas:
-phany
fedayeen • Arab sailing boat: dhow
.Arab quarter in a town: kasbah
• Arab covered market: bazaar, souk
• Arab meat ball: kofta • Arab dish of
spiced durum semolina: couscous
• Arab dish of mashed chickpeas: fela­
fel, hummus .Arab cracked-wheat
salad: tabbouleh • Arab fruit-juice
drink: sherbet .Arab hooded cloak:
burnous, djellaba • Arab headdress:
keffiyeh • Arab headband: agal
.Arab man's long robe: dishdasha
• Arab eye make-up: koh l • Arab ges­
ture of greeting: salaam • Arab name
for God: Allah • dried-up river chan­
nel in some Arab countries: wad i
arbitra tor I arch itecture 16
. . ........ ... .......... ................ ........... ... . . . . ................................ . ..............
.... . . ........... . . .....................

• Arab term for kif marijuana: fleche • ornamental porch with col­
• spirit i n Arab folklore:
genie (pl. umns: portico • covered walk round
genii), jinn (pl. same) � see also Mus­ a quadrangle: cloister • cloistered
lim quadrangle: cloi ster garth, garth
arbitrator . adjective: arbitral • ar­ • window projecting from a sloping
bitrator's formal decision: arbitra­ roof: dormer • denoting an opening
ment, determination • denoting an wider �t one end than at the other:
arbitrament that the parties must splayed • splayed window opening:
obey: binding em brasure • ornamental stone open­
work above a window: tracery
arch • row o f arches: arcade • stone
• semicircular alcove: lunette .large
at the centre of an arch: keystone
polygonal recess: oriel • projecting
• area behind the shoulder of an arch:
spandrel • underside of an arch: sof­ support for a wall: buttress • arch­
fit • support for an arch: pier shaped buttress: flying buttress
• structure supporting the lateral .moulding round the edge of a ceil­
thrust of an arch: abutment ing: cornice .moulding round a
door or window:
architrave, d rip­
archaeology . combining form:
stone, hood mould, label • wall fill­
archaeo- (e.g. archaeometry) • ur­
ing the end of a pitched roof: gable
gent archaeological investigation of a
• decorative triangular gable above a
site about to be disturbed: rescue
door or wall: pediment • pediment's
archaeology • systematic inspection
of a ploughed field: field wa lking recessed central area: tympanum
• decorative band at a wall top: frieze
• analysis of layering of remains:
• projecting wall above a fireplace:
stratigraphy
chimney breast • projecting support:
archdeacon • adjective: archidi­
corbel • ornamental woodwork at a
aconal .title of an Anglican arch­
gable end: bargeboard • ornamental
deacon: venerable • archdeacon's
battlements: castellation • ornament
formal inspection: visitation
at the top or corner of a building: fin­
archer • astrological term: sagittar­ ial .ornament covering a joint in
ius ribwork: boss • Norman pointed or­
archery • adjective: toxophilite namentation: dog-tooth • ornamen­
.archery range: butts .mound for tal moulding of semicircular section:
the target in a range: butt • distant bead ing .ornamental framing for
target: rover an inscription: cartouche • orna­
architect . adjective: architectonic ment covering converging vaulting:
• architect working i n consultation boss • grotesquely carved water
with local inhabitants: commun ity spout: gargoyle • decoration in the
architect Chinese style: chinoiserie • outer
architecture de­• architecture covering for a wall: cladding .lower
signed to sympathize with its environ­ part of an interior wall: dado
ment: landscape architecture • de­ • smooth, square-cut masonry: ashlar
noting architecture in the styles of • steps and platform before a main en­
ancient Greece and Rome: classical trance: perron • elaborately decor·
• denoting architectural style mani­ ated entrance: portal • row of arches:
fested in functional buildings: ver­ arcade • exterior gallery on an
nacular • upper part of a classical upper floor: loggia .open courtyard
building: entablature • rounded roof­ in the centre of a building: atrium
ing vault: dome .slender spire: • underside o f a n architectural fea-
17 archive I aromatic

ture: soffit � see also beam, brick, armour .armour made of small
building, column, dome, ornament, metal rings: chain mail • helmet's

vault, wall, window plume: crest • helmet's face-guard:

beaver, visor • throat armour: gor­
archive • archived record: muni­
get • armour for the chest and back:
ment .person i n charge o f an arch­
cuirass • sleeveless mail coat: haber­
ive collection: archivist
geon • full-length mail coat: hau berk
Arctic .Arctic plain: tundra .Arc­ .arm armour: vambrace .ar­
tic sledge dog: husky moured glove: gau ntlet • thigh ar­

mour: cuisse • shin armour: greave

area .large area: tract .long nar­
• cloth garment worn over
row area: belt • remote area: hinter­
land, interior • area with a particu­
s u rcoat
lar use or character: zone • key area: arms • adjective: heraldic .system
nexus • area radically different from by which coats of arms are devised:
those surrounding it: enclave • area heraldry • expert in this: heraldist
cut off from those to which it is re­ .official controlling the College of
lated: exclave • surrounding area: Arms: Earl Marshal .official over­
purlieu • area with controlled access: seeing state ceremonial and grants of
exclusion zone • wet and boggy arms: herald, officer of arms,
area: quagmire .area devoted to persuiva nt .chief herald: King of
'
buildings of a particular kind: estate Arms .herald's emblazoned coat:
.area of influence or concern: pur­ tabard • shield bearing a coat of
view • area covered or available: arms: escutcheon • smaller shield

ra nge drawn inside another: inescutcheon

• section of an escutcheon: quarter
Ares • Latin na117R: Mars
• coat of arms with its bearers etc.:
argument • adjective: eristic .ar­ achievement • diamond-shaped
gument presented in court: submis­ board showing this: hatchment
sion • argument carefully ignoring • heraldic design: device, em blem
unfavourable facts: special pleading • left-hand side of a coat of arms: dex­
• noisy but trivial argument:squab­ ter • right-hand side of a coat of
ble .likely to cause argument: con­ arms: sinister • depict a coat of
tentious • prone to argue: disputa­ arms: emblazon .display two coats
tious • refutation of another's of arms on one shield: impale .de­
argument: rebuttal • allowing no ar­ noting a coat of arms that represents
gument: fi nal • denoting a superfi­ the bearer's name: canting
cially plausible argument: prima facie
army • adjective:
mil itary .citizen
• denoting a fallacious argument got
army: m i l itia, home guard • irregu­
up to convince: specious • user of
lar resistance force: m i l itia • front
dishonest arguments: casuist, soph­
part of an army: van, vanguard
ist
• side of an army: flank • ground be­
arm . combining form: brachio­ tween opposing armies: no-man's­
. adjective: brachial • arm of an octo­ land • army training school: m i l itary
pus: tentacle .dinosaur with short academy
armlike front legs: brachiosaurus
aromatic • aromatic ointment
• ornament worn round the upper
made from a tree resin: balsam
arm: armlet
• massage treatment using aromatic
armed forces . adjective: mil itary oils: aromatherapy
arou nd I Asi a n 18
.. . . . ..........................ao . . . . . . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ ..
.... .... . . .

around • combining forms: am phi­ artistic origination: creativity • art­

(e.g. amphitheatre). circum- (e.g. cir­ istic discernment: taste • knowledge
cumference). peri- (e.g. perinatal) of the fine arts: virtu • artwork

arrange • arrange in sequence turned out to make a living: potboiler

• artist's complete output: oeuvre
without overlaps: stagger • arrange­
• outstanding artistic creation: mas­
ment of battle forces: disposition
• possible arrangement of a set of
terpiece, masterwork, piece de re­
items: permutation sistance (pl. pieces de reSistance)
• artwork imitating other styles: pas­
arrest • arrest performed by an or­
tiche • amateur dabbler in an art: dil­
dinary person: citizen's arrest • im­ ettante • art exhibition: salon .put
munity from arrest: sanctuary .dip­ works of art on show: exhi bit .arte­
lomat's immunity from arrest:
fact assembled at the exhibition: in­
extraterritoriality
sta llation • presentation of artefacts
arriva l .person dealing with ar­ which includes performers: perform­
rivals at a hospital, office, or hotel: re­ ance art • found object considered as
ception ist • non-arrival: no-show a work of art: objet trouve (pl. objets
arrow • arrow
for crossbow: bolt trouves) • organized series of artistic
• arrow'scentral wooden section: events: festival • spontaneous artis­
shaft • back-turned spike on an tic event: happen ing
arrow head: barb .feathered end of Artemis . Latin name: Diana
an arrow: fl ight .feather an arrow:
arthritis • arthritis in the joints:
fletch • case for arrows: qu iver
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
art • creative art: fine art • vulgar • swimming exercises as a cure for
or sentimental art: kitsch .art in­ arthritis: hydrotherapy
tended to arouse sexual desire: erot­
artificial • artificial body parts:
ica • art produced by the untrained:
prosthetics • artificially created:
outsider art • art giving a minute re­
production of reality: hyperrea lism
factitious, synthetic
.realistic depiction of current social artist • major artist of the 13th 17th

conditions: social realism, verismo centuries: old master • artist's work­

• denoting grimly realistic art: shop: studio, atelier • artist's

kitchen-sink • artistic norms pro­ dummy: lay fig ure, manikin • artist's
mulgated under Stalinism: socialist personal style: idiom • artist's youth­
realism • denoting art depicting ful output: j uvenilia • artist's com­
physical appearances in a natural plete output: corpus, oeuvre .art­
way: fi gurative, realistic • denoting ist's most important creation:
art not depicting physical appear­ magnum opus • group of artists hav­
ances in a natural way: abstract ing a similar approach: school • per­
• denoting unconventional art: avant­ son posing for an artist: model
garde, underground • type of art:
ash • adjectives: cinera ry, cinerous
genre • genres created before an
• container for cremated ashes: urn
audience: performing arts .denot­
ing those genres involving three­ Asian .light Asian cart drawn by
dimensional modelling: plastic one or more people: rickshaw
• genres based on line and tone: • Asian savoury pastry: samosa
graphic arts • recurrent feature in • rainy season in southern Asia: mon­
an artwork: motif • conveyance of soon • yellow powder used to flavour
feeling in art: expression • faculty of and tillt Asian dishes: turmeric
19
assembly • assembly by the pur­
chaser: self-assembly • supplied
ready for easy assembly: prefabri­
cated
assessment • analytical assess­
ment: critique • formal assessment
of an employee's performance: ap­
praisal • person gIvmg an assess­
ment of an artistic work or perform­
ance: critic • difficult or impossible
to assess: imponderable
asset • denoting assets not easily
convertible into cash: fixed, illiquid
• denoting assets easily converted to
cash: disposa ble, liquid, near-money
• denoting assets expected to be sold
within a year: cu rrent • sale of as­
sets: disposal • selling off assets of a
purchased company for quick profit:
asset-stri pping • simultaneous trad­
ing of assets in different l markets to
profit by price differences: arbitrage
• convert assets into cash: rea lize
• gradual increase in an asset's value:
appreciation • gradual decrease in
an asset's value: depreciation .pro­
gressive write-off of an asset's pur­
chase value: amortization • charge
upon assets: encumbrance • prevent
the use of assets: freeze • legal docu­
ment disposing of one's assets after
death: wi ll
assimilation • gradual assimila­
tion: osmosis • assimilation of cul­
tural minorities: integration
assistant . combining form: sub-
(e.g. subed itor) , vice- (e.g. vice­
president) • general assistant: go­
pher, factotum, mate, office boy
.author's or composer's assistant,
taking down dictation or copying
drafts: amanuensis .criminal's as­
sistant: accompl ice, a bettor .hunt­
er's or fisherman's assistant: gillie
• golfer's assistant: caddie • civil
servant assisting a senior government
official: private secretary • adminis­
trative assistant to a senior military
officer: adjutant • confidential assist-
assembly I athletics
ant to a senior military officer: aide­
de-cam p .priest's liturgical assist­
ant: acolyte
assumption • assumption made as
a basis for further reasoning: hypoth­
esis • based upon assumptions: sup­
posititious
asthma • adjective: asthmatic
• person suffering from asthma: asth­
matic .drug taken by asthmatics to
widen the bronchi: bronchodilator
• instrument measuring asthmatics'
lung capacity: pea k flow meter
astrology • astrological forecast of
future events: horoscope .astro­
logical chart: zodiac .sector on an
astrological chart: house, sign
astronaut • trainee astronaut:
space cadet .astronaut's protective
clothing: spacesuit • astronaut's
period of physical activity in space
outside the spacecraft: space wa lk,
extravehicular activity • astronaut's
supply line during extravehicular
activity: umbil ical • imagined dis­
tortion of space time enabling astro­
nauts to breach the laws of physics:
space warp
Athena . Latin name: Minerva
athletics • athletic contest with two
events for all competitors: biathlon
• athletic contest with three events for
all competitors: triathlon • athletic
contest with four events for al com­
petitors: tetrathlon • athletic contest
with five events for all competitors:
pentath lon • athletic contest with
seven events for all competitors: hept­
athlon • athletic contest with ten
events for al competitors: decathlon
• international athletic contest for the
disabled: Paralympics • athletic
event not a race: field event .ath­
letic event involving racing: track
event • balanced series of athletic
exercises: circuit • disc thrown by an
athlete: discus .large heavy ball
thrown by athlete: shot • athlete
At la ntic Ocean I attitude
competing in short races: sprinter
• athlete competing in middle or long
distance races: distance ru nner
.athlete's warm oversuit: tracksuit
• weatherproof tracksuit: shell suit
Atlantic Ocean • equatorial re­
gion of the Atlantic with uncertain
winds: doldrums .warm current
running northwest from the Gulf of
Mexico: Gulf Stream, North Atlantic
Drift
atmosphere • having a stale warm
atmosphere: frowsty, fuggy, fusty,
stuffy .device to improve a room's
atmosphere: ion izer • map line join­
ing points of equal atmospheric pres­
sure: isobar .regions of the earth's
crust and atmosphere inhabited by
living organisms: biosphere • suc­
cessive regions of the earth's atmos­
phere: troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, thermosp here, iono­
sphere • interface between tropo­
sphere and stratosphere: tropopause
.interface between stratosphere and
ionosphere: stratopause • ozone­
rich layer in the stratosphere: ozone
layer .thin area in this: ozo ne hole
• proportion of moisture present in
the atmosphere: humidity .elong­
ated region of high atmospheric pres­
sure: ridge • elongated region of low
atmospheric pressure: trough .area
of atmospheric pressure lower than
those around it: depression .un­
stable atmospheric pressure: turbu­
lence • instrument measuring at­
mospheric pressure: barometer
atom • atom with a net positive or
negative charge: ion • atom's central
core: nucleus (pl. n uclei) • force hold­
ing atoms together: bond • bonded
group of atoms: molecule • group of
atoms behaving as a unit: radical
• constituent of an atom: particle,
subatomic particle, elementary par­
ticle • force holding quarks, neu­
trons, and protons together within the
nucleus: strong force • technology
20
for manipulating atoms and mol­
ecules: nanotech nology • atomic
clock: caesium clock
attach • inessential extra item at­
tached . to something: appendage
• attachment between newborn infant
and its mother: umbil ical cord
attack • combining form: (of a dis­
ease) -Iepsy (e.g. epilepsy) • brief at­
tack: foray, incursion, sal ly, sortie
• fierce attack: bl itz, onslaught
• sudden attack: strike .sudden sur­
prise attack: coup de main (pl. coups
de main) • sudden attack from a de­
fensive position: sally, sortie • attack
on an enemy position: assault .un­
provoked attack: aggression • attack
designed to disable a perceived threat:
first strike, pre-emptive stri ke .re·
sponse to attack: counterattack,
counteroffensive, secon d stri ke
.attack by aircraft: air raid e re·
peated attacks from low-flying air­
craft: strafi ng .denoting a military
attack carried out with great preci­
sion: surgical • crime of attacking a
person: assault • person or thing
vulnerable to attack: soft target
attendant • group of attendants
upon an important person: entou­
rage, retinue, train • protective at­
tendant: bodyguard, minder
attention • focus the attention: con­
centrate .centre of attention: cyno­
sure .forcing the attention: intru­
sive, obtrusive • activity designed to
distract attention: d iversion .avoid­
ance of attention: low profi le • craft­
ily avoiding attention: furtive .time
spent devoting one's attention to an­
other: qual ity time
attitude • set of attitudes: mental ity,
mi ndset .set of attitudes opposed to
those currently prevailing: counter­
culture .confrontation of different
attitudes: culture shock • spread of
middle-class materialism: embour­
geoisement • person with outdated
21
attitudes: fogey • still adhering to
old attitudes: unreconstructed, u n re­
generate
attract • bargain offered to attract
customers: come-on, loss-leader
• attractive but worthless: meretri­
cious
aubergine .aubergine in Greek
cuisine: mel itza nes • aubergine in
Indian cuisine: brinjal
auction • auction at which the price
is progressively reduced: Dutch auc­
tion • item sold at an auction: lot
.price which an item must reach be­
fore being sold: reserve, reserve
price, upset price • secret alliance of
purchasers at an auction to force
down prices: ring
audiotape audiotape machine
• proceed:
recording telephone messages: an­
swering machine, answerphone
• container for audiotape: cassette
Australian • native Australian:
Aborigi nal • Australian wild dog:
dingo .ostrich-like Australian bird:
emu .river backwater in Australia,
filled only by floods: billabong
.large area of pasture: run • Austra­
lian term for a British person:
Pommy • Australian term for an un­
skilled farmhand: rouseabout, roust­
about • Australian terms for the
rural hinterland: backblocks, out­
back
Austrian • title of former Austrian
emperors: Kaiser • Austrian mayor:
burgomaster • Austrian province:
Land (pl_ Lander) .Austrian folk
dance: landler .Austrian chocolate
cake: Sachertorte (pl. Sachertorten)
author • author employed to write
for another: ghostwriter .author of
film and TV scripts: screenwriter,
scenarist • author's youthful output:
j uvenilia • author's inability to think
of new material: writer's block
• author's assistant, taking down dic­
tation or copying drafts: amanuensis
attract I away
• falsename used by an author: nom
de plume, pseudonym • right of
authors to royalties from libraries:
public lending right .person in
charge of a dead author's works: liter­
a ry executor • assign authorship:
attri bute
authority • with full authority: ex
cathed ra • showing authority:
magisterial • shared authority: part­
nership • intrusively authoritarian:
officious .misuse of authority: mis­
feasance .area of authority: remit,
terms of reference .legal authority
to act for another: power of attorney
• person authorized to act for another:
proxy
authorization • authorization to
commission, mandate,
remit • be absent without authoriza­
tion: take French leave
automatic • introduction or use of
automatic equipment: automation
• done in automatic response to a
stimulus: reflex
autumn • fine weather in late au­
tumn:Indian summer, St Luke's
summer, St Martin's summer
available • available but not obliga­
tory: optional • available to all: open
• general availability: open access,
open door • acceptance of what hap­
pens to be available: pot luck • not
available: inaccessible
avocado • Mexican dish of mashed
avocado: guacamole
avoid • have no dealings with: boy­
cott • avoid skilfully and repeatedly:
elude, evade .avoid a need or diffi­
culty: obviate
award • person
receiving an award:
laureate • statement
of reasons for
bestowing an award: citation
away • combining forms: a b(s)- (e.g.
abduct), ap(o)- (e.g. apogee), de- (e.g.
deduct), out- (e.g. outbound)
axe I AZtec .
22
. .. . . .. ... . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... ........... .. . . . . . .....
... ... .

axe • small axe: hatchet • Ameri­ er's ice axe: piolet • axe handle: haft
can Indian axe: tomahawk • animal­
Aztec • Aztec temple: teocalli
slaughterer's axe: poleaxe • climb-

baby • adjective: infantile • baby
less than four weeks old: neonate
• baby with insufficient blood oxygen:
blue baby .one of two babies born at
a birth: twin .one of three babies
born at a birth: triplet • one of four
babies born at a birth: q uadrup let
.one of five babies born at a birth:
quintuplet • set of clothes for a new­
born baby: layette • baby's bed: cot,
cradle • baby's small portable bed:
carrycot • baby's wickerwork cot:
Moses basket • baby's plastic teat:
comforter, dummy • baby's long­
legged feeding chair: high chair
.baby's babbling: lal lation • wind
suffered by a baby: colic • feed a
baby whenever it cries: demand-feed
• breast-feed a baby: suckle • woman
employed to suckle another's baby:
wet nurse .discourage a baby from
breast-feeding: wean .liquid baby
food to replace breast milk: formula
• bounce a baby: dandle • first faeces
of a newborn infant: meconium .un­
explained deAth of a sleeping baby:
cot death, sudden i nfant death syn­
drome .abandoned baby of un­
known parentage: foundling • baby
secretly substituted for another:
changel ing .scaly skin on a baby's
head: cradle cap • space between the
parts of an baby's skull: fontanelle
• apparatus providing special envir­
onment for a premature baby: incuba­
tor • pouch for carrying a baby: sling
• institution offering daytime care of
babies: creche • killing a baby: in­
fanticide
Bacchus • Greek name: Dionysus
• malefollower of Bacchus: bacchant
.female follower of Bacchus: bac-
Bb
chante, maenad • staff carried by
Bacchus' followers: thyrsus
back . combiningforms: dors- .ad­
jectives: dorsal, (lower back) lu mbar
• back sloping forward at the top:
hum pback, hunchback • back of a
leaf of paper: verso .lying on one's
back: supine • bag strapped to the
back: haversack, knapsack, ruck­
sack
back again . combining forms:
ana- (e.g. anamnesis) , re- (e.g. return)
backbone . adjectives: spinal, mye­
loid • having a backbone: vertebrate
•having no backbone: i nvertebrate
.joint of meat containing a backbone:
chine
backer • person lending money to fi­
nance a film or play: angel • person
betting on a racehorse: pu nter
backwards • combining form:
retr( 0)- (e.g. retrospect)
bacon • side of bacon: fl itch • slice
of bacon: rasher • cube of bacon: lar­
don .tough outer layer on bacon:
rind .denoting bacon having alter­
nate strips of fat and lean: streaky
bacterium • bacteria in contamin­
ated food: Escherichia coli, listeria
• bacterium causing gonorrhoea:
gonococcus • bacterium causing
pneumonia and dental decay: strepto­
coccus • bacteria cultivated for ex­
perimentation: culture • test for bac­
teria: Gram sta in • substance
arresting the multiplication of bac­
teria: bacteriostat • substance kill­
ing bacteria: antiseptic, bactericide,
disi nfecta nt • study of bacteria:
bacte riology
b a d I banet 24
........... .................................................... ...................................... .............. .....
..............

bad . combining forms: caco- (e.g. bag: twist tie • baglike bodily mem­
cacophony), dys- (e.g. dysfunction), brane: sac
mal- (e.g. maladministration), m is­ bagpipes .Irish bagpipes: uillean
(e.g. misadventure) • exceptionally
p ipes • small bellows-powered bag­
bad: egregious .famously bad: no­ pipes: musette • pipe on bagpipes on
torious • gradually getting worse: which the tune is played: cha nter
insidious .a thing's bad aspects: • pipe on bagpipes used to produce a
downside • bad breath: halitosis continuous bass note: d rone • shrill

badge .flower-shaped badge of col- sound of bagpipes: skirl

oured ribbon: rosette • school or bail • pay bail money for another:
sports team badge: colours stand bail, sta n d surety • abscond,

badger • male badger: boar having gained release by bail: jump

• badger's burrow: earth, sett bail
badly • combining form: cata- (e. g. baking .mixture of flour and yeast
catachresis), mis- (e.g. mismanage) for baking: dough • yeast SUbstitute
used in baking: baking powder
badm i nton • badminton bat: racket
balance • adjective: equili brious
• feathered cork used as a ball: sh ut­
tle, shuttlecock • strike the ball to . astrological term: libra .state of
commence play: serve balance: equili brium • balance of
forces or interests: equipoise • per­
bad taste • person having bad
son performing balancing feats:
taste: boor, groundling, vulgarian a crobat, juggler, fu nam bulist • self­
• vulgarly showy: garish, gaudy, balancing flywheel: gyroscope .lose
lurid balance: overbalance
bag • plastic o r paper bag with han­ Balinese • Balinese percussion or­
dles: carrier bag • capacious bag: chestra: gamelan
holdal/, tote bag • small bag for cos­
Balkan • Balkan guerrilla: chetnik
metics: vanity bag • small sealed

bag: sachet • travelling bag: grip, · ball .large black ball used i n bowls:
suitcase .small travelling bag: va l­ wood • small white ball used in
ise • two-sectioned travelling bag: bowls: jack • ball used in ice hockey:
Gladstone bag, portmanteau • bag puck • ball that is out of play: dead
strapped to the back: haversack, ball .heavy exercise ball: medicine
knapsack, rucksack • school bag on ball .large metal ball thrown in ath­
a long strap: satchel • cylindrical letics: hammer, shot • spiked metal
canvas bag with a drawstring: duffel ball used as a war obstacle: caltrop
bag . sailor's bag: ditty bag .sol­ • ball of decorated blown glass: witch

dier's bag: kitbag • air-travellers' ball .forward spin on a ball: top­

shoulder bag: carry-on , flight bag spin
• bag for carrying a child on the back: ballet • ballet company: corps de
papoose .large bag at the side of a ballet .chief female ballet dancer:
motor cycle, beast of burden, etc.: pan­ prima ballerina .leading ballet dan­
nier • bag used to remove a corpse cer: coryphee .rank-and-file ballet
from an accident, battlefield, etc.: dancers: corps de ballet • female
body bag .large bag for protection ballet dancer: bal/erina, danseuse
against exposure: su rvival bag • male ballet dancer: danseur • rail
• small piece of plastic-covered wire supporting ballet dancer doing exer­
used to secure the neck of a plastic cises: barre • ballerina's short skirt:
25
tutu • balet shoes with strengthened
toes: poi nte shoes • ballet step: pas
• arm movement: port de bras • spin
made on one foot: pi rouette • posture
with one leg lifted at right angles: ar­
abesque • series of steps for a ballet:
choreography • person devising
these: choreographer • person
teaching ballet dancers their steps:
repetiteur • solo dance: pas seul
.dance for two people: pas de deux
.dance performed on the tips of the
toes: pointe, en pointe • short dance
to display technique: divertissement
• ballet enthusiast: balletomane � see
also dancer
balloon .large balloon, moored in
groups to frustrate air attack: barrage
balloon • balloon's gas container:
envelope • enclosed pasS\:lnger com­
partment below a balloon: gondola
ban • ban on trade: embargo • ban
on implementation of a decision: veto
• ban on dealings with a person, or­
ganization, etc.: boycott
band • band
conductor: band master
• chiefmusician in a band: band­
leader .roofed outdoor band plat­
form: bandstand
bandage • bandage supporting an
injured arm: sling .loosely woven
dressing: ga uze • bandage twisted
tight to stop the flow of blood: tou rni­
quet • bandage stiffened with plaster
of Paris: cast, plaster cast • pad ap­
plied to stop bleeding: compress
• protective or healing material
placed on a wound: d ressing .ab­
sorbent pad: swab • absorbent plug:
tampon • soft moist mass applied to
relieve inflammation: poultice
bank' • artificial bank: berm
• steep bank: bl uff, scarp .large de­
fensive bank: earthwork .long bank
built to prevent flooding: dyke, em­
ban kment .artificial bank carrying
a road or railway: embankment
balloon I banknote
bank' • bank dealing in commercial
loans and investment: merchant bank
• deposit-taking cooperative offering
cheap loans to members: cred it u n ion
• bank account for frequent deposits
and withdrawals: current account
• bank account for longer-term de­
posits: deposit account • bank ac­
count for several persons: jOint ac­
count • bank account deficit:
overdraft .customer's book record­
ing deposits and withdrawals on his
account: bank book, pass book
• bank card giving access to cash dis­
pensers: cash card • management of
a bank account by telephone or com­
puter modem: direct banking, home
banking, telebanking • remove from
a bank account: debit • arrangement
for a third party to draw on one's ac­
count: direct debit • money paid into
a bank account: deposit • money
taken out of a bank account: with­
d rawal • bank deposit that cannot be
withdrawn before a set date: time de­
posit • instruction to a bank to make
regular payments: standing order
• sudden withdrawal of deposits by
many investors: ru n • cheque drawn
by a bank on its own funds: ba nk
d raft, ban ker's draft • bank's printed
order for payment of a specified sum:
money order • cheque guaranteed by
a bank: certified cheque • banks' es­
tablishment for the exchange of
cheques: cleari ng house • banks'
trading in short-term loans: money
ma rket • banking transaction ef­
fected via the telecommunications
network: electronic transfer of fu nds
• wall-mounted deposit box used
when the bank is closed: night safe
• secure store for valuables: safe de­
posit, safety deposit • bank's secure
storeroom: va ult
banknote • thin line inside bank­
note paper: thread mark • banknote
design visible only when held up to
the light: watermark
 bankru��
....... ....... ..... I ���.���
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �.?
bankrupt • official appointed to barrier •
crowd barrier: crush bar­
manage the affairs of bankrupts: re­ rier • roadside
barrier preventing ac·
ceiver • release a bankrupt from fur· cidents: crash barrier • improvised
ther payments: discharge barrier blocking a street: barricade
baptism • baptism by dipping: im­
.insurmountable barrier: Chi nese
wa ll • imagined invisible barrier:
mersion • baptism by pouring water
over: affu sion • baptism by sprink· force field
ling: aspersion • person making barrister • barristers regarded col·

promises for a child being baptized: lectively: the bar • barrister's ap·
godparent prenticeship: pupillage • barrister

bar • short bar attaching a collar to a

advising a court martial: judge advo­
cate • barrister serving as a part·
shirt: stud • bar at which drinks
time judge: recorder • barrister's of·
must be paid for: cash bar • bar at
fice: chambers • barrister's advice
which the drinks are free: open bar
on a point of law: opinion • barris·
bar code • bar code reader: light ter's wig, gown, etc.: court d ress
pen, wa nd • pass a light pen over a • case information and instructions
bar code: wipe given to a barrister: brief • brief
bargai n • bargain offered to attract given to a barrister chosen by the ac·
customers: come-o n, loss-leader cused while in court: dock brief
. • shrewd bargaining to mutual advan· • brief to follow a case for a client not

tage: horse-trading .refuse to hon· directly involved in it: watching brief

our a bargain: renege • initial fee paid to a barrister: re­

tainer • subsequent fee paid to a bar·

barge .large light barge: wherry
rister in a long case: refresher _ hon·
• barge towed by another boat: butty
orific title bestowed on a senior
• person who works on a barge: bar­
barrister: King's Counsel, Queen's
gee
Cou nsel .such barristers collect·
bark • removea tree's bark: decorti­ ively: the inner bar • other barristers
cate •
bark bruised as a source of collectively: jun iors, the outer bar
tannin: tan , tan bark .tanbark used • organization training and regulat·
as a ground·cover: tan, spent tan ing barristers: I n n of Court .forbid
• bitter extract of cinchona bark: a barrister to practice: d isbar
quinine
base • base for a statue etc.: pedes­
barometer . denoting a barometer tal .military base: garrison .forti·
using a vacuum box to measure at· fied base established on an enemy
mospheric pressure: aneroid .liquid shore: beachhead • fortified base es·
metal used in a barometer: mercu ry, tablished inside enemy territory:
quicksilver bridgehead .proposition used as a
barrel •
large barrel: hogshead, tun base for further reasoning: hypoth­
• small barrel: keg • person who esis
makes barrels: cooper • plank from basket • food basket: hamper
which barrels are made: stave •basket for soft fruits: punnet • bas·
• metal band compressing a barrel's ket for garden vegetables: trug • bas·
staves: hoop • small hole in the side ket for dirty clothes: l i nen basket
of a barrel: vent .plug for a barrel • basket for sewing items: work­
vent: spigot .allow air to enter a basket • basket on a cycle or donkey:
barrel: vent • open a barrel: broach pannier .wooden neck·frame for
• wooden peg to seal a barrel: spile carrying baskets: yoke • willow
27
cropped for basket-making: osier
• shoot from this: withy
basketbal l • attempt at goal
awarded after a foul: free throw • ad­
vance the ball by continuous boun­
cing: dribble • aggressive marking of
opponents: ful l-court press
Basque •Basque ball game: jai alai,
pelota • court for this: fronton
.Basque separatist terrorist organ­
ization: Eta
bastardy • supposed heraldic indi­
cation of bastardy: bar sinister, bend
sinister • court order obliging a bas­
tard's father to contribute to its sup­
port: affi liation order
bath . adjective: balneal • bath with
underwater jets: jacuzzi™ • bath
with hot aerated water: spa, spa
bath, spa pool • steam hath: Tu rki sh
bath • hot-air bath: sauna • bath
only large enough to sit in: hip bath
• mark left on a bath's sides by re­
ceding water: tidemark • dried trop­
ical fruit used as a bathing sponge:
loofah
batter • thin fried cake of batter:
pancake • sweet batter baked with a
fruit filling: clafoutis
battery • rechargeable battery stor­
ing electricity as chemical energy: ac­
cumulator .point at which current
enters or leaves a battery: electrode
• slow battery charger: trickle char­
ger • denoting an exhausted battery:
flat
battle • small battle: incident, skir­
mish • closeaerial battle: dogfight
• battle area: field, front • position­
ing of troops for battle: deployment,
disposition • join battle: engage
• bravery in battle: gallantry • offi­
cial report from the battlefront: d is­
patch • regroup after defeat: rally
• the ultimate battle, or one causing
huge destruction: Armaged don
• battlefield hospital: field hospital
basketball I bean
bay • small sheltered bay: cove
• large bay: gulf
beach • adjective: littoral • barrier
preventing beach erosion: groyne
.defended beach position: beach­
head
beads • large string of beads used in
prayer: rosary • small string of beads
used in prayer: chaplet
beam .metal beam: g i rder .verti­
cal underground beam supporting
foundations: pile, spile • beam laid
horizontally in a wall: wa ll plate
• beam or plate distributing weight
along a wall: template • beam sup­
porting a floor: joist • beam support­
ing joists or rafters: summer • hori­
zontal beam connecting rafters: tie
beam • short beam supporting a raf­
ter or arch: hammer beam • roof
beam supporting rafters: purlin
• beam at the apex of a roof: ridge
piece .long beam supporting and
connecting a framework: stri ngpiece
• beam fixed at one end: canti­
lever • beam above an opening: l i ntel
• beam across a fireplace: ma ntel tree
• short horizontal wall-post to carry
scaffolding beams: putlog • horizon­
tal beam dividing a window: transom
• vertical beam dividing a window:
mullion • beam between a door and a
fanlight: transom • beam across the
tops of columns: architrave • over­
head beam supporting equipment:
gantry • denoting a beam carrying
the structure above it: load-bearing
• use o f beams: tra beation • small
piece of stone or wood supporting a
beam's end: tassel • heavy beam
used to knock down walls: ram , bat­
teri ng ram .floating beam restrict­
ing access to a harbour etc: boom
bean • adjective: leg uminous
• smallFrench kidney bean: flageolet
• bean giving bean sprouts: mung
• curd made from mashed soya beans:
tofu
b ear / beer
.
. .
28
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

bear • adjective: ursine • young of a quilt with a detachable cover:

bear: cub continental quilt, duvet • confined to
bearer • combining forms: -fer, bed: bedridden .long-handled brass
-phore (e.g. semaphore, literally 'sign­ pan formerly used to warm a bed:
bearer) • person carrying the cross warm ing pan .Japanese quilted
in Christian processions: crucifer mattress used on the floor as a bed:
• person carrying a censer: thurifer
futon . animal's bedding of straw
etc.: litter
bearing • combining forms: -ferous
(e.g. odoriferous), -gerous (e.g. bee . adjective: apian .female bee:
cornigerous) q ueen .male bee: drone • sterile
bee doing most of the tasks of the
beast • adjective: bestial, animal,
group: worker .large group of bees:
feral • beast-like characteristics: ani­
swarm • hexagonal wax structure
mal ity
built by bees: honeycomb • sub­
beauty . combining form: calli­ stance fed to potential queens: royal
• products claiming to improve the ap­ jelly • structure for bees to live in:
pearance of the skin: cosmetics beehive, hive • group of beehives:
• exercises designed to improve apiary • person who studies or keeps
strength and appearance: cal listhen­ bees: apiarist
ics • not beautiful: plain
beef .cut of beef from the outside
beaver •
young beaver: kit, kitte n leg: si lverside .cut of beef from the
• beaver's den: lodge breast: brisket • cut of beef from the
becoming • combining form: lower part of the spine: loin • best
-escent • becoming liquid: deliq ues­ part of this: sirloin • high-quality
cent • becoming rotten: putrescent beef taken from the hindquarters:
• becoming sexually mature: pubes­ steak • lean cut from the rump: top­
cent side .boned sirloin steak: entrecote
• thick steak of fillet beef: chateau bri­
bed • bed
without head- or footboard:
divan • bed
with a canopy supported a n d • small thick slice of fillet beef:
by posts: four-poster • matching pair tournedos • seasoned dish of raw
of single beds: twi n beds • narrow steak and egg: steak tartare • beef
bed, often one of a tiered set: bunk stew with onions and beer: carbon­
• canvas bed suspended by cords at its
nade • French beef stew: grillade
• beef cooked in a sour cream sauce:
ends: hammock • portable bed for
the injured: stretcher • enclosed bed beef stroganoff • seasoned smoked
carried on poles: litter • fixed bed on beef: pastrami • flat cake of minced
a train, ship, etc.: berth • NHS hos­ beef: burger
pital bed for which a charge is made: beer • beer brewed and stored trad­

amen ity bed, pay bed • bed made up itionally: cask beer, real ale • beer
as a practical joke with a single sheet stored with carbon dioxide: keg beer
folded back on itself: apple-pie bed • beer served from a bulk container:
• bed's solid frame: bedstead • can­ draught beer • nitrogen device in
opy over a bed: tester • panel at a some beer cans: widget • dark hoppy
bed's head: headboard • thick upper beer: mild .dark beer made with
bed-covering sewn in sections: eider­ roasted malt: stout • dark beer made
down, q uilt • fabric case stuffed with with charred malt: porter .light ef­
feathers etc. as a mattress or pillow: fervescent beer: lager • treated grain
tick • ornamental cloth bedcover: for brewing: malt, grist • water used
bedspread • bed-covering consisting in brewing: liquor .malt and liquor
29
mixture: mash • breakdown of
sugars in brewing: fermentati on
.mature further after fermentation:
condition .clarify a brew: fi ne
.final taste of beer: fi nish • foam on
beer: head • beer mixed with a soft
drink: shandy .drink of lager and
draught cider: snakebite .tall beer
mug with a handle: tankard .large
earthenware beer mug: stein .per­
son making beer: brewer • beer cart
or lorry: d ray
beetle • adjective: col eopterous
• beetle infesting kitchens etc.: cock­
roach • ticking wood-boring beetle:
death-watch beetle • luminescent
beetle: gl ow-worm • sacred beetle of
ancient Egypt: scarab • student of
beetles: coleopterist
before . combining forms: afore­
(e.g. aforementio ned), ante, fore- (e.g.
foreplay) , p re-, pro- .att or happen
before (some other event): anticipate
• acting beforehand: proactive
• thing or person coming before an­
other: foreru nner, precursor, prede­
cessor • before the war: antebellum,
pre-war • feeling, when i n a new situ­
ation, of having experienced it before:
deja vu
beg .living by begging: mendicant
• begging the question: petitio
principii
beginner .keen or ambitious be­
ginner: aspirant • inexperienced be­
ginner: novice, tyro • suitable for be­
ginners: entry-level
beginning • combining form:
-escent (e.g. pubescent) • adjectives:
em bryonic, inci pient, inceptive, in­
choate, i n itial, nascent .sudden be­
ginning: outbreak, outburst • from
the beginning: ab in itio, ab ovo, de
novo
behaviour . combining form: -ery
(e.g. foolery) 0 generally accepted be­
haviour, or its rules: convention, eti­
quette, protocol .person's distinct-
beetle I belief
ive behaviour: trait, quirk,
man nerism, idiosyncrasy .uncon­
ventional behaviour: eccentricity, de­
viance .child's playful misbehav­
iour: mischief .morally correct
behaviour: conformity, decorum,
propriety, rectitude, virtue • behav­
iour intended to fulfil social expect­
ations: role playi ng • behaviour
aimed at others' benefit: altruism
.servile behaviour: toadying, truck­
ling .dishonest behaviour: sl eaze,
skulduggery • immoral behaviour:
vice .employee's improper behav­
iour: miscond uct .engrained pat­
tern of maladaptive behaviour: per­
sonal ity disorder • stiffly
well-behaved: prim • strict and re­
served in behaviour: un bending
• breaching propriety or convention:
transgressive .denoting behaviour
expressing one's feelings of social su­
periority: supercil ious • imitation of
behaviour: mi mesis .encourage­
ment of desired behaviour by rewards:
rei nforcement, positive reinforce­
ment • encouragement of desired be­
haviour by cessation of punishment:
negative reinforcement • scientific
study of human or animal behaviour:
behavioural science
behind . combiningform: retro- (e.g.
retrochoir) • behind with payments:
in arrears
being . combining form: onto-
• study of the concept of 'being':
ontology
belief • system of beliefs: doctri ne,
dogma • system of religious belief:
faith • firm belief: conviction .mis­
taken belief: fallacy, misapprehen­
sion • belief that all matter has an
element of consciousness: pan­
psychism • belief that plants and
inanimate objects possess souls: ani­
mism .doctrine of design and pur­
pose in the material world: teleology
• traditional beliefs of a community:
fo lklore 0 credulous belief in the
bell I bet
. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
...................................................................................................................

supernatural: superstition • belief bench .long backless bench: form

that one's nation is superior: chauvin­ .long wooden bench with high back:
ism, ethnocentricity, j i ngoism .per­ settle • upholstered bench against a
son dying for his beliefs: martyr wall: banquette
• person changing his or her beliefs to
bend bend in a road:
• V-shaped
suit prevailing fashion: time server hairpin. bend .deflection of light or
• correct a mistaken belief: disa buse
radio waves passing from one medium
• publicly disown a belief: reca nt to another: refraction • bending
• still adhering to old beliefs: unre­
readily: flexi ble, pliable .full of
constructed , unregenerate • person bends: flexuous, sinuous
abandoning religious or political be­
beneath • combining forms: hypo-,
liefs: apostate • unable to believe:
i ncred ulous i nfra- (e.g. infrastructure), sub- • be­
neath the earth's surface: subterra­
bell • bell rung to instruct people to
nean • beneath the skin: hypoder­
return to their houses: curfew • bell mic, subcutaneous • beneath one's
rung for the recitation of Roman Cath­ dignity: i nfra dig
olic prayers commemorating the In­
benefit • reciprocal
benefit: quid
carnation: angelus • bell rung at
pro quo • state
benefit paid to dis­
death or a funeral: knell • alarm bell:
tocsin • bell's tongue: clapper • bell abled persons needing home care: at­
tower: campa nile • art of bell­ tendance allowance e state benefit
ringing: campanology • set of bells offsetting a disabled person's loss of
for campanology: peal .large set of earnings: disability benefit • state
bells for musical performances: caril­ benefit paid to those temporarily off
lon work through illness: sickness bene­
fit • state payment to the long-term
belonging to . combining form :
sick: incapacity benefit • state bene­
-ine (e.g. Alpine) • sense of 'not be­
fit assisting travel for the disabled:
longing': alienation
mobility allowance • state payment
below . combining forms: hypo­ to a family on low income: family
(e.g. hypodermic , literally 'beneath the credit • situation where any increase
skin'), infra- (e.g. infrastructure), sub­ in income triggers a counterbalancing
• below the threshold of conscious­ withdrawal of state benefits: poverty
ness: subliminal trap .seeming benefit designed to
belt • ornamental belt: sash • orna­ cause its recipient trouble: poisoned
mental belt worn with men's evening chal ice
dress: cummerbund • ornamental
beside • combining form: para- (e.g.
belt won by champion boxer: Lons­ parathyroid)
dale belt • belt worn by a beginner
best • best of ali: creme de la creme,
in martial arts: white belt • belt
worn by an expert in martial arts: par excellence • best available: faute
black belt • belt worn by certain po­ de mieux, pis aller
lice and army officers, with a strap bet • bet recommended as a near cer­
over the shoulder: Sam Browne tainty: nap • bet placed by those with
• similar belt, carrying cartridges: expert knowledge: smart money
bandolier • shoulder belt supporting • bet in which winnings and stake
a sword etc. on the opposite hip: bal­ from a first event are placed on a sec­
dric • belt-attachment to hold a ond: double • bet in which initial
sword: frog • padded belt supporting winnings are placed on a series of sub­
a hernia: truss sequent events: accu mulator • bet
31 betraya l I biblical figures

with cumulatively doubled stakes: bias . unfair bias: discri m ination,

martingale • bet naming the first two favouritism, partiality, parti pris,
in their correct order: perfecta • bet prejud ice • deliberate bias in favour
naming the first two, but not giving of those usually discriminated
their order: quinelJa • bet naming against: positive discrimination
the first three in their correct order:
Bible • first part of the Bible, con­
tricast • bet that a horse will finish
taining the Jewish scriptures: Old
in the first three: place, place-bet Testament . first five books of the
• denoting a bet placed on a horse be­
Old Testament: Pentateuch • first
fore the runners are announced: ante­ six books of the Old Testament: Hexa­
post • denoting a bet made for a win
ta uch • first seven books of the Old
or a place: each-way • final odds at Testament: Heptateuch • second
the start of a horse race: sta rting part of the Bible, containing further
price • money etc. p u t down o n a bet: Jewish scriptures not found in the
stake • system where those backing Hebrew canon: Apocrypha • third
the first three divide the total stake: part of the Bible, containing the Chris­
pari-mutuel • system where win­ tian scriptures: New Testament
nings are calculated from the total • Jewish commentary upon the Old
staked, not from odds offered: total iza­ Testament: Masorah, Midrash • Jew­
tor, totalizer, tote • per$on who takes ish mystical interpretation of the Old
bets: bookmaker . person holding Testament: Kabbalah o Greek ver­
bets laid: stakeholder • make a bet: sion of the Old Testament: Septuagint
place • textual criticism of the B ible: lower
betrayal • betrayal of one's country: criticism • biblical exegesis from a
treason • person doing this: rene­ comparative historical and cultural
gade, traitor • person deserting one standpoint: higher criticism • inter­
side to j o in the other: trimmer, turn­ pretation of biblical symbolism: typ­
coat ology • biblical passage read litur­
gically: lesson • list of biblical
better • combining form: out- (e.g.
readings: lectionary • biblical etc.
outsmart) • better than what is on
passage upon which a sermon is
general offer: preferential . progres­
preached: text
sively beneficial cycle of cause and ef­
fect: virtuous circle biblical figures • the first human:
Adam • his wife: Eve • the first
between . combining form: inter­
murderer: Cain • his victim: Abel
• between two other things: inter­
• Noah's grandfather, said to have
mediate • between living people:
lived 969 years: Meth uselah . patri­
inter vivos
arch in charge of the ark: Noah
beyond • combining forms: extra­ • father of the Jewish nation: Abra­
(e.g. extraterritorial), hyper- (e.g. ham • his wife: Sarah • his son,
hypersonic), meta- (e.g. meta physical), offered as a sacrifice: Isaac • grand­
para- (e.g. paranormal), super- (e.g. son of Abraham, later called Israel:
su pernormal), supra- (e.g. su pra­ Jacob • Jacob's son, later a ruler in
national), sur- (e.g. surreal), trans­ Egypt: Joseph • Israelite leader in
(e.g. transnational), ultra- (e.g. ultra­ the Exodus: Moses • Moses' assist­
montane) • beyond one's authority: ant: Aaron • Moses' successor, leader
ultra vires • beyond what is neces­ in the conquest of Canaan: Joshua
sary: supererogatory, de trop • go • national Israelite leader in emergen­
beyond: transcend cies: judge • Israelite leader famous
bicyc,e I bird 32
. . . ............................ ..................... ... ........ .................... . ........... .. . ............. ... .......
. . ..... .. .. ..... .. .
....

for h i s strength: Samson • Philistine bill • hotel or restaurant bill: ac­

seductress of Samson: Delilah • first count, tab • itemized bill: i nvoice
king of Israel: Saul • second king of
billiards • billiard-player's stick:
Israel:David • Philistine giant slain
cue • cue support: rest . long stick
by David: Goliath • son of David:
to support the cue: bridge, jigger
Absalom • third king of Israel: Solo­
• stroke made with an inclined cue:
mon • skilled hunter: Nimrod
masse • stroke in which the cue
• furious charioteer: Jehu • pro­
slips: m iscue • ball struck by the
claimer of the will of God: prophet
cue: cue ball • ball at which the cue
• prophet ascending to heaven in a
ball is aimed: object bal l • revolving
chariot: E l ijah • Elijah's successor:
motion imparted to the ball: spin
Elisha • Jew cast into the lions' den:
• backspin given to the cue ball:
Daniel • prosperous Jew suddenly
deprived of everything: Job • biblical
screw • sidespin given to the cue
sea monster: leviathan ball: side • stroke in which the cue
ball strikes both the others: cannon
bicycle • bicycle for general use: • pouch into which the ball is struck:
roadster • bicycle with broad tyres pocket • strike a ball into a pocket:
and many gears: mountain bike • bi­ pot • stroke pocketing a ball: hazard
cycle whose rider lies on his back: re­ • direct pocketing of the cue ball:
cumbent • bicycle for two riders, one
coup • brush past another ball: kiss
seated behind the other: tandem • bi­ • successful turn at play: break
cycle with one wheel: mon ocycle, uni­
• score-keeper: marker
cycle . three-wheeled bicycle: tri­
cycle • early bicycle with one very bingo • person announcing the num­
large and one small wheel: pen ny­ bers drawn: caller . card with every
farth ing • early bicycle pushed along number marked off: fu ll house
by the rider's feet: velocipede • sup­ binoculars . outdoor binoculars:
port for a bicycle wheel: fork • small field g lasses . theatre binoculars:
wheel steadying a child's bicycle: sta­ opera g lasses
bil izer • racing cycle's sealed tyre: tu­
biology • biological
bular tyre • bicycle's mileage meter: classification:
cyclometer • bicycle handlebars taxonomy • biological classes: fam­
with handles below the bar: d rop ily, genus, species • biology of pos­
handlebars _ bicycle handgrip that sible life on other planets: astrobiol­
may be twisted to change the gears: ogy, exobiology • health or
twist-grip • particular cycle gear environmental risk posed by micro­
rati.o: speed • bicycle gears that biological experimentation: biohaz­
move the chain to different cogs: de­ ard
railleur • U-shaped slot for quick
bird • combining
form: avi-, ornith­
wheel-changing: d ropout • cycle
• adjectives:
avia n , ornithic • bird too
without pedalling: freewheel • jump
young to leave the nest: nestling
made on a bicycle while standing on
• bird j ust able to fly: fledgling
the pedals: bunny hop • cyclist's
• group o f birds: fl ight • bird hunted
trick of riding with the front wheel off
by man: game bird • earliest known
the gound: whee lie • bag beside a
bird, a kind of flying dinosaur:
cycle's rear wheel: pannier
archaeopteryx . mythical bird, said
bile • combining form: chol- • X-ray to burn itself every 500 years and rise
examination of the bile ducts: again from the ashes : phoenix
cho liangography . large extinct fl ightless bird: dodo
33 birth I bishop

o tall pink wading bird: fl amingo birth to live offspring: viviparous

o birds imitating human speech: o giving birth from eggs hatched
budgerigar, mynah, parrot 0 denot­ within the body: ovovIvi parous
ing a bird able to feed itself soon after o producing one offspring at a birth:
hatching: precocial 0 denoting a bird uniparous 0 producing several off­
unable to do this: altricial 0 bird's spring at a birth: m ultiparous
claw: talon 0 outer part of a bird's o group o f animals produced at a
wing: pinion o forked bone between birth: litter 0 one of three offspring
the neck and breast of a bird: wish­ born at a birth: triplet o one of four
bone • bird's muscular stomach: g iz­ offspring born at a birth: quadruplet,
zard 0 membrane between the toes of quad 0 one of five offspring born at a
a swimming bird: web 0 group of birth: q uintuplet, q u i n o one of six
eggs laid by a bird at one time: clutch offspring born at a birth: sextuplet
o massed birdsong at daybreak: dawn o one of seven offspring born at a
chorus 0 birds' seasonal change of birth: septuplet o one of eight off­
habitat: m i g ration 0 glide or soar spring born at a birth: octuplet 0 pla­
without wing movement: plane o loss centa and foetal membranes dis­
of a bird's markings due to moulting: charged after giving birth: afterbirth
ecl i pse 0 bird's cleaning its feathers o difficulty in giving birth: dystocia
with its beak: preening o mass of o virgin birth: parthenogenesis 0 re­
bones and feathers regurgitated by a birth in another body: reincarnation
bird of prey: pellet , place where o present from birth: congenital, co n­
birds rest at night: roost 0 enclosure nate o following birth: post-partum
for keeping birds: aviary 0 alumin­ o hormone stimulating milk produc­
ium identification strip round a bird's tion after giving birth: prolacti n
leg: ring 0 tie up a bird's wings and o ratio of births to size of population:
legs: pinion, truss o person who birth rate, natal ity o equivalence of
rears or keeps birds: aviculturist birth and death rates: zero popula­
o study of birds: orn ithology tion growth � see also childbirth
birth 0 combining form: -genesis birth-giving o combining form:
o adjective: natal • close to the time -parous (e.g. viviparous)
of birth: near-term, perinatal 0 ob­
stetrics dealing with this period:
biscuit o thin crisp biscuit: wafer
o thin crisp biscuit made of flour and
perinatology 0 expulsion of a fetus
water: water biscuit 0 thin dry bis­
before it can survive independently:
cuit cracker 0 thin narrow biscuit:
miscarriage . vaginal discharge at
the onset of labour: show 0 shorten­
langue de chat o hard biscuit: nut
ing of uterine muscles before and dur­
o rich crumbly biscuit: shortbread,

ing birth: contractions 0 inducing shortcake 0 currant biscuit: gari­

uterine contractions: ecbolic o new­ baldi o light almond biscuit: maca­
born offspring: neonate 0 birth of
roon 0 biscuit of nuts in a chocolate
base: florentine
offspring already dead: stillbirth
o matter discharged after birth: after­ bishop o adjectives: episcopal, pon­
birth, lochia o denoting or occurring tifical 0 bishops collectively: epis­
in the time immediately before or copacy 0 chief bishop: patriarch, pri­
after birth: perinatal 0 first milk pro­ mate • senior bishop: arch bishop,
duced by a cow or goat after giving metropol itan 0 bishop in charge of a
birth: beestings 0 glvmg birth by diocese: diocesan 0 assistant bishop:
means of eggs: oviparous 0 giving coadj utor, suffragan • sovereign's
bite I b lo od 34
... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...

letter nominating a bishop: letter mis­ ation to remove the bladder:

sive • bishop's ordination: consecra­ cystectomy • thin tube for draining
tion •
mitre • bishop's
bishop's hat: the bladder: catheter
over-vestment: dalmatic • bishop's
blade • rotating blade: vane
long surplice: rochet • bishop's staff:
• sharpen a metal blade: whet
crook, crozier, pastoral staff
• bishop's ceremonial chair: throne blame • person made to bear the
• bishop's folding chair: fa ldstool blame . for another's wrongdoing:
• archbishop or metropolitan's area of scapegoat, whipping boy • free

authority: province • bishop's area from blame: exculpate, exonerate,

of authority: d iocese, see • bishop's vindicate
period of office: episcopate
blind • blind with angled slats: jalou­
• bishop's letter to all his clergy: pas­
sie • blind with pivoting slats: ven­
toral letter • bishop's inspection of
etian blind
his diocese: visitation • move a
bishop to another see: translate blind ness • partial blindness: scot­
oma • blindness over half the field of
bite • take small bites: nibble • bite
persistently: g naw vision: hemianopia • inability to see
in the dark: night bli ndness, nyctal­
black . combining forms: melan­
opia • dog trained to lead the blind:
• 'black box' in an aircraft: fl ight re­
guide dog � see also colour blind­
corder • 'black hole' in astronomy:
ness, sight
collapsar • boundary of a 'black
hole' : event horizon • 'black lung' blood . combining forms: haem-,
caused by miners' inhalation of coal haemat-, -aemia • adjectives:

dust: anthracosis, pneumoconiosis haemal, haematic, sang uineous

• black hairstyle with tight braids giv­ • blood cell: corpuscle • proportion

ing a geometrical scalp pattern : corn­ of corpuscles in blood, or the deter­

rows • person having one white and mination of this: blood count • red
one black parent: mUlatto • person blood cell:eryth rocyte . white blood
having one white and one mulatto par­ cell: leucocyte • small lymphatic
ent: quadroon . person of mixed leucocyte: lymphocyte • abnormal
European and black descent: Creole leucocyte in leukaemia: lymphoblast
blackboard • wooden frame sup- • SUbstance colouring erythrocytes:
porting a blackboard: easel haemoglobin • colourless fluid part
of blood: plasma . disc-shaped cell
blackcurrant • French blackcur­
fragment in blood: platelet, thrombo­
rant liqueur: cassis
cyte . amber liquid produced by co­
black magic . Haitian black
agulating blood: serum • blood move­
magic: voodoo • West Indies black
ment round the body: circulation
magic: obeah
• denoting the heart and blood ves­
blacksmith • blacksmith's work­ sels: cardiovascular • denoting the
shop: forge, sm ithy • blacksmith's brain and its blood vessels: cerebro­
metal workblock: anvil vascular • coagulated blood: clot,
bladder • combining form: cyst(o)­ thrombus • inadequate supply of
• adjectives: cystic, vesical • inflam­ blood: ischaemia . obstruction of
mation of the bladder: cystitis • in­ the blood supply: infarction . stop­
ternal examination of the bladder: page of blood to the brain: stroke
cystoscopy • surgical cutting of the • stop blood flowing from a wound:
bladder: cystotomy • surgical oper- staunch, stem . substance stopping
35 blood I b l ood vessel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

bleeding: styptic • pad applied to blo o d: d ialysis,

haemodialysis
stop bleeding: com press • point • haematophagous
feeding on blood:
where an artery may be pressed • blood-sucking parasite: leech
pres­
against a bone to stop bleeding: • blood relationship: kinship

sure point • periodic uterine bleed­ blood clot . combining form:

ing: menstruation, period • blood
thrombo- • clotting of the blood:
substance aiding coagulation: factor
thrombosis • swelling caused by
• deficiency of red cells in the blood:
thrombosis: haematoma • reduced
anaemia • red cell antigen: rhesus clotting capacity of the blood: haemo­
factor • denoting blood having the philia • substance preventing blood
rhesus factor: rhesus positive . de­
clots: anticoagulant • dissolution of
noting blood lacking the rhesus fac­
a blood clot: thrombolysis
tor: rhesus negative • blood disease
blood pressure • high blood pres­
causing proliferation of white cells:
sure: hypertension • high blood
leukaemia • blood protein counter­
acting antigens: anti body • blood pressure in pregnancy: pre-eclampsia
poisoning caused by bacteria: septi­ . low blood pressure: hypotension
• having normal blood pressure:
caemia, toxaemia • blood poisoning
normoten sive • temporary loss of
caused by pus: pyaemia . septicae­
mia caused by a retained tampon: consciousness through a fall in blood
pressure: syncope • pituitary hor­
toxic shock syndrome • excessive
glucose in the blood: hyptlrglycaemia mone tending to increase blood pres­

• insufficient glucose in the blood: sure: vasopressi n • drug reducing

hypoglycaemia • sufficient glucose blood pressure: beta blocker . in­
in the blood.: normog lycaemia strument measuring blood pressure:
sphygmomanometer • inflatable
• presence of parasites in the blood:
parasitaemia • excessive accumula­ bag used with this: cuff

tion of blood: congestion • swelling blood vessel . combining forms:

caused by collected blood: haemato­ angio-, arterio-, phleb-, vaso-, ven­
cele • substantial discharge of blood: • adjective: vascular, venous • full of
haemorrhage • presence of blood in veins: venose • in or into a vein:
the urine: haematuria . determin­ i ntravenous . network of blood ves­
ation of the number of corpuscles in a sels: circul atory system, vascular
specific volume of blood: blood count system • blood vessel running from
• blood protein transporting oxygen: the heart: artery • blood vessel run­
haemoglobin • protein found in the ning to the heart: vei n • artificial
blood of a diseased person: blood vessel replacing one that is
paraprotein . study of the blood: ' blocked: bypass • main artery from
haematology • blood transfer: trans­ the heart: ao rta • main artery of the
fusion • person providing blood for neck: carotid artery . artery supply­
transfusion : donor • store of blood ing the heart: coronary artery • ar­
for transfusion: blood bank . set of tery supplying the lungs: pulmonary
types of human blood that are mutu­ a rtery • progressive hardening of the
ally compatible for transfusion: blood arteries: arteriosclerosis, ath ero­
group • baby with insufficient blood sclerosis . arterial obstruction by a
oxygen: blue baby . the injection of blood clot or air bubble: em bolism
oxygenated blood to enhance a . large vein returning blood to the
sportsman's performance: blood dop­ heart: vena cava • vein carrying
i ng • artificial purification of the blood to the liver: portal vei n • fine
b lue I bo at 36
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . ...

blood vessel: capillary • breakage of • horizontal boards with overlapping

capillaries below the skin: rupture, edges: weatherboarding
contusion • inflammation of vein
boarding • Continental boarding
walls: phlebitis • patchy inflamma­
house: pension • boarding establish­
tion of smaller veins: angi itis, ment for cats: cattery • boarding es­
vascul itis • swollen vein in the legs: tablishment for dogs: kennels
varicose vei n • varicose veins on the
spermatic cord: varicocele . treat­ boat ' . floating platform: raft • boat

hollowed out of a log: dugout • flat­

ment of varicose veins by injections to
harden their walls: sclerotherapy bottomed square-ended boat: punt
• swollen veins in the anus: haemor­ . flat-bottomed boat supporting a
bridge: pontoon • small sailing boat:
rhoids, piles • narrowing of blood
dinghy • light fast boat: yacht • Ma­
vessels: vasoconstriction • widening
layan sailing boat: proa • small oared
of blood vessels: vasodi lation • drug
boat used in the Far East: sampan
narrowing blood vessels: vasoco n­
. light rowing boat for one person:
strictor . drug widening blood ves­
scull, skiff • traditional Nile boat:
sels: vasodilator • causing the con­
felucca • small boat carried on a
striction or dilatation of blood vessels:
ship: cutter, jolly boat . large boat
vasomotor • throb of an artery as
carried on a ship: longboat • small
blood passes: pulse • place where ar­
boat plying between a ship and the
terial bleeding may be stopped by
shore: tender • boat conveying
pressure: pressure point • medical sailors on shore leave: l iberty boat
puncturing of a vein: venepuncture
. large motor boat: launch • motor
• surgical opening of a vein: phlebot­
boat with living accommodation:
omy, venesection . X-ray examin­ cabin cruiser, houseboat • fast
ation of a vein: angiography, motor boat designed to skim over the
ven ography water: hyd roplane 0 fast motor boat
blue . combiningform: cyano- . ad­ with a vaned hull: hydrofoil • rescue
jectives: azu re, cyanic • brilliant boat: lifeboat • fast coastal patrol
light blue: electric blue • dark blue: boat: cutter • small naval patrol boat:
royal blue . yet darker blue: navy vedette • small powerful boat towing
ships: tug • inshore fishing boat:
blue • brilliant deep blue: u ltramar­
ine • blue-tinged skin due to poor cir­ smack • fishing boat using nets:
culation: cyanosis
trawler • unpowered boat used to un­
load ships: barge, lig hter • flat­
blunder • social blunder: gaffe, faux bottomed boat carrying freight on in­
pas • blunder in speaking: slip of land waterways: barge • boat plying
the tongue, lapsus ling uae to and fro across a stretch of water:
ferry • pleasure boat on the Seine at
blush . adjective: eru bescent . cos­
Paris: batea u mouche • anchored
metic reddening the cheeks: blusher
boat marking the course of a race:
board • board made o f thin layers of stake boat . light racing boat: shell
wood with alternating grain: plywood • round wickerwork boat: coracle
• board made of plaster set between • small pedal-operated pleasure boat:
paper: plasterboard • board made of pedalo • boat with one hull: mono­
layers of glued paper: pasteboard hull • boat with parallel twin hulls:
• strong pasteboard used in book catamaran • boat with three parallel
covers: mill board • board with a net­ hulls: trimaran • boat's secondary
work of small holes: pegboard hull: outri gger • boat's stabilizing
37 body I body

float: outrigger • boat with a vaned other information: messenger • di­

hull: hydrofoil • protective strip gestive passage through the body: ali­
along a boat's side: rubbing strake me ntary canal . cavity behind the
• denoting a deckless boat: open nose and mouth: pharynx • main

• space at the bow or stern of an open part of the body without head or
boat: sheets • flat surface forming a limbs: torso, tru n k • tube from
boat's stern: transom • unmoor a mouth to gullet, oesopha­
boat: cast off • (of an open boat) re­ gus • tube from the throat to the
ceive water over the gunwales: ship lungs: trachea, windpipe • inflam­
water, ship a sea • scoop water out mation of the trachea: tracheitis
of a boat: bail • group of boats: floti lla • part of the body between neck and
• boat's side above water: freeboard abdomen: thorax • area between the
• top of this: gunwale • boat's con­ breasts: cleavage • bodily organs
tinuous line of planking: strake used in breathing: respiratory tract
• sailing boat's liftable keel: centre­ • muscular partition between thorax
board, daggerboard • keel block to and abdomen: diaphragm • part of
take the mast: step • vertically the body between the thorax and
hinged flap for steering: rudder groin: abdomen • depression in the
• horizontal bar fixed to the top of the belly:navel • organs of the main bod­
rudder: tiller • boat's rudder socket: ily cavities: viscera <It organ produ­
gudgeon • rudder pin: pintle cing chemicals for bodily use: gland
• boat's bow rope: painter • boat's • regulatory substance produced by
steersman: cox, coxswa in, helm, glands: hormone • supposed regula­
helmsman • boat's sudden change of tory system for the metabolism: bio­
course: sheer • boat race on a course logical clock, body clock • tube
round obstacles: slalom • secure a from stomach to anus: intestine
boat to an anchor or land: moor • side between the ribs and hip: flank,
• wedge supporting a beached boat: loin . front between chest and waist:
chock . depth of water needed by a midriff • membrane lining the abdo­
boat: draught • passable by ships and men: peritoneum • inflammation of
boats: navigable .. see also ship, sail­ this: peritonitis • duct conducting
ing urine from the kidney to the bladder:
body • combining forms:somat-, ureter • duct conveying urine out
-some (e.g. chromosome) . adjec­ from the bladder: urethra • inflam­
tives: corpora l , corporeal, personal, mation of the urethra: u rethritis
somatic • permanently damage a • lower abdominal area: groin . area
body part: maim • body opening: me­ between the top of the legs: crotch,
atus, orifice • body's chemical pro­ crutch • final opening o f the intes­
cesses: metabolism . pliable body tine: anus • area between the anus
pariition or lining: membrane, sep­ and scrotum or vulva: perineum
tum • denoting this: parietal . lower part of the abdomen: pubes
• baglike bodily membrane: sac • tissue covering the pubic bone:
• outer membrane enveluping the mons pu bis, mons Ve neris • strong
brain and spinal cord: dura, dura elastic connective carti lage
tissue:
mater • inner membrane enveloping • hormone oxidizing body sugar: insu­
the brain and spinal cord: pia, pia lin • body sac containing liquid: cyst
mater • nerve tissues controlling the • disease's chief bodily location: focus
body: central nervous system • bod­ • swollen, hot, and painful bodily
ily substance conveying a stimulus or state: inflammation • exceptionally
bodY
...
. .
I bo m b
.. . . . . . .................. . ... ..................... .............................................
. ... . .. .

sensitive bodily state: irritability tainer who twists his or her body int0 1
• colourless tissue fluid: lymph • ex· abnormal positions: contortionist ;
cess of fluid in the body: d ropsy, oe­ . elegant bodily movements:
dema • excessive discharge of fluids: ment • bodily position: postu re
fl ux • insufficient fluid in the body: • bodily movements or posture taken
dehydration • inability to control to indicate thoughts and feelings:
bodily functions: incontinence body language . awareness of the
• blockage of a bodily passage: ob­ body's position: ki naesthesia . ex· .
stru ction • excessively low body tem· cessive bodily sensitivity: erethism
perature: hypothermia • denoting . form and development of the body:
creatures maintaining a constant physique • body type: somatotype
body temperature: warm-blooded • person with a lean and delicate
• denoting creatures whose body tem· body: ectomorph • person with a
perature varies with that of their compact and muscular body: meso­
surroundings: cold-blooded . pro· morph • person with a plump body:
duction and discharge of substances endomorph . non·reproductive bod·
•
by a bodily organ: secretion bodily ily characteristics manifested at

organ secreting chemicals: gland puberty: secondary sexual charac­

teristics • tissue etc. inserted into
• slipping down o r forward o f a bodily
organ: prola pse • wasting away of an
the body by surgery: implant . arti·
organ dystrophy • un·
or tissue:
ficial body part: prosthesis • violent
and uncontrollable body movement:
wanted air in body tissue: em phy­
convu lsion • body's incapacity for
sema • damaged body area: lesion
self·movement: paralysis . localized
. small bodily swelling: nodule
death and decay of bodily tissue: gan­
• general bodily swelling: d ropsy, oe­
g rene, necrosis • dead body: corpse
dema • bursting of an organ or tis·
• rebirth in another body: reincarna­
sue: ru ptu re . listening to bodily
tion . lacking a physical body: d is­
sounds with a stethoscope: auscu lta­
carnate, disincarnate
tion • study of the body by dissec·
boil ' • purify by boiling off: distil
tion: anatomy • machine examining
• immerse briefly in boiling water:
the body by radiation, ultrasound,
etc.: scanner . medical imaging of
scald
bodily organs or tissue: mag netic res­ boW . formation of pus in a boil:
onance imaging . X·raying a section maturation • cut a boil: la nce
through the body: tomography, com­ bolt . large bolt with a rounded
puterized axial tomography • sub· head: coach bolt • piece of metal
stance whose course through the body with an internal thread to receive a
may be monitored: tracer • examine bolt: nut
the body by touch: pal pate • diagnos· bomb • bomb or its casing: shell
tic tapping of the body: percussion • hand thrown bomb: g renade
• clinical measurement of bodily func· • crude hand· thrown petrol bomb:
tions as indication of continued life: Molotov cockta il • bomb containing
vital signs . use of electric currents napalm bomb • bomb
jellied petrol:
to heat the body's inner organs: dia­ hidden under earth or water and ex·
thermy • rubbing the body to relieve ploding on contact: mine • bomb ex·
pain etc.: massage • person skilled ploding at a fixed depth under water:
at this: masseur (fem. masseuse ) depth charge • bomb travelling
• physical treatment of bodily injuries under its own power or remote·
or deformity: physiotherapy • enter· controlled: missile • denoting a
39 bone I book

bomb equipped to find its target: hom­ covering the knee joint: kneecap, pa­
ing • bomb releasing projectiles on tella • bones of the lower leg: fibula,
impact: cluster bomb • bomb explod­ shin, shi nbone, tibia . ankle bones:
ing into fragmentation
fragments: tarsus • foot bones: metatarsus
bomb . these fragments: shrapnel • turn into bone: ossify • soft sub­

• denoting a bomb causing fires: in­ stance in bone cavities: marrow

cendiary • denoting a bomb destroy­ • opening in a bone: foramen . j oint
ing living beings rather than struc­ between bones: commissure • close
tures: anti-personnel • artillery and j o int between bones: sym physis . fu­
bombs: ordnance • bomb detonator: sion of bones in a joint: a n kylosis
fuse • prepare a bomb by activating • rigid seamlike junction between
its fuse: arm, prime . peg deactivat­ bones: suture • cord connecting a
ing a hand grenade: pin • bomb an muscle tobone: sinew, tendon
a
area intensively: ca rpet-bomb • de­ • bone caries • bone soften­
decay:
fusing or removal of unexploded ing: osteoma lacia • break or crack
bombs: bomb disposal • defuse a in a bone: fracture . arrange the
bomb: disarm • fierce fire caused by parts of a broken bone: set . (of
bombs: firestorm � see also nuclear broken bones) re-fuse: knit • rigid
weapon support for a broken bone: splint
bone • combiningfqrms: oss(i), • steel rod rejoining fractured bones:
osteo- • adjectives:
osseous, osteal pin • bone osteoporosis
brittleness:
• bone-formation: osteogenesis • bone inflammation:osteitis • bone
• set of bones supporting a body: skel­ cancer: osteosarco ma • degener­

eton • head bones: skull • principal ation of bone and cartilage in joints:
bone of the upper arm: humerus osteoarthritis • death of bone tissue:
• principal bones of the lower arm: osteonecrosis . medical treatment
radius, ulna . wrist bones : carpus of bone and muscle deformities:
• hand bones: metacarpus • bone orthopaedics • therapeutic manipu­
connecting the breastbone and osteop­
lation of bones and muscles:
shoulderblade: collarbone, clavicle athy • bone-house: charnel house,
• flat bone protecting the upper chest: ossuary
breastbone, sternum • curved bone
bone marrow • adjective: myeloid
protecting the lower chest: rib • set of
• inflammation of the bone marrow:
these: ribcage • interlocking set
osteomyelitis • malignant tumour of
of bones from the skull to the small of
the bone marrow: myeloma
the back: backbone, spine, spinal
column, vertebral column • one of book • combining form: bibl io-
these bones: vertebra (pl. vertebrae) • book made as a continuous roll:
• flat bone in the upper back: scroll • ancient hand-written book:
shoulderblade, scapula • bones at codex (pl. codices) . early printed
the base of the spinal column: sac­ book: incunabulum (pl. incunabula)
rum, coccyx • bony structure to • strong cloth book for young chil­
which the legs are attached: pelvis dren: rag book • account-book:
• proj ection of this below the waist: ledger . account-book for the cur­
hip . triangular bone forming the rent day's transactions: daybook,
back of the pelvis: sacrum • penis journal . account-book for minor
bone in certain mammals: baculum, transactions: cash book • ship's re­
os penis . principal bone o f the cord book: journal, log • book listing
upper leg: thighbone, femur • bone property-holdings in 1086: Dom esday
book
.. .
I book
...
... . .
. ... .. . ...
. .
40
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .

Book . denoting a book with remov­ g rangerize • insert blank pages be­
able pages: loose-leaf • publicity tween the printed ones: interleave
booklet: broch ure, prospectus • in­ • short introduction to a book: fore­
struction book: h a n d book, manual word . list of chapters etc. in a book:
. student's book giving instruction in contents . list of errors found in a
a subject: course book, textbook, book: corrigenda, errata • list of con­
workbook • elementary textbook: tributors to a book: acknowledge­
primer • book giving systematic in­ me nts, cred its • book's abbreviated
formation: companion, compen­ title: short title • book's section title:
dium, encyclopedia, handbook half-title . page headline: ru nning
• book intended for consultation on head • short quotation a t the start of
specific topics, not discursive reading: a book or chapter: epigraph . sum­
reference book • book for constant mary of a book's contents: abstract,
reference, giving immediate guidance: epitome, synopsis • separate sec­
companion, vade mecum • book's tion of a book, dealing with a point of
coverage • book
treatment of a topic: detail: excursus • book's final
containing a collection of writings summing-up: conclusion • closing

etc.: anthology, collectanea, com­ section of a book: epilogue • extra

mon place book, florilegium, m i scel­ section added at the end of a book: a p­
lany, omnibus • book describing dif­ pendix • small dictionary at the back
ferent kinds of animals: bestia ry of a book: g lossary, vocabulary
• book compiled to honour a scholar: . extra page(s) replacing a defective
Festsch rift • book listing a region's section: cancel . drawn illustration
animals: fa una • book listing events in a book: figure . photograph repro­
etc. of the current or preceding year: duced in a book: plate • blank page
yearbook • book with samples of at the start or end of a book: flyleaf
good handwriting: copybook • book • large fold-out page: gatefold
listing herbs: herbal . large lavishly­ • count a book's pages: pagi nate
illustrated book: coffee-table book • piece of paper with a page printed
• book giving the rules o f a language: on each side:folio, leaf • count a
g rammar • book recording livestock book's fol iate • book com­
leaves:
pedigrees: herd book . Mass book: posed of sheets folded once: folio
m i ssal • book listing names and ad­ • book composed of sheets folded
dresses: d i rectory • book of psalms: twice: quarto • book composed of
psalter • book of sermons: homil iary sheets folded three times: octavo
. list of books: bibl iography . list of . right-hand page of an open book:
books regarded as correctly attributed recto . left-hand page of an open
to an author, or as classics: canon book: verso • decorative paper inside
• book's page-size and layout: format the covers: endpaper • part of t.lJ.is
• white space created by a book's attached to paste-down the cover:
inner margins: g utte r • part of a . list of a book's printing errors: er­
book preceding the main text: front rata • part of a book published separ­
matter • pictures in a book: i l l u stra­ ately: fascicle, instalment, offprint,
tions, plates • drawn material in a prepri nt • inserted slip bearing the
book: g raph ics • illustration facing owner's name: bookplate, ex l ibris
the title page: frontispiece • small • note in a library book showing
decorative design at the end of a chap­ where it is shelved: Shelf mark
ter etc.: tailpiece . illustrate a book • preparation and public sale of a
with material taken from others: book: publishing • details of a book's
41 bOOkbinding I bow and arrows

printer and publisher: im print, colo­ boredom . listless boredom: ennui

phon . denoting a book with worn • bored through lack o f variety: stale
pages: dog-eared . denoting a book • tedious period: longueur . lengthy
with discoloured pages: foxed • book and boring: long-winded • become
stand: lectern • support for a row of boring: pall
books: bookend • production of born • born i n wedlock: legitimate
machine-readable books: electronic • born out of wedlock: bastard, il leg it­
publishing • book-collector: biblio­ i mate, natural
phile • passionate enthusiasm for
borough • adjective: m u n icipal
collecting books: bibliomania • itin­
• chairperson of a borough council:
erant bookseller: colporteur • porno­
mayor
graphic books: curiosa, erotica � see
also publishing both . combining forms: ambi-,
a mphi-, bi- (e.g. biconcave) • able to
bookbinding • glued unsewn bind­ use both hands equally well:
ing: perfect binding • binding hav­ a m bidexterous • able to live or oper­
ing the spine in a different material ate on both land and water: amph ibi­
from the rest: quarter binding . fine ous
goatskin for bindings: morocco
bottle • small cylindrical bottle:
• sheepskin used as a substitute for
phial . pocket-sized bottle: flask
morocco: roan • calfskin impreg­
• unmarked bottle for serving wine or
nated with birchbark oil: Russia lea­
water: carafe, decanter • large bottle
ther • binding in limp leC}-ther which
protected by a frame: carboy . large
overhangs the pages: yapp • strong
bottle for home winemaking etc. :
pasteboard used in book covers: m i l l­
demijohn • double-sized wine bottle:
board • part of a binding into which
magnum • wine bottle 4 times the
the pages are fixed: spine • emboss­
normal size: jeroboam • wine bottle
ing of a book cover: stamping, tooling
6 times the normal size: reh o boam
• embossing o f a book cover without a
• wine bottle 8 times the normal size:
coloured inlay:blind stamping, blind
methuselah • wine bottle 12 times
tooling • book's paper cover: d ust
the normal size: salma naza r • wine
jacket, dust-wrapper, jacket, wrap­
bottle 16 times the normal size:
per
balthaza r • wine bottle 20 times the
bookmaker • bookmakers' signal­ normal size: nebuchad nezzar . very
ling system: tic-tac • bookmaker's small bottle of spirits: miniature
assistant: runner . metal bottle cap with a crimped

boot • high waterproof boot: wader edge: crown cap, crown cork
• spiked plate . for a climber's boot: boundary • limitingpar­ boundary:
crampon • heavy nail strengthening ameter • perimeter
boundary line:
a sole: hobnail • small projection to a • assert territorial boundaries: beat

sole, giving improved grip: stud the bounds, perambu late

border • borderland between Eng- bow • traditional Muslim bow of
land and Wales or Scotland:marches greeting: salaam • former Chinese
• sharing a border: conterminous, bow of greeting: kowtow
contiguous • having the same bor­ bow and arrows • skill or sport of
ders: coterm inous • border post for shooting with these: archery . large
passport and customs control: check­ bow drawn by hand: long bow
point • earthwork marking a border: • bow's string notch: nock • powerful
dyke bow on a wooden frame: crossbow
bovve ' , brain
•
42
••• •• ••••• • • • • •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••

• missile shot by this: bolt • arrow ing a boxer knocked unconscious: out;
notch: nock . shaped like a bow: a r­ • time allowed for a fallen boxer to ge
cuate up: count • knock down a boxer for a,
count of ten: knock out • denoting a
bowel • difficulty in emptying the
bowels: constipation . flushing out boxer so knocked down: out for the
count • victory awarded because the
of the lower bowel: colonic irrigation,
opponent is unfit to continue:tech­
enema • stress-related bowel pain: i r­
rita ble bowel syn drome • remove nical knockout • complete a bout: g o ,
the bowels: disem bowel, eviscerate
the'distance • boxer's deformed ear:
� see also intestine
caul iflower ear . ornate belt as
championship prize: Lonsdale belt i
bowl • crushing bowl: mortar • practice boxing, with light blows: l
• church holy-water bowl: stoup sparring • suspended stuffed bag
bowls . large black ball used in boxing practice: punch bag • sus-
bowls: wood • small white ball used pended stuffed ball for boxing prac- t
in bowls: jack • session of play in one tice: punchball
direction: end . captain of a bowls boy • boy singing in a church choir:
team: skip • kind of bowling green chorister • winged boy portrayed in I
that rises towards the middle: crown Renaissance paintings: amoretto, r

g reen • section of a green used for a cherub, putto

match: rink • uneven ground making
a bowl change course: rub . French brain . combining form: cerebro-,
bowls: boules, petanque encephalo- . adjective: cerebral, en­
cephalic • half of the brain: hem i-
box . large metal box o f a standard
sphere • brain area concerned with
design: container • large light
a specific activity: centre • front part
wooden box: tea chest • small orna­ of the brain, controlling memory and
mental box: casket • box for a set of
thought:cerebrum, forebrain, pros-
cutlery: canteen • insulated food­
encephalon . section of this:
box: cool box • light circular hatbox:
• denoting the foremost part of the
band box • open-ended box for
frontal lobe: prefrontal • brain area
papers: pigeon-hole • box for sewing
coordinating cerebellum muscles:
materials: workbox
• outer layer covering the brain: cor­

boxing •
bout • pro­
boxing match: tex • membrane covering the brain
gramme of bouts : bill • a bill's sup­ and spinal cord: meninx (pl. menin­
porting bouts: undercard • standard ges) • inflammation of the meninges:
boxing rules: Queenberry Ru les meningitis . outer membrane envel­
• boxing shorts: trunks • boxer'S at­ oping the brain and spinal cord: d u ra,
tendant: cornerman, secon d dura mater • inner membrane envel­
• boxer'S official weighing before a oping the brain and spinal cord: pia,
bout: weigh-in • boxer'S defensive pia mater • brain and spinal cord:
posture: guard . pretended blow: central nervous system . denoting
feint • blow made with a bent elbow: the brain and spine: cerebrospinal
hook • upwards blow made with a • inflammation of the brain and
bent elbow: up percut • blows with al­ spinal cord: encephalomyel itis
ternate fists: one-two • grappling at • nerve transmitting signals from the
close quarters: clinch • time allowed eye to the brain: optic nerve • nerve
for a standing boxer to collect himself: transmitting signals from the ear to
standing count . denoting a boxer the brain: auditory nerve . denoting
knocked to the floor: down . denot- the brain and its blood vessels: cere-
 brake I breast
.......... . . . .. . . ... . ... . .. .... .. . . . . .. . . . . ...... . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .. .. ...... . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ..
........... . . . .................

brovascular • stoppage of blood to brass: verdigris • person working

the brain: stroke • arterial bleeding w ith brass:brazier � see also monu­
into brain tissues: cerebral haemor­ mental brass
rhage • inflammation of the brain:
brassiere • brassiere giving firm
encephalitis . syphilitic inflamma­
support for active pursuits: sports
tion of the brain: paresis • brain dis­
bra • part of a brassiere supporting
order with sudden loss of conscious­
one breast: cup
ness or convulsions: epilepsy
. inability to express or understand bread • dry
hardtack bread:
speech due to brain damage: aphasia • bread rusk • bread
baked twice:
• impaired muscular coordination aerated by soda: soda b read • very
due to brain damage: cerebral palsy small loaf of bread: rol l • ring-shaped
• person suffering from cerebral bread roll: bagel . small thin bread
palsy: spastic • persistent impair­ roll: bridge roll . light sweet bread
ment of reasoning or memory due to roll: brioche . flat bread roll for
brain disease or injury: dementia toasting: muffi n . flat hollow unleav­
. fluid accumulation in the brain: ened bread: pitta . large loaf with di­
hydrocephalus . disease which in­ agonal slashes on a rounded top:
directly affects the brain: encephal­ bloomer . loaf made of two round
opathy • surgical cutting of the lumps of dough, the smaller on top:
brain's white nerve fibres: leucotomy, cottage loaf • brown loaf with whole
lobotomy, stereotaxis . 1;Jrain sur­ wheatgrains: g ranary loaf • small
gery to treat mental illness: psycho­ piece of fried or toasted bread: crou­
surgery . supposed memory trace in ton • small piece of bread to dip into
the brain: engram • electrical activ­ sauce etc.: sippet . slice of bread:
ity of a relaxed brain: alpha rhythm ro und • slice of bread soaked in egg
• electrical activity of an alert brain: and fried: French toast . long nar­
beta rhythm • record of the brain's
row bag uette, French
French loaf:
electrical activity: electroencephalo­ loaf, French stick • German rye
g ram • computer system modelled on
bread: pumpernickel • Italian aer­
the human brain: neural net, neural
ated bread made with olive oil: cia­
network . computer model of the
batta • thin Italian breadsticks: gris­
brain's ability to recognize and dis­
sini • toasted Italian bread drenched
criminate: perceptron
in olive oil: bruschetta • mixture of
brake • broad cylinder attached to a flour and liquid for breadmaking:
braked wheel: brake drum . curved dough
block pressing against the drum:
break • sudden a n d complete break:
brake shoe .. thin block pressing
rupture • break off through struc­
against a disc brake: brake pad
• hard material attached to the shoe
tural strain: shear • broken piece of

or pad: brake l i ning • denoting a hy­ pottery, glass, etc.: shard

draulically enhanced braking system: breakfast . light breakfast: contin­

power-assisted e ntal breakfast . substantial break­
branch • adjective: ramose • local fast including hot food: English
branch of certain trade unions: b reakfast • breakfast and lunch com­
chapel bined: brunch

brass • inscribed brass plate in a breast . combining form: mast­

church etc.: monumental brass • adjectives: mammary, mam illary,
• greenish surface colour of oxidized pectoral • small pinkish proj ection
breath I bridge 44
. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................. .........................
................

from a breast: ni pple • hollow be­ closely related stock: inbreed • popu-
tween the breasts: cleavage • breast­ lation improvement by controlled
bone: sternum • inflammation of the breeding: eugenics
breast: mastitis • enlargement of a bribe • wiling
to take bribes: cor-
man's breasts: gynaecomastia rupt, venal • refusing bribes: incor-
. X-ray location of breast tumours:
ruptible • payments made to an influ-
mam mography • surgical removal of ential person to promote a product or
a breast lump: lumpectomy • surgi­ interest: payola • bribe someone to
cal removal of a breast: mastectomy
commit an unlawful act: suborn
• chemical polymer used in breast im­ ·
bric k • bricks made from sun-dried
sil icone • leaving the breasts
plants:
uncovered: topless • baglike mam­ clay: adobe • brick made from cin-
ders: breeze block • heat-resistant
mary gland of cattle etc.: udder
brick: fi rebrick • brick suitable for
breath . combining form: spiro- exposure to view in the finished build­
• adjective: respiratory . process of ing: face brick • brick-making mix-
breathing: respiration • single in­ ture: loam, pug • furnace for bricks:
take of breath: draught • breathing kiln • bake fire
bricks in a kiln:
in: i n h alation, inspiration • breath­ • hack • de-
stack of bricks for firing:
ing out: exhalation, exspiration noting bricks not yet fired: un burnt
. excessively fast breathing: hyper­ • brick laid at right angles to a wall:
venti lation • excessively slow breath­ header • brick laid parallel to a wall:
ing: hypoventilation • breath needed stretcher • built row of bricks: ,;
for physical exertion: wind • take course • horizontal decorative band .

short quick breaths: pant • difficulty of bricks: string course • brickwork

in breathing: dyspnoea • difficulty in a timber frame: nogging • piece of
in breathing due to constriction of the brick used as a missile: brickbat • ce-
bronchi: asthma • easily becoming ment or mortar filling the joints in
breathless: short-winded • breath­ brickwork: pOinting • �
lessness caused by enlargement of the brick-carrier: hod • appearance of
air sacs of the lungs: emphysema crystallized salts on brickwork: ef-
• denoting breathing that is noisy and florescence
laboured: stertorous • breathe with
bridge • many-arched bridge
a whistling sound: wheeze • office
carrying a road or railway: viad uct
workers' headaches and respiratory
• many-arched bridge carrying a river '
problems, thought to be caused by
or canal: aq ueduct • bridge rising
poor ventilation: sick building syn­
steeply tohumpbackits centre:
drome • bad breath: halitosis • tem­
bridge • bridge supported by cables:
porary cessation in breathing: ap­
suspension bridge • bridge for ped-.
noea • bodily organs used in
estrians: footbridge • raised pas­
breathing: res piratory system, re­
sageway between buildings: wal kway '
spiratory tract • instrument record­
• bridge that may be erected quickly '
ing breathing movements: spirograph
from prefabricated parts: Bailey '
• mechanical or manual restoration of
bridge • bridge with a raisable sec- '
a person's breathing: artificial respir­
tion: bascule, bascule bridge . rais­
ation • machine providing prolonged
able bridge at a castle entrance: draw-
artificial respiration: iron lung, res­
bridge . arch of a bridge between its
pirator
supports: span • supporting frame- .
breed • breed two species together: work for a bridge: truss • floating ob­
cross-breed, hybrid ize • breed from ject used to support a bridge: pontoon '
45 bristle I Buddh ist

• pile set upstream of a bridge to pro­ sponse: pilot . set of related broad­
tect it from floating objects: starl ing casts:series, serial • serial about or­
bristle • adjective: setaceous dinary people: soap opera
• broadcast containing several epi­
. hedgeho g's bristles: spi nes
sodes of a serial: omnibus • broad­
broad • combining form: platy- (e.g.
cast advertisement: commercial
platypus) • broadcasting to a small or selected
broadcast . simultaneous broad­ audience: narrowcasti ng • broadcast
cast of a programme on radio and tele­ programme featuring phone-calls
vision: simulcast • television broad­ made to the presenter: phone-in
cast: screening • broadcast news • type of broadcasting featuring
report: news bul leti n, newscast phone-ins and topical discussions:
• person reading such a report: news­ talk radio, talk show • broadcast pro­
caster • denoting broadcasting re­ gramme in which celebrities are
ceiving no state funding: independent interviewed informally: chat show
• denoting broadcasting funded by ad­ • time at which broadcasting attracts
vertisements: commercial • room the greatest audiences: prime time
equipped for studio
broadcasting: • broadcast news reporter: journal ist,
• broadcasting equipment: transmit­
correspondent • organization sup­
ter • frequencies used by a broadcast­ plying news stories: news agency
ing station: channel • denoting an
• unscheduled broadcast of important
unauthorized broadcasting station: news: newsflash • end of a day's
pirate . adjust a receiver to receive a broadcasting: close-down • person
particular station: tune . immediate ,
employed to listen in to foreign broad­
rebroadcast of incoming signals: re lay
casts: monitor
• deliberate generation of interference
to render a broadcast unintelligible: bronze . combining form: chalco­
( e.g.chalcolithic) • oxide film on
jamming • broadcast sound covering
a censored word: bleep • denoting bronze: patina, ve rdigris
broadcasting without the use of satel­ brother . combining forms: frater-,
terrestrial • text of a broadcast:
lites: fratri- • adjective: fraternal
script . music associated with a par­ • brother sharing only one parent:
ticular programme or broadcaster: half-brother • religious brotherhood:
signature tune . list of recordings fratern ity • killing one's brother:
broadcast on a radio programme: fratricide
playlist •
selection and scheduling of
brown • greyish brown: dun • light
broadcasts: programming . esti­
yellowish brown: fawn • reddish
mated audience of a particular broad­
brown seen in old photographs:
cast: rati ng . time devoted to a par­
sepia
ticular type .of broadcast: airtime
• spoken linkage between broadcast Buddhist • Buddhist religious
items: continuity • broadcaster pro­ teacher: bonze • Buddhist scrip­
viding continuity between a number tures: Tri pitaka, sutra • Buddhist

of contributors: anchorman, l inkman mystical text: tantra • Buddhist con­

. out-of-studio setting for a broadcast: cept of universal law: dharma • Bud­
location • description of a broadcast dhist policy of non-violence toward all
event: commentary, voice-over . de­ living things: ahimsa • central Bud­
noting broadcasts transmitted at the dhist beliefs: four noble truths
time of occurrence: live • sample • Buddhist tradition emphasizing self­
broadcast made to assess audience re- salvation: Theravada • Buddhist
b u ilder I bu i l d i n g 46
. . . . . ...... . . . .............................. . . . . . ... . . . . . . ........................ .. . ..... . ..... ................. ....... . .......... ..
. .... . .....

tradition emphasizing mutual salva­ fo lly • sham cave mouth: grotto

tion: Mahaya na . final goal of Bud­ • denoting a building not joined to
dhist spiritual progress: n i rva na any other: detached, freesta nding
• way of life leading t o nirvana: eig ht­ • denoting a building joined o n one
fold path, Middle Way • Buddhist's side only: semi-deta ched • denoting
personal fate: karma • degree of spir­ a building joined at the ground floor
itual insight freeing from the cycle of only: link detached . denoting a
rebirth: enlightenment • Buddhist building with few internal divisions:
state of supreme happiness: ananda open.-plan • denoting a building hav­
• word repeated i n Buddhist medita­ ing some rooms higher than others by
tion: mantra • disk symbolizing the less than a storey: split-level . denot-
universe: mandala • Buddhist tower ing a building having four pillars:
temple: pagoda • domed Buddhist
tetrastyle • denoting a poorly con­
shrine: stupa • Buddhist monastic
structed building: je rry-built • base
order: sangha . Japanese Buddhism, of a building: foundation, footi ngs
emphasizing meditation: Zen • Jap­ • side of a building: elevation, facade,
anese Buddhist festival of the dead: front, frontage • drawing or diagram
Bon • Tibetan Lamaism Buddhism:
of this: elevation • building's princi-
• Tibetan chorten
Buddhist shrine:
pal facade: frontispiece • projecting
. leader of Tibetan Buddhists: Dalai
part of a building: wing • external
Lama • Tibetan Buddhist monk:
angle of a building: quoin • proj ect
lama � see also Ti bet
beyond a building'S lower part:
builder • designer of buildings: oversail . denoting a timber-framed
architect • construction labourer: building: half-ti mbered • part of a
navvy • builder in stone: mason, building made with stone: stonework
stonemason • builder in brick: • part of a building made with brick:
bricklayer • builder in wood: carpen­ brickwork . part of a building made
ter • glass-fitter: glazier • pipework­ with wood: woodwork . large open
installer: plum ber • builder special­ area before or within a building: con­
izing in high work: steeplejack, course • open area before a building:
spiderman • person minding a build­ forecourt • open area at the centre of
ing or site overnight: nightwatchman a building: atrium, court, cou rtyard,
• builder undertaking a whole project: well • area where visitors are dealt
co ntractor • builder undertaking with: reception . large oblong hall
part of the proj ect for the contractor: with interior colonnades: basilica
su bcontractor • builder's V-shaped • vertical shaft for a staIrcase: stair­
brick trough:hod wel l • roofed exterior platform at
building • adjectives: architectura l , ground level: veranda • this at a

tectonic • buildings and their equip­ higher level: balcony • floor of a

ment regarded as an investment: building: sto rey . person who de­

plant • building of historical import­ signs buildings and supervises their
ance: monument • round domed construction: arch itect • erection of
building: rotu nda . very tall build­ buildings: development • replace­

ing:h i gh-rise, skyscraper • squalid ment of existing buildings: redevelop­

or decrepit building:slum . detached ment • denoting a building site with
subsidiary building: outbuilding, out­ no previous development: g reenfield
house • group of buildings: complex • denoting a previously developed
• buildings erected to fil space be­ building site: brownfield • area
tween others: i nfi l l . sham building: where development is forbidden: con-
47 building I bun

servation area, g reen belt . adapta­ . large open container for b uilding
tion of a building to new uses: conver­ debris: skip • structural subsidence:
sion • declare a building unfit for settlement _ completely destroy a
use: condemn • unlawful occupation building: raze • structure of an un­
of a building:squatting • walls, roof, finished or gutted building: shell
and floor of a building: fa bric • fragments of a collapsed or demol­
. standardized building unit: module ished building:
rubble .. see also

• plate strengthening a beam or joint: a rchitecture, beam, roof, wal l , win­

fish • beam supporting a floor: joist d ow
• built support for an arch or bridge: b u i lding materials . stiff clay:
pier • narrow area under a floor or pise • crushed stone and gravel: ag­
roof, giving access to wiring or plumb­ g regate • lime and clay mixture: ce­
ing: crawl space • channel within a ment . lime and cement mixture:
building's walls for ventilation, mortar • thin mortar: g rout • ce­
cables, etc.: duct, trunking . direc­ ment, sand, and gravel mixture: con­
tion faced by a building's windows: crete .. see also brick, cement
exposure • smooth surfaces of build­ b u i lding society • denoting a
ing stone: d ress • strip of material
building society distributing its
covering adjoining surfaces: fi llet, profits amongst its members: m utual
flashing, flaunching • waterproof
• restructure a building society as a
filler: mastic • vertical layer of ce­ public company: demutual ize
ment: perpend . levelled layer of
bulge • adjectives: bulbous, tumes-
floor cement: screed • concrete layer
cent
under a building: oversite, raft • re­
inforce a building by assuring or im­ bull • adjective: tauri n e . astro­
proving the strength of its founda­ logical term: taurus . stab with the
tions: underpin • planking horns: gore • Spanish bullfighter
supporting setting concrete: shutter­ killing the bull: matador • Spanish
bullfighter on foot: torero • Spanish
ing • framework suspended by ropes,
for working on the exterior of a high mounted bullfighter: toreador
• matador's mounted assistant: pica­
building: cradle • builders' frame­
work of planks and poles: scaffolding dor • bullfighter's decorated dart:

. raised walkway o n this: catwal k banderi l l a

• building's intrinsic weight: dead bullet • plastic or rubber bullet used
load • weight of people or goods in a in riot control: baton round • bullet
building: l ive load . allowance or expanding on impact: dumdum
charge made for a building's wear and • bullet emitting smoke etc. s o that its
tear: dila pidations • area devoted to course may be traced: tracer • diam­
buildings of a particular kind: estate eter of a bullet: ca li bre 0 groove

• technical inspection of a building: round the cylindrical part of a bullet:

survey • property in buildings and canellure • bullet's rebound: rico­
land: real property, realty • building chet • explosive firing bullets: pro­
with its land and appurtenances: pre­ pellant
mises, property . denoting a build­ bun • fruit bun eaten toasted and
ing of certified architectural import­ buttered: teacake • iced yeast bun
ance: listed, scheduled • control of with currants: Bath bun . fIat bun
building development: planning, town sprinkled with sugar: Chelsea bun
planning • building along the sides • bun eaten on Good Friday: hot
of a road: ribbon development cross bun
bunch I businessman 48

bunch • bunch of bananas: hand overhead power lines: trolley, trolley

• bunch o f fruit: truss wheel • person taking fares on a bus:
bundle • adjectives: fascicu lar, fas­
conductor (fern. conductress)
ciculate • wrapped or bound bundle: business • business owned by its
bale • bundle of cloth or papers: emplo ees:y cooperative • business
wad not under state management: private
enterprise • business's established
burden • adjective: onerous • un­
reputation: goodwi ll _ denoting a
reasonable burden: im position
business demanding large capital in­
burglar • burglar's crowbar: jemmy vestment: capital-intensive • denot­
• burglar climbing the outside of a
ing a business needing a large labour
building: cat burglar force : labour i ntensive . transfer a
burial • adjectives: fu nera ry, sepul­ business to state management: nation­
chral • preparation of a corpse for alize . free business from govern­
burial: last offices, laying out ment controls: deregulate . region
• burial with appropriate rites: inter­ offering government incentives to in­
ment . chamber used for burials: coming businesses: development
va ult _ ancient stone burial chamber: area, enterprise zone • enter new
cist • burial of the dead as a cultural areas of business: d iversify • item of
phenomenon: inhu mation � see also business: transaction _ routine busi­
tomb ness matters: administration . per­
son setting up a business: entrepre­
burn • start burning: kindle
• blacken by burning: char • burn
neur . number of persons employed
in a business: headcount • employ­
singe • burn unstead­
superficially:
ees regarded as a business asset:
ily: g utter _ burn slowly and
human resources _ business's build­
smokily: smoulder . medical treat­
ings and equipment: plant • business
ment by burning: cauterization, caut·
agent: factor • business agent for
ery _ grade of flesh-burn: degree
sportsmen, musicians, etc. : manager
• denoting a burn affecting the skin
• association advancing the interests
surface only: first-degree • denoting
of local businesses: Chamber of Com­
a burn causing blistering but no per­
merce • excess of business income
manent scarring: second-degree
over expenditure: profit, surplus
• denoting a burn affecting tissue
• total money entering or leaving a
below the skin: third-degree
business: cash flow • dishonest
burner • laboratory burner: Bunsen means of gaining business advantage:
burner _ portable burner giving a
graft, sleaze • disposal of subsidiary
hot flame for removing paint: blow­ business interests: d ivestment, di­
lamp vestiture • person engaging in dis­
bush • dense group of bushes: honest business dealings: racketeer
thicket _ bushes etc. growing round a _ business collapse: fai l u re
tree: u ndergrowth
businessman • powerful business­
bus • bus for 10-15 passengers:
mini­ man: magnate, tycoon • dishonest
bus • two-storey bus: dou ble-decker businessman: racketeer, shark • per­
• bus driver's compartment: cab son managing large sums of money: fi­
_ extending framework connecting nancier • industrial manager or pro­
with overhead power lines: panto­ prietor: industrialist • young urban
g raph • wheel on a pole extending to professional: yuppie _ young black
49 butcher I bypass

urban professional: buppie � see also buyer • purchaser by telephone or

manager computer link: teleshopper • protec­
butcher • butcher's chopper: tion of buyers' interests: consumer­
cleaver • butcher's cutting table: ism . assessment of buyers' needs
block and preferences: market research
s let the buyer beware: caveat emp­
butter • purify butter by melting:
tor
clarify • Indian clarified butter: g hee
. machine for making butter: churn buzz • buzzing device announcing a
butterfly • butterfly pupa: chrysalis phonecall: pager • buzzing in the
• butterfly expert: lepidopterist ears: tinn itus
button • stitching anchoring a but­ bypass • bypass encircling a town:
ton: shank .. see also fastener orbital road, ring road
Cc
cabbage . cabbage's tight head: balls: hundreds and thousands
heart 0 cooked cabbage and potato o skill of decorating cakes with sugar
fried up together: bubble and paste: sugarcraft • small seedless
squeak grape used in cakes: currant 0 small
cabinet • cabinet minister respon­ seedless raisin used in cakes: sultana
• shop selling fancy cakes and pas­
sible for finance: C hancellor of the
Exchequer 0 cabinet minister re­ tries: patisserie
sponsible for foreign affairs: Foreign calcium . combining form: calci­
Secretary 0 cabinet minister respon­ • comaining or producing calcium:
sible for home affairs: Home Secre­ calciferous • harden b y addition of
tary 0 cabinet minister with no per­ calcium: calcify
manent responsibilities: Min ister calendar • calendar now in general
without Portfolio 0 cabinet for hi-fi use: Gregorian calendar o denoting
equipment: console a date from this calendar: New Style
cable 0 cable for securing a ship to a o calendar formerly used in Europe:
pier:hawser o cable for steadying a Julian calendar . denoting a date
mast: guy rope from this calendar: Old Style 0 an­
nual publication containing a calen­
cafe 0 small cafe selling alcoholic
dar and other statistical information:
drinks: estami net 0 cafe with com­
almanac 0 calendar adjustable for
puters for customers' use: cybercafe
any year: perpetual calendar o de-
cake 0 fancy cake: gateau (pl. gat­ noting a day or month occasionally
eaus or gateaux) 0 sweet cake or tart: added to the calendar: intercalary
torte (pl. torten) o light cake made
with little or no fat: sponge 0 cylin­
call o call for someone via a bleeper:
page 0 sense of being called to follow
drical sponge cake with a jam filling:
a particular career:vocation
Swiss rol l o layer cake with a filling:
sandwich 0 small breadlike cake: calm 0 calm and dignified: sedate
scone 0 small rich cake: madeleine o calmness in trying circumstances:
• small crisp batter cake: waffle sangfroid
• rich fruit cake eaten on Palm Sun­ Cambridge University o adjec­
day: simnel cake o rich cake with tive: Cantabrigian o part of the term
equal amounts of each ingredient: when undergraduates are expected to
pou nd cake 0 cake
made of bread be resident: fu l l term o autumn term
dough, lard, and currants: lardy cake at Cambridge: M ichaelmas term
o Austrian chocolate cake with a jam o winter term at Cambridge: Lent
and cream filling: Sachertorte (pl. term 0 summer term at Cambridge:
Sachertorten) 0 dense oatcake: flap­ Trin ity term 0 Cambridge first-degree
jack 0 small hard currant cake: rock examination or course: tripos 0 per­
cake 0 dark gingerbread: parkin son gaining first-class honours in the
o thick sweet decorative paste: fon­ Cambridge mathematica tripos:
dant o silver ball for decorating wrangler 0 member of a university
cakes: dragee o small coloured sugar sports team: blue 0 governing body
51 camel I cancer

of Cambridge University: senate cover: hood • camera socket for ac­

• member of a senate committee: syn­ cessories: shoe • camera attachment
dic • chief administrator of Cam­ producing a brief very bright light:
bridge University: reg istrary . mem­ flash • camera device delaying ex­
ber of the Cambridge university posure: self-timer • single-legged

police: bulldog • Oxford and Cam­ camera un ipod

stand: • camera

bridge universities considered to­ stand with three sloping legs: tripod
gether: Oxbridge • Cambridge • crosswise camera movement: pan

undergraduate recelvrng financial • vertical camera movement: tilt

help from his college: sizar . Cam­ • move a camera towards or away
bridge college annual feast: Com­ from object: track • bring an object
memoration • Cambridge college into close or distant camera focus:
servant: bedder, bedmaker, gyp zoom • wheeled platform for a film
• Cambridge college relaxation room: or television camera: dolly . liftable
combination room • confine within platform for a film or television cam­
the college: gate • suspend a student: era: crane
rusticate • expel a student: send camp • temporary camp: bivouac
down • camp for volunteers doing commu­
camel • camel with one hump: nity proj ects: work camp • German
dromedary • camel with two humps: prisoner-of-war camp for officers:
Bactrian camel • frenzied state of Oflag • German prisoner-of-war
rutting male camels: must camp for other ranks: Sta lag • Soviet
labour camp: gulag . prison camp
camera • type of camera producing
enforcing a regime of hard labour: la­
a print after each exposure: i nstant
bour camp, work camp • camper's
camera • type o f camera i n which
enamelled lidded cooking pot: billy­
the image is reflected onto a glass
can
screen: reflex camera • denoting a
reflex camera whose viewfinder uses campaigner . person advocating
the aperture lens: single-lens reflex something's abandonment or prohib­
. denoting a reflex camera whose ition: a bolitionist . vigorous cam­
viewfinder has a separate lens: twi n­ paigner: activist
lens reflex • diference in angle of Canadian • Canadian game of
view between lens and viewfinder: sliding stones across ice: curling
parallax • hole on the front of a cam­ • member of the French-Canadian
n'
era admitti g light to the film: aper­ nationalist movement: Quebecqois
ture . device for varying aperture
canal • canal barge,boat:
size: diaphragm • denoting a camera
na rrowboat • path beside a canal:
with a large aperture: fast • effective
towpath • pivoting counterbalanced
aperture size: stop • focusing glass:
canal bridge: bascule bridge
lens • device set in front of the lens
• bridge carrying a canal: aqueduct
to screen out certain types of light: fil­
• short canal section whose water
ter • device admitting light to the
level may be raised or lowered: lock
aperture: sh utter • opening of the
• set of locks: fl ight • boat used on
shutter, admitting light to the film: ex­
Venetian canals: gondola
posure • wire allowing the shutter to
be activated from a distance: cable re­ cancel • combining forms: dis (e.g.
lease • duration of exposure: speed disallow), un- (e.g. unsettle)
• exposure for longer than usual shut­ cancer • combining forms: carcin-,
ter settings: time exposure • lens -oma • adjective: carcinomatous
candidate I car 52

• cancer suffered by Aids victims: candlestick • candlestick attached

Kaposi's sarcoma . surface cancer to a wall: sconce • branched candle­
of the skin or internal organs:carcin­ stick: candela brum • suspended

oma . likely to develop into cancer: multi-light candlestick: chandelier

preca ncerous • substance causing • Jewish liturgical candlestick: me­

cancer: carcinogen • herpesvirus norah • candlestick's spiked top:

causing certain cancers: Epstein­ pricket
Barr virus • start of cancer: carcino­ cane . cane carried by military of­
genesis • excessive growth as an ficers: swagger stick
indicator of cancer: hyperplasia
• enlargement of an organ in an early
cannabis . cannabis fibre: hemp
• cannabis cigarette: joint, reefer
stage of cancer: dysplasia • abnor­
mal tissue growth caused by cancer: cannibal • adjective: anthropopha­
neoplasm • protein found in the gous
blood of a diseased person:
cap • round flattish brimless cap:
paraprotein • specimen taken from
beret . academic cap: square, mor­
the cervix to detect cancer: cervical tarboa rd • woman's openwork cap:
smear . denoting cancer that tends Jul iet cap • French military peaked
to spread: i nvasive . development of cap: ke pi • Scottish beret: bonnet,
secondary cancers distant from the tam-o'-shanter
first: metastasis • cancer treatment
by chemotherapy • cancer
drugs:
capable of . combining form:
treatment by X-rays: rad iotherapy, ra­
-acious (e.g. efficacious) • capable of
sexual intercourse: potent
d iation therapy • denoting therapy
applied after successful treatment of a captain • captain of a merchant
cancer to suppress secondary tu­ ship : master . captain's assistant:
mours: adjuvant � see also tumour, mate
and under the individual organs af­ car . car made before 1905 (or before
fected 1916): veteran car . car made be­
candidate • potentially successful tween 1917 vi ntage car
and 1930:
candidate: papabile (pl. papabili) • old and inefficient car: banger, jal­

• candidate entered to divide the vote: opy, rattletrap, tin lizzie • ordinary
spoiler • candidate initiating an elec­ car strengthened for racetrack colli­
tion but expecting stronger candi­ sions: stock car • car modified to
dates to come forward: stalking horse give high performance: hot rod • car
• offer oneself as a candidate: sta nd modified for drag races: dragster
• small racing car with skeleton body:
. list of a political party's election
candidates: sl ate . list of candidates go-kart . low-built car designed for
speed: sports car • car offering com­
for final choice: shortl ist • check on
fort and high performance: gran
a candidate's background and general
suitability: screening, positive vet­
turismo • car offering basic comfort
with high performance: sports car
ting, secu rity check, vetting
. large and comfortable car: limou­
candle • waxed wick for lighting sine . long car offering extra accom­
candles: taper • rendered fat used to modation: stretch limousine • police
make candles: tallow • dealer in can­ patrol car: squad car • small fuel­
dles: chandler . candle trimmer: efficient car: microcar • open two­
snuffers • extinguish a candle: seater car: roadster • small open car
snuff for difficult terrain: buggy • opening
53 carava n I cards

panel in a car roof: sunroof, sunshine abling purchases to be made on credit:

roof • hood . car
car's folding roof: credit card • bank card issued to per­
with a folding or detachable roof: con­ sons with a high credit rating: gold
vertible • car wheel with narrow card • bank card enabling electronic
metal spokes: wire wheel • two-door transfer of payments from purchaser's
car with a sloping rear: coupe . lug­ to vendor's accounts: debit card
gage space at the back of a car: boot • card usable only in branches of the
• car with a large luggage area: estate shop etc. issuing it: store card
car . car with upward-opening rear • store card enabling purchases to be
door: hatchback . car provided by an made on credit: charge card, option
employer: company car . car pro­ card • store card accruing bonus
vided to a client without charge: cour­ points for purchases made there: loy­
tesy car • open shelter for a car: car­ alty card • cheque or credit card giv­
port • car's small interior light: ing a donation to a specified charity
courtesy l ight . car seat with a for each transaction made: affinity
rounded back: bucket seat • car seat card • card unlocking a door: key
with a flat back: bench seat • person card 0 card giving unlimited use of a
' specified transport network for a spe­
employed to drive a car for another:
chauffeur (fern. chauffeuse) . person cified period: travel card • electronic
employed to clean or park cars: valet swipe card reader: card swipe . pull
. registration plate with numbers etc. a card through this : swipe, wipe
chosen by the purchaser: va nity plate cardinal • cardinal representing the
caravan . large caravan: mobile pope: legate • denoting a legate with
home • motor vehicle with living ac­ full powers: a latere • cardinal's
commodation: camper, camper va n, short hooded cloak: mozzetta • coun­
caravanette cil of cardinals: consistory
carbohydrate . combining form: cards • card that is a king, queen, or
-ose (e.g. lactose) j ack: cou rt card • card that beats all
others not of its suit: tru mp • card
carbon • circulation of carbon be­
that may be assigned any identity by
tween living organisms and their en­
its holder:wild card • set of playing
vironment: carbon cycle
cards: pack • set of cards with a par­
card • card held up for pupils to see: ticular symbol: suit . set of cards
flash card . card indicating where a with a fifth suit of elaborately illus­
person should sit at table: place card trated trumps: tarot pack . re­
• card printed with one's name and arrange a pack of cards: sh uffle
address: visiting card • card shown • shuffle cards dishonestly: stack
to a footballer who is being cautioned: • divide a pack of cards: cut • distrib­
yellow card • card shown to a foot­ ute cards in rotation: deal • box from
bailer who must leave the field: red which cards are dealt at a casino:
card • card sent on 14 February: val­ sa bot, shoe • cards dealt to a player:
entine . plastic card with built-in hand . player who is dealt to first:
microprocessor: smart card . plastic elder, elder hand, forehand . dealer
card with magnetically encoded infor­ in a two-handed game: younger hand
mation: swipe card • bank card • cards remaining undealt: stock,
guaranteeing cheques: cheque card talon • cards held by a player: hand
• bank card giving access to cash dis­ • hand played exposed: dummy • an­
pensers: cash card • bank card en- nounce trumps, or the possession of
care I cart 54

certain cards: declare . player mak­ to take proper precautions: contribu­

ing a successful bid: declarer • hand tory negligence . careful and thor­
with no card above a nine: yarbor­ ough: painstaking, scrupulous
ough • set of cards of the same suit careless • careless and hasty: slap-
and adj acent values: sequence . suit dash • idly careless: negligent
of which a player holds many cards: • wilfully careless: reckless
long suit • suit of which a player
career • summary of a person's car­
holds several high cards: strong suit eer and education: curricu lum vitae
• suit of which a player holds only one
• descriptions of the careers and con­
or two cards: short suit • card that is
nections of important people: proso­
the only one of a suit in a hand:
pography • desire to follow a certain
singleton • lack of cards of a particu­ career: vocation . cultivation of con­
void • cards laid down in a
lar suit:
tacts that may further one's career:
round of play: trick • card played
networking . person with great car­
when unable to follow suit: discard eer potential: hig h-flyer, self-starter
• failure to follow suit when able to do • person only interested in career suc­
so: revoke . card ranked at its play­ cess: careerist • tacit barrier to car­
er's will:joker, wi ld card . scoring eer advancement: glass ceiling
card combination: meld • sequence
caretaker • resident caretaker:
of cards of the same suit: run . de­
concierge • security official in a
noting cards identifiable from their
public gallery: invig ilator . official
backs: m arked • conceal a card in the
keeping order in a public recreation
hand: palm • play a trump: ruff
ground: park keeper • employee
. force the play of particular cards:
looking after sports pitches:
d raw • play the first card to a trick:
g roundsman
lead . win a trick cheaply: finesse
carpenter • carpenter making
• person who cheats at cards: card
sharp, card sharper • closing rounds joiner • carpenter
stairs, doors, etc.:
making furniture: cabinet maker
of play: endgame . organized meet­
ing to play cards: d rive . card game carpet • long narrow strip of carpet:
in which there are no partnerships: runner • small carpet: mat, rug
round game . card games won by • soft raised surface of a carpet: pile
gaining tricks bid: contract bridge, carriage • light one-horse carriage:
solo whist • card games won by gig . two-wheeled horsedrawn taxi:
gaining the most tricks: auction hansom, hansom cab . enclosed
bridge, piquet, whist • bridge tour­ carriage: coach . Irish light car­
nament with al competitors playing riage: jaunting car . Russian three­
the same hands: duplicate bridge horse carriage: troika • Russian open
• bridge victory taking all the tricks: carriage: d roshky • hooded wheel­

grand slam • bridge victory taking chair for invalids: 8ath chair
twelve tricks: small slam • card carrying • combining forms: -fer
games won by combinations held: (e.g. conifer), -ferous (e.g. odorifer­
poker, rummy • card game won by ous), -phore (e. g. semaphore, literally
spotting similar cards: snap • card 'sign-carrying) • carriage of a boat or
game won by acquiring family sets: its cargo between navigable waters:
happy famil ies • fortune telling from portage
cards: cartomancy
cart • small cart: float • small cart
care . failure to take care: negli­ pushed or pulled by hand: handcart,
gence • failure o f a n injured person trolley . light Asian cart drawn by
55 Carthage I castrate

one or more people: rickshaw • cart melted away: cire perdue, lost wax
used in the French Revolution to con­ • clay mould around a wax model:
vey condemned persons to the guillo­ mantle • made in a single casting:
tine: tumbril . ancient two-wheeled monobloc
cart: chariot • cart's pole to which castle . castle overlooking a city:
draught animals are attached: shaft citadel • castle motte • cas­
mound:
. fastening attaching a draught ani­ tle's central keep, donjon
tower:
mal to the shaft: trace • wooden
• castle's underground cell: dungeon
crosspiece on the necks of draught • castle ditch: moat • raisable bridge
animals: yoke over a castle's moat: d rawbridge
Carthage • adjective: Punic • castle's fortified gatehouse: barbi­

cartilage • combining form: can • heavy grating lowered from

chondro- (e. g. chondrocyte) . adjec­ above: portcullis . castle's defensive
tive: cartilaginous wall: rampart • castle's outer wall:
bai ley . castle's outer wall between
cartridge • cartridge containing
towers: curtain wall . area enclosed
powder but no bullet: blank • belt
by a castle wall: bailey, ward . low
with loops for cartridges: bandolier
wall sheltering troops on a castle wall:
carving • adjective: g lyptic . gro­ parapet • parapet with regular open­
tesque carving: gargoyle • carve ings for shooting through: battlement,
upon something: i n scribe crenel lation • walled part between
cash • available cash: liquid ity these openings: merion • having bat­
• cash available for immediate use: tlements: embattled • opening for
cash in hand . cash kept in hand to dropping missiles on people below:
settle minor expenses: petty cash machicolation, murder hole • pro­

• cash that must be accepted in pay­ jecting fortification built where two
ment: legal ten der . cash refund walls meet at an angle: bastion
given to a purchaser: cashback • room set in a castle wall: casemate
• bank card giving access to cash dis­ • castle's longdrop lavatory: garde­
pensers: cash ca rd • cash given to a robe • inward slope of a castle wall:
customer at a supermarket checkout, batter . small outer door: postern,
and debited to his charge card: sally port • bank sloping down from
cash back • possession having a cash a castle: glacis • flat open area in

value: asset • assets easily convert­ front of a castle: esplanade • gov­

ible into cash: liquid as sets, near ernor of a royal castle: constable
money • convert assets into cash: • troops stationed i n a castle: garrison

real ize • French castle: chateau (pl. cha­

caste • member of the Hindu teaux)
priestly caste: Brahman • member of cast off . (of a snake) cast off an old
the Hindu worker caste: Sudra skin:slough • the skin so cast off:
• member of the lowest Hindu caste: slough • action of casting off a skin:
Dalit, untouchable • official name of ecdysis
the lowest Hindu caste: scheduled castrate • castrate a male animal:
caste • person of no caste: outcaste, geld • castrated man: eunuch . cas­
pariah 0 Hindu forehead mark indi­
trated male singer in baroque opera
cating caste: tilak or the papal chapel: castrato • cas­
casting • hollow container shaping trated bull: ox • castrated cockerel:
material being cast: mould • casting capon • castrated stallion: gelding
method using a wax model which is • castrated ram: wether
cat / ce ll 56

cat • adjective: feline • male cat: milk, and thereby transmitted to hu­
tom • adult unspayed female cat: mans: brucellosis . stick for prod­
queen • young cat: kitten • tailless ding cattle: goad • open trough for
breed of cat: Manx . (of a cat) give cattle fodder: manger • beet grown to
birth: kitten • imagined cat with a feed cattle: mangold, mangel-wurzel
broad grin: Cheshire cat . howl like • US cowherd: cowboy • cattle­

a cat: caterwaul • small door for a rearer: grazier . round-up of cattle

cat: cat flap • inflammation of a cat's on a ranch: rodeo � see also cow
ear: can ker • cat with mottled fur:
cause • combining forms: -genic,
tabby • dark brown fur on a Siamese -genous, -facient, -fic, -i ble, -otic
cat: seal point . plant cats like to
• adjective: aetiological • causing
smell: catmint, catnip • boarding es­
abortion: a bortifacient • causing
tablishment for cats: cattery
cancer: carCinogenic • causing
cathedral • covered walk in a cath- drowsiness: narcotic, soporific
edral complex: cloister • cathedral • caused by medical treatment: iatro­
precinct: close • cathedral govern­ genic • having an internal cause: en­
ing body: chapter • meeting place for dogenous • having an external
this: chapter house • priest presid­ cause: exogenous • without appar­
ing over a cathedral chapter: dean, ent cause: spontaneous
provost • priest belonging to a cath­
edral chapter: canon • denoting a
cave . combining form: speleo­
• g rotto • deep
small artificial cave:
cathedral chapter: capitular • canon
natural cave: pothole • cave dweller:
required to reside in the precincts:
trog lodyte . cave dweller in Scandi­
residentiary canon • priest in
navian mythology: troll • pointed cal­
charge of cathedral music: precentor
cium carbonate excrescence hanging
• deputy precentor: succentor
from a cave roof: stalactite • tapering
• priest assisting in cathedral services
calcium carbonate column rising
but not a chapter member: m i nor
from a cave floor: stalagmite • study
canon
or exploration of caves: speleology
cathode • electron beam emitted by
ceiling • denoting a ceiling hung
a cathode in a vacuum tube: cathode
ray • vacuum tube for this: cathode from the floor above: suspended
• access panel in a ceiling: trapdoor
ray tube
cathode ray tube • surface of celebrity • entertainment celebrity:
this: screen • movement of the elec­ star • treat as a celebrity: lionize
tron beam across the screen: sweep cell • combining forms: cyto-, -cyte,

cattle . adjective: bovine • group of -blast (e.g. erythroblast). -plast (e.g.

cattle: herd • divided foot of cattle: protoplast) . cell identical to another:
cloven hoof • one of a hornless clone • sexually mature germ cell:
breed of cattle: poll • infectious cattle gamete • cell formed by union of two
diseases: murrai n , rinderpest . cat­ gametes: zygote • body cell able to
tle disease affecting the central ner­ absorb bacteria: phagocyte . net­
vous system: bovine spongiform en­ work of nerve cells: ganglion • ab­
cephalitis, mad cow disease . cattle normal aggregation of cells: nodule
disease affecting the skin and lungs: • grouping of cells, esp. in the brain:
a nthrax . cattle disease ulcerating cytoarchitectonics, cytoarchitecture
hoofs and mouths: foot and mouth • colourless material comprising the
disease • inflammation of the udder: living part of a cell: protoplasm
garget • cattle disease infecting the • protoplasm excluding the nucleus:
57 Celtic I chamber pot

cytoplasm • natural substance con­ • fungal disease of cereal crops: ergot

trolling body-cell activity: hormone • human disease caught by eating the
• hostile reaction of body cells to im­ infected grain: ergotism • breakfast

planted tissue etc.: immune reaction mixture of cereals, dried fruit, and
• compound released into injured nuts: muesli
cells: histamine • medicine able to
ceremony • admission ceremony:
target particular cells: magic bul let
in itiation • ceremony to make an
• growth of natural cells in an artifi­
award: investiture • ceremony to
cial environment: culture, tissue cUl­
place a person in office: i n d uction
ture • poisonoust o cells: cytotoxic
• ceremony to mark a turning-point in
• cell disintegration: lysis • study of
rite of passage • me­
a person's life:
living cells: cytology
morial commemoration
ceremony:
Celtic • ancient Celtic priest: Druid • elaborate ceremony: solemn ity,
cement • cement used between pomp and circumstance • perform
bricks: pOinting • cement used be­ a ceremony: solemn ize • person dir­
tween tiles: grout • cement used to ecting ceremonial: master of cere­
cover a floor: screed • cement used monies
to cover a wall: parg et • vertical
Ceres • Greek name: Demeter
layer of cement: perpend • cement

hardening under water: Portland ce­ cinder • brick made from cinders:
ment • liquid cement sealing a joint: breeze block
l ute . lime and cement mixture: chain . chain restricting an ani­
mortar mal's movement: tether • chain con­
cemetery • underground cemetery: trolling a dog by neck pressure: choke
catacomb . large cemetery: necrop­ chain • U-shaped link at a chain's
olis end: shackle • crosspiece through a
censorship . moral censorship of chain link: tog gle
texts: bowdlerization • deliberate
chair . ceremonial chair: throne
generation of interference to render a
• dining chair with arms: carver
broadcast unintelligible: jamming . high-backed armchair with project­
• broadcast sound covering a censored
ing sidepieces: wing chair • infant's
word: bleep • government notice to
long-legged chair: h i g h chair • fold­
news editor� forbidding publication of
ing chair of wood and canvas: deck­
specified information: D-notice . le­
chair • enclosed chair carried on
gislation empowering censorship of
poles: sedan chair . piece of thin
information: Official Secrets Act
wood in a chair back: splat • rod be­
census • person gathering census tween chair legs: stretcher
data: enumerator • completed census
chalk • adjective: calcareous
form: return
centre . combining form: centro, chamber It adjective: cameral 0 de­

mes- (e.g. mesolithic), -centric . cen­ noting a single-chamber legislature:

tral point: epicentre, nexus • mov­ unicameral • denoting a two­
ing from the centre: centrifugal chamber legislature: bicameral • de­
. moving to the centre: centripetal noting a three-chamber legislature:
• having a common centre: concen­ tricameral
tric • having no centre: acentric chamber pot • piece of furniture
cereal • cereal stalks remaining in containing a chamber pot: commode
the ground after harvesting: stubble • contents of a chamber pot: slops
champagne I check 58

champagne • champagne exclu­ • person opposed to all change: reac­

sive to one shipper: monopole • de­ tionary • person who changes his
noting unsweetened champagne: brut principles to suit the times: trimmer,
• champagne and orange juice: time-server • 'change of life': meno­
Bu ck's Fizz pause • denoting something that
cannot be changed: flat, sacrosanct
chance • adjective: fortuitous
• situation or action that cannot be
• subject to chance: p robabilistic, ran­
changed: fait acco m p l i • inability to
dom, stochastic • chance happen­
cope with change: future shock . un­
ing: fl u ke • fortunate development of
wiling to change: hidebound
events by chance: sere n d i p ity . per­
son seizing offered chances: oppor­ • things never change: plus ya

t u n ist . loss of other chances when change, plus c'est la me me chose

one is taken: opportun ity cost • keep unaltered: preserve • unchan­

ging: u n iform
chandelier . cut-glass chandelier:
l ustre
channel . channel for fast-moving
water: race • drainage channel:
change . combining forms: meta­ d itch , dyke
(e:g_ metamorphosis), -tropic (e_g_ psy­
Channel Islands • Channel Is­
chotropic), tropo- (e_g. tropophyte)
lands magistrate: j u rat • French
• extreme change: makeover, quan­
name for the Channel Islands: lies
tum leap, revolution, sea-change,
Anglo-Normandes
transmutation, u p heava l , U-turn,
chapel • chapel for the use of pa­
volte-face • involving extreme
change: radical • adaptive change: rishioners living far from the main

accl imatization church: chapel of ease • small do­

• minor change:
amendment, variation • subtle
mestic chapel: oratory

change: n uance • unpredictable charge • extra charge: surcharge

change: vaga ry . capricious change • charge for as separate items: un­
of mind: whim • change of appear­ bundle
ance: metamorphosis • change of charity • adjective: elee mosynary
the eucharistic elements: transub­ • day of street charity collections: fla g
stantiation • moment of decisive day . legally binding undertaking to
change: tu rning point • improve by make payments to a charity: coven­
basic changes: reform • constant ant
change: flux . capable of infinite
Charlemagne • adjectives: C a ro­
changes: protean • resistance to
l i n g i a n , Carlov i n g i a n
change: inertia . open to change: ne­
Charles I and II . adjectives: C a ro­
gotia ble . easily changed: flexible
lean, Caroline • supporter of Charles
• favouring steady change: p rogres­
I: Cava l i e r, Roya l ist . opponent of
s ive . changing unpredictably: mer­
Charles I: Parliamentarian, Round­
c u rial, volatile, wayward • change
head
sides: a postatize • adapt to suit indi­
vidual requirements: personal ize cheat • person who cheats at cards:
• initiate new areas of activity: d iver­ card sharp, card sharper . dishon­
sify • process of change: transition esty in business or public life : sleaze
• general direction of change: trend check . check truth or validity: ver­
• thing that initiates or accelerates ify, vet . check against a standard:
change: catalyst • after essential ca l i b rate • check a job applicant's
changes: m utatis m uta ndis . person background: vet • place where
advocating gradual change: reform ist checks are carried out: control
59 cheek I cherub

cheek 0 adjectives: buccal, malar ing or preventing a chemical reaction:

o drooping cheek: jowl inhi bitor
cheese 0 adjective:
caseous chemistry 0 chemistry of com­
o small whole cheese: truckle 0 soft pounds containing carbon: organic
cheese made from skimmed milk: cot­ chem istry 0 chemistry of compounds
tage cheese 0 French soft white not containing carbon: inorganic
cheese: Brie 0 French goat's cheese: chemistry o chemistry of plants:
chevre o soft cheese from Normandy: phytochemistry 0 chemistry of liv­
Camem bert 0 Danish soft white ing organisms: biochemistry
cheese with blue veins: Danish blue o chemistry of radioactive substances:
o round Dutch cheese with a yellow radiochemistry 0 chemistry of the
rind: Gouda 0 Greek goat's cheese: stars and space: astrochemistry
feta o Italian soft blue-veined cheese: o medieval chemistry, seeking to turn
Dolcelatte ™ 0 Italian hard blue­ base metals into gold: a lchemy
veined cheese: Gorgonzola 0 Italian o chemical analysis of a compound,
cream cheese: mascarpone 0 firm expressed in symbols: form ula (pl. for­
white Italian cheese: mozzarella mulae) o substance used in chemical
o rich blue-veined Laicestershire
analysis: reagent 0 substance having
cheese: Stilton o sweet brown Norwe­
the same crystal structure as another:
gian cheese: Gjetost o hard Swiss
isomorph 0 chemical decomposition
cheese: Emmenta l 0 pale Swiss
by electric current: electrolysis
cheese with holes: Gruyere
o chemical decomposition by water:
o cheese's tough outer skin: rind
hydrolysis o not subject to chemical
o protein present in cheese: casein
decomposition: stable
o curdling agent used i n cheesemak­
ing: rennet o denoting unripe cheese: cheque o cheque for a fixed amount
green 0 sprinkled with grated cheese usable abroad: traveller's cheque
and browned: au gratin o melted o cheque drawn by a bank on its own
cheese on toast: ra re bit, Welsh rarebit funds: bank draft, ban ker's draft
o melted cheese on toast with a o cheque guaranteed by a bank: certi­
poached egg: buck rarebit fied cheque 0 cheque counterfoil:
chemical o combining
forms: stub o person writing a cheque:

chemi- (e.g. chemisorption), chemo­ drawer 0 institution that must hon­

(e.g. chemotherapy) 0 chemical liquid our a cheque: drawee o person bene­
destroying bacteria: disi nfectant fiting from the cheque: payee o writ­
o eat away by chemical action: cor­ ing on the back of a cheque:
rode endorsement o payee named in an
endorsement: endorsee 0 denoting
chemical reaction o self-
an uncrossed cheque: open 0 denot­
sustaining series of chemical reac­
ing a cheque that is invalid because
tions: chain reaction 0 substance
drawn long before: sta le 0 credit a
used in a chemical reaction: reagent
o substance changed in a chemical re­
cheque to the payee's account: clear
action: reactant 0 substance formed
o pay a presented cheque: honour
by a chemical reaction: product o refuse to pay a presented cheque:

o production of compounds by reac­ dishonour 0 instruct one's bankers

tion from simpler materials: synthe­ not to honour a cheque: stop
sis 0 substance accelerating a chem­ cherub o adjective: cherubic
ical reaction:catalyst 0 biochemical o cherub in Renaissance paintings:
catalyst: enzyme 0 sUbstance slow- amoretto, putto
cherry I childbirth 60

cherry • sour cherry used i n cook­ abandoned by its parents: fou n d l i n g

ing: more l l o • child whose parents are dead:
chess • chess played o n separate orphan • child substituted for an­
boards: kriegsp i e l • opening tactic: other in infancy: changeling . par­
gambit • chess pieces in order of im­ ental responsibility for a child: cus­
portance: king, q ueen, b i s h o p, tody • child cared for by a guardian:
knight, rook or castle, pawn • bring ward . child under state guardian­
a back-line piece forward: devel o p ship: ward of court • bring up
• denoting a piece that can b e taken: another's child: foster • children

en prise • attack upon the oppon­ killed by Herod: Holy I n n ocents

ent's king: check • repeated check­ • child's leading reins: harness
ing of the king: perpetual check • child's playful misbehaviour: m i s­
• closing moves: endgame • winning ch ief • exceptionally talented child:
position: checkmate . concede de­ child prodigy, wunderkind • chil­

feat without checkmate: resi g n dren's part of a house: n u rsery • day

• situation i n which a player cannot nursery for young children: creche
move except into check: sta lem ate • child who comes home to an empty
• situation in which the need to make house: latch key child . project offer­
a move is itself a disadvantage: ing pastimes for children during
zugswa ng • declaration when ad­ school holidays: playscheme • per­

justing a piece: j ' a d o u be • side of the son supervising children in public:

board on which both queens stand at cha perone • supervise children
the start of play: q ueenside • half­ while their parents are out: ba bysit
move in computer chess: ply • expert • study and treatment of the diseases
chess-player: m aster • chess-player of children: paediatrics • dentistry
of the highest class: g rand m aster of children: paedodontics . glvrng
chest • adjectives: pectoral , thor- priority to the interests of children:
acic • deformed human chest with chi ld-ce ntred • denoting something
projecting breastbone: pigeon chest, that children cannot open or use:
pigeon b reast • chest murmur: c h i ld proof • suitable for children
souffle and adults: fam i ly • state agency or­
ganizing child maintenance pay­
chew • chew the cud: ru m i nate
ments: C h i l d S u p port Agency . per­
chicken • brood of chickens: clutch son sexually attracted to children:
� see also fowl
paed ophile . representation of a
chickpea • chickpea paste: hum­ naked winged child in Renaissance
mus • chickpea rissole: felafel art: amoretto, cherub, putto
chief • combining form: a rch-
childbirth • adjective: obstetric, pu­
• chief beam: architrave • chief
erpera l • process of childbirth: del iv­
bishop: a rch bishop . chief monk:
e ry • childbirth at home: home de­
ab bot, prior • chief nun: a b bess,
l ivery • childbirth under water:
prioress
water b i rth • device for this: b i rthing
chilblain • ulcerated chilblain: kibe pool • childbirth via a cut in the
child • combining form: paed- . ad­ mother's abdomen: Caesari a n , Cae­
jective: fi l i a l • early childhood: in­ sarian section . childbirth with
fancy • denoting a child born within minimUl medical and technological
wedlock: legitim ate . denoting a intervention: natural child birth . de­
child born out of wedlock: ba stard, i l ­ noting a woman capable of childbirth:
legitimate • child that has been fecund • woman who has never
61 childbirth I Chinese

given birth: nulli para • woman giv­ puerperi um 0 government office

ing birth for the first time: primi para where births are recorded: register of­
• woman bearing a child for another: fice � see also birth, pregna ncy
surrogate mother • medical care
chimney . free-standing part of a
and study of those giving birth: ob­ chimney: stack • hooded chimney
stetrics • doctor providing such care,
top: cowl • duct inside a chimney:
or person making such study: obstet­
fl ue • partition between flues: withe
rician • assist the b irth of a child: de­
l iver • nurse attending at childbirth: Chinese . combining form: Sino-
midwife • hospital for the care of • Chinese official:mandari n • Chi­
childbirth: maternity hospital . hos­ nese native labourer: coolie • Chi­

pital area for the final stages of la­ nese secret criminal gang: To ng, Tria d
bour: delivery su ite • start labour ar­ • Chinese idol: joss • Chinese tem­

tificially: i nduce • hormone ple: joss house • Chinese Buddhist

stimulating womb contractions and teacher: bonze . absolute principle
milk secretion: oxytocin • hormone in Chinese philosophy: Tao • active
making the cervix dilate: relaxin male principle in Chinese philosophy:
• period between the start of contrac­ yang • passive female principle of
tions and delivery: labour • spinal Chinese philosophy: yin • Chinese
anaesthetic given in childbirth: epi­ philosophical system advocating hu­
dural, extradural • drug easing la­ mility and piety: Taoism • Chinese
bour pains: pethidine . position of woman's close-fitting silk dress:
the fetus at the time of delivery: pre­ cheongsam • stick for eating Chi­
sentation • presentation with feet or nese food: chopstick • Chinese fry­
buttocks first: breech del ivery • sur­ ing pan: wok • soup made from a

gical cutting of the vagina at child­ coating on bird's nests: bird's nest
birth: episiotomy • large pincers as­ soup • Chinese egg dish: foo yong
sisting childbirth: forceps • suction • Chinese dish o f grilled meat i n a
device assisting childbirth: vacuum spicy sauce: satay • Chinese-style

extractor, ve ntouse • greasy deposit dish of meat, mixed vegetables, and

covering a newborn infant: vernix rice: chop suey • Chinese-style dish
• prediction of a future child's genetic of fried noodles with shredded meat
disorders: gpnetic counselling . de­ and vegetables: chow mein . Chi­
noting the period before childbirth: nese pancake filled with vegetables:
antenatal, antepartum • denoting spring roll . small Chinese savoury
the period after childbirth: post­ dumpling: wonton . prawn-flavoured
natal, post-partum • denoting the rice-flour crisp: prawn cracker . Chi­
period from the child's conception nese snack of small dumplings: d i m
until weaning: matern ity • first li­ sum • small white Chinese dessert
quid from the breasts: colostrum fruit: Iychee • Chinese sauce with
• substance encouraging breastmilk: sugar and vinegar or lemon: sweet
glalactagogue . excessive produc­ and sour sauce . food additive used
tion of galactorrhoea
breastmilk: in Chinese cuisine: monosod ium glu­
• breastfeed a baby: nurse . woman's tamate 0 illness caused b y excess ive
fever after childbirth: milk fever monosodium glutamate: C h inese res­
• fever caused by uterine infection taurant syndrome • Chinese sor·
after childbirth: puerperal fever ghum spirit: mao-tai • Chinese game
. period after childbirth in which the played with small tiles: mah-jong
reproductive organs return to normal: • Chinese gambling game: fan-tan
Chi nese communism I Christ 62

• Chinese geometrical puzzle: ta n­ cess of available options: embarras de

g ram • Chinese martial art: kung fu choix • wrong option in a multiple­
• Chinese plant with medicinal root: choice question: d i stractor
g i nseng • Chinese therapy by
choir . adjective: chora l • section of
needles: acupuncture • bodily en­
a church choir standing on the north
ergy path in Chinese medicine and
side: cantoris . section of a church
acupuncture: meri d i a n . life force in
choir standing on the south side: de­
Chinese medicine and philosophy: chi
cani • choir divided to sing antiphon­
• Chinese exercise systems: t'ai chi
ally: double choir • boy member of a
ch'uan, qigong • Chinese divination
choir: chori ster
manual: I C h i n g , Book of Changes
• former Chinese bow of greeting: choose • choose as candidate for an
kowtow • principal Chinese lan- election: adopt . choose at random:
guages: Mandarin, Putong h u a d raw, select by lot
• transliteration systems from Chi­ chorus • adjectives: choral, choric
nese: Wade-G iles, P i nyin . architec­
tural decoration in the Chinese style:
Christ . combining form: C h risto­
• adjective: d o m i n ical • centred on
�hinoiserie . famous type of medi­
Christ: C h ristocentric . re­
eval Chinese porcelain: M i n g • Chi­
presentation of Christ's descent from
nese sailing vessel: junk • Chinese
Jesse: Jesse tree • Christ's birth, or
traditional racing boat: dragon boat
a representation of it: Nativity
• imitation of Chinese motifs in West­
• model of the stable, with figures:
ern art: chinoiserie • study of Chi­
crib • commemoration of the birth of
nese culture and politics: S i nology
Christ: C h ristmas• period of fasting
Chinese communism . party of- preceding this: Advent • commemor­
ficial in charge of political education: ation of the visit of the Magi: Epiph­
com m i ssar • individual political in­ any • commemoration of the presen­
doctrination: thought refo rm • polit­ tation of the infant Christ:
ical wallposter: dazibao (pl. same) Presentation , Pu rification, Cand le­
. j acket in Chinese communist style:
mas • commemoration of Christ's
Mao jacket
fast: Lent • commemoration of
chip • denoting chips with wavy Christ's appearance in glory to three
edges: crinkle-cut disciples: Tran sfi g u ration • com­
memoration of Christ's entry into Je­
chivalry • glove thrown down by a
rusalem: Pa l m S u nday • commemor­
knight as a challenge: gage
ation of Christ's institution of the
• patroness's ribbon etc. worn by a
Eucharist: Corpus Ch risti • Christ's
knight: favour • moral obligations of
suffering and death: the Passion
the nobility: noblesse oblige
• place of Christ's betrayal: Gethsem­
chocolate • denoting chocolate ane • Christ's route to Calvary: Via
made without milk: p l a i n • greyish Dolorosa • place of Christ's crucifix­
deposit on the surface of stored choc­
ion: Calva ry . marks of Christ's cru­
olate: bloom • maker or seller of
cifixion bestowed on others through
chocolate: chocolatier
prayer: sti g mata • representation of
c h oice • choice where both options the dead Christ in his mother's arms:
have disadvantages: dilemma pieta • site of Christ's burial: Holy
• choice with no real alternatives: Sepulchre • Christ's freeing of the
Hobson's choice • choice made to righteous dead: Ha rrowing of Hell
allocate scarce resources: triage • ex- • celebration of Christ's resurrection:
63 Christian I church

Easter • commemoration of Christ's from diocesan control: pecu liar . de­

return to heaven: Ascension . com­ noting a church endowed for a chapter
memoration of the descent of the Holy of canons: colleg iate . large church
Spirit: Pentecost, Whit Su nday . ex­ originally part of a monastery: min­
pected return of Christ to earth at the ster . small private chapel: oratory
Last Judgement: Second Coming • sanctify a church for use: conse­
• representation o f Christ as universal crate . assign a church to a saint's
ruler: pantocrator • doctrine of protection: dedicate • church usher:
Christ's two natures: d ual ism � see verger • senior layman resposible for
also Lent church property etc . : churchwarden
• churchwarden's assistant: sides­
Christian . member of Christ's im­
mediate circle during His earthly
man . church caretaker and grave­
digger: sexton • official in charge of
ministry: disciple . member of this
continuing group, perceived as lead­
vestments and sacred vessels: sacris­
ers and founders of the Church: apos­ tan . church robing vestry
room:
• official leading processions etc. : ver­
tle . Christian love: agape . medi­
eval Christian expedition to regain
ger • forms of church service: l iturgy
8 church assembly: synod, convoca­
the Holy Land: crusade • Christian
observing Sunday as the sabbath: sa b­ tion . church court: consistory
• church law: canon law • expel from
batarian • Christian preaching in­
a church: excommunicate • court­
tended to make converts : evangelism
• Christian thanksgiving for the har­ yard before a church: parvis
. church porch: galilee • church
vest: ha rvest festival • Christian
antechamber: na rthex • holy-water
tradition emphasizing scriptural au­
thority and personal conversion: basin near a church door: stoup
• main part o f a church: nave
evangel icalism . Christian Church
• wooden congregational bench: pew
following the Pope: Roman Cath olic
• pew
• Christian
Church Church follow­ with high s ides giving privacy:
ing the Oecumenical Patriarch: box pew • kneeling cushion: has­
Orthodox Church . denoting those sock, kneeler • space for access be­
Western Christian Churches follow­ tween pews: aisle . raised enclosed
ing the principles of the Reformation: platform for preaching: pulpit • read­

Protesta nt • denoting Christian ing stand for a B ible: lectern • broad

unity: ecu m en ical • officially ex­

aisle or passageway: ambulatory
• wooden seat for choir or clergy: stall
clude someone from the Christian sac­
raments: excommun icate . ledge o n this supporting a standing
person: m isericord, misere re • sec­
chromosome • female chromo-
tion of a church choir standing on the
some: X chromosome 8 male
north side: cantoris • section of a
chromosome: Y chromosome . num­
church choir standing on the south
ber and appearance of an organism's
s ide: deca ni • booth for priest to hear
chromosomes: karyotype . chromo­
confessions: confessional • part of a
some defect causing intellectual im­
church containing the high altar:
pairment and physical abnormalities:
sanctuary • sanctuary cupboard:
Down's syndrome • study of chro­
aumbry • side table in a sanctuary:
mosomes: cytogenetics
credence • stone seats for the cele­
church • adjective: eccl eSiastical, brants, built into the south sanctuary
ecclesia I • principal church o f a dio­ wall: sed ilia . view onto the altar, cut
cese: cathedral . church exempt through a pillar: hag ioscope, squint
Church of England I circle 64

• part of a church round the sanctu­ mu nion • Anglican provincial synod:

ary: cha ncel • wood or stone parti­ convocati o n • parish's contribution
tion at the chancel entrance: rood to diocesan funds: quota • priest

screen, screen • part of a church be­ supervising a group of parochial

tween nave and altar: choir • part of clergy: rural dean • parish priest for­
a church built out to form one of the merly receiving tithes: rector . par­
arms in a cross-shaped plan: transept ish priest not formerly receiving
• part of a church where nave and tithes: vicar • priest's house: rectory,
transepts join: crossing . part of a vicarage .job as parish priest: bene­
church to the side of a nave or chan­ fice, l iving . priest in charge of a
cel: aisle • part of a church beneath benefice: i n c u m bent . formal be
the main floor: crypt, u ndercroft stowal of a benefice: induction
• set of windows overlooking aisle . period between incumbents: inter­
roofs: clerestory • gallery running reg n u m
over an arcade: trifori um • section of cider • strong rough cider: scru m py
a church east of the main altar: retro­ • drink of draught cider and lager:
. choir • curved or polygonal exten­ snakebite • pulpy fruit left after
sion to the east end of a church: apse cider-making: pomace
• apse with an ambulatory: chevet
cigar • long straight-sided cigar: cor­
• part of a church, or building adja­
ona . long thin cigar: panatella
cent to it, used for baptisms: baptist­
• cigar tapering at the ends: perfecto
ery • chapel dedicated to the Blessed
• open-ended cigar: cheroot • stub of
Virgin: Lady chapel • water con­
a cigar: butt • airtight cigar box: hu-
tainer for baptisms: font • chapel or
midor
altar endowed for Masses for the
founder's soul: cha ntry • icon screen cigarette . cigarette with a filter:
in an Orthodox church: iconostasis filter t i p . stub of a cigarette: butt
• room where vestments etc. are kept: cinema • small cinema: cinema-
sacristy • grotesque stone figure on theque • cinema programme ofIer-
the outside of a church: gargoyle ing two full-length films: d o u b l e fea- .
• roofed gate into a churchyard: Iych­ ture • building housing several
gate • building in a churchyard for cinemas: m u ltiplex • ratio of width to
exhumed bones: charnel house •a height of projected image:
tenth of one's income given to the ratio
Church: tithe . authorization from a
circle • combining form: cycl- (e.g.
Church authority: faculty . denoting
cyclorama) . imagined circle joining
a Church having state control or sup­
the earth's poles: meridian • im­
port: esta b l ished • sever formal
agined circle round the earth equidis­
links between Church and state: dis­
tant from its poles: equator • prehis­
esta b l i s h . Church administrative
toric stone circle: henge • distance
district: parish • study of the Church
across a circle: diameter • distance
Fathers and their writings: patristics,
round the outside of a circle: circum­
patrology • study of church building
ference e line from the centre to the
and decoration: ecclesiology � see
circumference of a circle: radius
also altar
• half-circle: semicircle • quarter­
Church of England • adjective: circle: q u a d rant . circular move­
Anglican • group of Churches world­ ment of water or smoke: eddy • cir­
wide that are in communion with the cular movement of the axis of a
Church of England: Anglican Com- spinning object: precession
65 circus I clean

circus . large circus tent: big top ing social groups of equal status: hori­
• place
where circus animals are kept: zontal • acceptable in the best
menagerie • enclosed area for a circles: pukka
circus performance: ri ng • person
classification • classification of
directing a circus performance: ring­
plants and animals by shared fea­
master
tures: taxonomy • classification of
citadel • ancient Greek citadel: plants and animals based on inherited
acropolis . Russian citadel: kremlin characteristics: cladistics • classifi­
• North African citadel: kasbah cation of plants and animals by genus
citizen • combining
form: -ese (e.g. and species: Lin naean nomenclature,
Viennese) • adjective:
civil • gift of binomial nomenclature • classifica­
honorary citizenship: freedom tion by general type: typology • clas­
sification according to rank: hier­
city . adjedives: civic, urban . chief
city: metropolis • city formed by the
a rchy • classification according to
joining of several towns: conurbation shared ancestry: clad istics
• huge composite city: megalopolis, clause • clause that is in itself a
metroplex • central par;t of a city: complete sentence: main clause
inner city . outlying part of a city: • clause that is not in itself a complete
suburb • suburb inhabited by daily sentence: subordi nate clause
commuters: dormitory suburb . city • clause in a contract stipulating ex­
area inhabited by a particular ethnic ceptions: saving clause • contract­
or social group: g hetto • preserved ual clause freeing a party from obli­
open land round a city: g reen belt gations under stated conditions:
clairvoyance • having powers of escape clause . contractual clause
clairvoyance: fey � see also spiritual­ allowing for price increases: escal­
i st ator clause
clan • matriarch
clan's female head: claw • front claw of a lobster or crab:
. clan's male head: patriarch . dis­ pincer • having non-retactile claws:
tinctive plaid of a Scottish clan: tar­ cynopodous
tan
clay • clay used for bricks and walls:
class • lowest social stratum: under­ adobe • clay used for china: kaol in
class . wor&ing classes: proletariat
• clay worked for making pottery or
. middle-class person with conven­
bricks: pug • thin clay used to decor­
tional views: bourgeois • the provin­ ate pottery: slip • clay used to make
cial middle classes: Middle England
reddish pottery: terra cotta • mixture
• salaried classes: salariat • member
of clay and straw used for walls: cob
of the upper middle class: haut bour­
• clay used as a filter:ful ler'S earth
geOis • privileged and influential
• liquid clay sealing a joint: l ute
section of society: overclass • ad­

mirer of the upper classes and their
ways: snob • admirer of the lower
classes and their ways: inverted snob
• dialect of a particular social class:
sociolect • class structure: social
scale, social ladder • improving
one's social status: upwardly mobile
• person keen to improve his or her
social status: social climber . involv-
clean • clean without using water:
d ry-clean . clean by hard rubbing:
scour • clean by pressurized sand:
sandblast • cleanly practices: hy­
giene • sterilize food by gamma radi­
ation: irradiate • disposable piece of
paper etc. for cleaning: wipe • mass
of matted fine wire used for cleaning:
wire wool
 �m"'bb"�I'
iticlarity
on, focusof a picture or sound: defin- prepositioned
.climbing alone aids:and free
without climbing
equip-
clericalscrivclerk ment: sol o cl i m bi n g .spiked plate
•

preparillg legal documents: ener for.climber'a climber' s boot: crampon

�

clergy .the clergy collectively: the

attendant scarrying ice axe: supplies:
piolet .climber'
porter s
• adjective:

clothseveralgroupparishes: Of clergyteamresponsible
clerk •
I

for cleric assistillg a priest: mini

deaconstry clillic givillg generalservices:
prac­
cleric servillg a prison, college, ship, titioner and specialist
I
•

etc.
padre : chapl a i n
clerical military
rank:deacon: chaplain:
order minor cler­ polycliniclc inicclinic for women: well­
woman
• clinic •

ical ranks below

•

clitoris enlarged and rigid state of

orders .Protestant clergyman: min­
• •

iant:
ster,deaconpastor .minister' s lay assist­ the
in theclitoris: erecticorpus
o n erectile tissue
• •

clergyman attached toin clitoris: cavernosum

rounded
•

a make ship someone

or military unit: chapl a part at the end of the clitoris: glpre­
ans
•

ordai n .person apeparing

priest orforminister:
ordin­ .fold of skin surrounding this:
•

puce removal ofcithercumci

clitoris: cli.ex­
tori­
(pl. corpora cavernosa) •

ation:
and the ordi n
incomeand .clergyman'
derived from it: s job,
bene­ dectomy, femal e s i o n
•

fibelow
ce apiece of black material worn cision ofofthethe clitoris
together and astitchillg
vulva: infibul tion
•

sonsuchwhopersons clerical collar:

is notcollectively: stock per­
a cleric:l a itlyayman clock .precise clock: chronometer
re­ai­ atomiclongcase clock: clock: caesium clock
•

duce a cleric to lay status: defrock, l .large grandfather

•

ciprizeest, Protestant,Church Roman of Engl and,

Catholic clgrandmother
ock smallerclocklongcase small clock:
rect­
• • •

Church angular
clment,
ock movement clock with
.clock mechanism: a handle: carri
escape­ age
.. see also

cliff .steep cliff: bl u ff, crag, preci ­

•

pilacndsl
e idcollapse clock's swinging
e, landslofippart of a cliff face:
•

weighted
study of rod:
clock- pendulum
m aking: oartogyor
horol
climate dry climate with hot sum­
denotinganalaogue clock dialdenotingwith moving
• •

mers
climate and cold winters:
denotillg a mildconticlimate:
nental hands: a clock
temperate dial with a changing numerical dis­
small region: mispecial croclimclimate
ate of a
•

play: digi t al .following the direction

•

of clock' sthehands: clockwidirection

se circu­
•

cli macti c .sex­

•

lating in opposite toder­a

ment ill a play: catastrophe mo­
ual climax: orgasm crucial
•

clock'
shi s hands:
ns setsynchroni anti cl o ckwi s e,
a clock tozethe same time wi d
a •
• adjective:

climb climb down using a doubled as another:

climax

rope: abseilthe, rappel climb byswarm

grip­
•

pillg with hands and feet: clcloister:

austral
•

up holplaced .climber' for a climber' s handsfoot­or .land ill the middle of a

•

feet: s insecure garth

•
cloister • adjective:

hold:
rock: smear
pi t on pin driven
secure a intos rope
climber' the oiusedlcloforth, clothwaxcl impregnated
o th strong withcloth oil:
•

round a piton, rock, etc.: belay rock sails and paintings: canvas
• cloth •
• •
•
67 clothes I clothes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• cloth to cover a corpse: shroud, dart . double fold held by stitching:

winding sheet • cloth placed over a pleat • sharp narrow pleat: kn ife
chair back to protect it from hair-oil: pleat • decorative frill or pleat:
antimacassa r • roll of cloth: bolt ruche • strip of ornamental material
• cloth-maker: person clothier • on a skirt or dress: flounce . length
cleaning and thickening cloth: fuller of cloth trailing behind a dress: train
. clay used by a fuller: fuller's earth • slit a t the back o f a jacket etc.: vent

. cloth-merchant: mercer, draper, • slit covering fastenings or for a

clothier pocket opening: placket • pocket

clothes • adjective: sartorial . all sewn onto the surface of a garment:

the clothes owned by a person: ward­ patch pocket • pocket set into a gar­
robe • set of clothes worn together: ment: slash pocket • gradual widen­
outfit, ensemble • items completing ing of a garment: flare • turned and

an ensemble: accessories • denoting sewn edge of a garment: hem • thin

clothes suitable for both men and stripe for business clothes: pinstripe
• garments that can be worn in vari­
women: un isex • denoting clothes in
ous combinations: separates • cloth­
a timelessly elegant style: classic
• casual clothes: leisure w ar e • style
ing etc. collected by a bride before her
of women's clothes having a low neck marriage: troussea u, bottom d rawer
• clothes a new baby: layette for
and high waist: empire line . denot­
ing women's clothes shaped to fit the • baby's short coat: matinee coat
body: fu lly fashioned • denoting • baby's one-piece garment: playsuit,

clothes revealing glimpses of the body: rompers • couturier's range of new

peekaboo • denoting clothes that are clothes: collection • liturgical

functional rather than decorative: clothes: vestments . long strip of

sensible • ceremonial clothes: fu l l cloth worn over the shoulders or
dress, robes • clothing specific to a round the waist: sash . fabric tri­
certain activity: kit • clothes other angle worn over the shoulders: shawl
than uniform or regulation dress: . long scarf or shawl: stole • long
mufti • maker of clothes: tailor • de­ scarf of fur or feathers: boa • small
sign and manufacture of fashion shawl: fichu • fabric head-covering:
clothes: couture • designer of fash­ kerchief . square of cloth worn
ion clothes:couturier (fern. couturiere) round the neck: neckerchief • small
. couturier's trademark: label . cou­ shiny decorative disk: sequin
turier's shop: salon • denoting • clothes indicating membership o f a
clothes from a fashionable couturier: colours • guardsman's tall
team etc.:
designer . maker of theatrical or fur bearskincap:
. dark clothes
fancy-dress costumes: costumier worn with university robes: subfusc
• full-sized model for displaying • one-piece garment leaving only the
clothes:dummy • colours on a gar­ head, hands, and feet exposed: boiler
ment: colou rway • part of a garment s uit, coverall, jum psu it, siren suit
contrasting in colour with the main • one-piece undergarment covering
fabric: facing • turned-back edge of a arms, trunk, and legs: combinations
garment: revers . part of a garment • loose overall: smock, blouse
covering the shoulders: yoke . glit­ . loose garment reaching the knees:
tering substance as clothes ornament: tunic • sleeveless tunic: tabard
paillette, seq u i n , spangle . flattened • athlete's warm oversuit: tracksuit,
stitched fold in a garment: tuck sweatsuit . weatherproof tracksuit:
• tapered tuck shaping a garment: shell suit • casual trousers: slacks
 o denim trousers with a forbib: horse­ mentalfrill:shirt frill:olong shirt starched
clot hes I clothes 6E
1

shaped trousers neck worn

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ··

riding: at the knee:.trousers ending

gathered bed: nightwear: oloose coat
over
dun­ : jabot 0

ooankle·
baggy covering:
knickerbockers: o elastic stripsleeveless
supportingvest:a stocking�
garees 0 ruff
j o d h p u rs nights h i rt

olengthleg:of cloth wound roundwith the o strip of material covering theof cloth
geni.;
knickerbockers d ressing gown\

lower short jacket tals: opiece

plus fours

elasticated waist and cuffs:sleeveless wound aboutwoman' the hips andone crotch:i
gaiter, spat garter 0 singlell

jacket: silk jacket with an up· garment: s all-

woman' i n- s under·�
figure·
puttee 0 G-stri n g , thong

right collar: shaping undergarment:

bomber

o belted jacket with box pleats:belted

jacket, wind cheater 0 loi ncloth o

o lightweight woman's light belt

jerkin 0 teddy 0

jacket with patch pockets: stocking suspenders:

mandarin jacket fou n dation"

ojacket in Chi­ o woman' s breasts:

undergarment
N o r­ found ation garment, corset, g i rd le,i

nese communist style: ing the

fol k jacket ro ll-on 0

ojacket with slits at theoutdoor side orjacket

back: o woman' s vest:
bush suspender belt !

oloose- fittingvestbodice:exposing
jacket, safari jacket

waterproofed with jacket

wax: pulled over ostomach:
woman's short
Mao jacket b ra,

olong waterproof ballerina' s

bodice, l i berty

the head:jacket: thick double­ skirt: woman' s

hacking jacket 0 ice

breasted garment covering the trunk andwoman's

waxed jacket

oojacket
warm hooded jacket:sitting up in bed:
crop top 0

worn short
when close- fiarms,
tting and garment covering
cagoule 0 tutu 0

sleeveless cloak: trunk, legs:

reefer, reefer jacket

short cloak with a mask: o woman' s close-andfitting garment cover-

anorak, p a rka body, bodysu it, leotard •

the head: o woollen cape withthicka slitbluefor ing the

oo woman' trunk
woman'ss swimsuit legs:
two-piece consisting
swimsuit: of the
bedjacket 0 catsuit, u n itard

sweater:over collar: sweater's high

cape 0

turned- lower
o woman'half s lightofotight-
loosethis:robe:
d o m i no body stocking:
bikini 1

sleeveless
poncho 0

sweater: omotor­ fitting strap'

guernsey 0

ist' s short coat: sailor's less top for women or girls:

polo neck, roll­ monokini

short overcoat:olong heavy overcoat: woman's close- fitting

neck, turtleneck 0 ho use­

sleeveless top: strap sup­

p U l l over, s l i pover coat, peig n o i r

oloose overcoat belted at porting a sleeveless top: part

car coat 0 boob

the back: oheavy woollen ofo close-

a dress above bodice:
the waist:
pea coat, pea jacket, tube, bustier 0

hooded coat with toggle coat:

fastenings: fi tting
pilot jacket tank top 0

waterproof o woman's matching woman' cardigans short and

g reatcoat ha lter 0

bullet-a coat
proofwithcoat:a jumper:
ulster bodice

denoting open jacket:close-fittingowoman' s shirt:

basque

single row ofa coat

buttons: dress:
duffel coat 0 mack­

otonsdenoting
and an with two rows offront:
but­ o dress hanging
i ntos h , ra i n coat 0 twinset 0

overlapping straight from the shoulders:

fla k jacket 0 bolero

ofrontback:edge of a o dress flaring outo long fromformal shoulderdress:to

single-breasted bl ouse 0 sheath,

jacket that is folded hem:

sheath d ress

oo short-
loose sshirt
leevedor dress:
casual top: oorna- denoting a dress having
chemise

low neckline: dress

double-breasted
l a pel tent d ress
T-s h i rt gown 0 a
kaftan decollete 0 0
69 clothes I coal

skirt of a single piece of cloth wound model • women's clothes when worn
round and tucked in: sarong • dress by men: d rag • wear clothes of the
or skirt of a single overlapping piece opposite sex: cross-d ress • put on
with one fastening: wrap-around, clothes: don • wear informal or
wrap-over • dress o r skirt ending scrufy clothes: dress down • wear
well above the knee: mini • dress or smart clothes or fancy dress: d ress up
skirt of mid-calf length: midi • coat • take o ff clothes: doff � see also
or skirt of ankle length: maxi • div­ glove, hat, un iform, robes, vest­
ided skirt: culottes • full wide skirt ments �for items offoreign clothing
with a tight waistband: dirndl . pad­ see under the appropriate national ad­
ding formerly worn under the rear of jective
a skirt: bustle . loose underdress: cloud • adjective:
nebulous • tower­
chemise • light underskirt or under­ ing clOUd-mass: cumuloni mbus
dress: petticoat • short petticoat: slip • rounded clOUd-mass: cumulus
. hoops formerly supporting a skirt: . mass o f fast-moving cloud: wrack
farthingale • hooped petticoat: crin­ . low grey cloud: nim bostratus, nim­
oline • woman's light dressing gown: bus . low layer o f clumped grey
negligee . loose dress ' worn by a cloud-masses: stratocumulus • cloud
woman in bed: nig htd ress, night­ forming a continuous grey sheet: stra­
gown • women's underwear and tus • height of cloud base: ceiling
nightclothes: lingerie . furry tube to • study of clouds: nephology

warm the hands: muff • workman's

club' • adjectives:
clavate, claviform
heavy jacket with leather-patched
. heavy bludgeon
club: • spiked
shoulders: donkey jacket • man's
metal club: mace • Irish club: shil­
heavy double-breasted overcoat: ul­ lelagh . Australian Aboriginal club:
ster • man's long-tailed coat for for­ nul la-nulla, waddy • South African
mal day wear: morning coat, tai l coat club: knobkerrie
• man's suit for formal daytime wear:
club' • veto someone's proposed
lounge suit • man's formal evening
jacket: dinner jacket • man's velvet
membership of a club etc. : blackball
jacket: smoking jacket . man's long­ clutch • disengage a motor's clutch:
tailed coat for formal evening wear: decl utch
dress coat, ,ailcoat . man's long­
coal • soft lignite
brownish coal:
tailed coat for outdoor formal wear: • hard smokeless anthracite
coal:
frock coat . man's false shirt front: • coal heated in a vacuum: coke
dicky • sash worn with male evening • coal dust with small pieces of coal:
dress: cum merbu nd • opening at the slack . semi-liquid mixture of water
front of trousers: flies • man's shorts and coal particles: slu rry • black li­
for swimming or boxing: trunks quid distilled from bituminous coal:
• man's long underpants: long johns
coal tar • wood preservative distilled
• decorative pouch for the male geni­ from coal tar: creosote • area with
codpiece • man
tals: over-eager to many coal deposits: coalfield • coal
dress smartly: dandy, fop • denoting mine: colliery • coal miner: collier
a neatly dressed man: dapper, spruce • coal miner's basket: cort • coal
. elegantly dressed: SOigne (fern. mine safety official: deputy • ship
soignee) • basket for dirty clothes: transporting coal: collier • coal store:
linen basket • dummy to display bunker • fireside ornamental coal­
clothes: mannequin . person em­ box: scuttle • stony residue from
ployed to wear clothes for display: burnt coal: clinker
 coastal code: of.denoting a text sentcodeout
c oast I cold 70

region.coastal
with a subtropical climate: ofcomposed .signalling
. . ......................................................... .......................... ...................
. . . ..... . . .... ..........................

byline:tides: scenic area regularly

curve in covered
a coast­ studylongs and shorts:
ofcodecodes:
coast • adjective: l ittoral • scra m b l e

coast road: lel lines of varyingcomposed of paral­

rivi­ en clair

urbancoastalseasidewatchman:road: thickness:
era Morse
salti n g • code • cryptogra p h y,

.light-emitting device reading bar

bight • cor­ cryptology •

codes:
niche • bar

coatcoat with flour ororcement:

sugar:
esplanade • code, un iversal prod uct code

with plaster strongpressure:

black coffee made
coastg uard

.coat a wall with planking: under steam

l ight pen

coffee topped stimulant with frothed milk:

coat •

in coffee:
d redge • •

cocaine .potent hard form of co­

coffee

coffee sediment:
ren d e r espresso

caine: purified cocaine: coffee pot with a plunger:

clad � see also clothes •

though the grounds: heated water

coffee pot passing
cappuccino •

cockney' s traditional
caffeine • g rounds
crack • free­

dress: cockney wearing

• cafeth1tre

coffin .stone coffin :

base

these:
•

inner coffin: frame­

•

advocaat and lemonade:

cockney percolator

work on which a coffin may be set or

pea rl ies •

brandy with flavoured carried: coffin­

sarcophagus,
pearly queen, pea rly king

water and ice: brandy, carrier:

cist • shell •

lemon juice, and orange liqueur:

cocktail •

gin cogwheelcogged with orteeth at bar

gin and
andginangostura bitters:
s n owba l l •
bier, catafa l q u e •

cherry brandy: toothed

smash •
pall bearer

andvermouth,
dry vermouth: or rail:
side­
•

gin, andli­ electricrotating

motor: coil in a dynamo or
car • pink
cog 90°:
crown wheel •

Campari: gin, orange

gin • S i n ga­
rack

queur, and lemon juice: .rum and

pore s l i n g •

.rum and water:

marti ni • •

.face of a coin: impres­

coil

lime juice:and coconut:.rum, pineapple

negro n i • a rmature

juice, back of a coin:

White Lady

sionridgesstamped oncoin'as edge:

coin:
coin • adjective: num ismatic,

spirits with beaten eggtequila and milk:

g rog

on a
nummular obverse

and
d a i q u i ri

ofcoin manufactory: collection

• reve rse •

champagne:
pina colada

specimen coins at the Royal Mint:

incuse

vodkavodkaand orange juice: juice:

•

deprive a coin of monetary sta­

• milling

and tomato
egg-nog, egg fl i p •

tus: study of coins:

• mint •

whiskywhiskyand ginger
slammer, teq u i l a slam­

wine: with
mer • screw­ pyx •

lemon or lime juice: .cold

d river •
demonetize •

wine etcor : spirits with fruit juices, and damp: .feeling of extreme
Bloody M a ry •
n u m ismatics

spices, cold: sleepy state brought tissue on by

whisky mac •

. coconut fibre: extreme cold:

whisky sour cold . combiningjorms: cryo-

damagethermometer
caused by extreme cold:
dank

dried coconut kernels:

•

for low temperat­

p u n ch nip •

deciphering of codes:this: ures: substance produ­

hypothermia •
coir

word enabling
coconut •

cing low temperatures:

frost­
• copra

textencode
writtena intext:code: .deep-freezingmedical of corpses in hopethatof
bite •

subsequent advances
code • crypt­ cryometer •

encode electronically: could reverse the cause of death:

a n alysis • key­ cryogen
word • crypto­
g ra m • encipher,
encrypt • cryo-
71 collapse I colour
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

genics, cryonics • medical treat­ this for senior teaching staf: high
ment using intense cold: cryotherapy table . college room where provi­
• surgery using intense cold to des­ sions are sold: buttery • college re­
troy tissue: cryosurgery laxation senior
room for fellows:
collapse • inwards collapse: implo­ common room • this for postgradu­
sion ates: middle common room • this

for undergraduates: junior common

collar • high stiff collar with turned
room • college principal's apart­
down corners: wing collar • high
ments: lodge, lodgings • college
turned-over collar on a sweater: polo
doorkeeper: porter • college finan­
neck • bar attaching a collar to a
cial manager: bursar • cleric serving
shirt: stud
a college: chaplain • senior member
collection • collection of related
of a college: fel low, don • college fel­
items: compendium • collection of
low in charge of discipline: dean
miscellaneous items: farrago, job lot • college teacher responsible for a par­
. collection of writings: anthology, ticular subject: tutor • college tuition
collectanea, commonplace book,
session for an individual or small
f1orileg ium, miscellany, omnibus
group: tutorial • annual college feast:
• collection of historical documents:
gau dy, commemoration • money de­
a rch ive • collection of texts: corpus
posited with college authorities to pay
• collection of essays on a particular
for breakages: caution money � see
topic: symposium
also Cam bridge, Oxford, un iversity
collective farm • collective farm
colony • adjective: colon ial � see
kibbutz
in Israel: • collective farm in
Russia: kolkhoz
also state

collector • collector of bygones: colour • combining forms:

antiquary • collector of beer mats: chromato-, chromo- • adjective:

tegestologist . collector of books: chromatic • one of a group of basic

bibliophile • collector of butterflies colours combining to form all the
and moths: lepidopterist • collector o thers: primary colour • colour

of coins and medals: numismatist made by mixing two primary colours:

• collector of matchboxes: phillumen­ secondary colour • range of colours:
ist • collector o f stamps: phi latelist spectrum , palette • band of colours
produced by refraction of a light
college . adjeaives: collegial, colle­
source: spectrum • denoting a colour
giate • college for pupils in their
that combines with another to make
final years of secondary education:
sixth-form college . further educa­ white compleme ntary
or black:
• colour saturation • pro­
intensity:
tion college providing courses in prac­
tical or technical subjects: technical ducing colour: chromogenic • using
college . military college training only one colour: monochromatic
potential officers: military academy • in a single uniform colour: self­

• military college training officers for coloured • having several colours:

staff duties: staff college • music particoloured, pied, polychromatic,
college: conservatoire • Orthodox polychrome • denoting colours that
Jewish college: yesh iva • college site are burnt into a surface: en caustic
and buildings: campus • college • small patch of colour: fleck • subtle

doorkeeper's room: lodge • college shade of a colour: tint . faint trace of

courtyard: q uadrangle • college din­ a colour: tinge • quality of a colour:
ing room: hall, refectory . table in tone • marked with patches of
 colour: traders to fix prices:
co lou r blindness I communication 72

colouring matter:
complete solid headtailof afollowing
comet: a
dappled, m ottled, va riegated carte l , price

colour blindness: .luminous

pigment ring

comet:
•

abilityprimary
three to discern
colours:only two of the
nu­

comfortable andcomfort
cosy:
colour blindness • comet •

red-blindness:
cleus

degree of material
m o n ochromatism

green- blindness:
coma

enjoyed:
•

blue- blindness:
dichromatism comfort •
daltonism, protan ­ snug

arbitrary command:
•

column rectangular column:

•
opia deutera n ­ stan d a rd of living

command thatruler'
musts
•

rail: ofshortthese:ornateornamental
column supporting
opia tritanopia

amade fencing becommand:

obeyed: .oriental
•
command • adjectives: ma ndatory,

.denoting mand advised by thesovereign' s com­

• pilas­ preceptive •

a columnengaged attachedcolumn
to theatwall: Privy Council:
ter • d i ktat, u kase •

theof end binding official

baluster • d i ctate

ofumns:
an arcade: .row ofrowcolumns col­ instruction: .carry out a
b a l u strade fi rman •

command:
en­

defining a space: slight head of a

gaged Order in C o u n c i l

comment comment made in pass­

• •

column: concave
respond d i rective

ing: .percepti ve com­ex­

•

curve intheatopscolumn: beam

colonnade execute

across of columns: ment: witty comment

peristyle

pressing a general truth:

• •

ornamentalcylindrical porch with columns:

capital • o b iter d i ctum

stone forming
entasis • aper�u

commitment morally committed:

•

part
(statistics etc.) in columns: arrange
of a column:
architrave a phori s m ,

avoid committing oneself:

• epigra m
portico •

comb .projecting point on a comb: committee .committee establish­

•
tam b o u r •

spinning:comb wool or hemp before

engage

ing anoforganization' s general prin­

•
tabu late
hedge

combat medieval mock-combat be­

ciples operation:
on a committee
particular appointed to advise
tooth •

tweensuchmounted knights: combat.place problem:.parliamen­

card

played with counters on maps: game

for combat:
steeri n g comm it·

tary committee appointed for a special

• tee •

purpose: invita­
joust working

tion to join a committee given by itsa

l i sts • g ro u p, worki ng party

combatant .Spanish bullfighter

current members:
krieg­

on foot: Spanish mounted

tocommittee
one's aims:with persons sympathetic
spiel select comm ittee

bullfighter: Spanish bull­

•

fighter killing the bul l :

co-option

matador' s mounted assistant: Commonwealth Commonwealth

• fil
torero •

.person who fought in a Roman embassy:

toreador •
pack

arena
or person engaged in warfare:nation
to entertain: commune member of a commune:
matador
• pica­ •

dor h i g h commission

communication .communication
g l a d i ator

combinationcombin­ into a
•

by posture orestablish
gesture:or facilitate com­
•
belli­

single unit:
com m u nard
gerent .. see also soldier, troops

ation intocombination
a coherent ofwhole:businesses: munication: .organs.commu­
of mass
communication:
combination • body language,

nications company: commu­

consolidation • kinesics •

.combination of nication over a distance by teleph one,

synthe­ l iaise
sis • the media
conglom erate, consorti um, corpor­ carrier •
ation, syndicate
73 communism I compass

radio, etc.: telecommunication or company making an acceptable

. work from home using telecommu­ counterbid to a hostile takeover: wh ite
nications: telecomm ute . discussion k n ight . company controlled by its
involving three or more persons at dif­ shareholders: joi nt-stock company
ferent sites using telecommunica­ e nominal company: shell company
tions: teleconference . centre link­ • company section with a specific
ing ground communications to function: division e denoting a
satellites: teleport • international highly efficient company: lean
communications system using tele­ • transfer a state-run company to pri­
printers: telex • international com­ vate ownership: denationalize, privat­
munications system using electronic ize • worker involvement in com­
scanning: fax e telecommunications pany government: industrial
channel with a bandwidth sufficient democracy • transport or com-
for voices: voice channel munications company: carrier
communism • kind of communism e company's preferred style of presen­
retaining elements of Western liberal­ tation: house style • tax on company
ism: Eurocommunism e central pol­ profits: corporation tax • internal to
icy committee of a communist state: a company: house . company de­
politburo •
standing legislative com­ partment responsible for recruitment,
mittee of a communist stale: presid­ training, and welfare: personnel
ium e opposition to the official Party • company department responsible
line: spl ittism o underground pub­ for product innovation and improve­
lishing in a communist state: sam iz­ ment: research and development
dat . countries not controlled by • chart showing the interrelation of
communism: free world � see also company posts : organ ization chart
Chi nese com munism, Soviet • colours and symbols on a company's
compact disk • compact disk vehicles: l ivery • spying to gain com­
player able to play several disks in pany secrets: industrial espionage
succession: m u lti player e denoting companies whose shares

•
company adjective: corporate are quoted on the London Stock Ex­
• company operating in several coun­ change: listed e (of a company) ex­
tries: multi national, tran snational tend or vary its operations: d iversify
• company whose shares are not on • reorganize a company on a smaller
public sale: private company . com­ scale: downsize, rational ize • close a
pany whose shares are traded on the company down: liquidate, wind up
stock exchange: public company comparison • standard against
• capital raised by a company's sale of
which other items may be assessed:
its shares: stock . funds used in a
benchmark, control, datum l ine,
company's day-to-day trading: work­ yard stick • having no such common
ing capital . companies under com­
standard: incommensurable . giv­
mon ownership: g roup • company
ing an annual comparison: year­
created to control others, whose
on-year
shares it holds: holding company
. company controlled by a holding compass • gyroscope-aligned com­
company: subsidiary . combination pass: gyrocompass • denoting one of
of two companies into one: merger the four main compass points: car­
• buy-out of one company by another: d i nal e deflection of a ship's compass
takeover • denoting a takeover re­ needle by iron in the ship: deviation
sisted by its victim: hostile • person • direction in which a compass needle
 will ofturn:a compass needle from.deflec­ strict compliance:
competition I computer 74

tion
magnetic north:
magnetic n o rth
true to compliance: minimal
composer'sorassistant,
compl iance •

competition' s pre­to
speCific performance

takin down dictation copyings

•

liminary rounds: free pass

declination tokenism

the
whichnexteachround:
round' s competition
losers are elimin­in drafts:
personal musical style: composer'
competition • composer •

ated: open to all: denotinglista ofcompe­ compound with the

heats •

tition com­
a m a n uensis

same formula as another, but different

bye • •

petitors in ordermainofbunch achievement:

idiom

atomic disposition:containing carbon:

denot­
competeonofclosely:
com­ ing a compound
knock-out • compound •

petitors:disadvantage imposed denoting a compound not

open •

a su­ containing carbon:

isomer •

perior competitor: .denot­ chemicalinanalysis of a compound,

league table •

ing a playergroup receiving no competing

handicap: expressed symbols:
pack, van • organic •

of clubs breakdown substances:

of a compound
vie • i norgan i c

together over a season: out­ into its constituent

handicap •

side the competition:

fo rmula (pl. for­
scratch • mulae) •
league • de­
hors conco u rs composition

compromise be-
. combining form: • adjective: pneu­

tween two mutually incompatible ob­

compilation compressed air

trivial complaint: cause

-Iogue matic

for complaint: jectives:

govern­ middle.admitting
way of
(e.g. catalogue)

ment compromise:
plaints: official investigating com­
complaint • adjective: querulous compromise •

no compromise:
• quibble •

grieva n ce • trade-off •

via media

treatment by minute doses of sub­ done without

categorica l , dog­

pulsion:
ombudsman

stances.manipulation
causing the disease:
matic

and massage of computational de­

complementary medicine

bones and muscles: vice using beads on wires:

compulsion • COln­
•
vo l u ntary

manipulation ofmassage
the spinaltreatment.machine
culumn: making mathematical cal­a
homeop­

culations: .ruler with

athy computation •

using fragrant oils: sliding central section:

osteopathy a bacus

massage system based on zoneneedles

ther­
•

apy: inserting
c h i ro practic • calcu lator

into the skin:

a romatherapy slide rule

computer that can.hand-

hand: be hheld
eld in the
micro­
•
computer . combiningform: cyber-
reflexo logy

computer serving asportable

a diary:computer:
•
• adjective: comp utational, cyber
acu p u n cture

small
•

portable computer:
complete . combiningform: hol(o)­ pal mtop

computer for use by one person

(e.g. holocaust) personal

atputera time: com­

organ izer •
completely • combining form:

using a microprocessor:
notebook • lap­
cata- (e.g. cataclysm), de- (e. g. de­

having a pale.having
com­ use: computer sizedofforcamera­
desk
top •
n ude) , holo- (e. g. holograph), over­

plexion: production
perso nal computer •
(e.g. overjoyed), per- (e. g. perfect)

a having
red complexion: ready copygeneralby this:purpose computer
m icro­

a yellowish complexion: more

complexion • computer •

powerful than a personal com-

ashen, p a l l i d , wa n desktop •
flori d , ru ddy desktop p u blish­
• sal­ ing •
low, j a u n d i ced
75 computer I computer

puter: workstation • medium-sized sponse time • denoting systems pro­

computer: m i n icomputer • powerful cessing data as it is generated: real­
computer supporting many peri­ time . short time during which a
pherals: mai nframe • multimedia computer deals with one user or pro­
computer and entertainment system: gram before switching to another:
multiplayer • denoting activities per­ time sl ice . device displaying data
formed by computers: electronic on a screen: visual display unit
• manufacturer's test o f a computer . computer's displayed list of com­
component before releasing it for use: mands or facilities: menu . movable
bench test • time during which a indicator on computer screen: cursor
computer is out of action: downtime • strip of icons used to perform cer­
• time during which a computer is op­ tain flmctions: too lbar . hand-held
erational: uptime • detect and repair device selecting items shown
computer faults: debug • computer on-screen: mouse, puck • ball moved
or program for creating and editing to control the cursor: rollerbal l • pad
texts: word processor • physical on which this is moved: mat • dis­

components of a computer: hardware play device receiving commands by

• part of a computer where operations touches on the screen: touch screen
are executed and central • pull an icon across the screen: drag
processing un it, mainframe • inte­ • small command panel with touch­
grated circuit replacing this: m icro­ sensitive areas: touch pad • mark a
processor • other devices connected displayed item for particular treat­
to these: peri pherals • computer part ment: select • device allowing direct
storing data and programs: memory input of handwritten material: stylus
• computer programs, routines, and . photosensitive device inputting ma­
procedures: software • set of hard terial via the screen: light pen, styl us
and software Imits devoted to a par­ . onscreen warning of system mal­
ticular application: system . exclu­ function or bad error
sively assigned to a particular func­ message . onscreen request for user
tion: dedicated • denoting input: prompt . program replacing
computing equipment compatible an unchanged screen display with a
without modification to that of other moving image: screen save r • op­

manufacturers: plug-compati ble tional background pattern on a com­

. start a computer: boot • gain ac­ puter screen: wal l paper . damage to
cess to a comp� ter system: log in, log computer screen from long use: burn­
on . string giving user access to a in . linear sequence of characters
system or part of it: password • ser­ etc.: stri ng • convert pictures or
vice or administrative computer sound into computer-processable
tasks: housekeeping . coded in­ form: d i gitize . computer scanning
structions controlling a computer: of existing images: d i gital imaging
command, program • reverse a pre­ • computer-aided recognition of
vious command: undo . allow the printed characters: optical character
use of a program etc.: support • self­ recogn ition • visual images pro­
operating program with reasoning duced using computer technology:
capacity: knowbot • repeated se­ g raph ics, computer g raph ics,
quence of programmed instructions: videographics . computer model of
loop • single instruction expanding the brain's ability to recognize and
into a set: macro . time taken by a discriminate: perceptron . language
system to implement commands: re- defining operating tasks: job control
co mput er I compute r 7€1
. . . ................. ........................................................................................··································· 1

language • character string identify­ removable disk: hard d isk, hard drive
ing a program: identifier • character • removable flexible disk: flop py< !
with no assigned identity used in a floppy disk • floppy disk drive
search string: wild card . character a laser: floptical • digital analogue
string identical with that searched in terface: modem . modem convert �i
for: m atch • proceeding by trial and ing digital to sound signals: acoustic ;
error: heuristic • copy data to a stor­ coupler • convert an image into
age location: save • extra copy of digital form for computer use: scan i
data taken for security: back- u p • computer's operating speed: 1
• conducting a n operation i n simul­ speed • computer's ability to inter· ,
taneous parts: para l l e l p roces s i n g connect systems: conn ectivity •

• chief printed circuit board: m other­ nected set of data items: record;
board • transfer a program or data to • data stored under a particular name:1
memory: load • denoting a program fi le • search directions for a file: pathl
or device directly accessible to the • description of a file's whereabouts:,
user: front-end • background com­ path name . list of files: d i rectoryj
puter process handling peripheral • directory at the highest level of a\
tasks: daemon . system of intercon­ hierarchy: root d i rectory . access
nected computers: network • directly data requiring file readthrough:
controlled by a computer: online q uential access . text stored in
• not directly controlled b y a com­ file: document • computer manipula-i
puter: offl i n e • study of electronic tion of texts: text process i n g ,
data processing for storage and re­ p rocessing • word processing
trieval: information science, i nfor­ ture starting a new line to avoid
mation tec h n o logy, i nformatics division: word wrap • insert
• printout of computer data: ial into a document: paste • defined;

hardcopy . onscreen display of data: structure for data processing, storage,1 1

soft copy • printout of what is or display: format . formatting soft-:I
shown on the screen: screen d u m p ware: fi lter . restructuring and com-'1
• onscreen mockup o f page layout be­ puter loading of data:
fore printing: page preview _ series tion • company restructuring
of jobs waiting for the printer: print utilize computers: business p rocess '!
queue • show an input character on­ re-e n g i neeri n g • analysis of complex
screen: echo • temporary area procedures with a view to their como:
opened onscreen to display a pro­ puterization: systems analysis :
gram's output: window, viewp o rt • piece of computer code that can cor­
• component transferring electrical rupt or destroy data: virus • harmful
signals to the recording medium: self-replicating computer program: .
head • computer device able to worm • messages sent over a com' :
switch between disks: changer puter network: electro n i c m a i l
• smallest unit of electronic informa­ noting a computer terminal lacking
tion: bit • group of eight bits: byte independent processing capability: �
• series of characters stored in a com­ dumb . denoting a terminal having ':
puter: stri n g • back-up of changed this: intelligent • denoting a com- 'i
files only: i ncremental back-up • de­ puter serving several terminals:
vice giving high-speed back-up to m u lti-access . link a smaller com- '
tape: tape streamer • flat plate for puter to a larger one: dock • device
data storage: disk • device accessing allowing use of audio components:
this: disk drive • rigid non- sound card • cafe with computers
77 computer disk I computer keyboard

for customers' use: cybe rcafe • rural • removable flexible disk: fl oppy,
establishment with computers for cus­ floppy disk • floppy disk drive using
tomers' use: telecentre, telecottage a laser: fl optica l • denoting a disk of
. ordering goods by direct computer double storage capacity: double dens­
link: teleshopping • increased avail­ ity • concentric circle on a disk:
ability of information due to com­ track • subdivision of a track on a
puters: information revolution magnetic disk: sector • device ac­

• legal controls over use of electronic cessing a disk: disk drive . computer
data: data protection • person using device able to switch between disks:
codes to access a computer network: changer . disk storage device allow­
cypherpunk . person gaining illicit ing data access from any of them:
access to secret computer data: j u kebox . protect the contents of a
hacker • sexual pleasure obtained disk from overwriting or erasure:
via computer technology: cybersex write-protect
• half-move in computer chess: ply
computer graphics . small on­
. ability to use computers: computer
screen graphic: g lyph • graphic serv­
literacy • fear of computers:
ing as a menu item: icon • control
cyberph obia • instruction book for a
system using windows, icons, etc. :
computer user: manual • technical
graphical user interface • screen
assistance to a computer user: sup­
graphic of a box posing questions to
port, tech nical support • notional
the user: diaiog box, dialogue box
environment for computer communi­
. computer drawing device: graphics
cation: cyberspace • computer­
tablet • gradual change of an image
generated model of future events:
by computerized techniques: morph­
simulation • computer-generated
ing . ready-made artwork in soft­
three-dimensional environment: vir­
ware packages: clip art • denoting
tual reality . fiction set in a
systems creating three-dimensional
computer-dominated society: cyber­
displays: immersive
punk • control for computerized
video games : console, joypad, joy­ computer hardware • surface
stick, light gun • denoting a compu­ area taken up by a piece of hardware:
terized game playable over the Inter­ footpri nt • hardware standard deter­
net: m u lti-user • computer mining what software it can run: plat­
application alldWing the combination form • denoting hardware that can
of animated and live-action elements be operated independently: stand­
in a film: rotoscope • human alone . number of hardware units
thought mechanisms or processes sold as a package: bundle . hardcopy
when compared with those of a com­ describing the uses and design of
puter: wetware • denoting logical hardware: documentation • device
systems reflecting the inexactness of or program connecting two items of
human thought: fuzzy � see also com­ hardware: interface • provide a user
puter disk, com puter graphics, com­ interface for software: encapsulate
puter hardware, computer keyboard, • hardware manufacturers' after-sales
computer memory, computer sys­ advice service: technical su pport
tem, computer window, electronic • sudden hardware failure: crash
data, file, prog ram, virtual rea lity,
computer keyboard • computer
word processor
key giving quick access to a function:
computer disk . rigid non- hot key • computer key altering the
removable disk: hard disk, hard drive function of another: control key, shift
computer memory I computer software 78

key • computer key used to arrest an • denoting software not kept perman­
operation: escape key • computer ently in the memory: n on-resident
key assigned a function by the current
computer network • network op­
program: function key • computer
erating within a building etc.: local
key used to execute a command: enter
a rea network • network of independ­
key • computer key used to start a
ent computers: d i stributed system
new line of text: carriage return
• network serving distant computers:
• computer key that alternately initi­
wide area network • international
ates and arrests a function: toggle,
computer network: I nternet . elec­
toggle key, toggle switch
tronic network for rapid transfer of
computer memory • computer's digital information: su perh ighway,
temporary memory area: buffer, clip­ i nformation s u perhig hway e com­
board • computer's auxiliary mem­ puter providing network services:
ory: cache • fast temporary memory: h ost . network computer or program
scratch pad . fast memory for ma­ managing access to a central re­
terial in current use: worki ng mem­ source: server • workstation net­
ory • memory used for storage of in­ worked to a server: client • user
terim results: worki ng storage point on a network: term i n a l . con­
• memory retaining data without elec­ nect several devices in series: da isy­
tricity: flash memory • denoting chain • device connecting two net­
memory that can only be written works: gateway • denoting a device
once: read-only • denoting memory accessible without the network: local
that is cleared with loss of power: • denoting a device accessible only via
volatile • denoting a memory able to the network: rem ote • network proto­
retain data despite power cuts: non­ col allowing a user on one computer
volatile . memory facility giving dir­ to log in to another computer on the
ect access to each location: random same network : tel net • socket con­
access • memory facility allowing necting devices to a network: port
access only in a certain order: se­ computer software • software
q uential access . memory section: available free of charge: freeware,
p a rtition • part of a computer mem­ shareware • software made available
ory where programs must be loaded: over a network or television system:
conventio n a l m e m o ry • security telesoftware • software programmed
copy of memory contents: dump using artificial intelligence tech­
• memory store not part o f the main niques: expert system • software al­
processor: exte rnal memory • bin­ lowing extensive cross-referencing:
ary number identifying a memory lo­ hypertext • software supporting
cation: a d d ress . circuit board giv­ basic computer functions: operati ng
ing extra memory: expansion board, system • software for collective use:
expansion card • board containing g rou pware . software devised to
extra memory chips: memory board meet a particular user's needs: appli­
• key data into a computer's memory: cation • permanent read-only soft­
ca pture, enter, input • enter data ware: fi rmware . formatting soft­
into non-volatile memory: save . des­ ware: filter • container for loading
troy data in a computer's memory: de­ computer software: cartridge • de­
lete, erase • transfer a program or noting software not kept permanently
data to memory: load, write • per­ in the memory: n on-resident • de­
manent software programmed into noting software able to exchange data
the read-only memory: firmware without conversion: i nteropera ble
79 computer system I condition

o able to use specified software with­ taneously: superscalar 0 gain access

out modification: compatible o ser­ to a computer system: log in, log on
ies of coded software instructions: o string giving user access to a system
algorithm, program, routine o elec­ or part of it: password 0 means by
tronic device enabling the use of pro­ which user and system interact: user
tected software: dongle . provide a interface o onscreen warning of sys­
user interface for software: encapsu­ tem malfunction: error message
late 0 transfer software from one sys­ computer window • subsection of
tem to another: port • ready-made a window: pane o simultaneous use
artwork in software packages: clip art of several windows: windowing • re­
o software manufacturers' after-sales duce a window to an icon: iconify
advice service: techn ical support o arrange windows so that they do not
o sudden software failure: crash overlap: tile 0 bar at the foot of a win­
computer system • computer dow giving information on the docu­
system modelled on the human brain: ment edited or the program running
neural net, neural n etwork • theory
status bar
and development of computer systems concern o lack of concern: apathy,
able to think like humans: artificial in­ ind ifference o showing no coneern:
tel ligence 0 denotin g systems em­ insouciant, nonchalant
ploying artificial intelligence: expert, concert 0 concert for an unseated
fifth-generation o logic employed by audience: promenade concert o con­
such systems: fuzzy logic o control cert given by one or a few players: re­
system using windows, icons, etc. : cital
graphical user interface o part of a
conclusion o conclusion derived by
computer system preventing un­
logic: deduction, inference 0 conclu­
authorized access: firewall o denot­
sion inferred from a limited number
ing a system simultaneously usable by
of instances: general ization 0 un­
several people: mu lti-user o system
stated conclusion: implication o con­
multi-use: time-sharing 0 denoting
clusion wrongly inferred: non sequi­
systems able to exchange data without
tur
conversion: interoperable 0 denoting
concrete 0 concrete reinforced
a system making input data immedi­
ately available as feedback: real time with steel: ferroconcrete, rei nforced
o denoting processing data as
concrete 0 denoting concrete
strengthened by rods inserted under
it is generated: real-time 0 denoting
systems creating three-dimensional tension: prestressed o large flat

displays: immersive 0 arrange and

piece of concrete: slab • concrete
layer under a building: oversite, raft
adjust the elements of a computer sys­
o planking supporting setting con­
tem: configure 0 copy data from one
computer system to another: down­ crete: sh utteri ng
load 0 transfer data to a larger com­ condiments 0 table condiment­
puter system: upload 0 re-express holder: cruet 0 mixture of oil, vin­
data for use with a different system: egar, and herbs: dreSS ing
convert o computer's ability to inter­ condition forms: -acy
o combining
connect systems: connectivity 0 10- (e.g. l unacy), -hood (e. g. falsehood) ,
gical organization of a computer sys­ -ness (e.g. silli ness), -osis (e.g. neur­
tem: arch itecture o denoting an osis), -osity (e.g. pomposity), -tude
architecture allowing several instruc­ (e.g. solitude) 0 in its original condi­
tions to be loaded and executed simul- tion: pristine 0 agreed conditions:
con diti oning I container 80

terms • essential condition: pre­ consent • adjective: consensual

req u isite, s i ne qua n o n . permission short of consent: toler­
conditioning • conditioning of cut ation •

timber by exposure t o the weather: consequence • inevitable conse­

seasoning . raising tolerance levels quence: coro l lary . have or cause as
by regular exposure: desensitization a consequence: enta i l , entra i n

cone • adjective: conical, conic, conservation • open area round a

conoid • cone intersected by a plane: town, with development restrictions:
conic sectio n • mathematics of g reen belt . other area so treated:
conic sections: con ics Enviro n mental ly Sensitive Area

conference • academic conference: • listed building's level of importance:

colloq u i u m , sym posium . represen­ g rade

tative sent to a conference: delegate consonant • type of consonant pro­

duced by a sudden release of air: plo­
confinement • confinement to
s ive • type of consonant produced by
one's home: ho use a r rest . confine­
breath friction: fricative • type of
ment in a distant part of one's coun­
consonant produced by brief contact
try: i nte rnal exile • confinement of
between palate and tongue tip: fl a p
enemy aliens during wartime: intern­
• type o f consonant produced by con­
ment
tact or proximity between palate and
confirm • confirm formally: vo uch
tongue blade: palatal • type of con­
• confirm a statement: corroborate
sonant produced by contact between
conform • determined refusal to tongue tip and the palatal ridge or
conform: perversity • person not upper front teeth: dental • type of
to conform: d ropout, ec­ consonant produced by full or partial
centric lip closure: l a b i a l
confuse • confused state of the eld­ constitution • partial suspension
erly: senile dementia • confused of the constitution: state of emer­
mass: welter • surprise and confuse: ge ncy
disconcert, nonplus • in headlong
consul • consul's office or staff: con­
confusion: pell-mell
s u late • host government's official
connect • adjective: conju nctive, recognition of consular staff: exeq ua­
connective • temporary electrical or tur
telephone connection: patc h consultation • opportunity pro­
connoisseur • connoisseur o f food vided by an MP, lawyer, etc. for infor­
and drink: gourmet, gastronome mal consultation: surgery
• connoisseur of pictures and an­ consume . consume sparingly: eke
tiques: virtuoso out • promotion of consumer inter­
conqueror • Spanish conqueror of ests: consumerism
South America: co n q u istador contact . forcible contact: impact
conscience • adjective: conscien­ ., spread by contact: contagious
tious • person refusing to fight as a container • container for fluids:
matter of moral principle: conscien­ reservo i r, cistern • cylindrical metal
tious objecto r container: canister • sealed con­
conscious • temporary loss of con­ tainer holding a measured amount of
sciousness: blackout • below the medicine etc. : a m poule • container
level of consciousness: su b l i m i n a l for audiotape: cassette, reel • barred
. ri gid unconscious state: cata lepsy container for animal feed: crib • con-
81 containing I contract

tainer for film, ink, or a computer pro­ the British isles to the Urals: Europe
gram: cartridge . large flexible con­ • major section of a continent: sub­
tainer for water-transport of liquids: continent • creation of continents by
dracone • suspended container with the raising of the earth's crust: epeir­
a discharge chute: hopper • con­ ogeny • gradual movement of the
tainer for molten metal: crucible earth's continents: continental drift
. container for building waste: skip
contraception • penis sheath:
• container for papers: briefcase, fi le,
condom • contraceptive cover for
portfolio • case for unfolded draw­
the cervix: cap, diaphragm , Dutch
ings: portfolio • container for petrol
cap • intrauterine contraceptive:
or water: jerrycan . container for
coil, loop . device for washing out
relics: reliquary • container for tea:
the vagina: douche • substance kill­
caddy . tin-lined wooden container
ing spermatozoa: spermicide • oral
for shipping tea: tea chest • perfor
contraceptive containing both oestro­
ated hollow metal sphere to hold in­
gen and progestogen: combined pill
fusing tea leaves: tea baH • container
• oral
am p ulla, cruse
contraceptive that may be taken
for wine or oil;
after intercourse: morning-after pill
• small container for table condi­
• contraceptive method based on
ments: cruet . glass container for
body temperature: sympto-thermal
wine or spirits: decanter • container
method • contraceptive met.hod of
made from a piece of paper twisted at
avoiding intercourse when conception
the ends: twist • earthenware pot or
is most likely: rhythm method . time
j ar: crock • sealed container filled
when a woman is least likely to con­
with objects representative of the cur­
ceive: safe period � see also steril­
rent time, buried for future discovery:
ization
time capsule • batter-proof con
tainer: fl ight case • perforated con­ contract • adjective: contractual,
tainer for sweet-smelling substances: contractural e contract drawn u p by
pomander � see also basket, lug­ deed: covenant • contract for peri­

gage odic work: account • apprentice's

contract: indenture • subordinate

containing . combining form: ·fer
..
(e.g. aquifer), fercus (e.g. auriferous), contract: su bcontract " contract
-ous (e.g. dangerous) binding in honour only: gentleman's
agreement . weakening flaw in a
contaminate . contaminate food
contract: loophole . clause in a con­
or drink: adu lterate, doctor . con­
tract stipulating exceptions: savin g
tamination of the environment: pollu­
clause • clause freeing a party from
tion
obligations under stated conditions:
context • out of context: in vacuo escape clause . clause allowing for
continent . large continent of the price increases: escalator clause
geological past: su perconti nent • document recording a contract:
e supposed original single continent: deed , memorandum . detailed text
Pangaea • subsequent land mass in of a contract: small print • thing
the southern hemisphere: Gondwana given or done in return for another's
. subsequent land mass in the north· contracted act: consideration e lm·
ern hemisphere: Laurasia . contin­ tial sum paid to validate a contract:
ent round the South Pole: Antarctica deposit • security for the completion
• continent round the North Pole: Arc­ of a contract: pledge • changed cir­
tic • continent lying east of Europe: cumstances making performance im­
Asia • continent running east from possible: force majeure • payment at
co ntradiction I cookery

early termination of contract: sever­ cooked • lightly cooked (of pasta Of,
a nce pay • performance of a con­ vegetables): al d ente • very lightly!
tractual obligation ordered by a court: cooked (of meat): saignant . lightly!
s pecific performa nce . enter into a cooked (of meat): rare . cooked gen-;
contract: engage . release from COll­ tly in their own juice (of vegetables): ,
tractual obligation: discharge • per­ sweated • fried and then stewed: !
son securing and negotiating con­ b raised • cooked by dipping into a�
tracts for a performer or creative hot oil or sauce: fondue • simmered ,
artist: agent in or over a little liquid: poached ;
• partly cooked by boiling:
contradiction • apparent contra­
• parboiled and then fried: sauteed 1
diction used for rhetorical effect:
oxym oron • self-contradictory: in­ cookery • adjective: c u l i nary :
'
consistent • expression acknowledg • type of cookery: cuisine • high

ing that one is contradicting the per­ quality cooking: haute cUIsine
son specified: pace • style of cookery emphasizing presen­
tation and fresh ingredients: no uvelle
contrast • contrast of light and
cuisine • cookery as a school subject:
shade: chiaroscuro • volume con­
food tech nology, home econom ics,
trasts in a musical piece: dynamics
domestic science • device with a
control • control from a distance: small burner for keeping dishes hot at
remote contro l . controlling influ­ the table: chafi n g dish • heated food
ence stifling initiative: d ead hand trolley: hostess trol ley • constituent
• state economic and social control: of a dish: i n g redient • device extract-
d i rigisme • control of former de­ ing juice: j u icer . liquidizing and
pendencies by economic or political chopping device: blender, food pro-
pressure: neoco l o n i a l i sm • control cessor • device for whipping liquids:
panel: console, fa scia . loss of con­ whisk • waxed paper for cookery:
trol of one's bodily movements: ataxia g reaseproof paper • denoting cook-
. lass of control of one's bodily func­ ware usable in the oven or on the hob:
tions: i n continence • absence of any flameproof • enamel cooking pot
control: a n a rchy • noisy and hard to with lid and handle: b i l l y, b i l lycan
control: o bstrepero u s • easy to con­ • small metal cooking pot: skillet
trol: b i d d a b l e, pliable, tracta b l e . large metal cooking pot: ca u l d ron
• take control o f: commandeer • large metal cooking pot for field use:
• bring under control: subdue, subj u ­ dixie . large covered cooking pot:
gate • enter and take control of: oc­ casserole • small pot for cooking
cupy • free from control: dereg u late and serving food: cocotte, ramekin
• remove from a position of control: • saucepan cooking food in an upper
override .. see also power compartment by means of hot water
convent • adjective: conventual held in a lower compartment: bain
.. see also monastery marie, double boiler, double sauce­
pan • airtight saucepan for fast cook­
convince • person hard to con­
ing: pressure cooker • broad-bladed
vince: sceptic • easily convinced:
serving utensil: sl ice • blunt wooden
cred ulous, g u l l i b l e
blade: spatula • hand-held crushing
cook • senior cook: chef • assistant implement: pestle • strong dish for
cook: commis • chef's tall white hat: this: mortar . large cooking stove:
toque • denoting a first-class cook: ra nge • circular iron cooking plate:
cordon bleu griddle • spike for cooking pieces of
83 cooperation I corpse

food: skewer, spit • grill frame of c o py ri gh t • infringement of copy­

parallel bars: gridiron . cooking ap­ piracy . out
right: of copyright: in
pliance with a rotating spit: rotisserie the public domain
• heating area on the flat top of a
coral • ridge of coral in the sea: reef
cooker: hob, hotplate • partially
• circular coral reef or group of is­
cook by boiling: parboil • cook at just
lands: atoll
below boiling point: simmer, poach,
coddle • denoting a gentle heat for cord . cord holding a whistle etc. :
cooking: slow . denoting a strong la nyard . cord round a Scout's neck­
heat for cooking: fast • immerse ve­ erchief: woggle
getables briefly in boiling water: cork • spiral device for extracting
blanch • fry lightly and then stew: corks: corkscrew
braise • pour juice over cooking
meat: baste . liquid remaining after
corn • hand mill for grinding corn:
cooking: liquor
q uern • beat corn from the ears:
thresh
cooperation • positive. cooper­
ation: synergy • passive cooperation: cornea • combining form: kerato­
conn ivance • covert cooperation: • inflammation of the cornea: kera­
col lusion • in close cooperation: titis • corneal surgery: keratoplasty
concerted, in concert corpse . combiningform: (e.g.
copper . combining forms: cha lc-, necropolis, literally 'city of the dead)
cu pr- • adjectives: cupric, cuprous • embalmed corpse wrapped in ban­
• greenish surface colour of oxidized dages: mummy • corpse used for
copper: verdigris • prehistoric era in medical research: cadaver • corpse
which copper and stone tools were revived by witchcraft: zombie . re­
used: chalcolithic animated corpse supposed to drink

copy • exact copy: dupl icate, fac­ blood from living persons: vampire
simile, diplomatic copy • exact gen­ • corpse-like: cadaverous • dissec­
etic copy: clone • copy passed off as tion of a corpse to establish the cause
the original: forgery • copy taken on of death: post-mortem, autopsy, nec­
paper laid over. a raised design: rub­ ropsy • preservation of a corpse by
bing . copy made by drawing round injecting chemicals: embalmment
a shaped piece of card etc.: stencil • deep-freezing of corpses: cryo nics
• copying the work of another and • wrapping for a corpse: shroud,
claiming it as one 's own: plagiarism, windi ng-sheet • container for a
pi racy • copying of a rival product corpse: coffin . watch kept over a
after detailed examination: reverse corpse before disposal: wake • place
engineeri ng . text spoken for copy­ for storing corpses: mortuary,
ing down: dictation • original from morgue • destruction of a corpse by
which copies may be made: master fire:cremation . fire for burning a
• issue of a stated number of copies: corpse: pyre • burial of a corpse: in­
l i m ited ed ition • in three identical terment • rotting of a corpse: decom­
copies : in tri pl icate • in four identi­ position • fear of corpses: necropho­
cal copies: in quadruplicate . copy­ bia • sexual intercourse with
ing machine using stencils and fluid corpses: necrophilia • dig up a
ink: duplicator . copying process corpse: exhume • cut up a cadaver
using dry powder: xerography for internal study: d issect . denot­
• colour copying process using ing a corpse that has not
diazonium: diazo, dyeline i ncorrupt
cor rect I cow 84

correct • combining form: ortho- cotton • cotton seed capsule: boll

• conventionally correct: o rthodox • cotton-separating machine: gin
• correctable: corri g i b l e � see also fa bric
corset • light elastic corset: fo unda­ cough • adjective: tussive • re-

tion garment, g i rd l e , rol l-on peated coughing interspersed with

rasping gasps: whoo p i n g cough
cosmetics • cosmetic improving
• coughed-up mixture of saliva and
facial skin: face mask, face pack
mucus: sputum • medicine for
• cosmetic making the skin firm and
coughs: expectorant
smooth: toner • cosmetic removing
dead skin cells: exfo l i a n t • cosmetic council • adjective: conci l i a r
used for outlines: l i ner • eyelash cos­ • council o f cardinals: consistory
metic: mascara • cosmetic giving a count • population count: census
warm colour to the cheeks: b l usher • counting device with beads on
• red cosmetic: rouge • thin stick of wires: a bacus
cosmetic: pencil • flesh-toned stick to
counterpoint • adjective: contra­
cover blemishes: concea ler • cos­
p u ntal . counterpoint sung above a
metic applied by a rotating ball: rol l ­
melody: descant
on • fine brush for applying cos­
metics: wa n d • small case containing country • adjectives: rural, rustic,
cosmetics and a mirror: com pact, pastoral, bucolic • person coming to
va nity case • cosmetic treatment of live in a foreign country: i m m i g ra nt
the hands: m a n i c u re • cosmetic • person leaving his or her country:
treatment of the feet: pedicure e m i g rant • person leaving his or her
• actors' make-up: greasepaint country to escape war, persecution,
• testing of cosmetics on rabbits: etc. : refugee • person living outside
D ra ize testi ng his native country: ex patriate • un­

critical loyalty to one's country:

cosmology • theory that the uni­
chauvinism
verse began with an explosion of
dense matter: big bang theory • the­ county • administrative capital of a
ory that the universe has always county: cou nty town • sovereign's
maintained an average density: representative in a county: Lord Lieu­
steady state theory � see also cre­ tenant • chief executive of the Crown
ation in a county: she rriff

Cossack • Cossack commander: court martial • barrister advising

hetman • squatting Cossack dance: this: judge a dvocate • official con­

kazachoc trolling army and RAF courts martial:

Judge Advocate General
cost • costs of materials and manu­
facture, excluding overheads: prime courtroom • courtroom section for
cost • cost of producing one further judges or magistrates: bench • sec·

item: marg i n a l cost • general run­ tion for the jury or a witness: box
ning costs: overheads • involving • section for the accused: dock • area
acceptable costs: economic, econom­ for the lawyers and court officials:
ical • denoting an asset or activity wel l � see also lawcou rt
that earns back its original cost: self­ cow • male cow: bull • castrated
l i q u idating • pay part of the cost: bull: bul lock, ox (pl. oxe n ) , steer
subsid ize • progressive write-off of • young cow: calf • young female
an asset's purchase price: amortiza­ cow: heife r • cow's mammary gland:
tion udder • cow's partly digested food:
85 cowardice I c ricket

cud • fine parchment made from calf­ creditworthiness: white information

skin: vellum � see also cattle • company assembling data for credit
cowardice . symbol of cowardice: credit agency, credit refer­
ratings:
white feather ence agency
cowboy • South American cowboy: crescent • crescent-shaped: lu nate
gaucho • cowboy's leather
cricket' . wooden cross-piece con­
overtrousers: chaparaj os,
chaps
necting a pair of stumps: bail . stick
. cowboys' exhibition of skills: rodeo
supporting the bails: stump . set of
• cowboy film or story: western
bails and stumps: wicket • pitch be­
crab . male crab: cock • female tween the two wickets: wicket . line
crab: hen . astrological term: can­ where the batsmen stands: crease,
cer popping crease • lines between
crack • full of fine cracks: crazed which the ball must be delivered: re­
. small cracks on an old painting's turn creases . spell at batting: in­
surface: craquelure nings . lengthy innings by a pair of
craftsman • barrelmaker:
cooper batsmen: stand • batsman's vigorous
• craftsman in brazier
brass: stroke: drive • batsman's stroke
• skilled furniture maker: cabinet­ sending the ball to the side: pull
maker • craftsman in gold: gold­ • batsman's stroke slightly deflecting
sm ith • person shoeing horses: the ball: snick • glancing stroke giv­
blacksm ith, farrier • person working ing the ball spin: slice • hit gaining
iron by hand: blacksm ith • mender one run: single • batsman's innings
of shoes: cobbler • craftsman in sil­ score of zero: duck • batsman sent in
ver: silversm ith • skilled carver and at the end of a day's play: nightwatch­
builder in stone: mason, stonemason man . sequence of six balls bowled
• maker of stringed instruments: lu­ from one end of the pitch: over . re­
thier, lutist . woodworker making volving motion imparted to the ball:
stairs, doors, etc. : joiner spin • bowled ball's striking the
ground: pitch • distance from the
crane • crane with a movable
batsman at which the ball pitches:
pivoted arm: derrick • crane moving
length • denoting a ball pitching too
on rails: tralJeliing crane • crane' s
projecting a r m : jib . movable beam
close to the batsman: ove rpitched
• denoting a ball pitching close to the
supporting a crane: ga ntry
bowler: sh ort • sideways deviation of
cream . thin cream with little milk
a bowled ball: swi ng • batsman's ob­
fat:single cream • thick cream with
struction of the ball: leg before
much milk fat: double cream • thick
wicket • side of the field behind the
cream obtained by heating milk: clot­
batsman: leg side • side of the field
ted cream • double cream with
facing the batsman: off side • field
added yoghurt: creme fraiche
furthest from the batsman: outfield
• cream of liquidized fruit or veget­
• denoting a fielding position there:
ables: puree
deep • denoting a fielding position
creation . combining form: -geny opposite the stumps: square • area
(e.g. orogeny) • creation of matter around the wicket: infield • fielder
throughout time: conti nuous cre­ placed immediately behind the wicket
ation � see also cosmology of the batsman receiving the bowling:
credit • estimate of a person's wicketkeeper • denoting fielding
creditworthiness: credit rati ng positions near the batsman: short
• positive information o n a person's • denoting fielding positions very
c ricket I c ri m i n a l 86

near the batsman: s i l ly • fielding i m p l i cate • bribe someone to commit

positions behind the batsman: s l i p s an unlawful act: suborn • person or
• scoring unit: run • run awarded for organization acting as a cover for il­
a ball not struck: bye, extra • run legal activities: front • person who
awarded for a ball striking the bats­ encourages others to commit crimes
man: leg bye • run awarded for a ball in order to denounce them: agent pro­
bowled out of the batsman's reach: vocate u r (pl. agents provocateurs)
wide • over in which no runs are • inducement to commit a crime
scored: m a i d e n over • ball reaching offered by an agent provocateur: en­
the batsman without touching the tra pment • incriminating item added
ground: fu l l toss, fu l l pitch • ball to someone's belongings: p l a nt • in­
pitching immediately under the bat: tention to commit a crime: m a l i ce
yorker • ball illegally delivered: aforethoug ht, mens rea • charge
no-ball • bowler's style of action: de­ someone with a serious crime: i n d ict
l ivery • trophy competed for annu­ • person responsible for a crime: cul­
ally by England and Australia: the prit • defence showing one was else­
Ashes • match that is part of a series where when the crime was commit­
between two national teams: test ted: alibi • facts justifying or
m a tch, Test . large white screen excusing a crime: exten uation • po­
placed behind the bowler: sight lice coordination office for investiga­
screen • netted strip of ground for tion of a major crime: i n cident room
practice: net • cricketer's genital • householders' vigilance to discour­
shield: box . end a team's innings: age crime: neighbourhood watch
d i s m iss • team's second innings . study of crime: cri m i n o logy . civil
played immediately after its first: wrongdoing, other than breach of con­
fo llow-o n . announce an early close tract: tort • severe response to un­
to an innings: declare • end of a desirable activity: crackdown
day's play: close • denoting a game
criminal • criminal beneath the age
between major county sides: first
of legal responsibility: juvenile d e l i n ­
class • denoting a county not in­
quent . criminal aged 14-17: young
volved in these games: m i n or
offender • criminal aged 18-20:
cricket' . shrill sound made by a yo ung adult offender • violent crim­
cricket's rubbing its legs together: inal: thug • violent troublemaker:
stri d u lation hoodlum, hooligan • criminal who
crime • adjective: nefarious betrays other criminals to the police:
. minor juvenile crime: d e l i n q uency g rass, i nfo rmer • convicted criminal
• crime triable by a magistrate: sum­ who reoffends: rec id ivist • group of
mary offe nce • professional negli­ criminals: fa m i ly, gang, ring . trader
gence or dishonesty: m a l p ractice in stolen goods: fence • criminal's
• crime motivated by sexual jealousy: apparently innocent activities: cover,
crime passionnel (pl. crimes front • criminal's admission of guilt:
passion nels) . denoting a crime pun­ confession • criminal's evidence
ishable by death: capital . facts and against his accomplices: Queen's (or
circumstances constituting a crime: K i ng's) evi dence • criminal's assist­
corpus del icti • involvement in ant: acco m p l i ce . person assisting a
crime: compl icity . deliberate hin­ criminal in planning or committing a
drance of the police: obstruction crime: accessory before the fact
• police re-enactment of a crime: re­ • person assisting a criminal after the
construction • establish complicity: crime has been committed: accessory
87 criticism I cruel
....... ................ .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .......... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

after the fact • criminal act: actus powder a crop: d ress . aerial pow­
reus . criminal intent: mens rea dering of crops: crop dusting . sub­
• in the criminal act: in flagrante de­ stance added to the soil to improve
licto . criminal cooperation: collu­ cropping: fertil izer • science of crop
sion, conn ivance, conspiracy • be­ production: agronomy
tray a criminal to the authorities:
croquet • croquet stick: hammer
denounce • make someone appear to
• small metal arch: hoop • winning
be a criminal: incriminate • group
post: peg • strike another player's
assembled for identification of a sus­
ball with one ' s own: roquet . stroke
pect: identity parade • science used
driving two touching balls in different
in criminal investigations: forensics directions: split shot • send another
• centre housing young offenders:
player's ball through a hoop: peel
commun ity home . electronic moni­
• ball that has passed all the hoops:
toring of convicted criminals: elec­ rover • win the game by hitting the
tronic ta gging . picture of a wanted
peg:peg out
criminal composed of standard elem ­
ents: identikjtTM • unpaid social work cross cruci-
. combining form:
• cross with a loop at the top: ankh
required of a convicted offender: com­
• cross bearing a figure of Christ: cru­
mun ity service . scientific study of
criminals: crimi nology .. see also cifix . cross with equal arms: G reek
execution, punishment cross • cross with the lowest arm
longer: Lati n cross • Latin cross
criticism • considered critical as­ with the arms in a circle: Celtic cross
sessment: evaluation • published
. Greek cross with each arm con­
critical assessment: review . literary tinued at a right angle:fylfot, swas­
analysis regarding a text as having no tika . X-shaped cross: St Andrew's
fixed meaning: decon struction, post­ cross • T-shaped cross: St Antho ny'S
structuralism . humorous criticism cross, tau cross • cross-shaped: cru­
of public mores: satire • witheringly ciform • person carrying a proces­
scathi n g • criticize severely:
critical: sional cross: crucifer
lambaste, pan, rebuke • criticize
crossbow • arrow for a crossbow:
with the benefit of hindsight: second­
guess • person or institution held to bolt
be above criticism: sacred cow crossword puzzle • blank space
to be filled with a letter: light • hint
crop • crop grown for sale: cash
of the word required: clue
crop • crop grown to protect or en­
rich the soil: cover crop • crop crow • adjective: corvine
grown to attract pests from another
crowd • disorderly crowd: melee,
crop: trap crop • crop grown between
mob, rabble . crowd-control device
main crops: catch crop • crop grown
ejecting a powerful jet of water: water
in the spaces between another crop:
cannon • irritant gases used in
intercrop • crop grown for sale: cash crowd control: tear gas, CS gas
crop • denoting an unharvested
crop: standing • cultivation of a sin­ crown • adjective: coronal . noble­
man's crown: coronet • pope's
gle crop throughout a particular area:
monoculture • successive cultiva­ crown: tiara . jewelled headband:

tion of different crops: crop rotation d iadem, tiara

• area of growing crops flattened to cruel • wantonly cruel: VICIOUS
form a pattern: crop circle • spray or • taking pleasure in cruelty: sadistic
cry I custom 88
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ ......
. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

cry • high-pitched complaining cry: currency • currencies of other

whine • soft complaining cry: whim­ countries: fore i g n exchange • value

per • cry made on discovery: e u reka of currency as stated upon it: face
value, n o m i n a l value . value of a
crystal • crystal that is the mirror
currency in terms of the goods it can
image of another: en antiomorph
buy: purchasing power • former sys­
Cuba • slow Cuban dance: h a ba­ tem defining a currency's value in
n e ra terms of gold: gold standard • nom­

cucumber • small pickling cucum­ inal parity of one currency with an­

ber: gherkin other: exchange rate • value of one

currency in terms of another: val uta
cu lture • person having no cultural • denoting a currency with freely
interests: p h i l i stine • highly intelli­ changing value: floati n g • denoting
gent and cultured: sophisticated currency with a stable value: h a rd
• derived from, or knowing about, . alter a currency's international
many cultures: cos m o po l itan . cul­ value: revalue, devalue • pound's
ture at odds with established norms: value for European Union agriculture
counterculture, s u bcu lture . study purchases: green pound
of Western culture: h u m a n ities
• study of different cultures: ethnol­
current . air or water current be­
hind a propeller or jet engine: slip­
ogy • study of human culture: an­
t h ropology • study of ancient cul­ stream • subsurface current running
contrary to the surface current:
tures: a rchaeology . amalgamation
undercurrent, undertow
of diferent cultures: syncretis m
• cultural coexistence: p l u ra l i s m curry • mild curry marinaded in
• acquisition of a culture: yoghurt: korma • hot spicy curry:
i n c u lturation . cultural ambience madras . very hot spicy curry: vin­
evoked by the decor etc. of a restaur­ daloo • dried fish served with cur­
ant, pub, or amusement park: theme ries: Bombay duck

cup • small coffee cup: dem itasse curtain • border concealing curtain
• large two-handled cup passed round fittings: pel met • curtain hung in a
at feasts: loving cup • eucharistic drooping curve: swag
cup: chalice • cup used for reserva­
curve • adjective: sinuous • curve
tion of the Sacrament: ciborium
formed by a rope suspended at both
• cup used by Christ at the Last Sup­
ends: cate n a ry • part of a curve: arc
per: Holy Grai l , sangra i l
• curving inwards: con cave • curv­
cupboard • cupboard to hang ing outwards: convex
clothes in: wardrobe • heated cup­
cushion • church kneeling cushion:
board for drying clothes: airing cup­
hassock, kneeler • cushion to be
board . lockable cupboard: locker
placed at random: scatter cushion
• strong locked cupboard for valu­
• substance for stuffing cushions:
ables: safe
kapok
Cupid • Greek name: Eros
custard . custard of egg, sugar,
cure • adjectives: sanative, thera­ milk, and flour: creme patissiere
peutic • creme patissiere with ground al­
monds: frangipane
curling • mark aimed at: tee • ses­

sion of play in one direction: end custom . established custom: i n sti­

• captain of a curling team: skip tuti on, usage • traditional customs
39 customer I Cyprus

of a community: fo lklore o forbidden cut o combining forms for surgical

by social custom: taboo terms: -tome (e.g. craniotome). -tomy
(e.g. lobotomy) o make surface cuts:
customer 0 regular customer: pat­
sca rify 0 cut deeply: lacerate 0 cut
ron o made to a customer's specifica­
up for study: d issect 0 cut with a
bespoke, custom-built
tions:
sweeping stroke: slash 0 part by cut­
customs 0 customs permit for im­ ting: sever 0 cut off ends or edges:
port of a motor vehicle: carnet 0 cus­ crop, pare, prune, trim o cut into zig­
toms charge on imported goods: duty zag edges: pink o very hot cutting
o customs certificate for duty paid: flame: thermic lance � see also sur­
docket 0 customs form permitting g ical cutti ng
export of goods or removal from a
cutlery 0 box for a set of cutlery:
bonded warehouse: shipping bill canteen
• route through customs for those
with nothing to declare: g reen chan­ cylinder 0 cylinder on which thread
nel 0 route through customs for
etc. is wound: reel, spool o hollow

those with items to declare: red chan­ metal cylinder supporting a bridge:

nel 0 group of states allowing free pontoon

trade between themselves: customs Cyprus o adjective: Cypriot o polit­
union 0 evasion of customs controls: ical union of Cyprus with Greece:
smuggling enosis
Dd
dagger • small slim dagger: p o n i a rd samba • squatting Cossack dance:
• short tapering dagger: stiletto kazac hoc • Country and Western I

• dagger's handle: h i l t dancing performed in a row: l i n e dan­

dam . l ow dam i n a river: w e i r • ad­ cing • slow Cuban dance: habanera
justable dam: barrage • French high-kicking dance: cancan
• Greek folk dance performed in a
damage • deliberate damage: sabo­
line: syrtaki • swaying Hawaiian
tage, van d a l i s m • damage severely:
dance: h u l a hula . fast Hungarian
mangle . damage beyond the possi­
dance: csardas • dramatic dance of
bility of repair: write off
southern India: Kathakali • Italian
damp • cold and damp: dank
whirling dance: tarante l l a • Italian
• ground moisture absorbed into a
and Spanish leaping dance: saltare l l o
Wall: rising d a m p
. lively Polish dance: mazu rka • vig­
dance • art dancing that ignores the orous Scottish dance: H i g h land fl i n g
rules of classical ballet: modern • fast Scottish dance: reel • slow
dance • sailor's dance: hornpipe Scottish dance: strathspey • South
• traditional English dance: country American dance music with elements
dance . traditional English out­ of j azz and rock: salsa . fast South
door dance: morris dance . after­ American dance: paso doble . lively
noon dance at which tea is served: tea South American dance: ta ngo
dance • energetic street dance: • lively Spanish dance: bolero
b reak-d ance . lively dance in triple • Spanish solo dance: cachucha
time: jig • slow 18th-century dance: • Spanish courtship dance: fa ndan­
m i nuet • interweaving country go • Spanish dance with castanets:
dance: hay • country dance for four flamenco • West Indian backward­
couples: square dance • solo dance: bending dance: limbo • dance about
pas seul • dance for two people: pas
excitedly: cavort • series of steps for
de deux . dance with voluntary ex­
a dance: choreography, fi gure • in­
change of partners: excuse-me
formal gathering for country dancing:
• dance performed in a long line, one
barn dance • person who announces
behind the other: conga _ erotic dan­
the steps in a barn dance: caller
cing to popular music: go-go d a n c i n g
• group of dancers performing to­
• Middle Eastern woman's erotic solo
gether: ensemble . number of parti­
dance: belly dance • synchronized
cipants needed for a square or coun­
ballroom dancing: sequence dancing
try dance: set • public dance hall:
• ballroom dance with slow and quick
palais, palais de danse � see also
steps: foxtrot • ballroom dance with
ballet
partners side-by-side: veleta • ball­

room dance with pronounced hip dancer • dancer's tights: m a i l lot

movements: rumba • ballroom dance • tubular garment covering a rehears­
in triple time: waltz • fast foxtrot: ing dancer's legs: leg warmers • dan­
q u ickstep • fast Bohemian dance: cer's leap or sitting posture with one
polka • lively Brazilian dance: leg forward and one back, both at
91 Dane I death

right angles to the trunk: spl its � see dawn . adjective: auroral
also bal let day • adjective: diurnal • day before:
Dane • part of England under Dan­ eve • day in which hours of daylight
ish rule: Oanelaw • tax levied by the and darkness are equinox
equal:
Anglo-Saxons to repel the Danes: . longest or shortest solstice
day:
Oanegeld • important day: red-letter day • first

danger • serious danger: peril day of the Roman month: calends

• each day: per diem • period of
. hidden danger: pitfall . danger in­
herent in a job: occupational hazard morning twilight: dawn • part of the
• remove from a dangerous place: day given over to work: working day
• part of the day when many are com­
evacuate . person so moved: evac­
uee muting: drive time • period of even­
ing twilight: dusk . happening in a
Dante • adjectives: Oa ntea n, Oant­
daily cycle: circadian . process by
esque
which the equinoxes occur slightly
dark • shining in the dark: luminous earlier each year: precession
• night that i s never completely dark:
daylight • right to enjoy daylight in
white night
one's windows, unobstructed by sub­
darts . tail of a dart: flighl . hit on sequent building: ancient lig hts
a part of the board where scores are
deacon • adjective:diaconal . of­
doubled: double • group of games
counting as a unit towards a match:
fice of deacon: diaconate • deacon's
set . line behind which the thrower
over-vestment: dal matic
stands: hockey, oche dead end . deadlock in argument

data • denoting data gathered over a or discussion: impasse, sta lemate

• road with no exit at its far end: cul­
long longitudinal • grid for
time:
data display: matrix � see also elec­ de-sac
tronic data deaf • progressive deafness due to
date' • post-date
give a later date to: bone growth in the ear: otosc lerosis
. latest possible date: terminus ante • surgical opening made in the inner
quem • earliest possible date: ter­ ear to relieve deafness: fenestration
minus a q uo, terminus post quem • teaching the deaf to communicate by
• out of date: obsolete, passe lip-reading and speech: oralism
• going out of. date: obsolescent dealer • dealer i n ship's supplies:
• with no date set: sine die chandler • dealer in candles: chand­
date2 . date with a person one has ler • dealer in cheap and shoddy
not met before: blind date goods: cheapjack

dating • dating of timber structures dean • adjective: deca nal • dean's

from the tree rings they contain: den­ residence: deanery
drochronology • dating of geological death . combining form: mori-,
eras: chronostratigraphy, geochron­ necr-, -thanasia • death viewed as a
ology • dating of objects from
statistical OCcurrence: fatality, mortal­
carbon-14 decay: carbon dati ng, ity • number of deaths caused by an
radiocarbon dating . dating system event: to ll . causing death: fatal, le­
derived from the birth of Christ:
thal, mortal, te rminal • connected
Christian E ra, Common Era • mis­
with death: macabre • bound to die:
taken dating: parachronism
mortal • die before another does: pre­
daughter • adjective: filial decease • Christian ceremonies
death I debt 92

over a dying person: last rites • gurg­ • ratio o f deaths t o living population:'
ling of dying person: death rattle death rate • number of deaths from a l
• struggling of a dying person: throes par.ticular cause: m o rtal ity rate�
• at the point of death: mori b u n d , i n • equivalence of birth and death .

extre m i s • denoting a condition that zero population growth • after-�

will end in death: term i n a l • revive death: posth umous . movement of'
someone apparently dead: resuscitate the soul to a different body after i
• experience at the brink of death: death: tra n s m i g ration . the use of'
near-death experience • ghostly magic to summon up the dead: necro- \.
image of a person seen near their time m a n cy • supposed communication
of death: wraith • death inflicted to with the dead by mediums: spiritual­
end incurable suffering: euthanasia ism • meeting of persons wishing to
• death-blow: coup de grace (pl. contact the dead by spiritualism: se­
coups de grace) . unexplained death a n ce • person returning from the �

of a sleeping baby: cot death, s u d d e n dead: reve n a n t • psychological urge

i nfa nt death syn d rome • death of to self-destruction: death i n stinct ·

body tissue: gan grene, mortificati o n , . life after death: afte rlife, the other
world • rebirth of the soul in a new
necros is • stiffness o f joints after
body: rei ncarnation • never-dying:
death: rigor m o rtis • decaying flesh
i m m orta l • all dead: extinct • study
of a dead animal: carrion • cessation
of death and dying: thanatology
of vital functions as proof of death:
• Christian day for general commem­
c l i n ical death • bell rung at death:
oration of the dead: All Souls' Day
knell • date of death: obit • plaster
� see also fu n e ra l
cast of a dead person' s face: death
mask • newspaper announcement of debate . advantage in debate: h i g h
a person's death: obituary • govern­ ground . subject t o debate: moot
ment office where deaths are re­ • question on procedure: po int of
corded: reg i ste r office • insurance o rde r . debater's acknowledgement
sum payable at death: reversion of an opponent's point: touche . mo­
• total money and property owned by tion to end a debate: closure
a dead person: estate • medical
debt • debt not legally recoverable:
examination to find the cause of a per­
debt of h o n o u r • debt overdue for re­
son's death: post-m o rtem • special­
payment: a r rears . debt repayable
ist conducting this examination: path­ soon: floati n g debt • debt with a dis­
ologist • official statement of cause, tant, or no, repayment date: fu nded
date, and place of death: death certifi­ debt • money owed by a company:
cate o official investigating the cause account payable, l i a b i l ity . money
of a person's death: coroner • the in­ owed to a company: accou nts receiv­
quiry a coroner conducts: i n q uest able • total owed by a state: national
• service for the dead: fu nera l , re­ debt . debt of gratitude: o b l i gation
q u iem . lament for the dead: d i rge, • denoting a debt not yet repaid: out­
threnody • poem lamenting the dead: sta n d i n g • denoting a debt repayable
elegy • recently dead: deceased on demand: u nfu nded . denoting a
• show sorrow at a death: mourn debt impossible to recover: bad • de­
• reminder o f death's inevitability: noting a debt whose recovery is un­
memento m o ri . picture of Death likely: dou btfu l . legal permission
leading all to the grave: dance of for late repayment: mo ratori um
death , d a n se macabre • person • debtor's asset forfeited if repayment
over-interested in death: ghoul is not achieved: pledge, secu rity
 3 decay I decoration

• money paid to service a debt: inter­ ing on decayed matter: sap rophyte
est . (of) a person who cannot pay off • decay slowly through neglect: moul­
his debts: bankrupt, em barrassed, i n­ der
solvent . failure to repay a debt: de­
d eceive . easily deceived: credu­
fault . demand repayment of a debt:
lous, g u l l i ble • intent to deceive:
' d u n • payment of a debt: liquidatio n ,
mala fides . deliberate deception for
redempti on, satisfaction • payment
financial gain: frau d • instance of de­
of a debt by instalments: amortization
liberate deception: hoax • deceptive
• company's issue of shares to pay off
behaviour: false pretences • decep­
debts: reca pitalization • money
tive appearance: illusion • deception
raised for gradual repayment of a
effected by making a true statement
debt: sinking fu n d • further time
seem like a deception: double bl uff
granted to repay a debt: indu lgence,
• ploy designed to conceal one's true
roll-over • easing a debtor's position
intentions: blind
I by modifying the repayment demands:
restructuring • cancellation of a decision • ability t o make one's
debt: remission • abandon ftttempts own decisions: free will • not finally
to recover a debt: write off . free of decided: open . denoting a decision
debt: unencum bered , u ngeared supported by all present: u n a n imous
• seizure of a debtor's goods: attach­ • right to reject a decision made by
ment, distrai nt, di stress, executio n , others: veto • state of indecision:
sequestrati o n • court order seizing a q u andary • wavering indecision:
debtor's assets: Ma reva i nj u nction vaci llation
• right t o hold these until the debt is
decline • moral or cultural decline:
paid: lien • seizure of a debtor's
decadence
money or wages: garnish ment, at­
tachment of earnings . person ap­ decompose • able to be decom­
pointed to dispose of the assets of an posed by sunlight: photodegradable
insolvent person or business: admin­ • able to be decomposed by bacteria:
istrator • agree t o release a debtor biodegradable
for a smaller payment: compound decoration • additional decoration:
• terminate gas etc. supply until bills tri m • decoration of thin strips of
are paid: d iscon n ect • potential in­ shiny metal foil: tinsel . decoration
debtedness through business commit­ of plaited straw: corn dolly . hang­
ments: exposure . potential indebt­ ing decoration turning in the air: mo­
edness through falling values of bile . decoration of a manuscript: iI­
mortgaged property: negative equ ity I u m i nation • carved o r coloured
. ratio of corporate debt to share decoration of shells: scri mshaw
value: geari ng, leverage • assess­ • decoration of wood or leather with a
ment of a person or firm's likelihood heated point: pokerwork, pyrography
of paying its debts: credit rating, • cloth items decorating a room: soft
creditworthiness • organization
furnish i ngs . flags and streamers:
making such assessments: credit ref­ b u nting . crinkly paper for decor-
erence agency .. see also loan ations: crepe paper • decorative
decay . combining form: sapr- lights: i l l u m i nations • decorative
• decay of teeth or bones: caries strip of cloth hung over a window etc.:
• decay of a part of the body: mortifi­ va lance . decorative design of inter­
cation, necrosis • decayed organic twining branches etc. : ara besque
matter in the soil: humus • plant liv- • denoting metal inlaid with gold or
decrease I dentist 94

silver: dam ascened • gelatinous so­ paedics . adjustment of tooth and

lution used in interior decoration: jaw irregularities: o rthodontics
size • merely decorative: cosmetic
degre� • bachelor's degree: bacca-
decrease . decrease in value: de­ l a u reate . degree next above bach­
p reciation • decrease the apparent elor in certain universities: l i centiate
importance of: downplay, downrate • doctor's degree: doctorate . degree
deduction . deduction from wages awarded to a candidate who was il at
ordered by a lawcourt: garnishment, the time of the examination: aeg rotat
attachment of earnings • denoting a • denoting a degree conferred when
deduction derived from observation the graduand is elsewhere: in
or experience: a posteriori • denot­ a bsentia
ing a deduction derived from theoret­
delay • adjective: d i l atory • delay
ical concepts: a priori
by non-cooperation: stonewa l l
deep . combining form: bath- (e.g. • delay b y making lengthy speeches:
bathyscaphe) . region of especially fi l i b u ster
deep sea: trench . not deep: shallow
delusion • visual delusion: hallu­
deer • adjective: cervine • female
cination . delusions of being perse­
deer: doe, h i n d . male deer: buck,
cuted: paranoia • delusions caused
hart, stag • young deer: fawn
by alcoholism: d e l i ri u m tremens
. deer's short tail: scut . small tail­
less deer: roe • male roe: roebuck demand • final demand, made with
• small deer with a doglike bark: threats of sanctions: ultimatum
muntjac . stag's branched horns: • when demand is low: off-peak
antlers . antler's sharp point: tine . failure to satisfy demand: shortfa l l
. soft skin covering a growing antler: Demeter • Latin name: Ceres
velvet • deer's annual period of sex­
demolition . completely destroy a
ual activity: rut • produce offspring:
building: raze • structure of a gutted
fawn . deer's track: slot • deer's
building: shell • fragments of a de­
false hoof: dewclaw • disembowel a
molished building: ru bble • heavy
deer: gra l loch • deer's entrails as
beam used to knock down walls: bat­
food: n u m bles . deer meat: venison
tering ram
. leg and loin of venison: haunch
defeat • defeat soundly: troun ce, demon • combining form: demono­
va n q u i sh . defeat and drive back: • adjective: demoniac, demoniacal,
rout • admit defeat: concede demonic • demon attending a witch:
fam i l i a r, fa m i l i a r spi rit • worship of
defecation • inability to control
demons: demono latry • control by a
defecation: i n continence • bedrid­
demon: possession • expulsion of
den person's receptacle for urine and
demons: exorci sm • study of demons:
faeces: bed pan
demonology
defence • defence of one's conduct:
apologia . defence of a theory: demonstration • silent static dem­
apo logetics • uncompromising de­ onstration: v i g i l
fence of a position: sta nd • defensive
dentist • dentist who corrects the
mound before a trench: para pet . de­
position of teeth: o rthodontist • den­
fensive mound behind a trench: para­
tist dealing with the structures
dos
around the teeth: periodontist . den­
deformity • medical treatment of tist's assistant who cleans teeth: hy­
bone and muscle deformities: o rtho- g i e n i st • dentist's small drill: bur
95 d epart I device
. .. . . . . . ... ... . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .

depa rt • depart secretly or illegally: desire • desire another's property:

a bscon d . departure from the nor­ covet • gratify a base desire: pander
mal or expected: aberration desk . large desk for two facing per­
depression • atmospheric depres- sons: partners' desk • denoting a
sion: cyclone • tiredness and depres­ desk with a sliding flexible cover: roll­
sion occurring after a viral infection: top
chronic fatigue syndrome • drug al­ despair . despair at imagined lack
antidepressant
leviating depression: of progress: accidie, demotivation
depth • combining form: bathy- destruction • covert destruction:
• instrument measuring the depth of sa botage • destruction of revered
seas or lakes: bathymeter • manned objects or ideas: iconoclasm • ma­
chamber for deep-sea observations: licious or purposeless destruction:
bathysphere vandalism • period of massive de­
deputy . combiningforms: pro- (e_g_ struction: apocalypse • destruction
proconsul) , vice- (e.g. vice-president) of all life: biocide • destruction of a
. person deputizing for another: sur­ race: genocide • total destruction:

rogate eradication, extirpation, holocaust

descent . line of descent: blood deta iI • detail needing attention:
l ine, stock • step in a line of descent: loose end • subtle detail: m i nutiae,
generation • denoting direct des­ nicety, punctilio, quiddity, techn ical­
cent: lineal . denoting descent by a ity • (over-)attentive to detail: me­
parallel line: collateral • denoting ticulous, punctilious, pedantic, petti­
the male line of descent: patrilineal fogging • in detail: in extenso
• denoting the female line of descent: • give more detail: elaborate

matri li neal • person from whom one detection • device detecting mov­
is descended: ancestor, progen itor ing objects by reflected radio waves:
• one's descendants: posterity, pro­ radar • device detecting underwater
geny • theory of universal descent objects by reflected sound pulses:
from a single couple: monogenesis, sonar
monogeny detective . detective employed by
descri ption • precise and detailed members of the public: private detect­
description: specification • short ive, private i nvestigator • follow and
'
but thorough description: profile observe secretly: shadow . system­
• misrepresentation of complex ideas atic shadowing: surveillance
by oversimplified descriptions: re­ detergent • denoting a biodegrad­
ductionism able detergent: soft • denoting a de­
desert • group of people travelling tergent operating by enzymes: bio­
across a desert: caravan • inn for logical
these people: caravan serai • desert
development . steady and consist­
place with water: oasis . dust-Iaden
ent development: continu ity . pro­
desert wind: simoom
gressive development of living organ­
design • engraved or incised design: isms over the centuries: evolution
intaglio . design identifying a • developing earlier than usual: pre­
company's products: logo cocious . highly developed: soph is­
designer • designer of buildings: ticated
architect • designer of fashion device • denoting a device seem­
clothes: couturier • designer of ingly capable of intelligent action:
roads, bridges, etc.: civil engi neer smart • device performing a specific
devil I dig 96

function within a larger apparatus: ary of synonyms and antonyms:

unit saurus • dictionary in which the
devil • adjectives: diabolic, diabol­ definition precedes the headword
ical • devil's divided foot: cloven here): reverse d ictionary • person
hoof • worship of the devil: d iabol­ who compiles dictionaries: lexicog-
ism, satan ism • control by the devil: rapher
possession die • cut out with a die: stamp >

diagram • block diagram: histo­ diet • adjectives: dietary, dietetic ;

gram • diagram laid out like a tree: • major diet element: macronutrient I
dendrogram • diagram showing re­ • organic compound essential to a bal-
lationships in a family: family tree, anced diet: vitami n • denoting a
genealogy, ped igree • diagram vegetable wholefood diet: macrobiotic '
showing relationships between sets: • disease caused by absence of fresh i
Ven n diagram • diagram of a se­ fruit and vegetables from the diet:
quence of events: flow chart scu rvy _ study of diets and nutrition:
d ial • denoting a dial with a moving dietetics, nutrition • postulated nu­
pointer: analogue • denoting a dial tritional requirement: recommended
with a changing numerical display: dietary allowance . diet expert: diet­
digital . pointer on an instrument itian, nutritionist
dial: needle difference • adjective: differential
d ialect • popular dialect: argot, pat­ • subtle diference: nuance • amount
ois . dialect of a particular social of difference: differential • difference
class: sociolect • study of dialects: in brightness in a picture: contrast
dialecto logy • tell the difference between: d iffer­

dialogue • adjective: d ialogic

entiate

diameter . diameter of wire, knit­ different . combining forms: allo­

ting needles, and gallge
bullets:
(e.g. allopathy). hetero-, vari- . radic­
ally different from anything preced­
• inner diameter of a gun barrel: bore,
calibre, gauge ing: novel • having many different
colours: motley, pied, variegated
diamond • adjective: d iamantine • including things of different types:
• inferior diamond, used for cutting:
heterogeneous • group or area dif­
bort ferent from its surroundings: enclave
Diana • Greek name: Artemis • cause to seem different: differenti­
diary • electronic diary: personal or­ ate
ganizer • loose-leaf diary: FilofaxTM , difficult . combiningform: dys- (e.g.
personal organizer • person keeping dyslexia) . difficult question: conun­
a diary: diarist drum, poser • temporary difficulty
dictator • adjective: dictator- due to mechanical failure: technical
ial . title of a German dictator: fUh­ hitch • in great difficulties: in
rer • title of an Italian dictator: duce extremis • avoid a difficulty: obviate
• title of a Spanish dictator: caud illo • quick and innovative in overcoming
• small group exercising dictatorial difficulties: resourceful
powers: j u nta dig excavate . dig be­
. dig out:
dictionary • adjective: lexical neath: undermine . dig up: unearth
• small dictionary at the back of a . dig up a corpse: exh ume • spade­
book: glossary, vocabulary . dic­ depth of soil: spit • dig two spits
tionary of places: gazetteer • diction- deep: dou ble-dig
37 d i g estion I disagreement

digestion • adjective:
peptic • hav­ able to the host country: persona non
ing good digestion:eupeptic . digest­ g rata (pl_ personae non gratae) • dip­
ive passage through the body: alimen­ lomat's spell of duty at a particular lo­
tary canal • part of this between cation: posti ng, to u r, tou r of d uty
stomach and anus: intesti ne, gut • diplomat's report: dispatch • diplo­
. muscular movement o f the alimen­ mat's residence: embassy, legation
tary canal: peristalsis • build-up of • official letter between diplomats:
gas in the alimentary canal: flatu­ note • draft or amendment to a diplo­
lence • bodily organs of digestion: matic document: protocol . ne goti­
digestive system ations brokered by a diplomat travel­
dilemma • inescapable dilemma: ling between two estranged parties:
catch-22, double bind sh uttle di plomacy • rule of diplo­
matic procedure: protocol • easing of
dinner • adjective: prandial • after-
diplomatic tension: detente . pres­
dinner: postprandial
sure placed on another state by re­
dinosaur • dinosaur with a very strictions on trade or social inter­
long neck and tail: d i plodocus action: sanctions • deliberate
• dinosaur with large verti�al plates risk-taking in international diplo­
on its back: stegosaurus • dinosaur macy: adventurism, bri n kmanship
with short armlike front legs: bra­ • diplomatic policy o f seeking t o re­
chiosaurus • upright
•
carnivorous gain lost territory: revanchism dip­
dinosaur: tyrannosaurus lomatic policy of preventing another
diocese • adjective: d i ocesan state's expansion: contai nment • dip­

• bishop in charge of a diocese: d io­ lomatic policy of seeking control over

cesan • diocesan assembly: synod other nations: i m perialism • diplo­
. Anglican parish's contribution to macy enforced by displays of military
diocesan funds: q u ota strength: gunboat d i plomacy, power
Dionysus . Latin name: Bacchus politics, sabre-rattling • immunity
. female follower of Dionysus: mae­ to local law enjoyed by diplomats and
nad • staff carried by Dionysus' fol­ their property: extraterritoriality,
lowers: thyrsus extraterritorial rights • host govern­
ment's order to a diplomat to leave:
diplomacy • state's senior diplomat
expUlsion . order a diplomat to re­
resident in a foraign country: ambas­
turn home: recall
sador • diplomat with full powers of
decision: pleni potentiary • diplomat d i rection • combining forms:
on a special assignment: emissary -ward s (e. g. eastwards), -ways (e.g.
• ambassador's deputy: charge sideways) . designed to operate in a
d'affai res • ambassador's assistant particular direction: directional
attache • diplomatic representative: . change direction suddenly: swerve,
envoy, m i n i ster • minister and staff: veer
legation • group of diplomats sent director !* director of a group of or­
for a special purpose: mission • dip­ chestral musicians: conductor . dir­
lomatic courier: Queen's (or King's) ector of a brass band: bandmaster
Messenger • army officer serving at
an embassy: m i litary attache • Com­ d isability . physical or mental dis-

monwealth embassy: high commis­ ability: handicap

sion • diplomat acceptable to the disagreement • minor disagree­
host country: persona grata (pl_ per­ ment: contretemps (pl. same) . pro­
sonae gratae) . diplomat not accept- longed and bitter disagreement: feud,
disappointing I disease 98

strife • causing disagreement: con­ classism • discrimination on

tentious, controversial, divisive grounds of skin colour: col our bar
• without disagreement: unani­ • discrimination against individuals:
mously, nem. con. victir;nization • discrimination

dis app ointing • disappointing out· against the overweight: fattism . dis­
come: anticlimax, bathos, damp crimination against those
squib physical disabilities: ableism • dis­

disar m am ent • total abandonment crimination on grounds of race: ra­

of a certain weapon: zero option cism . discrimination on grounds of

• denoting disarmament undertaken sex: sexism • barrier to advance­

by some states only: u n i lateral ment tacitly imposed upon certain
groups: glass ceiling • discrimin­
disaster • large, sudden and violent
ation in favour of those thought to be
disaster: cataclysm • natural disas·
unfairly treated: positive discrimin­
ter: act of God
ation, reverse d iscrimination, af­
disc • disc thrown by an athlete: dis­
fi rmative action . discrimination in
cus . metal or plastic disc used in·
favour of those who are thought to be
stead of money: token • disc used to
superior: elitism . freedom from dis­
store visual images: videodisc
crimination: equal opportun ity
d isc jockey • radio disc jockey who
is deliberately offensive or provoca·
discussion . academic discussion:

tive: shock jock sym posium . public discussion of a

topic: ventilation • discussion involv­
discharge • combining forms:
ing three or more persons at different
-rrhoea (e.g. diarrhoea), -rrhagia (e.g.
sites using telecommunications: tele­
menorrhagia) . vaginal discharge at
conference • strange object provok­
the onset of labour or menstruation:
ing discussion: conversation piece
show • discharge of gas, radiation,
• discuss without coming to the true
or semen: emission
point at issue: beat about the bush
disci p line • strict disciplinarian:
martinet, stickler . person practis­ disease . combining forms: -itis
ing severe self-discipline: ascetic (e.g. conju nctivitis), nos(o)-, patho-,
-pathy (e. g. neuropathy) , -osis (e.g.
disco n tent • cause political or
psychosis) • adjective: morbid
emotional discontent: desta bil ize
• causes of a disease: aetiology
d i scontinue . d iscontinue tempor­
• germ causing a disease: bacillus,
arily: put into abeyance • discon­
pathogen • organism transmitting a
tinue meetings of a parliament with­
disease from one host to another: vec­
out dissolution: prorogue
tor • person or animal unaffected by
d iscourage . discouraging factor: a disease but transmitting it to others:
disincentive . numbing discourage­
carrier . time between infection and
ment: demotivation
appearance of symptoms: latent
discovery • method of discovery by period, incu bation period . denot­
trial and error: heuristic • faculty of ing a disease with no assignable
making fortunate discoveries: seren­ cause: non-specific • characteristic
d ipity . cry uttered on making a dis­ indicator of a disease: symptom • de­
covery: eureka noting a disease too mild to show
discrimination • discrimination clear symptoms: subclin ical • indica­
on grounds of age: ageism . discrim­ tion of a disease: symptom, stigma
ination on grounds of social class: • disease indicated by a particular set
 .. ············ .. ············· disease I disease
...... ................................... ......................................... .......

of symptoms: syndrome • group of • study of tissue changes caused by

symptoms indicating a particular dis­ disease: histopathology • study of
ease: syndrome • symptom accom­ the treatment of disease: therapeutics
panying a disease, but not caused by • denoting a disease occurring in the
it: epiphenomenon • denoting a dis­ course of another: intercurrent . de­
ease having recognizable symptoms: noting a disease characterized by
clin ical • denoting a disease without brief but severe attacks: acute • de­
recognizable symptoms: occult noting a long-lasting disease: chronic
• symptom that only doctors can de­ • denoting an uncured disease that
tect: sign • denoting the stage of a currently shows no symptoms: dor­
disease before symptoms appear: pre­ mant • denoting a disease starting in
clin ical . disease identification from hospital: nosocomial . run-down
symptoms: diag nosis . temporary state of a sufferer of a chronic disease:
abatement of a disease: re mission cachexia • denoting a disease passed
• patient's decline after a period of re­ on by physical contact: contag ious
covery: relapse • (sudden) recur­ • denoting a disease passed on
rence of a disease: flare, recrudes­ through the environment: infectious
cence • regional outbrellk of a • denoting a contagious or infectious
disease: epidemic • denoting a dis­ disease: communicable . denoting a
ease breaking out throughout a coun­ disease contracted through sexual ac­
try or the world: pandemic . denot­ tivity: venereal • disease caused by
ing a highly infectious or harmful poor diet: deficiency disease . de­
disease: virulent • denoting a disease noting a disease causing little or no
expected to end in death: term inal pain: indolent . denoting a disease
• deadly disease spreading rapidly: causing progressive deterioration of
plague • denoting a disease whose organs or tissues: degenerative . de­
outbreaks must be reported: notifi­ noting a disease growing steadily
able • denoting a disease regularly worse: progressive • denoting a dis­
found at a place: endemic . denoting ease caused by antibodies naturally
a disease passed from one generation produced by the sufferer to attack
to the next: hered itary, vertical . de­ other germs: autoimmune . denot­
noting a disease affecting all the body: ing a psychologically caused disease:
general ized . disease's chief bodily psychosomatic • denoting a disease
location: focus • expected course of a often or only found in a certain region
disease:prognosis • turning point of or people: endem ic . denoting a dis­
a disease:crisis . secondary disease ease with no known external cause:
aggravating an existing one: com pli­ essential, idiopathic • systematic
cation . pass on a disease: communi­ description of diseases: nosography
cate, transmit • person associating • scientific classification of diseases:
with someone having a contagious nosology • preventing disease:
disease: contact • objects likely to prophylactic • study and practice of
carry infection: fomites • caused by disease prevention: preventive medi­
or involving disease: pathological cine • substance developing bodily
• study of causes and effects of dis­ immunity to a disease: vacci ne • test
ease: pathology • study of the causes for the presence of a disease: screen
of diseases: aetiology • study and • sudden attack of a disease: seizure
treatment of the diseases of children: • place or time of isolation for in­
paediatrics . study of the incidence comers thought to carry infectious
and control of diseases: epidemiology diseases: quarantine • regain
diseased I d iver 100

strength after a disease's cure: conva­ dispute . protracted and complex

lesce • person with an obsessive fear dispute: wrangle • confrontation to
of disease: hypochond riac • suicide resolve a dispute: showdown
of a victim of an incurable disease, disrespect . disrespectful to reli­
using lethal drugs supplied by a doc­ gion: impious . rudely disrespectful:
tor for this purpose: assisted suicide insolent . disrespectful joking: lev­
diseased • combining form: -otic ity
(e.g. neurotic) dissolution • combining form:
disentangle • disentangle by care­ -lysis (e.g. dialysis) . able to be dis­
ful combing or unknotting: tease out solved: sol uble

disgrace • public disgrace: igno­ distance . combining forms: apo-,

tel( e)- (e.g. television) • distance
mi ny, obloquy, opprobrium . mark
of disgrace: stigma round something: ci rcumference
• distance one can see: eyeshot, visi­
dish • shallow stemmed dish: cou pe bil ity . point where an orbiting ob­
. large covered dish for serving soup:
j ect is furthest from the earth: a pogee
tureen • small heatproof dish or cas­
• point where an orbiting object is fur­
serole: cocotte thest from the moon: apolune • in­
dishonest • craftily dishonest: slip­ strument measuring miles travelled:
pery • dishonest person: rogue, milometer
scoundrel • dishonest activities: distant • distant person or thing:
g raft, sl eaze, skulduggery outlier . far distant spot: u ltima
disinfection • disinfection by Thule . alleged ability to move dis­
gases: fumigation tant objects: telekinesis
disintegration . combining form: distinction . subtle distinction: ni­
-lysis • destruction of cells or tissues cety, nua nce . over-subtle distinc­
by their own enzymes: autolysis tion: hair-splitti ng, quibble

dislike . person or thing particu­ disuse • temporary disuse: abey­

larly disliked: anathema, biUe noire, ance
pet hate ditch • ditch dug for battlefield shel­
dismiss . dismiss with dishonour ter:trench • ditch round a castle etc.:
from the armed forces: cashier • dis­ moat • hidden ditch separating gard­
miss from a job: terminate employ­ ens from parkland: ha-ha
ment d iver . diver's waterproof rubber

disobey • openly disobey: flout

suit: drysuit • diver's permeable rub­
• defiant disobedience: insubordin­ ber suit: wets uit • diver not using a
rubber suit: skin diver • diver's
ation • incitement t o disobey those
in authority: sedition compressed-air apparatus: scuba,
aqualung • diver's drowsy state from
disorder . violent disorder: may­ breathing air under pressure: n itro­
hem gen narcosis • diver's enclosed ves­
display . freestanding supermarket sel for deep-sea observations: bathy­
display: gondola . display tank for scaphe, bathysphere • diver's
underwater life: aquarium • display air-filled open-bottomed chamber: div­
tank for undersea life: oceanari u m ing bell . diver's signal rope: lifeline
. speaker's large pad o f paper: fl i p • controlled reduction of ambient
chart • display ostentatiously: flaunt pressure when a diver returns to the
• self-dramatizing: histrionic surface: decompression . room for
.01 d ivide I doctor
••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••u••••••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••

this: decompression chamber doctor • combining form: iatro­

.• painful condition suffered by a diver • doctor in charge of health services:
after sudden reduction of ambient medical officer • doctor who admin­
pressure: the bends, caisson dis­ isters anaesthetics: anaesthetist
ease, decompression sickness • doctor specializing in childbirth: ob­

:livide • combining form: -sect (e.g.

stetrician • doctor concentrating on
dissect) • tending to divide or be div­ diagnosis and medication: physician
• family doctor: general practitioner
ided: fissiparous • divide into two:
bi sect • divide into mutually hostile • doctor qualified to perform oper­
units: Balkan ize ations: surgeon • doctor treating
animals: vet, veterinary surgeon
divided . combining form: schizo­ . j unior hospital doctor: house of­
(e.g. schizophrenia) fi cer, houseman • hospital doctor as­
divination • combining form: sisting a consultant: registrar . hos­
-mancy (e.g. rhabdomancy) . Roman pital doctor recelvmg specialist
official augur,
interpreting omens: training: senior registrar • doctor in
haruspex � see also fortu ne-telling charge of a particular branch of medi­

. combiningform: s chiz(o)­
cine at a hospital: co nsu ltant
• group of hospital doctors: fi rm
• radical division: dichotomy • div­
• doctor visiting his patients by plane:
ision into opposing factions: pol ariza­
tion, schism flying doctor • doctor temporarily
replacing another: locum • person
divorce • denoting a form of divorce with some medical training, but not
requiring no apportionment of blame:
fully qualified: paramedic • unquali­
no-fault • spouse initiating a divorce
fied doctor: quaCk, empiriC • Indian
action: applicant • spouse against
or Muslim traditional doctor: hakim
whom a divorce action is brought: re­ • person believed by some peoples to
spondent • person cited in a divorce
medi­
have magical healing powers:
action as having committed adultery
cine man, shaman, witch doctor
with the partner being sued:
• doctor's room for seeing patients:
co-respondent • court's provisional
consu ltin g roo m • doctor's tour of
divorce ruling: decree nisi • court's
bedridden patients: round • general
final divorce ruling: decree a bsolute
practitioner's consulting rooms: sur­
• divorced person� d ivorcee • paren­
gery • general practitioner's client
tal rights of divorcees: custody • fi­
base:practice . this run by several
nancial support to be given by a for­
group practice • consulting
doctors:
mer spouse after divorce: mainten­
rooms of a group practice: health cen­
ance • state agency enforcing child
maintenance payments: Child Sup­ tre • general practitioner controlling
his own budget: fu ndholder . area
port Agency • court order enabling
spouses to remain married but live list of doctors taking NHS patients:

apart:judicial separation, legal sep­ panel • doctor's non-NHS clients:

aration private practice • resources avail­
able to a doctor: armamentarium
d izziness • causing dizziness: ver­
• doctor's device for hearing the chest
tiginous
organs: stethoscope • doctor's de­
dock • dock that can be emptied of vice for seeing inside the ear: auri­
water: dry dock • submarine's scope, otoscope • doctor's device
covered dock: pen • dock worker: for inspectng the retina: ophthal mo­
stevedore scope • doctor's small hammer for
docum ent I document

testing reflexes: plexor, plessor . document showing ownership of a c

. shield against X-rays worn by doc­ property:title deed . summary of,
tors etc.: apron • proj ects under­ this: abstract of title • document re- ,
taken by a doctor: caseload • doc­ cording the transfer of ownership of a ,
tor's ability to put patients at their p
pro erty: conveyance, g rant • docu- :
ease: bedside manner . doctor's as­ ment recording the waiving of a right i
sessment of symptoms or treatment: or claim: waiver . document record­
I
opinion • doctor's seeking o f a spe­ ing hours worked: time sheet . docu-
'
cialist's opinion: referral • doctor's ment showing a vehicle's ownership:
order for a medicine to be made or is­ registration document, log book
sued: prescription • doctor's negli­ • documen t giving the details of an in­
gence or dishonesty: malpractice surance contract: policy • document
• oath (formerly) taken by trainee doc­ listing transactions on a financial ac­
tors: H i p pocratic oath . come to ' a count: statement • state document
doctor for treatment: present • visit permitting foreign travel: passport
to a doctor: consu ltation • document ensuring safe travel over
document • archived document: a specified area: safe conduct
munim ent • handwritten document: • document authorizing specified po­
man uscri pt • document written en­ lice activity: warrant • official state­
tirely by its hologra p h
author: ment of cause, date, and place of
• document signed b y its author: a uto­ death: death certificate • document

graph • standard document: pro used to supply evidence: source • de­

forma • document on the World Wide noting a document whose ownership

Web: web page • identity docu­ can be changed: negotiable . subsid­
ments: papers . document contain­ iary part of a document kept by its is­
ing a sworn statement: affidavit suer:cou nterfoil • thin-paper copy of
. legal document: instrument • legal a document: flimsy . draft a docu­
document authorizing entry and ment: d raw up, make out . draft or
search of premises: search warrant amendment to a diplomatic document:
• formal delivery of a legal document: protocol • produce a legal document
service • mutual disclosure of docu­ in its final form: engross • exact
ments by parties to a lawsuit: discov­ wording of a document: tenor . pre­
ery • legal document recording own­ sentation of a document for consid­
ership or a contract: deed, eration: submission . document ac­
memorandum • appendix to a legal companying a letter: enclosure . set
document: sched ule . deed signed of documents on a particular topic:
by one person only: deed poll . legal dossier • additional statement on a
document disposing of one's assets document, modifying its effect: en­
after death: will • document promis­ dorsement . piece of stamped wax
ing a payment: bond, prom issory etc. authenticating a document: seal
note • document ordering payment: • document's abbreviated title: short
draft • document acknowledging pay­ title • abbreviated version of a docu­
ment: receipt • document entitling ment: precis, summary • place an of­
the holder to specified goods or ser­ ficial document on record: enter, fi le
vices: warrant • document proving • obscure language of official docu­
identity or qualifications: credentials ments: officialese . work involving
• bank document underwriting speci­ documents: paperwork . counterfeit
fied loans on another bank to be taken a document: forge • electronic trans­
out by the bearer: letter of credit fer of documents: fax
103 doer I door

doer o combiningforms: -ee (e.g. ab­ o guard preventing a dog biting: muz­
sentee), -eer (e.g. auctioneer) , -ent zle o let a dog off the leash: slip
(e.g. aperient) , -er (e. g. writer) , -ete o dog's small shelter: kennel 0 person
(e.g. athlete), -ist (e.g. plagiarist), -or in charge of trained dogs: dog hand­
(e.g. actor), -ress (e. g. actress), -rix Ier o details of a dog's previous com­
(e.g. executrix) petitive achievements: form 0 estab­
lishment for boarding or breeding
dog o combining form: cyno- (e.g.
dogs: kennels
cynopodous) o adjective: canine o fe­
male dog: bitch o male dog: dog doing o combining form: -ent (e.g.
o young dog: pup, puppy o give birth a perient)
to dogs: pup, whel p 0 small pet dog: doll 0 soft black doll with fuzzy hair:
lapdog 0 dog in poor condition or golliwog
showing aggression: cur o dog of un­ domain o combining form: -dom
certain breed: mongrel • large police (e.g. fiefdom)
dog: Alsatian, German shepherd dog
dome 0 small dome: cupola
o hunting dog: hound o heavy hunt­
o pointed dome, bulging in the middle:
ing dog: bloodhound, mastiff 0 small
onion dome 0 dome surfaced by
hound used to hunt hare �: beagle
many small triangles: geodesic dome
o set of hound s: pack 0 person in o wall supporting a dome: drum, tam­
charge of this: master o dog trained
bour o corner support for a dome:
to lead the blind: g u ide dog • dog
squinch • denoting a dome
trained to assist the deaf: hearing dog
costructed from struts following the
o dog trained to stand rigid when
shortest route between two points on
scenting game: pointer, setter 0 dog a sphere: geodesic
trained to fetch shot game: retriever,
gun dog 0 dog formerly trained to
dominance o political dominance:
hegemony
rescue snowbound travellers: St Ber­
nard 0 competition for retrievers: done 0 something done and unalter­
field trial 0 racing dog: greyho und, able: fait accom pli
whippet o wolflike North American donkey 0 male jackass
donkey:
wild dog: coyote 0 Arctic sledge dog: o female donkey: jenny o offspring of
husky 0 Asian stray mongrel: pye­ a male donkey and female horse: mule
dog 0 Australiap wild dog: dingo o offspring of a male horse and female
o Russian wolfhound: borzoi o Scot­ donkey: hinny
tish sheepdog: collie 0 competition door 0 glazed outside door : French
for sheepdogs: trials o very small win dow . denoting a door linking
large-eyed dog: chihuahua o long dog two rooms: intercommunicating
with short legs: dachshund o large o access panel in a floor or ceiling:
black-and-tan dog: Dobermann pins­ trapdoor o peephole in a door: judas,
cher 0 front part of a dog's face: muz­ spyhole 0 angled slats on a door:
zle 0 dog's inner eyelid: haw 0 erect­ louvres 0 folding section of a door:
ile hairs along a dog's back: hackles leaf 0 sloping board at the foot of an
o kind of fever suffered by dogs: d is­ outside door: weatherboard 0 handle
tem per 0 inflammation of a dog's ear: etc. on a door: door fu rn iture 0 orna­
canker 0 dog's disease causing mad­ mental doorplate for the fingers:
ness and death: ra bies 0 dog's sense fi ngerplate 0 door catch: latch, snib
of smell: nose 0 strap restraining a o slotted metal plate as door-fastening:
dog: lead, leash 0 chain controlling a hasp 0 strip sealing a door's edges
dog by neck pressure: choke chain against draughts etc.: weatherstrip
door j a m b I drawing 104 1

• support across the top of a door: lin­ in extreme conditions: theatre of

tel . door's side post: jamb . slab at cruelty � see also play
the foot of a door: sill, threshold
d raughts . remove an opponent's
• wall's side surface beside a window:
threatening piece: h uff
reveal . angled reveal: embrasure
• heavy object to keep a door open: d rawing • combining form: -graphy

doorstop • attendant at the main (e.g. photography) • adjective:

door of a public building: porter, con­ graphic • drawing of things actually

cierge • go canvassing or selling before the artist: l ife d rawi ng . satir­
from door to door: doorstep ical drawing: caricature, cartoon
• drawing showing exact detail and
door jamb • inside face of a door
jamb: scuncheon . plate set into a
scale: technical drawing . drawing
showing enough detail to serve as
door jamb to receive the bolt or lock
when closed: striker plate an instruction: working drawi ng
• drawing o f a mechanism showing its
doorman • doorman at an hotel or parts as if separated by an explosion:
theatre: commissionaire . doorman exploded view • drawing of a mech­
at a block of flats: concierge • door­ anism with parts of its casing re­
man at a college or large public build­ moved to show inner workings: cut­
ing: porter away • drawing of an imagined slice
double • combining forms: di- (e.g. taken through a building, mechanism
dibasic), d iplo-, zygo- (e.g. zygotic) etc.: section, cross section • draw­
• double vision: diplopia ing of a vertical aspect of a building:

dough • dough of durum wheat and

elevation . drawing of a floor layout
of a building: plan • expert in tech­
water: pasta • work dough: knead
• substance added to dough to make it
nical drawing: draug htsman
• drawing-based arts: graphic arts
rise: leaven, yeast • become aerated
• system of drawing to show depth:
by the leaven: prove, rise • denoting
pers pective • perspective system
dough that is heavy through having
failed to rise: sad • fermenting
using three axes 1200 apart: isometric
system • system using lines conver­
dough left over from a previous bak­
ing: sourdough ging at the horizon: li near perspec­
tive • drawing of a three-dimensional
downwards . combining forms: object: stereogram • preliminary
cata- (e.g. catadromous), de- (e.g. version of a drawing: draft, rough,
descend) sketch • drawing made absent­
draft • first draft: rough, rough mindedly: doodle . drawings done
copy for a publication: artwork, graphics
drain • manhole for drain clearance: . line indicating an object's general

i nspection chamber . pit filled with shape: outl ine . shade an area with
hatch • hatching
• drain
hardcore: soa kaway close parallel lines:
through: leach done in two directions: cross­
hatch ing • shade a n area by many
drainage • drainage ditch: dyke
small dots: stipple • the re­
• area drained by a particular river
presentation of light and shade in a
etc.: catchment area
drawing: chiaroscuro • denoting
dra m a • drama abandoning realism drawings made in sight of the items
to emphasize the irrationality of depicted: l ife . denoting a drawing
human life: theatre of the absurd done without instruments: freehand
• drama exploring human behaviour • instrument for drawing arcs: com-
105
pass, compasses, pair of com­
passes • instrument for copying a
drawing larger or smaller: panto­
graph • case for unfolded drawings:
portfolio
dream . combining form: oneir(o)­
• adjective: oneiric • unpleasant
dream: nig htmare .erotic dream
causing an involuntary ejaculation of
semen: wet dream • interpretation of
dreams: oneiromancy .denoting a
dream consciously controlled by the
dreamer: lucid .dreamlike sequence
of images: phantasmagoria
drill .hand-cranked drill: brace
• sharp end of a drill: bit • adjustable
holder for the bit: chuck
drink • drink taken to stimulate the
appetite: aperitif • carbonated water:
soda • concentrate of sweetened
fruit juice: squash • mixed drink:
cocktai l • mixed drink with fruit
juices etc.: cup • drink made from
the juice of pressed fruit: crush
.drink from sugar syrup: j u lep
• drink from fermented honey:
mead .drink from fermented pear­
JUlce: perry • drink of a seasoned
raw egg: prairie oyster • draught
cider and lager: snakebite • iced
drink: frappe, granita .drink with
lemon or lime juice: sour • soft drink
sold in concentrated form: cordial
.weaken a drink by adding other li­
quid: dil ute • denoting an undiluted
drink: neat, straight .denoting a
drink that is not effervescent: sti ll
• strengthen a drink with alcohol: for­
tify • add alcohol surreptitiously to a
drink: spike • warm and spice a
drink: mull .denoting a drink with
low alcohol content: light .denoting
a drink that has lost its fizz: flat
• short drink taken after a long one:
chaser .drink taken to aid diges­
tion: digestif • strong sweet alcoholic
drink taken after a meal: liqueur
• bedtime drink: nightca p • pre­
pared drink with magical or medi-
d ream I drug
cinal powers: potion • drink poured
out in offering to a god: l i bation
• drink taken in honour of a person or
thing: toast • single act of drinking:
draught .set of drinks for all mem­
bers of a group: ro u n d .small mat
for a drinking glass: coaster • small
stick for stirring drinks: swizzle stick
.drinking party: symposi u m .nau­
sea after heavy drinking: han gover
.denoting a region where alcoholic
drinks cannot be purchased: d ry .. see
also cockta il, spirits, wine
drive .drive animals: herd, d rove
• drive out: oust • person employed
to drive a private or hired motor car:
chauffeur, driver
driving licence • cumulative value
assigned to ,driving misdemeanours:
pena lty poi nts • official note of these
on the licence: endorsement
d rop • cover with drops: spatter
• rain in fine drops: drizzle
drought .area suffering severe
drought and erosion: dust bowl
d rug .combining forms: pharm­
aco·, narco- .drug inducing abor­
tion: abortifacient .drug taken by
asthmatics to widen the bronchi:
bronchodilator .drug narrowing
blood vessels: vasocon strictor
• drug widening blood vessels: vaso­
di lator .calming drug: depressant
• drug relieving depression: anti·
depressant • enlivening drug:
stimulant .drug preventing or mod­
erating epileptic fits: anticonvulsant
.drug reducing fever: antipyretic,
febrifuge • drug slowing the heart
and reducing blood pressure: beta
blocker .drug relieving itching:
antipruritic • drug improving the
memory: nootropic • drug that dulls
the nerves: neuroleptic .drug that
eases pain: analgesic • drug that
prevents pain being felt: anaesthetic
• drug given to prevent rejection of
a transplanted organ: i m m uno-
drug I d uty
suppressor • drug that sharpens the
senses: stimulant . drug stimulating
sexual desire: aphrodisiac • drug in­
ducing sleep: sedative • drug redu­
cing tension or anxiety: sedative,
tranquillizer • drug increasing urin­
ation: diuretic . drug decreasing
urination: antidiuretic . drug induc­
ing vomiting: emetic • drug prevent­
ing vomiting: a ntiemetic • study of
medical drugs and their action:
pharmacology • denoting a cheaper
unbranded form of a proprietary
drug: generic • place where medi­
cinal drugs are dispensed: pharmacy
• official list of medical drugs, with in­
structions for preparation and dos­
ages: pharmacopoeia • soporific or
mood-changing drug: narcotic • de­
noting a drug producing hallucin­
ations: psychedelic, hallucinogenic
• drug affecting the user's mental
state: psychotropic . denoting an il­
legal , or addictive drug: dangerous
• denoting a strong and addictive
drug: hard • denoting a drug not
likely to cause addiction: soft • de­
noting a fashionable artificial drug:
designer . denoting a drug that af­
fects a person's mental state: psycho­
tropiC • drug producing muscle con­
tractions: convu lsant • drug-induced
stupor: narcosis • hormonal drug
used by athletes to improve perform­
ance: steroid • inject a drug directly
into a vein: mainline • drug­
impregnated material attached to the
skin for gradual absorption: patch
. solvent whose fumes are inhaled by
drug abusers: i nhalant • inhalation
of adhesive fumes: gl ue-sniffi ng
• sell illegal drugs: peddle • person
doing this: peddler . legal restric­
tion on use or possession of a drug:
control • diminution of bodily re­
sponse to a drug with continued use:
tolerance • inability to do without a
drug: add iction, dependency • pro­
gressive deprivation of addictive
106
drugs: with drawal • sudden and com­
plete deprivation of addictive drugs:
cold turkey • clear the body of drug
residues: detoxify • terrorism associ­
ated with the drugs trade: narcoter­
rorism
drum • bowl-shaped pitched drum:
kettledrum, timpani (pI, only) • drum
with resonating strings across its
underside: snare d rum . drum in a
Latin American band: bongo .jazz
drum beaten with the hands: tom-tom
• Indian drum: tabla • drum-like in­
strument with loose discs in the sides:
tambourine . thin stick with wire
bristles used on drums: brush
drunk • slightly drunk: ti psy . per­
son who is frequently drunk: a lco­
holic, drunkard
dry . combining form: xero- . dry
completely by heating: parch • dry
food to preserve it: dessicate • de­
noting plants or animals adapted to a
very dry environment: xerophilous
duck . female duck: duck • male
duck: d rake • young duck: duckling
duel • duellist's attendant: second
duke • adjective: ducal • duke who
is also a royal prince: roya l duke
. duke's wife or widow: duchess
• duke's territory: duchy
dummy .jointed dummy used by
artists: lay figure .jointed dummy
used by artists and to teach anatomy:
manikin
dung . combining form: copro-
• dung-eating: coprophagous • dung
of seabirds sold as a fertilizer: guano
Dutch • Dutch mayor: burgomaster
• piece of land reclaimed from the sea:
polder
duty . adjective: deontic • moral or
legal duty: obligation • fulfilment of
duty: observance • failure to per­
form a duty: dereliction • beyond the
call of duty: supererogatory • study
of duty: deontology . avoid one's
107 dwarf I dynamo

duty: sh irk • free from a duty: ex­ dye: saffron • dye indicating acidity
empt, exonerate . free from obliga­ or alkalinity: litmus • denoting a dye
tions: footloose that does not run or fade: fast • de­
• dwarf plant or tree as culti­ noting a dye not affected by light:
vated in Japan: bonsai lig htfast • make a dye permanent: fix
• dyeing method using wax to keep
. dwelling o f monks or
nuns: abbey, monastery, nunnery, the dye from some parts of the mater­

priory • makeshift dwelling: biv­ ial: batik

ouac, shack, sha nty dynamo • dynamo generating an al­
dye . red food dye: coch ineal ternating current: alternator . rotat­
• orange-yellow food colouring and ing coil in a dynamo: armature
 Ee
��
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

each other • adjectives: mutual, the earth's crust: tectonic • inner

reciprocal part of the earth: mantle • inmost
eagle • adjective: aquiline . �oung part of the earth: core • regions of
eagle: eaglet • eagle's nest: eyrie the earth's crust and atmosphere in­
habited by living organisms: bio­
ear . combining forms: aur-, ot(o)­
sphere • this regarded ecologically:
• adjectives: aural, auricular • in­
ecosphere • study of the earth's at­
flammation of the ear: otitis • exter­
mosphere, climate, and weather: me­
nal stucture of the ear: auricle, pinna
teorology • thick part of the crust,
• lower fleshy part o f the external ear:
forming major land masses: continen­
lobe • tube leading to the eardrum:
tal crust • thin part of the crust, be­
outer ear . membrane of the middle
neath ocean basins: oceanic crust
ear: eardrum • structure of the inner
. rigid crust section: plate . equilib­
ear: labyrinth • inflammation of this:
rium of the crust: isostasy • hot li­
labyri nthitis • spiral tube in �he
quid beneath the earth's crust:
inner ear: cochlea • progresslve
magma • major movement of the
deafness due to bone growth in the
earth's crust: convu lsion • study of
ear: otoscl erosis . surgical opening
the earth's crust: tectonics • theory
made in the inner ear to relieve deaf­
of crustal structure: plate tectonics
ness : fenestration • ringing or buzz­
• rigid outer casing of the earth: litho­
ing in the ears : tinnitus • study of the
sphere • dense interior of the earth:
ear and its diseases: otology • study
barysphere, core • supposed ori­
of diseases of the ear and throat: oto­
ginal single continent: Pangaea
laryngology . study and treatment
. supposed subsequent land mass in
of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat:
the southern hemisphere: Gon dwana
otorh inolaryngology • boxer's de­
• supposed subsequent land mass in
formed ear: cauliflower ear . droop­
the northern hemisphere: Laurasia
ing ears on an animal: lop ears
• half of the earth: hemisphere • im­
• plastic surgery on the ears:
agined circle joining the earth's poles:
otoplasty . for two ears: binaural
long itude, meridian • imagined
• doctor's device for seeing inside the
circle round the earth equidistant
ear:au riscope, otoscope . drainage
from its poles: equ ator • imagined
tube in the eardrum: grommet . ring
worn in a pierced ear to prevent its
. line parallel to the equator: latitude,
parallel • range of longitudes using a
closing: sleeper
common time: time zone . longitude
earnings • enforced repayment of a opposite to that of Greenwich, at
debt from wages :garn ishment, at­ which the date changes: Date Line,
tachment of earnings . accounting I nternational Date Line . hot zone
term for earnings gained from service
centred on the equator: torrid zone,
industries: invisible tropics . moderate zone north and
earth • combining
form: geo- . ad­ south of this: tempe rate zone • cold
jectives: terrestrial, terrene • outer zone about either of the poles: frigid
part of the earth: crust • denoting zone • general physical study o f the
109
earth and its atmosphere: earth sci­
ence • chemical study of the earth:
geochemistry • study of the surface
of the earth: geomorphology . study
of the structure of the earth: geology
• physics of the earth: geophysics
• mathematics of the shape of the
earth: geodesy • region round the
earth governed by its own magnetic
field: magnetosphere • study of the
earth's magnetism: geomagnetics
• denoting the earth's natural heat:
geothermal • denoting an astronom­
ical system centred on the earth: geo­
centric • beyond the earth: extrater­
restrial � see also world
earth movi ng . powerful tractor
pushing a broad blade: bulldozer
• wheeled machine levelling the
ground : grader
earthquake • combining form:
seismo- • adjective: seismic
• minor earthquake: tremor . minor
earthquake preceding the main shock:
foreshock • minor earthquake fol­
lowing the main shock: aftershock
• tremor on the moon's surface:
moonquake • starting point of an
earthquake: focus • surface point
directly above an earthquake's centre:
epicentre . scale for earthquake in­
tensities: Richter scale • instrument
recording and measuring earth­
quakes: seismograph, seismometer
. record made by this: seismogram
• exceptionally large ocean wave
caused by an earthquake or volcano:
tidal wave, tsunami • study of earth­
quakes: seismol ogy
east . adjective: oriental
east Asia • adjective: oriental
Easter • adjective: paschal • Fri­
day before Easter: Good Fri day • Sat-
urday before Easter: Holy Saturday
• Sunday after Easter: Low Sunday
easy • easy to do: plain sailing
• make easy: facilitate
earth moving I eclipse
eat . eat in small amounts: n ibble
• (of an animal) eat high-growing
vegetation: browse • (of an animal)
eat grass: graze • fit to eat: edible
• unfit to eat: inedible • become unfit
to eat: spoil • pathological refusal to
eat, due to a desire to lose weight: an­
orexia ne rvosa
eating • combining forms:
-phagous, -phagy, -vo rous • eating
all foods: omn ivorous • eating a lot:
voracious • eating corpses: ne­
crophagous • eating dung: copro­
phagous • fish-eating: piscivorous
. eating grasses and cereals: gramin­
ivorous • insect-eating: in sectivor­
ous • meat-eating: carn ivorous
• nut-eating: nucivorous • plant­
eating: herbivorous • eating wood:
xylophagous • eating no meat or
fish: vegetarian . eating no animal
flesh or products: vegan • eating
only fruit: fru itarian . person or ani­
mal feeding on its own species: canni­
bal • psychologically induced refusal
to eat: anorexia ne rvosa . psycho­
logically induced desire to overeat:
bulimia nervosa . substance added
to plants or found naturally in them,
discouraging animals or micro­
organisms from eating them:
antifeedant
eccentric • eccentric person: crank
• eccentric minority: lu natic fri nge
echo • adjective: echoic • record of
water depth made by reflected sound:
echogram • location of obj ects by re­
flected sound: echolocation • echo­
free: anechoic
eclipse • adjective: ecl i ptic • denot­
ing an eclipse obscuring the whole
disc: total • denoting an eclipse ob­
scuring no more than part of the disc:
partial . denoting a total eclipse in
which the edges of the eclipsed body
remain visible: annular • area
shaded by a total eclipse: umbra
ec o log y I economy
• area shaded by a partial eclipse:
pen um bra
ecology . combining form: eco­
• preservation of the natural environ­
ment: conservation . deliberate de­
struction of the natural environment:
ecocide • cropping just short of long­
term depletion: maximum sustain­
able yield . denoting practices that
do not permanently impair the eco­
logical balance: sustainable • bio­
logical community regarded as eco­
logically self-sufficient: ecosystem
• number of persons and animals a re­
gion can support without environ­
mental degradation: carrying cap­
acity • product labelling to indicate
ecological soundness: eco-Iabelling
• tourism intended to increase eco­
logical awareness: ecoto u rism
• sabotage committed for ecological
reasons: ecotage • violence justi­
fied by ecological concerns:
ecoterroro rism
economy • economic system in
which all major factors are centrally
controlled: command economy, man­
aged economy, planned economy
• economic system led by free oper­
ation of market forces: free-enterprise
system, free-market economy,
supply-side economy • free-market
economic system with state provision
for those unable to sell their labour:
social market economy . economic
system where businesses are privately
owned: capitalism, private enterprise
. economic system in which the state
controls production and the use of
capital: state capitalism . economic
system with means of production in
state or popular ownership: col lectiv­
ism, soci alism • economic system
with state control of industries and
services: communism, state social­
ism • denoting an economic system
containing a balance of the above:
mixed • capitalist element in a
mixed economy: private sector
110
• state-controlled element in a mixed
economy: public sector • district for
which special economic provision is
made: special deve lopment area
• dynamic economy in East Asia: tiger
economy • general economic fac­
tors: macroeconomics • economic
study of single factors: microeconom­
ics • open an economy to competitive
trading: demonopol ize • economic
system allowing unrestricted competi­
tion: free enterprise, free market
. economic system taxing imports to
protect home manufactures: protec­
tionism . economic system control­
ling imports and the export of capital:
siege economy • government eco­
nomic policy of non-intervention:
laissez-fai re • economic plan:
budget • economic plan in which in­
come equals expenditure: balanced
budget • excess of expenses over in­
come: deficit • economic control via
the money supply: monetarism • fi­
nancing of government expenditure
by borrowing: deficit fi nancing
• government expenditure thus fi­
nanced: deficit spending • general
reduction in prices: deflation • per­
ceived need for a commodity: demand
• denoting an economy governed by
consumer demand: demand-led . de­
noting an economy suffering demand­
led inflation: overheated • increase
in economic activity: expansion, re­
covery • period of rapid economic
growth: boom • denoting an econ­
omy unlikely to expand further: ma­
ture • highest level of economic ac­
tivity: peak • temporary decline in
economic activity: recession • sharp
and prolonged decline in economic ac­
tivity: slump . severe and prolonged
decrease of economic activity: depres­
sion . low level of economic activity:
trough • regular alternation of boom
and slump: business cycle, trade
cycle • general increase in prices
with a decrease in the purchasing
111
power of money: inflation • high in­
flation and unemployment coupled
with low demand: stagflation • total
value of goods and services produced:
g ross domestic product • this plus
income from foreign investments:
gross national product . difference
between a state's income and expend­
iture: balance of payments . denot­
ing income from service industries:
invisible • ratio between export and
import prices: terms of trade • dif­
ference between the value of a state's
imports and exports: balance of trade
. excess value of imports over ex­
ports: trade deficit . excess value of
exports over imports: trade surplus
. financial exploitation of dependent
states: colonialism . use of math­
ematics to explain an economic sys­
tem: econometrics � see also infla­
tion
eczema • steroid used tq treat this:
hydrocortisone
edge • adjective: peri pheral . hav­
ing a jagged edge: serrated
edit • edit to remove offensive mater­
ial: bowdlerize, expurgate
education • basic education:
grounding . education of both sexes
together: co-ed ucation • denoting
education aimed at personal fulfil­
ment: li beral . denoting education
for those with learning difficulties: re­
medial • denoting school education
for the under-elevens: primary • de­
noting school education for the over­
elevens: secondary • denoting edu­
cation at university level: tertiary
• education through questioning and
clarification: maieutics • education
through independent study: open
learn ing . official assessment of a
child's special educational needs:
statement • educational require­
ments of those with learning difficul­
ties etc.: special needs • institution
at which one was educated: alma
eczema I education
mater • person or institution offer­
ing intensive preparation for examin­
ations: crammer • organized series
of lessons: course • intensive course
of study: crash course • machine
glVmg programmed instruction:
teaching machine • independent
unit of study: module • programme
of study: curricu lum, syl labus • cur­
riculum imposed upon state schools:
national curriculum . course alter­
nating between instruction and prac­
tical experience: san dwich course
• course given during the summer
holidays: summer course, summer
school • denoting a course aimed at
theoretical competence: pure • de­
noting a course aimed at practical
utility: applied • denoting a course
embracing several subject-areas:
cross-curricu lar • denoting a course
consisting of a series of independent
study units: modular . denoting an
optional course: elective • denoting a
course revising or updating previ­
ously acquired skills: refresher • ser­
ies of lectures etc. on a topic of cur­
rent public interest: teach-in . fixed
stage in the national curriculum: Key
Stage • school mathematics courses
stressing heuristics and set theory:
new maths . full-time education for
those beyond school age but not at a
university: further education . edu­
cation at university level: hig her edu­
cation . part-time adult education:
continuing education • woman em­
ployed to educate children at home:
governess . day-long release of em­
ployees for education: day release
• extended release of employees for
full-time education: block release
• education conducted by post: cor­
respondence course, d istance learn­
ing • education in household skills:
domestic science • work done by a
student while learning: cou rsework
• assessment of progress throughout
study: continuous assessment
eel I election
o certificate of completed studies: dip­
loma
eel 0 young eel: elver 0 eel split and
cooked: spitchcock
effect o mutual effect: interplay
o indirect effect: knock-on
efficiency 0 analysis of workplace
efficiency: operational research 0 in­
creased efficiency by subdivision of
tasks: d ivision of labour 0 smoothly
efficient: slick 0 designed for effi­
ciency rather than appearance: utili­
tarian
effort 0 requiring much effort: la­
borious 0 make great effort: strive,
struggle
egg o combining forms: 00-, ovi­
o frog or fish eggs: spawn o egg­
shaped: oviform, ovo id • producing
young by means of eggs: oviparous
o set of eggs: cl utch o sit on eggs:
brood 0 (of young) emerge from an
egg: hatch 0 keep eggs warm for
hatching: incu bate 0 artificially con­
trolled hatching environment: hatch­
ery o study and collecting of birds'
eggs: oology o recently hatched ani­
mal: hatch ling o denoting an egg
boiled so that the yolk is dry: hard­
boiled 0 denoting an egg boiled so
that the yolk is runny: soft-boiled
o dish of fried beaten eggs: omelette
o light dish of stiffly beaten egg
whites: souffle 0 Chinese egg dish:
foo yong 0 test eggs for freshness:
candle 0 simmer an egg: coddle
o hardboiled egg fried in sausage
meat: Scotch egg
egg-shaped o adjectives: ova l ,
ovate, ovoid
Egyptian 0 ancient Egyptian ruler:
Pharaoh o territorial division of an­
cient Egypt: nome o ancient Egyp­
tian temple gateway: pylon o ancient
Egyptian picture-writing: hiero­
g lyphs 0 oval plaque for hieroglyphs:
cartouche • ancient Egyptian
112
priestly script using simplified hiero­
glyphs: hieratic 0 ancient Egyptian
script used by the laity, a simplified
form of hieratic: demotic 0 ancient
Egyptian god of the dead: Osiris o an­
cient Egyptian embalmed corpse:
mummy o ancient Egyptian funeral
urn: Canopic jar, Canopic vase 0 an­
cient Egyptian goddess of fertility:
Isis '0 ancient Egyptian god of
mummification: Anubis • ancient
Egyptian god of the sky: Horus o an­
cient Egyptian sun-god: Amun
o ancient Egyptian tomb: mastaba
o ancient Egyptian beetle-shaped gem:
scara b o study o f ancient Egyptian
culture: Egyptology 0 former vice­
roy of Egypt: Khed ive o Egyptian
peasant: fellah (pl. fellahin) 0 Egyp­
tian boat: fell ucca o hot Egyptian
wind: khamsin 0 Egyptian irrigation
device of a bucket on a pole: shadoof
eight o combining form: oct-
o eight-sided figure: octagon • denot­
ing eight parts: octu ple 0 one of eight
offspring born at a birth: octuplet
o ensemble of eight musicians, or
music for them: octet
eighty 0 person in his or her eight­
ies: octogenarian
elaborate 0 pretentiously elabor­
ate: g randiose
elbow 0 prod with the elbow: nudge
o inflammation of elbow tendons: ten­
nis el bow
election o adjectives: elective, elect­
oral • election campaign: hustings
o election for all constituencies: gen­
eral election 0 election for one con­
stituency: by-election o denoting a
constituency won by a small majority:
marginal o denoting a constituency
won by a large majority: safe 0 ma­
nipulation of constituency boundar­
ies: gerrymandering o denoting an
election won by a simple majority:
first past the post . election system
113
distributing seats proportionately to
each party's national share of the poll:
proportional representation • per­
son seeking election: candidate
• propose or enter a candidate: nom­
inate • list of candidates: slate
• ideal set of election candidates:
dream ticket • part of a county or
borough returning a single parliamen­
tary candidate: division, constitu­
ency • area for local election pur­
poses: ward • money paid in by an
election candidate: deposit • refuse
constituency support to one's previ­
ous candidate: deselect • solicit
votes at an election: canvass, elec­
tioneer . politician's mobile head­
quarters for use in election cam­
paigns: battlebus • election meeting:
hustings • official conducting an
election: returning officer . person
supervising the conduct of an elec­
tion: scruti neer . official announce­
ment of an election result: declaration
• study of voting at elections: pseph­
ology � see also vote
electricity • combining form:
electro- (e. g. electroplate) • electri­
city supply: power • make electri­
city: generate . device converting
mechanical energy into electricity:
dynamo, generator • electric gener­
ator using permanent magnets: mag­
neto • electrical conductor wound
round a magnet: winding . denoting
electricity generated by water power:
hydroelectric • electric charge gen­
erated by friction: triboelectricity
• stationary eleGtric charge produced
by friction: static electricity • elec­
tric potential produced by mechanical
stress: piezoelectricity • producing
electricity by temperature differences:
thermoelectric • device converting
solar radiation into electricity: solar
battery, solar ce l l . device convert­
ing quantitative physical changes into
an electric s ignal, or vice versa: trans­
ducer . device storing an electric
electricity I electricity
charge: capacitor, condenser • na­
tional electricity supply network:
grid, national g rid • tall support for
grid cables: pylon • person repairing
electric power lines: l i nesman
• equipment reducing grid voltages to
domestic levels: su bstation . appar­
atus changing alternating-current
voltages: transformer • sudden in­
crease in voltage or current: surge
• electric supply failure: blackout,
outage • interruption of electricity
supply to prevent generator overload:
l oad-shedding . terminate an elec­
tric supply: cut off • complete closed
path for electric current: circuit . ef­
fect of a sudden electrical discharge
upon a person or animal: electric
shock, shock • electric shocks ad­
ministered to treat mental illness:
electroconvulsive therapy • light­
sensitive electric cell: electric eye,
photoelectric cell • difference in po­
tential causing an electric current:
electromotive force • substance
transmitting electricity: conductor
• substance that does not transmit
electricity: insulator . device sup­
pressing unwanted electrical waves:
filter • flow of electricity: cu rrent
• maximum electric power demand:
peak load • electrical contact set
against a moving part: brush • de­
vice with pins making an electrical
connection: plug • single-pronged
electric plug: jack plug . device re­
ceiving an electric plug: socket • de­
vice making or breaking an electric
circuit: switch • wall plate around an
electric switch: escutcheon • switch
controlling a whole system: master
switch • set of electrical switches:
gang . switch operated by a sprung
lever: tumbler . switches and fuse
boxes where the electrical supply en­
ters a house: consumer unit
• sprung electrical connection clip:
crocodile clip • device varying an
electric light's brightness: dimmer
electric circuit I electronic data
• electrical appliances such as televi­
sions and hi-fi: brown goods • elec­
trical appliances such as refrigerators
and washing machines: white goods
electric circuit • electric circuit
serving several power points: ring cir­
cuit, ri ng main . denoting an inter­
rupted electric circuit: open • com­
plete an electric circuit: close . wire
used to do this: jumper • connect or
disconnect an electrical circuit: trip
• conductor by which electicity enters
or leaves an object: electrode . tem­
porary electrical connection: patch
• board with sockets for this: patch­
board • unwanted electrical connec­
tion, creating a false circuit: short cir­
cuit • aerial short circuit between
two exposed conductors: flashover
• circuit's resistance to alternating
current: impedance . denoting cir­
cuits etc_ which the current enters in
turn: in series . denoting circuits
etc_ which the current enters simul­
taneously: in parallel • thin wire
breaking an overloaded electric cir­
cuit: fuse
electric current • complete closed
path for electric current: circuit • dif­
ference in potential causing an elec­
tric current: electromotive force
• sudden increase in electric current:
surge • denoting an electric current
having frequent and regular reverses
of direction: a lternating • denoting
an electric current flowing in one dir­
ection: direct • apparatus converting
direct into alternating current: in­
verter • apparatus converting alter­
nating into direct current: rectifier
• instrument controlling an electric
current by varying the resistance:
rheostat • instruments measuring
electric currents: ammeter, galvan­
ometer • maximum current taken by
a device: load ing • change an alter­
nating current to direct: commutate
• electrode device used to generate
electric current: cell • device cutting
114
off an electric current: circuit-breaker
• degree to which a substance opposes
the passage of an electric current:
resistance • muscle or nerve sti­
mulation by electric current: electro­
therapy • chemical decomposition by
electric current: electro lysis
electric light • thin wire giving
light in an electric light bulb: filament
• glass container for an electric light
filament: envelope • electric light
bulb with translucent glass: pearl
bulb • electric light fitting with two
small projecting pins: bayonet fitting
• device receiving an electric light fit­
ting: socket
electric wire • electric wire:
cable, lead . long-distance electric
cable: transmission l i ne • national
network of these: grid • electric wire
providing heat: element • electric
wire providing light: fi lament • elec­
tric wire running to the ground: earth
• ducting for electric cable: shaft
• towerlike structure carrying cables
above the ground: pylon
electrode • positively charged elec­
trode: anode • negatively charged
electrode: cathode • electrode device
used to generate electric current: cell
electronic data • electronic data
gathering: data capture • denoting
data in a form a computer can pro­
cess: machine-readable • basic data
unit: word • identifying character
appended to a data item: tag • part of
a computer record allocated to a par­
ticular data item: field • connected
set of data items: record • data stored
under a particular name: file • group
of records processed together: batch
• field identifying a record: key
• data's consistency and freedom from
corruption: integ rity . device dis­
playing data on a screen: visual dis­
play unit • data shown on a com­
puter screen: display • section of
U5 electronic data I electronic data

stored data displayable onscreen at unauthorized access to data: hack

one time: page • steady rolling up or • destroy data in a computer's mem­
down through displayed data: scroll­ ory: delete, erase • cancel a deletion:
ing • printout of computer data: unde lete . destroy data by entering
hardcopy . onscreen display of data: new data in its place: overwrite • pre­
soft copy • electronic data sorting: vent this: write-protect • small data
data processing • operate on data by loss due to disk flaw: dropout . make
means of a program: process • de­ data available to several users simul­
fined structure for data processing, taneously: multicast . data path be­
storage, or display: fo rmat . com­ tween computer components: bus
puter part storing memory
data: • high speed data connection: local
• flat plate for data storage: disk bus • rules for electronic
• copy data t o a storage location: save transmision of data between devices:
• copy or transfer data: read • trans­ protocol . standard signals regulat­
fer data to the memory: load, write ing data transfer: handshaki n g . de­
• send data to an intermediate store: noting the transfer of data as a single
spool • compact data for storage: sequence of bits: serial • continuous
compress • immediate access to the flow of data: stream • denoting sys­
data sought: d i rect access • access tems processing data as it is gener­
to data requiring file readthrough: se­ ated: real-time • single scan through
quential access • time taken to find a set of data: pass • block of data
stored data: seek time • discovery of transmitted across a network: packet
a sought data item: hit • re-express • separate data into such units:
data for use with a different program packetize • mode of data transmis­
or system: convert • hierarchic ar­ sion by packets: packet switching
rangement of data: nesti ng • copy • rules governing electronic transmis­
data to a second location: back-up, sion of data: protocol • total of the
dump . duplicate storage of data: digits in an item of electronic data:
mi rroring • copy data from one com­ checksum • alter data to minimize
puter system to another: down load storage space: compress • restore
• transfer data to a larger computer such data to a machine-readable state:
system: upload • obtain electronic decom press . denoting data com­
data: interrogate, retrieve . struc­ pression discarding inessential infor­
tured data held in a computer: mation: lossy . microchip com­
database . corpus of data formed pressing and decompressing data:
from several databases: databank co dec • data link allowing simultan­
• company's management database: eous updates: hot link . long-distance
data warehouse • creating new data­ transmission of computerized infor­
bases from existing database material: mation: telematics • study of elec­
data mining _ database structured to tronic data processing for storage and
recognize relations between stored retrieval: information science, infor­
items: relational database . restore mation tech nology, i nfo rmatics
a database to its previous state: roll­ • introduce errors to a program or
back • browser program acessing a database: corrupt • error or fault
large database: navigator • storage causing loss of data: hard erro r
device allowing data access from any • piece o f computer code that can cor­
available disk: jukebox • denoting rupt or destroy data: virus • legal
data on free access: unprotected • re­ controls over use of electronic data:
strict access to data: protect • gain data protection
elec tron i c mail I emotion
electronic mail . processing elec­
tronic mail: messaging • abusive
electronic-mail message: flame
electronics . electronic aviation
equipment: avionics • electronic cir­
cuit formed on a small piece of semi­
conducting material: integrated cir­
cuit . integrated circuit containing
all the functions of a computer's cen­
tral processing unit: microprocessor
• electronic keyboard able to produce
many different types of pitched sound:
synthesizer . electronic device at­
tached for monitoring purposes: tag
• electronic remote control of ma­
chines: teleoperation • restore an
electronic signal to intelligible form:
descramble • semiconductor used in
electronics: transistor • denoting
technology based on solid semicon­
ductors: solid-state • minor printed
circuit board: daug hterboard . semi­
conducting wafer in an integrated cir­
cuit: chip, mi croch i p . denoting an
electron emitted at high temperat­
ures: therm ionic • technology com­
bining electronics and mechanics:
mechatronics
elegance . stylish elegance: chic
• over-elaborate elegance: chichi
. simple and elegant: clean . slim
and elegant: svelte • elegant bodily
movements: deportment
element • chemical element pres­
ent or required in minute amounts:
trace element . radioactive form of
an element: isotope, radioisotope
• smallest particle of a chemical elem­
ent that can participate in chemical
reactions: atom • table of the chem­
ical elements arranged by atomic
number: periodic table • vertical col­
umn in this: g roup • horizontal row
in this: period
elephant • adjective:
elephantine
• young elephant: calf • prehistoric
elephant: mam moth . savage ele­
phant living apart from the herd:
rogue elephant • frenzied state of
116
rutting male elephants: m ust • ele­
phant's long projecting tooth: tusk
. elephant driver: mahout . seat on
elephant's back: howdah
eleven • combining form: hendeca-
• eleven-sided figure: hendecagon,
· u ndecagon . verse of eleven syl-
lables: hendecasyllable
elf • elf said to do housework:
brownie • elf in Irish folklore: lepre-
chaun . elf in German folklore: ko-
bold
elm • fungal disease of elm trees:
Dutch elm d i sease
embarrass • embarrassment at
one' s appearance or actions: self­
consciousness • embarrassing re­
mark or act: betise, faux pas, gaffe
• avoiding embarrassment: discreet
emblem . Celtic three-legged em-
blem: triskelion • Nazi emblem:
swastika • company emblem: logo
em broidery . piece of embroidery
done as a specimen of skill: sampler
. ornamental embroidery with draw­
ing out of threads: d rawn-th read­
work . embroidery with parts cut
out: cutwo rk • embroidery worked
over canvas: needlepoint . canvas
embroidery of diagonal stitches: petit
point . thin twisted embroidery
yarn, or the embroidery made with it:
crewel • small loop of twisted thread:
picot • embroidery stitch forming
X: cross-stitch • circular frame hold-
ing embroidery taut: tambour
em bryo . membrane surrounding
the embryo: chorion • outermost
layer of embryonic tissue: ectoderm
• innermost layer of embryonic tis­
sue: endoderm . test-tube develop-
ment of embryos: ectoge nesis
emigration • emigration of intellec-
tuals: bra i n d rain • emigrants from a
particular nation: d iaspora
emotion • violent emotional attack:
hysteria, pa roxysm . feeling emo­
tion: passible, sentimental • show-
117
ing no emotion: im passive, self­
contro lled • emotional shock:
trauma • emotional tension: stress
• emotional release in response to a
moving work of art: catharsis • attri­
bution of human emotions to animals
and things: pathetic fall acy
em peror • adjective: im perial . em­
peror of Germany: Kaiser • emperor
of Japan: M i kado . emperor of Rus­
sia: Tsar
empire . adjective: im perial
employee • employee's improper
behaviour: m iscond uct . list of em­
ployees and their wages: payroll
• temporary or permanent discharge
of workers: lay-off • rate at which
employees leave and are replaced:
turnover . loss of employees due to
resignation and retirement: natural
wastage, wastage
employment • short experience of
' graving using a waxed plate: etching,
employment arranged fo r school­
leavers: work expe rience • out of em­
ployment: unwaged
em pty • empty-headed: vaca nt,
vacuous
enamel • decorative enamel inlay:
champleve • decorative enamels sep­
arated by wire: cloisonne
enclosure • enclosure for keeping
birds: avia ry • trackside enclosure
where competitors assemble: pad­
dock
end • combining forms: tel ( e ) - (pur­
pose, e.g. telelology). acro- (tip, e.g.
acronym) • ftnai outcome: denoue­
ment • disappointing end or out­
come: anticlimax . put an end to:
scotch • bring to a gradual end:
wind up • ending point: term inus ad
quem
endless • endlessly: ad infi nitum
end of the world • theological
study of the end of the world: eschat-
emperor I enough
ology • time of j udgement then:
doom sday
enemy • adjective: inimical . per­
son voluntarily assisting enemy occu­
pying forces: collaborator, quisling
energy • tiny discrete amount of en­
ergy: quantum (pl. quanta) . energy
derived from renewable non-nuclear
sources: alternative energy . energy
derived from movement: kinetic en­
ergy • emission of energy as electro­
magnetic waves or moving particles :
radiation
engagement . man engaged to be
married: fiance . woman engaged to
be married: fiancee
engineer • engineer designing and
building roads etc.: civil engineer
English • combining form: Anglo­
• English-speaking: anglophone
engraving • adjective: glyptic . en­
cerography • etching technique
using resin and varnish to produce
shaded areas: aquatint . engraving
without acid: d ry point • engraving
by incised lines: line engraving • en­
graving effect achieved by many small
dots: stipple • engraved or incised
design: i ntaglio • engraving from a
plate partly roughened and partly
smooth: mezzotint • engrave a de­
sign on metal: chase • steel engrav­
ing tool: burin • art of gem engrav­
ing: glyptography • black compound
set in engraved metal: niello .. see
also illustration
enjoy • enjoy without hurrying: sa­
vour
enlarge • enlarge by internal
stretching: distend
enlightenment • theological term
in Buddhism or Hinduism: n i rvana
enough • be enough: suffi ce
. more than enough: superfl uous
enquiry I entrails 118

enquiry • denoting a process o f en­ simultaneously: one-man band I

quiry conducted by negation: apo­ • medieval singer: m i n strel, trouba- I

phatic • denoting a process of en­ dour • performer in popular enter­

quiry conducted by affirmation: tainment: artiste • performer in
cataphatic highbrow entertainment: artist
ensemble • ensemble of two per­ • pair of entertainers working to­
formers, or the music for them: duo gether: double act
• ensemble
•
o f three performers, or the entertainment entertainment
trio •
• enter­
music for them: ensemble of industry: show business
four performers, or the music for tainment consisting of different kinds
them: quartet • ensemble of five per­ of act: variety • entertainment of
formers, or the music for them: q uin­ singing to a recorded accompaniment:
tet • ensemble o f s i x performers, or
karaoke • entertainment by taking
the music for them: sextet • ensem­
one's clothes off: striptease • enter­
ble of seven performers, or the music
tainment using sound and lighting
for them: se ptet • ensemble of eight
effects upon an architectural back- '
performers, or the music for them:
ground: son et l u m iere . light the­
octet • ensemble of instruments of a
atrical entertainment with topical
single type: choir • small ensemble
satire:revue • popular variety enter- I
playing early music: consort • small
tainment: m usic hall • variety enter- �
ensemble playing popular music:
tainment with topical satire: revue 1
•
• theatrical Christmas show: panto- 1
combo, g roup arrangement of a
piece of music for ensemble or orches­
mime • comic entertainment based
tral use: orchestration • play several
on vigorous horseplay: slapstick
instruments in an ensemble: double
• military entertainment with demon-
enter • impossible t o enter: impene­ strations of skill: tattoo • public i
trable entertainment or social activities q
entertainer . very famous enter­ available at night: nightl ife • enter- \'

tainer: megastar • entertainer tell­ tainment with two items: double bill
ing j okes: comedian (fem. comedi­ • entertainment with an educational
enne) • denoting a comedian purpose: edutain ment, infotainment
entertaining a live audience: sta nd­
enthUsiast • extreme enthusiast: ·
up • male entertainer impersonating
fanatic, monoman iac, zealot • en­
a woman: d rag queen • entertainer ·
thusiast for some activity: fancier
twisting his or her body: contortion­
• foolishly enthusiastic: gung-ho
ist • entertainer demonstrating skill
• vigorous enthusiasm: verve, zest
in escaping: escapologist • enter­
• stimulate enthusiasm: motivate
tainer performing elaborate gymnas­
• showing little enthusiasm:
tic feats: acrobat • entertainer walk­
ing a tightrope: funambul ist warm
• entertainer passing a sword blade entire • combining forms: pan- (e.g.
down his or her throat: sword­ pan-Islamic)
swallower . entertainer seeming to
entity • some further unspecified en- "
make his or her voice come from a
tity: tertium quid
dummy: ventri loquist • mUSICIan
who entertains in the street: busker entrails • take o u t entrails: disem-

• musician making snakes sway to his bowel, eviscerate • eviscerate a :

or her tunes: snake charmer deer: gralloch • eviscerate a fish:
• busker playing several instruments clea n , gut • eviscerate a fowl: draw
119
environment • combining form:
eco- • social environment: milieu
• environmentally aware: green . in­
creased environmental awareness:
green revo l ution . watch for threats
to the environment: doo mwatch
• presence of harmful substances in
the environment: pollution • ani­
mal's or plant's natural environment:
habitat • happening in its natural en­
vironment: in vivo • study of the
interaction of living organisms and
their environment: eco logy . revers­
ing environmental damage:
remediation
enzyme . combining forms: zym-,
-ase • mixture of enzymes used in al­
coholic fermentation: zymase
epi lepsy • adjective: epi leptic
• serious form of epilepsy: g rand mal
. minor form of epilepsy: petit mal
• causing epilepsy: epileptogenic
• epileptic fit: seizure • violent
movements in epileptic fitS: convul­
sions . person suffering from epi­
lepsy: epileptic • drug preventing or
moderating epileptic fits: anticonvul­
sant
epoch . adjective: epochal
equal • combining form: equi-, iso­
(e. g. isosceles) . with sides of equal
length: eq u i lateral . equal in power
or importance: equipollent • equal­
ity of pay or status: pa rity • person of
equal status: peer • on an equal
basis: pari passu • other things
being equal: ceteris paribus
equality . adjective: egalitarian
equation • equations sharing un­
knowns with identical values: simul­
taneous equations . move to the
other side of an equation: trans pose
. quantity to be found by solving an
equation: unknown
equator . adjective: eq uatorial
equinox • adjective: equi noctial
• progressively earlier occurrence of
the equinoxes: precession
e nvironment I essence
equipment . equipment in a speci­
fied area of expertise: armament­
arium . complete equipment: pan­
oply • miscellaneous equipment:
paraphernalia • setting up equip­
ment for use: i nsta llation
erase • erase data from an elec­
tronic medium: wipe • impossible to
erase: indeli ble
Eros • Latin name: Cupid
erosion • landscape levelling
through erosion: planation • proj ect­
ing wall or fence to limit sea's erosion
of coast: groyne • minimization of
erosion by ploughing along contours:
contour plou g h i ng
error • error in logic: fa llacy
• grammatical error: solecism
• error alleged to reveal subconscious
feelings: Freudian Slip . capable of
error: fa llible • incapable of error:
foolproof, i nfa l l i ble • correct
someone's mistaken impression: u n­
d eceive • list of errors in a book etc.:
corrigenda, errata . opaque fluid to
obliterate written errors: co rrection
fl uid
escape . person who entertains
audiences by demonstrating his or
her skill in escaping from confine­
ment: esca pologist • place for escap­
ing or hiding: bolt-hole
escort • female escort for young
woman: cha perone, duenna • male
escort for older woman: gigolo
Eskimo . Eskimo inhabitant of the
islands off Alaska: Aleut • Eskimo
inhabitant of northern Canada or
Greenland: Inuit . Eskimo canoe:
kayak . Eskimo ice-house: ig loo
• Eskimo sledge-dog: husky, mala­
m ute . command to this: mush!
essay . academic essay: d isserta­
tion, paper, memoir, thesis
essence • denoting things having
the same essence: consubsta ntial
esse ntial I evolution
essential • essential oil of rose
petals: attar . not essential: extrin-
sic
estate • estatemanager: land
agent, (in Scotland) factor • colonial
estate growing sugar, coffee, etc.: plan­
tation • plantation owner or man­
ager: planter • enclosed pasture and
woodland round a country mansion:
park
estimate • one who provides a de­
tailed estimate of the cost of a pro­
posed building project: qu antity sur­
veyor • estimate unknown results by
analogy with those already observed:
extrapolate
ethics . theory that acts are j usti­
fied solely by their usefulness, or the
pleasure they create: util itaria nism
• theory that moral truths exist inde­
pendently of any knowledge of them:
objectivism • theory that moral
truths are culturally determined: rela­
tivism • theory that several moral
systems may coexist: ethical plural­
ism • theory that pleasure is the
highest good: hedonism . ethics of
medical and biological research: bio­
ethics • imagined unchanging and
universal system of ethical principles:
natural law • abandonment of ethical
standards: anomie
etiquette . required by etiquette:
de rigueu r • subtlepoint of etiquette:
nicety
Europe . combining form: Euro­
. European main­
(e.g. Eurocentric)
land as viewed from Britain: the
Continent
European U nion • bureaucrat of
the European Union: Eu rocrat . per­
son unenthusiastic about the Euro­
pean Union: Eurosceptic • official
monetary unit of the European Union:
ecu • proposed single currency for
the European Union: Eurocurrency
evaporate . liable to rapid evapor­
ation: volati le
120
evasion . evasive talk: circum locu­
tion, equivocation
evening . period of evening twi­
light: dusk
event · • important event: occasion,
land mark, milestone . summer out­
door fund-raising event: fete • event
inexplicable by scientific laws: mir­
acle • number participating in an
event: turnout . person seeing an
event take place: witness • place
where an event is held: ven ue . pos­
sible sequence of events: contingency,
scenario • series of events, each trig­
gered by its predecessor: chain reac­
tion • first of a series of events:
opener • related events adding sig­
nificance to that under consideration:
context • wisdom after the event:
hin dsight
ever . for ever: ad infinitum
every • combining form: pan- (e.g.
pansexual)
everywhere . combining forms:
omni-, per • found everywhere:
omni present, pervasive, ubiqu itous
evidence • adjective: evidential
• evidence given under oath: depos­
ition • lying evidence: perj u ry . evi­
dence given by an accused person
against his accomplices: Queen's (or
King's) evidence . denoting legally
acceptable evidence: admissible
• denoting evidence proving guilt:
damning . denoting evidence con­
sistent with, but not proving, the ac­
cusation: circumstantial • object
shown in court as evidence: exhibit
evil • wishing to do evil: malevolent,
malicious, malign, nefarious
• averting evil: apotropaic . declare
to be evil: denounce • portray as
evil: demon ize
evolution • evolution of one species
to resemble another: mimicry
• major evolutionary change: macro­
evolution • Darwinian model of evo-
121 examination I exercise
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lution: natural selection, survival of excavation . refiling of excav­

the fittest ations with waste material: landfill
• refill an excavation with the mater­
examination . combining forms:
ial dug from it: backfill
-opsy (e.g. biopsy) , -scopy (e.g. en­
doscopy) • examination of financial exceedingly . combining forms:
accounts: audit . examination of a super- (e.g. supersensitive), u ltra­
substance to determine its constitu­ (e. g. ultra-polite)
ents: qual itative analysis • examin­ excessive . excessive supply: glut
ation of a substance to determine the • use of more words than are needed:

proportion of its constituents: quanti­ pleonasm

tative analysis • spoken academic excessively • combining forms:
examination: oral, viva, viva voce hyper-, over- (e.g. overfull), pleo­
• practice examination: mock • oral • excessively critical: hypercritical

examination of an applicant: inter­ exchange • mutual exchange: reci-

view • school-leaving examination in proc ity
certain countries: bacca laureate •
excitement thrill of excitement:
e level of a music examination: grade
frisson
• person taking an examination: can­
excrement • combining forms:
didate • supervisor of per\,ons taking
copro-, scato- (e.g. scatology) . eat­
a written examination: i nvigilator
ing excrement: coprophagous . ex­
• denoting an examination question
crement of seabirds sold as a fertil­
offering several possible answers:
izer: guano • receptacle for
mu lti ple-choice • set of examination
bedridden persons' excreta: bedpan
questions: paper • instruction on an
execution • execution as a punish-
examination paper: rubric . candi­
date's completed examination paper: ment: death penalty . official order
script . examiner ensuring consist­ for this: death warrant . chair for
ent marking: moderator . examin­ execution by electric shock: electric
ation grade denoting a fail: unclassi­ chair . apparatus for execution by
hanging: gallows, gibbet • appar­
fied • medical examination of a
autopsy, atus for execution by strangling: gar­
corpse: post-mortem
rotte • French beheading machine:
• medical examination of tissue from
guil lotine • platform for public exe­
a living body: biopsy • body examin­
cutions: scaffold . post for display of
ation by touch: pal pation . machine
executed persons: g i bbet
examining the ' body by radiation,
exercise • exercises for fitness and
ultrasound, etc.: scanner • image
produced by such a machine: scan strength: physical training . exer­
• theological examination of a heretic:
cises for strength and good appear­
inqu isition . mental examination of ance: call isthenics . exercises in­
one's thoughts: introspection creasing bodily oxygen intake:
aerobics • aerobics performed in
example • perfect example: arche­ water: aquarobics . exercises using
type, epitome, ne plus ultra, para­ counterbalanced muscles: isometrics
gon, prototype, qui ntessence • exercise of gentle running: jogging
• prime example: byword • example • exercise of raising the prone body by
to be imitated: object lesson, para­ arm pressure: press-up • exercise of
digm, pattern, role model . example raising oneself to an overhead bar:
cited to justify similar action: prece­ pull-up • Chinese exercise systems:
dent . cite as an example: adduce t'ai chi ch'uan, qigong . system of
exhaust I explosive
exercise based on Hindu principles:
yoga . series of exercises: circuit
• exercise course with physical obs­
tacles to be negotiated: assault
course • session of vigorous physical
exercise: workout • exercise involv­
ing alternate slow and fast work: fart­
lek, wind sprint . preliminary exer­
cises: limbering up, warm-up
• concluding exercises: cooldown,
warm-down
exhaust • purifier of vehicle ex­
haust gases: catalytic converter
exhaustion • inexplicable persist­
ent exhaustion: chronic fatigue syn­
drome, myalgic encephal itis
exhibition • exhibition showing
work from various periods in an art­
ist's life: retrospective • item assem­
bled at the exhibition venue: installa­
tion . exhibition preview for invited
guests: private view, vern issage
• temporary housing for an exhib­
ition: pavi lion
existence • combining form: onto­
(e.g. ontology) • existing situation:
status quo . having no physical ex­
istence: in corporeal . no longer ex­
isting: defunct
expect • disconcert by an unex-
pected act: wrong-foot
expel • combiningform: -fuge (e.g.
febrifuge) . expel someone from a
property: evi ct • expel a foreigner:
deport
expense • minor expenses: inciden­
tals • basic expense of keeping a firm
running: oncost, operati ng ex­
penses, overheads • expensive­
looking: sumptuous
experience • experience in hand­
ling tricky social or business situ­
ations: savoir fa ire • denoting some­
one experienced in coping with
modern urban life: streetwise • a
short but unpleasant experience:
mauvais quart d'heure • derived
from experience rather than logic:
122
empirical . experienced at second
hand: vicarious
experiment • experimental ideas
in th� arts, or the people practising
them: avant-garde • experiments
performed on living animals: vivisec­
tion . procedures of a scientific ex­
periment: protocol • exact repetition
of an experiment: re plication • sam­
ple for experimentation: specimen
• bacteria etc. grown for experimenta­
tion: culture • item analogous to
those experimented upon, and ob­
served for comparison: control
expert . combining forms: -ician
(e. g. statistician), -ist . expert in a
stated field: boffi n, buff . person
competent in several fields: generalist
• aesthetic expert: connoisseur • ex­
pert in church law: canonist • panel
of experts: brains trust • group of ex­
perts advising those in power: think
tank . non-expert: layman
explanation • provisional explan­
ation: hypothesis . explanation of a
difficult word in a text: gloss • ex­
planation harder to understand than
the problem: ig notum per ignotius
explode • make explode: detonate
explosive • nitroglycerine explo­
sive: dynamite • explosive made of
nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose: gel­
ignite . powerful odourless plastic
explosive: Semtex ™ • explosive
made of saltpetre, sulphur, and char­
coal: gunpowder . explosive mater­
ial in a missile's warhead: payload
• explosive charge to propel a rocket:
propellant • explosive railway warn­
ing device: detonator • denoting am­
munition containing explosive: l ive
• device activating an explosive: det­
onator, fuse . hole bored to take ex­
plosive: blast hole, shot hole
• sharp-ended bar drilling blast holes:
j u m per • explosive situation: powder
keg, tinderbox
123
. . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... ................. . .. ........ ............. . .
extent • extent of one's operations
or power: ambit
extermination • extermination of
an entire nation or people: genocide,
holocaust
external . combining forms: ecto­
(e.g. ectogenesis), exo- (e. g. exoskel­
eton), out- (e.g. outbu ildings)
extra . combiningforms: super- (e.g.
su persensitive),
polite)
extreme . combining form: ultra­
(e.g. ultramicroscopic)
eye . combining forms: ocul-,
ophthalmo- . adjectives: ocular, oph­
thalmic, optic • eye with a streaked
or opaque white iris: wall eye • white
outer layer of the eye: sclera . trans­
parent layer at the front of the eye:
cornea • coloured area round the
pupil: i ris • dark opening at the cen­
tre of an eye: pupil • transparent tis­
sue filling the eyeball: vitreous hu­
mour . light-sensitive area at the
back of the eye: retina • inflamma­
tion of the retina: retinitis • retinal
cell responding to bright light and
colour: cone • retinal cell respond­
ing to dull light: rod • point on the
retina insensitive to light: blind spot
• mucous membrane covering the eye:
conjunctiva • inflammation of this:
conjunctivitis . lack of eye pigmen­
tation: albinism . distortion of the
eye, giving partly unfocused images:
astigmatism • increased pressure in
the eye, causing blindness: gla ucoma
extent I eyelid
• opaqueness of the lens, giving
blurred vision: cataract • adjust­
ment of the lens to focus: accommo­
dation . dark specks floating before
the eyes: muscae volitantes • in­
flammation of the eye: ophthalmia,
ophthalmitis . yellowing of the eye:
jaund ice • rapid involuntary eye
movement: nystagmus • denoting
eyes with poor sight: dim • medical
ultra- (e. g. ultra­ specialist for vision problems: ocul ist,
optician • assessment of eyesight
and correction of its defects: optom­
etry • study and treatment of eye dis­
eases: ophthalmology . device for
inspecting the retina: ophthalmo­
scope • for or by one eye: mo nocu­
lar . for or by two eyes: binocular
• double vision: diplopia . look dir­
ectly into someone's eyes: make eye
co ntact • visible to the naked eye:
macrosco pic • small cup for wash­
ing the eyes: eyebath • Arab eye
make-up: kohl • horse's eye-screen:
blinker . eye tooth: canine . an eye
for an eye: lex talionis
eyebrow . adjective: supercil iary
eyelash • adjective: ciliary • eye-
lash cosmetic: mascara
eyelid . combining form: blephar­
• adjectives: ciliary, pal pebral • inner
eyelid in certain animals: nictitating
mem brane, third eyelid . this in
dogs or cats: haw . drooping of the
upper eyelid: ptosis • inflammation
of the eyelid: blepharitis • inflamed
swelling on the edge of an eyelid: sty,
stye
Ff
fabric • woven fabric: textile • fab­
rics in standard lengths: piece goods
• strong fabric for belts etc. : webbing
• thick fabric for carpets and uphol­
stery: moq uette • high quality cloth­
ing fabric: broadcloth • fabric made
from fine smooth wool: worsted
• wide-meshed fabric: fishnet
• printed fabric for curtains and up­
holstery: chi ntz • fabric with woven
pictures or designs: tapestry . fabric
made of two or more different yarns:
union • thin transparent fabric:
gauze • denoting a thin transparent
fabric: diaphanous, sheer, translu­
cent • denoting a loosely woven fab­
ric: open • denoting a fabric faced on
both sides: reversible • denoting an
undyed fabric: natu ral . denoting a
fabric with warp and weft of different
colours: shot • denoting a fabric
washed with abrasives: stonewashed
• denoting a fabric not needing iron­
ing: d rip-d ry • denoting a fire­
resistant fabric: flameproof, non­
fl ammable • denoting fabric with a
worn surface: threadbare • long­
napped fabric: plush • towelling fab­
ric with long uncut loops: terry . fab­
ric with a surface of diagonal ridges:
twi ll . such a ridge: wale • fabric
woven from flax: l i nen • fine trans­
parent cotton or linen: lawn • coarse
fabric woven from flax or hemp: sack­
cloth . fabric with a glittering metal­
lic thread: lu rex • fabric with gold or
silver threads: lame • textile re­
inforced by embedded glass filaments:
fi breg lass, glass fibre • thin silk or
crepe fabric: georgette • silk fabric
with a rippled effect: moire, moire ,
watered • thin stiff transparent silk
fabric: organza . light transparent
silk or nylon fabric: chiffon • fine
crisp lustrous silk: taffeta • fiJ;le soft
silk fabric: sarsanet • glossy silk fab­
ric: satin • closely woven silk, cotton
or nylon with a soft pile on one side:
velvet • kind of linen with an in­
woven pattern: damask • smooth
hard-wearing linen fabric: holland
• cotton or linen fabric woven with a
diamond pattern: diaper • strong
rough cotton or linen: huckaback
• heavy cotton waterproofed with oil:
oilskin • heavy printed cotton fabric:
cretonne • printed puckered cotton
fabric: seersucker • hard-wearing
blue cotton fabric: denim, jean
• coarse twilled cotton or linen: drill
• thick ribbed cotton fabric: cordu roy
. fine twilled cotton: chino . strong
untwilled cotton: duck • unbleached
cotton: calico • thin loosely woven
cotton: cheesecl oth . smooth twil­
led cotton or worsted: gaberdene
• cotton fabric woven with stripes or
checks: dim ity . cotton fabric with
bold checks: gingham . napped cot­
ton fabric: f1annellette • light
flannellette: winceyette • light cotton
fabrics: jaconet, muslin • fine trans­
lucent cotton muslin: organdie
. light cotton with a corded surface:
poplin • soft ribbed cotton fabric:
cand lewick • cotton got up to resem­
ble satin: sateen . coarse thick­
napped woollen fabric: duffel • fine
woollen suiting: barathea • tartan
twilled wool: plaid • rough woollen
fabric in a speckled weave: tweed
• soft napped woollen fabric: flan­
nel • strong twilled woollen fabric:
serge • twilled worsted or cotton:
gaberd i n e • strong fabric of wool
and cotton or linen: wincey . coarse
125
hemp or flax fabric: canvas . coarse
jute or hemp fabric: hessian • strong
rough hessian: scrim • coarsely
woven fabric used as a floor-covering:
drugget • fabric or yarn from angora
goat hair: mohair • tufty velvety fab­
ric: chenille • fabric used for dress­
ing wounds: lint • elasticated polyur­
ethane material: elasta ne • synthetic
resin used to make synthetic textile
fibres: polyester • cellulose used to
make synthetic textile fibres: rayon
• synthetic polymer used to make syn­
thetic textile fibres: nylon • recycled
fabric: mungo • piece of fabric cover­
ing the head: kerchief • strip of fab­
ric worn inside an open-necked shirt:
cravat • strip of fabric inserted to en­
large or strengthen a garment: gusset
• soft fabric used to pad a garment:
wadding • triangular piece of fabric:
gore . strip of gathered fabric: frill
• side of fabric intended for display:
right side • fabric scraps for stuffing
cushions etc. : flock . raised threads
on a fabric surface: nap, pile • small
hole in fabric for a lace: eyelet . edge
on fabric to prevent unravelling: selv­
edge . shop selling fabrics: drapery
• fabric sample: swatch • wrap in
several layers of fabric: swathe
face • adjective: facial . facial fea­
tures: physiognomy • appearance of
facial skin: complexion • facial
wrinkle: crow's-foot • red facial pim­
ples during adolescence: acne . in­
voluntary facial twitch: tic • denot­
ing an expressive face: mobile . with
an unexpressive face: deadpan, in­
scruta ble, poker-faced • disease
causing facial swelling: mumps
• solid representation of a face: mask
• cosmetic improving facial skin: face
mask, face pack • picture of
someone's face composed from photo­
graphs of others: photofit
faced . combining forms: -hedral
(e.g. decahedral), -hedron (e.g. deca­
hedron; pl. -hedra)
face I fair
facil ity • basic physical facilities:
infrastructure
facing • combining form: -ward (e.g.
southward) • lying facing down­
wards: prone • lying facing upwards:
supine
fact • adjective: factual . an un­
alterable fact: fait accompli, don nee
• unpleasant fact about oneself: home
truth • basic facts about a subject: ru­
d iments . facts known only by re­
port: hearsay • in actual fact: de
facto • assume as a fact: posit
factor • key factor: determ inant
faeces • combining form: copro­
• piece of faeces: stool • small round
piece of animal faeces : pel let • eating
faeces: coprophagous, scatopha­
gous • discharge faeces from the
body: defecate, evacuate . such an
event: movement, bowel movement
• discharge of liquid faeces: d iarrhoea
• difficulty in discharging faeces: con­
stipation • pipe taking excrement
and waste water down the side of a
building: soil stack • underground
pipe for excrement and waste water:
sewer • system of sewers: sewerage
• contents of a sewer: sewage • tank
in which sewage is left to decompose:
septic tan k . excrement in a septic
tank: septage • empty the contents
of a chamber pot: slop out • un­
healthy interest in excrement and ex­
cretion: scatology
failure • total failure: fiasco • fail­
ure to fulfil an obligation: default
• proof against failure: fail-safe
• safety mechanism activated by ma­
chine failure: fai l-safe
fair' • permanent outdoor fair­
ground: amusement park • revolv­
ing fairground ride: merry-go-round
• fairground ride with a sharply twist­
ing railway track: roller coaster
• fairground wheel: Ferris wheel
• fairground sideshow in which
motorcyclists ride up the inner side of
a large vertical cylinder: Wall of
Death • tall spiral slide: helter-
skelter • electric bumper car:
dodgem
fa ir' • adjectives: equ itable, eve n­
handed, just • anger at unfair treat­
ment: indig nation • set right an un­
fair situation: redress
fall . fall controlled by gravity only:
free fall
fa lse . combining form: pseud(o)­
• false
fruit: pseudocarp • writings
whose authorship is falsely assigned:
pseudepigrapha
fame • someone or something enjoy­
ing brief fame: n i ne days' wo nder
fam ily • adjective: fam ilial . nar­
rowest family unit, consisting of a
couple and their own children: n u­
clear family • wider family unit, also
including grandparents, uncles, etc. :
extended family • member of one's
extended family: kin, kindred
• group of interrelated families: clan
. within the family: domestic . as a
family: en famille • female side of a
family: d istaff side • male side of
a family: spear side • female head
of a family: materfamilias (pl.
matresfamilias) . male head of a
family: paterfam ilias (pl. patres­
fam il ias) . family descent: l ineage
• reversion to earlier generations:
throwback • person's nearest living
relative: next of kin • descendant of a
notable family: scion . line of des­
cent: stock • family system having
male heads: patriarchy • family sys­
tem having female heads: matriarchy
• denoting a family system counting
descent through the female line:
matril i neal • denoting a family sys­
tem counting descent through the
male line: patri l i neal • diagram
showing relationships in a family:
fam ily tree, genealogy, ped igree,
stemma • this showing the descent
of Christ from Jesse: Jesse tree
• genealogy of a group of gods: the­
ogony • study of family history: ge­
nealogy • state payment to a family
on low income: family credit • pro­
longed and sometimes violent ill-will
betwe en families: feu d , vendetta
• valuable passed on in the family:
heirloom
fantasy • fantasy world: Cockaigne,
cloud cuckoo land, Shangri-La, Uto­
pia, Xanadu • person living in a fan­
tasy world: Walter Mitty
fare • cheap fare: saver • system of
reduced travel fares on offer to those
booking well in advance: Apex
farm • large cattle farm in Canada or
USA: ranch • agricultural holding
smaller than a farm: smallholding
• denoting a farm devoted to milk pro­
duction: dairy . farm store: barn
• farm store with a roof but no walls:
Dutch barn • farm store for grain or
silage: silo . neat cuboid pile of hay
or straw bales: rick, stack • animals
kept on a farm for profit: livestock
• number of livestock on a farm:
headage � see also agricu lture
fashion • current fashion: vogue
• demanded by fashion: de rigueur
• indicating or setting the fashion: dir­
ectional • person or organization
able to influence fashion: taste maker
• wealthy and fashionable people: gl it­
terati, haut monde, high society,
smart set, social ites, society . ac­
ceptability among the urban young:
street credibility • out of fashion:
demode, outmoded, out of date
• deliberate abandonment of current
fashions: reacti o n
fast' • combining form: tachy- (e.g.
tachyg raphy)
fast' • Christian fast before Christ­
mas: Advent • Christian fast before
Easter: Lent • Muslim month-long
fast: Ramadan � see also Lent
fastener • steel band secured by a
screw: Jubilee cli pTM • short wooden
127 fat I feeling

or plastic rod on coats etc.: toggle dark: nyctophobia . fear o f death:

• ornamental toggle with a braided necrophobia • fear of England or the
loop: frog English: Anglophobia . fear of for·
fat • combining forms: li po-, seb(o)­ eigners: xe nophobia o fear of
• metabolic formation of fat: heights: acrophobia • fear of homo­
lipogenesis • cosmetic surgery tech­ sexuals: homophobia o fear of the
nique for sucking fat out from under new or unfamiliar: neophobia • fear
the skin: l i posuction . denoting a of pain: algophobia • fear of public
gland etc. containing or secreting fat places: agoraphobia • fear of
or grease: sebaceous • containing spiders: a rachnophobia • fear of
little or no fat: non-fat • excessively strangers: xenophobia • fear of tech­
fat obese • bodily fat disappearing nology: cyberphobia, techno­
at adolescence: pu ppy fat • hard phobia • fear of the number thir­
white fat round the kidneys: suet teen: triskaidekaphobia • fear of
• fat used for making pastry: shorten­ water: hyd rophobia . fear of wo­
i ng . pig's fat used in cooking: lard men: gynaecophobia, gynophobia
• rendered fat used in candles and • thrill of fear: fri sson • fearful ap­

soap: tal low . melt down fat: render prehension: foreboding

• melt down fat to separnte impur·
feast • adjective: festal • seventh
ities: clarify day after a Church feast: octave
fate . fate in Hindu and Buddhist
feather . fancy feather: plume
karma
thought: • fate in Islamic
• bird's flight feather: pinion . pull
thought:kismet • deserved fate:
the feathers from bird' s carcass:
comeuppance
pluck
father • combining form: patr(i)­
fee • initial fee paid to a barrister: re­
• adjective: paternal • being

someone's father: patern ity • denot­

tainer . further fee paid to a barris­
ter: refresher • fee paid to a celebrity
ing the period during which a father's
child is born: paternity • medical
attending an event: appearance
test to establish fatherhood: paternity money . fee paid to recompense
test • killing one's father: patricide someone doing 'unpaid' work: honor­
arium • percentage fee on business
fault . minor personal fault: foi ble,
transacted: commission • fee paid to
peccad illo • fault-finding: ca ptious,
a n author etc. for copies or recordings
carping, niggling
sold or performances given: royalty
faulty . combining form: dys- (e.g. • legal concept of a 'reasonable' fee for
dysentery), mal- (e. g. malfunction) unpriced goods or services: quantum
Faunus • Greek name: Pan meruit
favour . curry favour: ingratiate feeling . combining form: -pathy
o neself • preferential treatment • feeling that something is about to
given to relatives or friends: nepo­ happen: premonition . friendly feel­
tism ings: goodwi l l • instinctive feeling:
fear . combiningform: -phobia . ex­ i ntuition • widely held feeling:
treme or irrational fear: phobia • un· groundswell • general but unspoken
controllable fear: panic • fear of cats: feeling: undercurrent . general feel­
ailurophobia . fear of computers: ing of contentment: euphoria . feel­
cyberphobia • fear of confined ing of listlessness and apathy: leth­
spaces: claustrophobia • fear of argy . strong feeling of guilt or
corpses: necrophobia • fear of the regret: re morse • feeling of sickness
felloW I fever
or revulsion: nausea 0 general feel­
ing of unease: dysphoria, malaise
o general feeling of inadequacy: infer­
iority complex o rousing intense feel­
ings: emotive 0 provoked by feelings
rather than logic: emotive, subjective
o conveyance of feeling in art or
music: expression 0 bodily move­
ments or posture taken to indicate
thoughts and feelings: body language
o ability to share another's feelings:
empathy o establishment of a close
relationship based on shared feelings:
bonding o able to feel: sentient
o that can be felt: palpable 0 abnor­
mal physical sensation: paraesthesia
o lack of feeling or concern: apathy
o unable to feel: numb
fellow • fellow-countryman: com­
patriot 0 fellow sailor: messmate,
shi pmate
female o combining forms: gyn-,
-ess (e. g. authoress) . -ette (e. g. suffra­
gette) , -trix (e.g. executrix) o female
chromosome: X chromosome 0 med­
ical study of the female body and its
illnesses: gynaecology o female
members of a family: d istaff side
o female principle in Chinese philoso­
phy: yin o female demon seducing
sleeping men: succubus o denoting
descent through the female line:
matril i neal
feminine 0 feminine part of a man's
personality according to Jungian
psychology: anima
fence 0 fence of pointed stakes: pal­
i ng • defensive fence of close-set
stakes: palisade o movable fence sec­
tion: hurdle o openwork fencing: lat­
tice o fencing of stakes interwoven
with branches: wattle o temporary
board fence: hoarding o pointed
wooden fencing stake: picket
o fenced area: compound
fencing o attacking move: lunge,
pass 0 quick evasive movement:
volte 0 quick return thrust: riposte
128
o pretended sword-thrust: feint
_ 0 sword blade from middle to point:
foible o sword blade from middle to
hilt: forte 0 blunted fencing sword:
epee o light blunt-edged fencing
sword : foi l o light tapered fencing
sword: sa bre o knob fixed to a foil
point: button o sword-length fencing
stick: single stick o fencer's face­
cover: mask o fencer's chest·
protector: plastron o fencer's ac­
knowledgement of an opponent's hit:
touche 0 Japanese fencing: ke ndo
fermentation 0 combining form:
zym- 0 enzyme mix used in fermen­
tation: zymase 0 study of fermenta­
tion: zym urgy
fern 0 fern's compound leaf: frond
o study of ferns: pteridology
ferret o male ferret: buck, hob o fe­
male ferret: g i l l 0 young ferret: kit
fetus 0 body fluid surrounding a
fetus: amn iotic fl uid o membrane
surrounding a fetus: amnion, amni­
otic membrane, caul o cord attach­
ing a fetus to the placenta: umbilical
cord 0 denoting a fetus able to sur­
vive outside the womb: viable � see
also birth, childbirth
feudalism 0 feudal duty: fealty
o feudal lord: seigneur o feudal sub­
j ect: liege, vassal o tied tenant: vil­
lein 0 tied labourer: serf 0 grant of
freehold land: feoffment
fever o combining form: febri- o ad­
jective: febrile 0 mosquito-borne
fever: malaria 0 tropical fever with
acute joint pains: dengue o tropical
fever infecting the liver and kidneys:
yellow fever 0 infectious fever with
red spots on the chest and abdomen:
typhoid o typhoid-like fever: paraty- I
phoid 0 infectious fever with delir­
ium and a purple rash: typhus
o fever following childbirth: puer­
peral fever o fever from exposure to
excessive heat: heatstroke, sunstroke
o children's fever with a bright red
129 few I film
..................................... ............. ....................................................... .................. . . . . ....... ..........

rash: scarlet fever, scarlatina mountain and valley pasture: trans­

• children's fever with a raised pink humance
rash: measles • mild form of mea­ fifty • denoting a fiftieth anniver­
sles: German measles 0 children's sary: golden
fever with swelling of the salivary
fight • confused general fight: melee,
glands: mumps • denoting a fever re­
curring every second day: tertian scrimmage • short confused fight:
• denoting a fever recurring every
scuffle, skirmish, tussle • fight be­
tween two persons: single combat
third day: quartan • denoting a fever
• arranged fight between two persons:
with fluctuating body temperatures:
remittent • abatement of a fever:
duel . fighting in a war: action
• ready to fight: pugnacious
defervescence • drug reducing
fever: antipyretic, febrifuge • sudden file • sharp metal rod as a file for
feeling of cold followed by sweating papers: spike . computer file listing
and a sharp temperature increase: other files: directory . computer file
rigor • disturbed mental state caused having no internal hierarchy: flat file
by fever: delirium • kind of fever suf­ • computer file giving font and layout
fered by dogs: distemper settings: style sheet • computer file
containing data representing sound:
few • combining form: m igo- . rule
wavetable • search directions for a
by a select few: oligarchy • intended
file: path • description of a file's
only for the socially select: exclusive
• intended for a small number of ex­
whereabouts: path name • suffix to a
perts: esoteric • market controlled
file name: extension, file extension
• denoting a file a computer can run:
by a few traders: oligopoly
executable • begin access to a com­
fibre • natural fibres used for mats,
puter file: open • text stored in a file :
ropes, and sacks: Manila, jute • slen­
document • record of file contents at
der glass fibres used to transmit light:
a stated time: snapshot • denoting a
fi bre optics search conducted throughout a file:
fiction • fiction set in a context of global • immediate data retrieval
real events: faction . fiction set in a from any part of a computer file: dir­
computer-dominated society: cyber­ ect access • network device control­
punk . fiction parodying the genre's ling file access: fi le server • com­
conventions: metafi cti on • book­ press a computer file for storage: zip
length fictioaal narrative: novel • de­ • link from a hypertext file to another
noting low-life fiction: picaresque file: hyperlink • remove material
• denoting popular or sensational fic­ from a computer file: cut • move ma­
tion: pulp . leading character in a terial within a file or between files:
work of fiction: protagonist . remove cut and paste • storage of a file over
a fictional character in a dramatically scattered segments of the hard disk:
convincing way: write out .. see also fragmentation • end access to a com­
novel, story puter file : close
field • field planted with fruit trees: film • combining form: cine- • adjec­
orchard • field used for grazing: pas­ tive: cin ematic • art of making
ture • field used to make hay: motion-picture films: Cine matog­
meadow • meadow that is periodic­ ra phy • film portraying real events:
ally flooded: water meadow • small documentary • fictional film based
field for horses: paddock • rice field: or real events:docudrama, d rama­
paddy • seasonal alternation of documenta ry • film's slory-line: plot
film I fil m 130

• short film of news and current af­ graph: microfilm • strip at the start
fairs: newsreel • short film or end of a film: leader • amount of
advertizing another: trailer • film de­ film: footage • denoting film insensi­
picting police solving a crime: tive to red: orth ochromatic . denot­
pol icier • bleak and depressing film: ing film sensitive to al colours: pan­
fi lm noir • film with singing and dan­ chromatic • film giving a positive
cing: m usical . continuous amount image directly when processed: rever­
of film shot at one time: take • board sal fi lm • admission of light to a film:
with identificatory details shot at the exposure . long exposure of photo­
start of each clapperboard
take: graphic film: time exposure . sensi­
• short clip • sin­
extract from a film: tivity of film to light: speed • denot­
gle picture in a film: frame . list of ing a film needing only short
contributors to a film: credits • film exposure: fast . film's ability to re­
expert or enthusiast: ci neaste, cine­ spond to light: sensitivity • unused
phile . room or building equipped or unprocessed film: stock, fi lm stock
for filming: studio • area where a • make exposed film show a visible
film is being shot: set • wheeled plat­ image: develop • sportiness of film
form for a film camera: dolly . lift­ image: g rain . device steadying the
able platform for a film or television film as it passes the lens: gate • film
camera: crane • pole projecting the sequence photographed continuously
microphone over a film camera: boom by one camera: shot . end of a film­
• alternation of contrasting shots: ing session: wrap • processed but un­
intercutting • scene reverting to an edited film: rushes . edit or abridge
earlier dramatic time: flashback a film: cut • edited version of a film:
• consistency of detail between filmed cut • film produced by preliminary
scenes: continuity . out-of-studio set­ cutting: rough-cut • section of film
ting for a film scene: location . cre­ omitted in cutting: out-take • move

ation of a film from drawings or abruptly from one film image to an­
models: animation . animated film: other: cut, jump-cut . cinematic ef­
cartoon • filming technique simulat­ fect in which a new scene seems to un­
ing animation: pixilation • computer roll across the screen: wipe
application allowing the combination • cinematic effect in which one scene
of animated and live-action elements: seems to melt into the next: di ssolve
rotoscope • denoting a filming tech­ • end of a scene by gradual darkening
nique of exposing each frame after a of the screen: fade • inclusion of
fixed period: time-la pse • visual or images commenting upon the main
auditory illusions created for a film : action: mo ntage • facility arresting
effects, special effects . miniatur­ the image: freeze-frame . film cap­
ized film set for special effects: dio­ tion: title • caption at the foot · of a
rama . technique using special fil­ film frame: su btitle • strip at the
ters to shoot night scenes in daylight: edge of a film on which the sound is
day-for-night . soundtrack commen­ recorded: soundtrack • give a film a
tary by an unseen narrator: voice­ new soundtrack: dub • music com­
over • list of films: fi lmography posed for a film: score • sequence of
• container for a length of film: cart­ drawings etc. outlining film shots:
ridge, cassette, magazi ne, reel , storyboard • acting text of a film:
spool . flat sheet o f film containing screenplay, script • screenplay in­
microphotographs: microfiche . film cluding camera directions: shooti ng
of which each frame is a microphoto- script • actor's filmed audition:
131
screen test • single continuous spell
of filming: take • person in creative
charge of shooting a film: director
• general manager of a film project:
prod ucer • person in charge of a
film's camerawork: director of pho­
tography • film production com­
pany: studio • chief electrician on a
film set: gaffer • gaffer's assistant:
best boy • auxiliary group respon­
sible for filming action, special effects,
and location sequences: second unit
• person replacing a film star during
dangerous action scenes: stunt man,
stunt woman • studio's costume de­
partment: wardrobe . strong light
for filming: klieg l ight • film actor's
stand-in: double • availability of a
film for public showing:' release
• public showing of a film: screening
• advance screening of a new film:
preview • television broadcast of a
cinema film: telecine • US film
award: Oscar • film archive: cinema­
theque .. see also camera
filter . filter through gradually: per­
colate • face mask filtering ingested
air: respirator • filtration process for
blood of a patient suffering kidney
failure: d ialysis
final • final part of a piece of music:
coda • final part of a play: denoue­
ment, epilogue • final part of a
speech: perorati oh
find • lucky find: tro uvaille • ability
to make these: serendi pity • find for
the first time: di scover . technique
of locating persons or objects through
the heat they emit: thermal imaging
finger • adjective: dig ital • first fin­
ger: forefinger, in dex fi nger . finger
next to the little finger: ring finger
• excessive number of fingers:
polydactyly • sheath for an injured
finger: fi ngerstall
fingerprint . powder-blower mak­
ing fingerprints visible: insufflator
fi lter I fireplace
Finnish • Finnish steam bath:
sauna • Finnish traditional legends:
Ka levala
fire • combining form: pyro- • adjec­
tive: fiery • fire for burning a corpse:
pyre • fire set in a high place to con­
vey a signal: beacon • fierce fire
caused by bombs: firestorm • treetop
forest fire: crown fire . lens used to
start a fire: burn ing glass • portable
container for a fire: brazier • mater­
ial for starting a fire: kindling • half­
burnt material in a dying fire: em bers
• slow a fire by reducing its draught:
damp . extinguish a fire: douse
• extinguish a fire by covering it:
smother • water-supply for a fire
hose: hyd rant • fireproof sheet: fi re
blanket • starting fires: incendiary
• person starting fires for malicious
purposes: arsonist • obsessive desire
to set fire to things: pyromania • des­
troy by fire: burn, incinerate • myth­
ical creature said to live in fire: sala­
mander • easily set on fire:
fl ammable, inflammable • slow to
catch fire: flame retardant • fire­
resistant: flameproof, non­
flammable
fireman • fireman's turn of duty:
watch
fireplace . fireplace in a steam en­
gine: firebox • floor of a fireplace:
hearth • metal plate adjusting the
draught: register • side-space in a
large fireplace: inglenook • grid at
front of fireplace to keep in burning
material: fender • cooking shelf
along the side of fireplace: hob
• cooking stand at the front of fire­
place: trivet • stand to support logs in
a fireplace: andiron, fi redog • metal
plate at the back of a fireplace: fire­
back, reredos • smoke duct above a
fireplace: chimney, fl ue • shelf above
a fireplace: mantel, mantelshelf, man­
telpiece . ornamental structure
above a fireplace: overmantel • im­
plements for tending a fire: fire irons
firewo rks I fishin g 132
..••••• • . • • • • . . . • • ••••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••.• ..

• device for picking up pieces of coal: eating: piscivorous • fish that has
tongs . container for coal at a fire­ _ not been cooked, smoked, or frozen:
place: hod, scuttle wet fish • fish stew from southern
fireworks • adjective: pyrotechnic France: bouill abaisse . dish of fish,
• noisy firework: ba nger • noisy fire­ rice, and hard-boiled eggs: kedgeree
work used in simulated battles: thun­ • dried fish eaten with curries: Bom­
bay duck •
derflash • firework exploding high in finely ground paste of
pate, terri ne •
the air:rocket • small hand-held fire­ seasoned fish: small
work: banger . small hissing fire­ ball of seasonedquenelle fish:
work: squib • coiled firework spin­ • pickled sturgeon roe: caviar
• minced fish rolled in bacon: krom­
ning when lit: Catherine wheel
esky • dish of finely minced fish: tim­
first • combining forms: proto-, u r­
bale • dish of pressed fish in aspic:
(e.g. 'reconstruct an ur-Hamlet') • first
galantine • denoting fish cooked in
example: prototype • first appear­
browned butter with lemon: meuniere
ance of a performer: debut • first
• thick slice of fish: steak • fried
performance: premiere • first among
strip of fish: goujon • long thin slice I
equals: primus inter pares • first­
of fish rolled and stuffed: paupiette
year student at a university: fresh­
• small flat round cut of fish:
man • be the first to use: pioneer
medaillon • skewer for grilling fish:
first aid . restart of breathing: arti­ brochette • crab-flavoured stick of
ficial respiration, ventilation •
• pre­
pos­ mixed fish pieces: cra b stick
ition in which unconscious persons serve fish by drying or smoking: cure,
are placed:recovery position, semi­ ki pper • remove fish entrails: clean,
prone position g ut . remove fishbones: fillet . cul­
fish . combining forms: ichthy(o)-, tivation of sea fish: mariculture
pisc- • adjective: piscine • young of • cultivation of fresh-water fish: pisci­
fish: fry • large group of fish: school, culture • establishment where fish
shoal • fish living at the bottom: are bred commercially: fishery, fish
g rou ndling • aggressive sharp­ farm • display tank for live fish, or
toothed fish: piranha . hard plate building containing these: aquarium
covering a fish's skin: scale • fish's • fish seller: fishmonger
flipper: fi n . fish's breathing organ:
fishes • astrological term: pisces
gill • cover for this: operculum (pl.
opercu la) . fish sperm or sperm fishing • adjectives:
piscatorial,
gland: milt . fish eggs: roe, spawn piscatory • fisherman's assistant:
• fish gelatin: isinglass • study of gillie . fisherman's waterproof gar­
fish: ichthyology • denoting fish ment covering from feet to armpits:
with light-coloured flesh: white • de­ waders • fisherman's thick blue
noting fish with darker-coloured flesh: sweater: guern sey • catch fish with
red • denoting fish that swim one's hands: guddle, tickle • fish
up-river from the sea to spawn: a nad­ caught for sport: game fish . total
romous . j ourney made by anadro­ fish caught in one session: net • fish
mous fish: run • channels built to as­ with a bobbing fly: dap . floating ar­
sist anadromous fish round natural tificial fly: dry fly • artificial fly that
obstacles: fish ladder, fishway, pass sinks below the water: wet fly . ma­
• denoting fish that swim down-river terial to make these: d u bbing • in­
to the sea to spawn: catadromous sect larva for bait: gentle, maggot
• denoting freshwater fish other than • bait thrown into the water: g round­
salmon and trout: coarse • fish- bait • fishing rod's handle: stock
133
. fish hook weighted to stay under­
water: drail • back-turned spike on a
fish hook: barb • weight on a fishing
line: sinker • cylinder for winding in
the line: reel , spool . throw a baited
hook or net: cast • secure the hook
in a fish's mouth: strike . tire a
hooked fish: play • hooked stick for
landing fish: gaff • device removing
the hook from a fish: d isgorger • net
for keeping fish alive: keepnet . an­
gler's equipment: tackle • angler's
fish basket: creel • stretch of water
used for fishing: ground • fish by
trailing a line behind a boat: troll
• fishing boat dragging a large net
along the sea bed: trawler • fishing
boat with processing facilities: fac­
tory ship . fishing net that drifts
with the tide: drift net • fishing net
hanging vertically: seine • seine that
can be drawn into a bag shape: purse
seine • deep-sea fishing line: long
line . amount of fish caught over a
specified period: catch • fish cap­
tured in a single throw of the net:
draught . person unloading fishing
boats: lumper
fit' • periodic
loss of consciousness or
convulsions: epi lepsy
fit> • denoting an object that fits in­
side another: nesting
fit for • combining form: -worthy
(e.g. roadworthy) ' • fit to eat: edible
five • combining forms: pent-, quin-,
quinque- • five-sided figure: penta­
gon • solid figure with five faces:
pentahedron • five-pointed star:
pentagram, pentangle • set of five:
pentad • one of five offspring born at
a birth: qui ntuplet, quin • athletic
contest with five events for all com­
petitors: pentathlon • ensemble of
five musicians, or music for them:
qui ntet . group of five arranged as
on a domino or playing-card: quin­
cunx • occurring every; or lasting for,
five years: quinquennial • five-
fit I flatulence
hundredth anniversary: quincenten­
a ry
fives • proj ecting wall in a fives
court: tambour
flag . adjective: vexillary • national
flag: banner, ensign . national flag
flown at a ship's bow: jack . military
or ceremonial flag: standard • flag of
the United Kingdom: Union Jack
• flag of the Royal Navy: white ensign
• flag of naval auxiliary vessels: blue
ensign . flag of British-registered
ships: red ensign • pirate flag: Jolly
Roger • blue flag raised by ship
about to leave port: Blue Peter
• small triangular flag: bu rgee . long
tapering flag: pennant, pennon
• short tapering flag: guidon . long
narrow flag with a cleft end: bander­
ole • banner hung from a crossbar:
gonfalon • flag signalling the end of
a motor race: cheq uered fla g • flags
as street decorations: bunti ng • de­
noting a flag flown below the pole-top:
at half mast • rope to raise a flag:
ha lyard , la nyard • lower a flag: strike
• study of flags: vexillology
flame • very hot cutting flame: ther­
mic lance . device producing a hot
flame: blowlamp, blowtorch
flare . flare fired from a pistol: Very
light
flat • top-floor flat: penthouse • flat
consisting of one room: bedsitter
. flat having one main room: studio,
studio flat . flat on two floors: du­
plex • flat on two or more floors, with
its own outside door: maisonette
. flat kept for occasional use: pied­
a-terre . rented flat cleaned by the
owners: service flat • large building
divided into flats: tenement
flatter • servile flatterer: sycophant
•excessively or insincerely flattering:
unctuous
flatulence • infantile flatulence:
colic, wind . medication to relieve
flatulence: carm i native
flavour I flower
flavou r • strong flavour: tang • hav­
ing little flavour: bland, insipid, mild
• thick flavouring liquid: sauce
• pungent vegetable food flavouring:
sp ice • add a pungent flavouring to
food or drink: spike • condiment
eaten with plain food to give flavour:
rel ish . chemical used to strengthen
food flavour: flavour enha ncer . fla­
vour enhancer used in Chinese cuis­
ine: mo nosodium g lutamate • yel­
low powder used to flavour Asian
dishes: tu rmeric • browned sugar or
syrup used as flaVOUrl llg: caramel
. herbs or spices as flavour en­
hancers: seasoning • bag of herbs
used to flavour soups: bouq uet garni
• fine strips of citrus fruit peel used as
flavouring: zest � see also taste
flea • tropical burrowing flea: chig­
ger, jigger
fleet . fleet of small ships: floti lla
• smallfleet of warships: squadron
• Spanish war fleet sent in 1588: Ar­
mada
Flemish • Flemish mayor: burgo-
master
flesh • combining form: carn- • ad­
jective: carnal • sensitive flesh: q u ick
. Hesh injury: wo und • flesh-eating:
carnivorous • decaying flesh of a
dead animal: carrion
flight . unpowered flight: glide
• ceremonial flight over a certain
spot: fly-past • frictional limitation
on the speed of flight: heat barrier
• extreme iiredness felt after a flight
across time zones: jet lag
flirt • flirtatious behaviour: co-
quetry
float • float
attached to the side of a
canoe etc: outrigger . float support­
ing a bridge: pontoon . float used to
raise sunken ships: caisson • ability
to float: buoyancy
flood • adjectives:
diluvial, diluvian
• sudden flood: flash fl ood • sudden
river flood: spate . flood moving
134
down-river: freshet • severe rain
" causing flooding: deluge . embank­
ment built as a flood defence: dyke
• breach caused by flooding: washout
. low.lying area subject to flooding:
fl ood plain • field that is periodically
flooded: water meadow . rich soil
deposited by flood water: alluvium
• the biblical Flood: the Deluge • oc­
curring before this: antediluvian
floor • floor for principal reception
rooms: piano nobile • floor between
the main floors: entresol, mezza nine
• floor of wood blocks: parq uet • pro­
jecting ridge along the edge of a floor­
board: tongue • hollow into which
this fits: groove . levelled layer of
floor cement: screed • flooring ma­
terial of marble chips set in concrete:
terrazzo . Hoor covering of small
pieces of stone etc. arranged to make
pictures or patterns: mosaic . access
panel in a floor: trapdoor
flour • adjective: fari naceous . flour
made from whole grains of wheat:
wholemeal _ flour made from wheat
with some of the germ removed:
wheatmeal • hard grains left after
flour has been milled: semolina . de­
noting flour with an added raising
agent: self-raising • denoting flour
lacking a raising agent: plain • work
flour into dough: knead
flow • combining forms: rheo- (e.g.
rheostat) , -rrhoea (e.g. menorrhoea),
-rrhagia (e.g. menorrhagia) . flow
rapidly: gush • halt a flow: stem
flower _ combining forms: antho­
(e.g. anthology. literally a 'collection of
flowers'), flor- • adjective: floral
• small flower In a composite flower
head: floret . flower that keeps its
colour when dried: immortelle
• flower of willow and hazel trees: cat­
kin • petals of a flower: corolla
• flower's female organ: pistil
• flower's male organ: stamen
• circle of flowers on a stem, or of
petals or sepals in a flower: whorl
135
. compact cluster of flowers on one
stalk: truss • denoting a flower with
a single whorl of petals: single
• small bunch of flowers: nosegay,
posy • arranged bunch of flowers:
bouq uet, spray • spray for a button­
hole: boutonniere . fastened ar­
rangement of flowers: garland . gar­
land for the head: chaplet • garland
for a grave: wreath • Japanese art of
flower arranging: ikebana • flower­
growing: floriculture • flower-seller:
fl orist . denoting a flower past its
prime: overbl own • sweet liquid col­
lected by bees from flowers: nectar
• fine dust collected by bees from
flowers: pollen • leaf at the edge of a
flower: bract • plant bearing clusters
of flowers: flo ribunda
fluid • body fluid in early medicine:
humour • body fluid surrounding
embryo: amn iotic fl uid • body fluid
around joints: sinovia . fluid accu­
mulation in the brain: hydrocephalus
• insufficient fluid in the body: dehy­
dration • semifluidity: viscosity
• study of fluids at rest: hydrostatics
• study of fluid forces: hydrodynam­
ics • study of fluid mechanics: hy­
d raulics
fluorescence . combining form:
fl uoro- e X-ray viewer with a fluores­
cent screen: fl uoroscope
fluorine . cortlbining form: fl uoro­
(e.g. fluorocarbon)
flute . flute's mouth-hole: embouch­
u re . flute player: fl autist
fly • fly biting livestock: gadfly . fly
biting horses and men: horsefly . fly
causing malaria: mosq uito • African
fly causing sleeping sickness: tsetse
. fly laying its eggs on food: bl owfly
. large blowfly: bluebottle • fruit fly
used in genetic research: d rosophila
. fly larva: maggot, gentle . sticky
paper strip as flytrap: flypaper
flying . supernatural flying: levita­
tion • flyhigh in the air: soar • fly
fluid I food
close to the ground: hedge-hop • fly
very close to intimidate: buzz
. maintain height without using an
engine or wings: soar
fodder . fodder of fermented grass:
silage • tall fodder plant with yellow
flowers: ra pe
fog . fog mixed with smoke etc.:
smog • audible warning to ships in
fog: foghorn
follow . follow and observe secretly:
shadow, tail • follow an opposing
player to obstruct his activities: mark
follower . follower or imitator of
lesser ability: epigone
fond . combiningforms: phil ( o ) - (e. g.
philoprogenitive), -phile (e. g. biblio­
phile)
food • combining forms: tropho-,
-trophic (e.g. oligotrophic) • adjective:
alimentary . food for the gods: am­
brosia . food for pigs: swill . food
for horses: tack • food for sheep and
cattle: fodder, forage . food set out
for self-service: buffet • food that is
quick and easy to prepare: conveni­
ence food, fast food • fast food of lit­
tle nutritional value: j u n k food
• bland and tasteless food: pap
• semi-liquid food: slops . food rich
in fibre: roughage • denoting food
with minimal processing and addi­
tives: organic, natural, whole
• small tasty piece of food: titbit
. lump of food: gobbet . food regur­
gitated for further chewing: cud
• portion of food for one person: help­
ing, serving . supplies of food and
drink: provIsions • apportioned
food: ration • emergency supply of
basic food: iron rations • seasoning
for food: condiment • denoting
undried or unsmoked food: green
• food used to embellish a dish: gar­
nish . food used to give taste to a
dish: relish • sweet or savoury mix­
ture cooked inside meat, poultry, etc.:
stuffi ng • chemical used to
food I food 136

strengthen food flavour: flavour en­ • denoting food browned quickly at

ha ncer • flavour enhancer used in high temperature: seared • denoting
Chinese cuisine: monosod ium g luta­ food cooked with spicy seasoning:
mate • bag of herbs used to flavour devilled • denoting food cooked in a
soups: bouq uet garni • pungent pastry case: en croute • denoting

vegetable food spice

flavouring: food cooked and served in a paper
• chopped fresh herbs: fines herbes wrapper: en papillote • denoting

• shop selling foreign foods: delicates­ food that is uncooked, or cooked in the
sen • denoting food prepared in ac­ simplest way: au naturel . denoting
cordance with Jewish law: kosher food cooked in the simplest way:
• denoting food unacceptable to Jew­ bonne femme • denoting food
ish law: tref • denoting food cooked cooked in cider and cream: a la
and then refrigerated before distribu­ normande • denoting food prepared
tion: cook-chill . denoting food pre­ by a first-class chef: cordon bleu
served in a sealed j ar: potted • denot­ • denoting food that may be prepared
ing food dried for preservation: quickly: instant • denoting food pre­
dehydrated . denoting food treated served in brine: corned, soused
. to stay fresh: long-l ife • denoting • denoting food preserved by drying:
food that is no longer fresh: stale, off, desiccated • denoting food soaked in
rancid • denoting food that goes bad a marinade: soused • denoting food
quickly: perishable • thaw frozen modified to be unfattening: diet • de­

food before cooking: defrost . clean noting food free from rich ingredients:
or prepare food:dress • cut food into l i g ht . denoting food that is hard to
small cubes: dice • fry food briefly to digest: heavy . (of food) be tasted
brown the outside: saute, seal . fry again after being swallowed: repeat
food briefly, stirring to avoid brown­ • denoting foodstuffs produced with-
ing: sti r-fry • dip food briefly into out artificial chemicals: organiC . de-
boiling water: scald • add spices to noting food with no nutritional value:
food: season • finely ground paste of innutritious • rolled food: ro ulade
seasoned meat or fish: pate • sprin­ • small amount of food, rolled in
kle liquid over food: drizzle • sprin­ breadcrumbs: croquette • food

kle food with flour or sugar: dredge, grilled on a skewer: kebab • food

dust • thin line of cream or icing dec­ coated in batter fritter

and fried:
orating food: piping . enrich food • shiny coating on food: glaze
with vitamins: fortify • denoting • tough piece of fibre in food: string

foodstuffs that are new and will not . constituent of a dish: ingredient
keep: fresh • denoting foodstuffs that • person who enjoys fine food and
are currently available fresh: in drink: bon vivant, bon viveur, epi­
season • denoting food covered with cure, gastronome, gourmand, gour­
grated cheese or breadcrumbs and met • creature eating all kinds of
browned: au gratin, gratine . denot­ food: omn ivore • fish-eating crea­
ing food cut into short thin strips: j u l i­ ture: piscivore . creature eating no
enne . denoting food served on spin­ meat or fish: vegetarian • creature
ach: fl orenti ne • denoting food eating no animal products: vegan
served in browned butter: meuniere • creature eating only fruit: fruitarian
• denoting food served with white • animal eating only plants: herbivore
grapes: Veronique • denoting food • eating only one kind of food:
soused in spirits and set alight: monophagous . eating raw food:
fl ambe • set food alight thus: flame omophagous • person providing
137 foot I foreign

food professionally: caterer, purveyor • itchy swelling caused b y cold: chil­

• food heater for use at the table: chaf­ blain • specialist treating the feet:
ing dish . list of foods eaten or to be chiropodist, podiatrist • cosmetic

eaten: diet • sterilize food by gamma treatment of the feet: ped icure • can­
radiation: irrad iate • electrical ing the soles of the feet as a punish­
grinder for waste food: waste­ ment or form of torture: bastinado
disposal unit • food poisoning: botu­ football • primitive form of football
lism, salmonellosis • fly's eggs on played at Eton College: wall game
food: fly-blow • bring up swallowed � see also soccer
food: regurg itate . food allergy with
football pool • selection of matches
an itching rash: hives, nettlerash, ur­
in a pools entry: perm • payment
ticaria • abstention from food: fast shared between pool winners: divi­
. food element giving essential nour­
dend
ishment: nutrient . denoting foods
footwear • wooden-soled footwear:
rich in these: nutritious . lack of
clogs • ridge on the sole of footwear:
proper or sufficient food: malnutrition
• thin or weak through lack of food:
cleat . light footwear with a scanty
upper: sandals • slipper with sole
emaciated • undernourishment
m arasmus and sides in one piece: m occasin
causing low weight:
� see also sandal, shoe
. study of food and its use: nutrition
• search about for food: forage • ser­ forbid . forbid by law: proscribe
ies of organisms each depending on . forbidden by social custom: taboo
the next for food: food chain • inter­ force . force attracting a body to­
locking system of these: food we b wards a larger one: gravity . rotatory
• heated food trolley: hostess trolley force: torq ue • force moving rotating
. credit voucher exchanged for food: objects outwards: centrifugal force
lu ncheon voucher • establishment . force moving rotating objects in­
serving free food to the poor: soup wards: centripetal force • force hold­
kitchen • extreme scarcity of food: ing quarks, neutrons, and protons to­
famine � see also pudding, sauce gether within the nucleus: strong
foot . combining forms: ped i- (e_g_ force . force involved in the decay of

pedicure), -pod(e) (e.g. arthropod) nuclei: weak force • area in which a

• divided foot of cattle, sheep, etc.:clo­ field • using force:
force is effective:

ven hoof • pernranently twisted foot: forcible • obtain by force: extort

• force upon: impose • impetus
club foot • having an injured foot:
gained by a moving object: momen­
lame . having inturned feet: pigeon­
toed • foot bones: metatarsus tum (pl. momenta) . tendency of a
body to remain static or in motion un­
• arch of tha foot: instep • denoting a
less acted upon by an external force:
foot with a low arch: flat _ denoting
the soles of the feet: plantar • animal
i nertia
having two feet: biped • animal hav­ forehead . adjective: frontal
ing four feet: quad ruped _ person foreign . combining form: xeno­
going on foot: pedestrian • instru­ • strange and foreign: exotic • for­
ment estimating the distance travelled eign girl who does domestic work in
on foot: pedometer • grip for the return for keep and English lessons:
feet:foothold, footing . wart grow­ au pair . resident foreigner: alien
ing on feet: verruca • small painful • area settled by foreigners: colony
area of thickened skin: wart • painful • expel a foreigner: deport • fear or
swelling on the big toe joint: bunion hatred of foreigners: xenophobia
fore man I fowl 138

• person living in a foreign country: one's good fortune: gloat • object

expatriate • foreign embassy's free­ thought to bring good fortune: talis­
dom from local laws: extraterritorial­ man • animal etc. kept to bring good
ity fortune: mascot . source of il for­
foreman • foreman's deputy: tune: Jinx . change of fortune:
chargehand situ de • extreme point of il fortune:
nadir
foreskin • congenital narrowness of
the foreskin's opening: phimosis fortune telling . fortune telling
. removal of the foreskin: circumci- from dreams: oneiromancy . fortune
sion telling from lines on the hand: palm­
istry, chiromancy . fortune telling
forest • adjective:
sylvan • damp
from playing cards: cartomancy
tropical forest: rainforest • open
• fortune telling from the stars: astrol­
space in a forest: glade • strip of for­
ogy • fortune telling by drawing lots:
est cleared to hamper fires: firebreak
sortilege • fortune teller's globe:
• mythical wild man of the forest:
crystal ball • fortell the future by
green man
this: scry • card pack used in fortune
forgiveness . priest's sacramental telling: Tarot
forgiveness of confessed sins: absolu­
tion forwards . combining form: pro­
(e.g. protrude)
fork • two-pronged agricultural fork:
fossil • fossil used to date surround­
pitchfork . large two-pronged meat
ing strata: index fossil • fuel derived
fork: carving fork . fork's sharp
prong: tine from fossilized remains: fossil fuel
• study of fossils: palaeontology
form • combining forms: morpho­
(e.g. morphology), -morph (e.g. ecto­ four • combining forms: quadr-, tetr­
morph), -morphic (e.g. anthropo­ • fourfold:quadruple . having four
morphic) parts: quadripartite, quadruple
• four-sided figure: quadrilateral
formula • adjective: formulaic
• one of four offspring born at a birth:
fort • coastal defence fort: Martello quadruplet, quad . four-legged ani­
tower • small concrete fort: block­ mal: quadruped . four-line verse
house, pillbox stanza: quatrain • set of four: quartet
fortification • fortification of • group of four artworks with related
wooden stakes: palisade, stockade themes: tetra logy . ensemble of four
• projecting fortification where two musicians, or music for them: quar­
walls meet at an angle: bastion tet, quartette • four-track stereo­
. outer fortification: outwork . con­ phonic sound: quadra phony • in

crete fortification: blockhouse four identical copies: in quadrupli­

• underground fortified shelter: bun­ cate • four hundredth anniversary:
ker . fortified shore area established quatercentenary • period of four
by an invader: beach head . denoting years: quadrennium • occurring

a fortification that cannot be cap­ every, or lasting for, four years: quad­
tured: im pregnable ren nial
fortune • piece of unexpected good fowl • adjective: gallin aceous . fe­
fortune: windfall • unexpected run of male fowl: hen . male fowl: cock,
good fortune: bonanza • chance de­ cockerel • young fowl: chick,
velopment of events in a fortunate chicken . young hen: pullet . cock
way: serendipity . reflect smugly on bred for fighting: gamecock • cas-
 139 fox I French
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,

trated cock: capon • small-sized partial fracture in children: green­

breed of fowls: bantam . fowl's red stick
crest: comb • red lobe hanging below framework . framework with slop­
a fowl's beak: wattle • sharp projec­ ing legs, used to support a table, bier,
tion on the back of a cock's leg: spur etc_ : trestle . light framework sup­
. young fowl killed for eating: pous­ porting fruit trees etc_: trel lis
sin • fowl split open and grilled: • framework for drying washing
spatchcock . remove a fowl's in­ indoors: clotheshorse • firm sup­
nards: draw . denoting a fowl wish­ porting framework: skeleton . sup­
ing to incubate eggs: broody . denot­ porting framework for a roof, bridge,
ing fowls that are allowed out: free etc.: truss
range . denoting fowls kept in a
frank . unrestrainedly frank: blunt,
large shed: deep l itter • denoting
outspoken
fowls kept in small cages: battery,
broiler-house • open-air cage for fraud • interfere with a process to
fowls: coop, run . fowl's leg served ensure a desired result: rig, set up
as food: drumstick . fowl's edible free • combining form: un-
(e.g. un­
offal: gi blets . fried strip of chicken: burden) . free from obligations: foot­
goujon • poultry influenza: fowl loose • denoting a service supplied
pest, Newcastle disease . poultry free of charge: courtesy . free from
disease with thick mucus: pip restrictions: decontrol

fox • adjective: vu�pine • female fox: freedom . freedom of action: carte

vixen . male fox: dog . young fox: blanche, latitude, leeway, li cence
cub . group of foxes: skulk • fox's • freedom from punishment: impunity
lair: earth . fox's tail: brush . fox's . favouring individual freedom: lib­
head as a hunting trophy: mask eral • restriction of subordinates'
freedoms, allegedly for their own
fraction . fraction with numbers
above and below a line: vulgar frac­ good: paterna lism
tion . fraction with numbers either Freemasonry • Freemasons'
side of a decimal point: decimal frac­ brotherhood: Craft • Freemasons'
tion • number placed above the line branch: lodge • chief Freemason:
in a fraction: numerator • number G rand Master • Freemason's rank:
placed below the line in a fraction: de­ degree
nomi nator • common multiple of the freeze • combining form: cryo-
denominators of several fractions: • freeze very rapidly: flash-freeze
common denominator • smallest • freeze a liquid without solidifica­
common multiple of the denominators tion: su percool • deep-freezing of
lowest common
of several fractions: corpses in hope of subsequent medical
denominator . fraction equal to less advances that could reverse their
than one: proper fraction . fraction cause of death: cryon ics, cryogen ics
equal to more than one: improper • surgery undertaken on a part of the
fraction body that has been subjected to in­
fracture • wrist fracture with the tense cold: cryosurgery
hand pushed back: Co lies' fracture F re nch • combining forms: Franco-,
• denoting a fracture to the bone only: franco- . lover of French culture:
simple • denoting a fracture where Francophile • French-speaking:
the bone pierces the skin: com pound francophone • French using many
• denoting a fracture with many bone English terms: franglais • French
splinters: comminuted • denoting a castle: ch atea u (pl. chateaux)
French I fruit 140

• French holiday house: gite trouvere • French epic poem:

• French motorway: a uto- chanson de geste • French name for
route • French public urinal: pissoir southern France: Midi . French ad­
• French priest: cure • title of a ministrative region: department
French abbot or (as a courtesy) of any . Fr�nch suburb: faubourg . French
French clergyman:a bbe • French law allegedly excluding females from
policeman: gendarme • French long­ dynastic succession: Salic law
distance lorry driver: routier friction . combining form: tribo-
• French flaky pastry roll: croissant • creation of an electric charge by fric-
• French soft white cheeses: Brie, tion: triboelectricity . emlSSlon of
Camem bert • French soft blue light by something rubbed or
sheep-milk cheese: Roq uefortTM scratched: tribol umi nescence
• French yoghurt-like cheese: from­
friend • seek someone's friendship:
age frais • French goat's cheese:
cu ltivate
chevre • French toasted sandwich
with cheese and ham: croque-. frog • adjective: batrachian • frog's

monsieur • French pancake: crepe young: fry • frog eggs: spawn

• French beef stew: grillade • French • tailed frog larva: tadpole
soup with beef and vegetables: pot­ front . combining form: fore- (e.g.
au-feu • French mutton casserole: forebrain) . front of a building: fa-
navarin . French stew of meat and �ade • front of an army: vanguard
beans: cassoulet . fish stew from • front of a leaf of paper: recto
southern France: bouillabaisse
fruit • combining forms: fruct-, -carp
• small French restaurant: bistro
• small stoneless fruit: soft fru it
• French shop selling cold cooked
• hard dry fruit: nut • fruit of the
meats: charcuterie • French aniseed­
oak: acorn • hawthorn fruit: haw
flavoured aperitifs:pastis, Pernod™ • tropical fruit used in chutneys:
• French brandy: cognac • French
mango • green-fleshed fruit with
blackcurrant liqueur: cassis black seeds: kiwi fru it • orange-like
• French vineyard: domaine • group
fruit with sweet rind and sour pulp:
of French vineyards: cru • descrip­
kumquat • denoting fruit of the
tion awarded to a French wine guar­
orange type: citrus • fruit rotten be­
anteeing its orgin and method of pro- fore it is ripe: medlar • fruit blown
duction: a ppellation controlee, down by the wind: windfal l • com­
appellation d'origine controlee pact cluster of fruit on one stalk: truss
• category of wines or vineyards: . fine powdery deposit found on the
cru • French bowls: boules, surface of certain fruits: bloom
petanque • French wooden shoe: • fruit's outer covering: hull • tough
sa bot • French soldier's peaked cap: outer skin of fruits: rind
certain
kepi • French regiment for foreign­ • pulp • hard
soft fleshy part of fruit:
ers: Foreig n Legion . member of seed of certain fruits: stone • cover-
this: legionnaire • French resistance ing of a fruit seed: endocarp • fruit­
fighter: maquis, maquisard • French growing: pomicu lture • study of
beheading machine: g u i l loti ne fruit growing: pomology • denoting
• Frenchwoman knitting b y the guillo­ fruit made shiny by preservation in
tine: tricoteuse • cart conveying vic­ sugar: glace • (of blossom) form into
tims to the guillotine: tumbril fruit: set • ripening of fruit: matur­
• French high-kicking dance: cancan ation •
squeeze fruit to extract the
. French medieval poet: troubadour, juice: press • sour j uice obtained
141 fry I furniture

from fruit: verjuice • cream of liquid­ son carrying the coffin: pall-bearer
ized fruit: puree • dish of mixed • framework on which a coffin may be
chopped fruit: macedoine . dish of set or carried: bier, catafalque
fruit cooked in syrup: compote • cloth spread over the bier: pall
• fruit boiled in sugar: conserve, pre­ • public exposition of a corpse: lying­
serve . natural sugar found in fruits in-state . funeral rites: exeq u ies,
and honey: fructose • fruit sugar obseq uies • ceremonial attendant at
used as a setting agent: pectin • hard these: m ute . military funeral cere­
fruitskin used as a water container: monies: mil itary honours . • bugle
gourd . small fruit fly used in gen­ call at military funerals: last post
etic research: drosophila • person • final depositing of the corpse after a
eating only fruit: fruitarian • shop funeral: committal • burial with ap­
selling fruit: fruiterer • study of fruit propriate rites: interment • burning
and seeds: carpology . light fruit of the dead: cremation • place for
basket: punnet . disease caused by this: crematori u m • container for a
absence of fresh fruit and vegetables dead person's ashes: casket • tomb­
from the diet: scurvy inscription: epitaph • relative or
fry • fry food briefly to brown the out­ friend attending a funeral: mourner
side: saute, seal . fry foOd briefly, • black clothes worn at a funeral:
stirring to avoid browning: stir-fry mourning . mourner's black arm­
band: crepe • person engaged to or­
fuel • fuel derived from fossilized re­
ganize a funeral: undertaker, funeral
mains: fossil fuel .jet fuel: kero­
sene, paraffin oil • failure of fuel to
director
ignite in the cylinder: misfire fungus . combining form: myco­
full . combining form: -ulent (e_g. • adjectives: fungoid, fungous . ed­
ible fungus growing underground:
purulent)
truffle . fungus cultivated on grapes:
function • combining form: -ate botrytis, noble rot • fungal growth:
(e.g. electorate), -ure (e.g. judicature) mould . whitish fungal coating: mil­
• performing no useful function: re­
dew • fungal disease o f trees o r fruit:
d undant
can ker • fungus-derived protein:
fund . pooled fund of money: kitty mycoprotein • study of fungi: mycol­
. funds held by the British govern­ ogy . inhibiting fungus: fungistatic
ment: Exchequer • funding for risky • killing fungus: fu ngicidal
projects: venture capital • decen­
fur • animal's coat of fur: pelt
tralized funding in the National
• coypu fur: nutria • stoat's white fur:
Health internal market
Service:
ermine . shop selling furs: furrier
• impounded funds: frozen assets
• inadequate funding: shoestring furnace . furnace for making steel:
• receiving n o outside funding: inde­ blast furnace • furnace for large­
pendent • person providing funding: scale chemical processes: retort
patron, sponsor . guarantee fund­ • furnace for firing pottery: kiln
ing: underwrite • having funds in ex­ • furnace for rubbish: incinerator
cess of one's liabilities: solvent
furniture . set of furniture: su ite
funeral • adjective: funerary . fu­ . fixed piece of furniture: fitment
neral procession: cortege . music . furniture permanently attached to
for this: dead march • bell rung for the building containing it: fixture
this: knell . funeral lament: dirge • item of furniture designed to fit with
• vehicle for the coffin: hearse • per- others: unit . piece of furniture to
furniture I future 142

hold overcoats, umbrellas, etc.: hall­ covers for upholstered furniture:

stand . freestanding set o f drawers: loose covers . large cloth for cover·
chest of d rawers . waist·high set of ing furniture: dust sheet • sheen on
drawers and cupboards: sideboard polished furniture: patina . furni·
• sideboard with shelves above: ture beetle or the damage it causes:
dresser, Welsh dresser • shelved woodworm • fine wood powder left
stand for ornaments: whatnot • writ· by woodworm activity: frass • un·
ing desk with a flap and drawers wanted furniture: lumber . transfer
below: bureau • writing desk with of furniture to another property: re- '
drawers and compartments: escri­ moval . disposal of furniture: clear­
toire, secretaire • tall writing desk ance
with side drawers: davenport • tall
chest of drawers: tal lboy • cabinet fuse • fuse detonating a bomb at a ;
for television or radio equipment: preset distance from its target: prox- I
console • sofa with arms and back im ity fuse • activate a fuse: arm I
curving chesterfield
outwards: • remove a fuse: defuse • trail of II
• sofa open a t one end: chaise longue gunpowder acting as a fuse: train
• S·shaped sofa: sociable . low up·
future . possible sequence o f future
holstered seat without back or arms:
events: conti ngency, scenario . ex·
ottoman • upholstered footstool:
pected sequence of future events: out-
pouffe, pouf • kneeler with book· look, prospect • showing potential
rest: prie-dieu . furniture item con·
for the future: promising
taining a concealed chamber pot:
ments for the future: prOVision, con­
commode • small wheel fixed to fur·
tingency plan • belief that the
niture: castor • wheeled board used
is fixed: determ i n ism, fatalism . ex·
to move heavy furniture: skate
pectation of the best: optimism
. make furniture look worn: d istress
• confidently optimistic: sanguine
• ornamental bracket: console • de·
• expectation of the worst: pessi mism
noting furniture built for the dimen·
• at some indefinite future date:
sions of the room it occupies: fitted
manana • indication of some future
• denoting furniture sold disassem·
bled: flat-pack • denoting furniture
event: omen, portent, presage
• astrological forecast of future
designed for infrequent use: occa­
horoscope • knowledge of fu· :
sional • woodworker making furni·
ture: cabinetmaker • wood inlay dec·
events:
ture events: prescience • gloomy 1
orating furniture: marquetry • giant feelings about the future: forebod ing, '
grass whose woody stems are used to presenti ment, q ualm • alleged abil· ;
make furniture: bam boo • pliant ity to foresee the future: second sight "
palm stems used to make furniture: • person claiming to foresee the fu·
rattan • willow twigs plaited to make ture: prophet, seer,
soothsayer '
furniture: wicker, wickerwork • soft • forecast pred iction,
of future events:
padding attached to furniture: uphol­ prognosis, prognostication, projec- I
stery • thin cord decorating uphol· tion, prophecy • force said to control
stery: piping . fitted removable future events: destiny
 Gg
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

galaxy . adjective: galactic skittles: tenpin bowl ing . game of

gall bladder . combining form: knocking balls through hoops: cro­
q uet •
• small
chole- hard mass forming in game of throwing a ball
against walls: fives • game using
the gall bladder: gallstone . X-ray
examination of the gall bladder: rackets to hit a ball against walls:
cholecystog raphy • surgical re­ squash • this using basketlike rack­
moval of the gall bladder: chol­ ets: jai alai, pelota • game of throw­
ecystectomy ing a ball against a person's legs:
French cricket • game of hitting a
gallery • musicians' galley: loft
ball and making a circuit of outfield
. exterior gallery on an upper floor:
bases: rounders . team ballgame
loggia
played by swimmers: water polo
gallOWS . trapdoor bene�th a gal­
. Irish game resembling hockey: hurl­
lows: drop ing . hockey-like game played with
gambling . room or building for netted sticks: lacrosse . hockey-like
gambling games: casino . person in game played on horseback: polo
charge of a gambling table: croupier •combat game with shot paint cap­
. collective amount of stakes laid: sules: paintball . game of looping
pool • gambling game with a ball string between the fingers: cat's cra­
dropped onto a revolving wheel: rOUl­ dle • game of pulling wrapped ob­
ette • gaming machine showing dif­ jects out of a barrel: l ucky dip
ferent combinations of fruits: fruit • game o f taking tickets out o f a re­
machine . gaming machine token: volving drum: tom bola . game of
jetton flipping plastic disks into a container:
game' . children's hopping game: tiddlywinks • game of sliding coins
hopscotch • children's game of across a board: shove-halfpenny
peeping out from hiding: peep-bo, • game of removing pegs from a
peek-a-boo • children's chasing board: sol itaire . game of removing
game: tag • game of throwing sticks one item from a pile without disturb­
or balls at a wooden dummy: Aunt ing the others: spillikins . game of
Sally • game of dropping sticks into a guessing a word from acted clues: cha­
stream: Pooh sticks • game of throw­ rades • game of saying which thim­
ing rings over upright pegs: quoits ble etc. covers an object: thimblerig
• game of throwing rings over prizes: • game of finding rhymes for a given
hoopla • game of catching a top on a word: crambo . game of writing a
tautened string: d iabolo . game of consequences • war
story by turns:
skimming stones over water: d ucks game played on maps: kriegspiel
and d rakes . game of sliding stones • electronic game of looking after a
across ice: curling • game of tossing pet: tamagotch i • card games won by
small pebbles: jacks • game of throw­ gaining tricks bid: contract bridge,
ing a wooden disc at nine wooden solo whist • card games won by
pins: ninepins, skittles . game of gaining the most tricks: auction
throwing a hard bal at ten plastic bridge, piquet, whist • control for
�� 1 9� �
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

computerized video games: console • small translucent plant-cover:

_ even score at the end of a game: cloche • long polythene-covered
draw, tie • denoting a player illegally cloche: polytu nnel • pruning clip­
in front of the ball: offside • disad­ pers: secateurs • clipping bushes
'
vantage imposed for breach of rules: into ornamental shapes: topiary
penalty • place where a player or • narrow spade for uprooting weeds:
piece is safe: home • forgo one's turn spud, spudder • gardening machine I

of play: pass • set of games: rubber for breaking up ground: cu ltivator, ;

. leave a game: retire . further play tiller • gardening string: fillis • gar­
allowed to avoid a drawn game: extra dener's shallow basket: trug • con-
,
time • game to decide a champion­ struction of ornamental gardens:
ship: play-off • call for truce in a landscape gardening
children's game: pax • player who garland • suspended garland: fes- !
sets up scoring opportunities: play­ toon �
maker _ skill at gaining the psy­
garlic • adjective:
alliaceous • sec-
chological advantage in play: games­
tion of a bulb of garlic: clove • set of
manship
cloves: bulb, head • garlic mayon-
game' • game killed during a hunt­
naise: aioli
ing session: bag • denoting game suf­
gas • adjective: gaseous • imagined
ficiently decomposed to cook: high
gas showing no irregularities: ideal i
gannet • gannets' breeding colony:
gas . largely unreactive gas: noble ,
gan netry
gas, rare gas • gas causing severe ir- �
garden • garden growing food for ritation to the eyes: tear gas
domestic use: kitchen garden • gar­ ful kind of tear gas: CS gas • gas in j
den growing food for sale: market gar­ the digestive tract: flatulence, wind
den • garden where plants are grown . foul-smelling gas: meph itis, effl u- '
for study: botanic garden • garden vium . sufocating gas found in
for medicinal herbs: physic garden mines: choke-damp • gas formerly
• formal garden with paths between thought to fill all space: ether • main
small hedged flowerbeds: knot gar­ constituent of natural gas: methane
den, parterre • garden designed to • refrigerant and aerosol gas harmful
require minimal irrigation: xeriscape to the ozone layer: chlorofluorocar­
• uneven garden bed with large dec­ bon • gases used to replace this:
orative stones: rockery, rock garden hydrochlorofl uorocarbon, hydro­
• garden area devoted to bushes: fl uorocarbon • gas absorbing infra­
shrubbe ry • garden shelter: alcove, red radiation: g reenhouse gas
arbour, bower, pavilion, summer • methane-based gas found in large
house • garden paVilion with view: underground deposits: natural gas
belvedere, gazebo • garden trellis • gas burner used in laboratories:
arch: pergola • ornamental hedge­
B u n sen burner • gas oven's tem­
clipping in a garden: topiary • gard­ perature setting: mark • gas jet's lu­
en's sunken perimeter wall: ha-ha, minescent cover: mantle . gas jet
sunk fence kept burning to light others: pilot
gardening • art of gardening: horti­ light . discharge of gas: emission
culture • soilless horticulture: • terminate the gas supply: cut off
hydroponics • digging to two spades' • gas mask: respirator • gas storage
depth: double digging • shallow fur­ tank: gasometer • gas store at the
row made for seeds: drill • hand tool end of a pipeline: term inal • gas-fired
making holes for seeds: di bber, dibble water heater: geyser • change from
145 gate I geology

gas into a liquid: condense • change dary • revolving device cleaning

from liquid into gas: eva porate . al­ gemstones: tumbling barrel • ma­
lowing the passage of gas: permeable, chine polishing gems: lapping ma­
pervious • operated by gas pressure: chine . art of gem engraving: g lyp­
pneumatic • instruments measuring togra phy
gas pressure: manometer, piez­
gene • adjective: genetiC • thread­
ometer
like gene structure: chromosome
gate • revolving gate: turnstile • self-reproduction of genetic mater­
• fortified gate: barbican • back gate: ial: replication • replacement of de­
postern • small gate set into a larger fective genes: gene therapy . labora­
one: wicket • sliding gate controlling tory genetic manipulation: genetic
a flow of water: sluice, slu ice gate engineering . natural copying of
gauge • gauge for narrow gaps: genetic information: transcription
feeler gauge, micrometer . alternative form of a gene: al lele
. change in gene structure: mutation
gear . extra high gear: overdrive
• substance causing this: mutagen
• gear allowing each driven wheel to
• gene so changed: mutant • re­
revolve at a different speed; d ifferen­
arrangement of genetic material: re­
tial • vehicle gear preventing move­
ment: park • gear system causing the combination • denoting a genetic
parts to revolve at the same speed characteristic manifested even when
before engagement: synchromesh inherited from only one parent: dom­
• bar or wheel with angled teeth per­ inant • denoting a genetic character­
mitting movement in one direction istic manifested only when inherited
only: ratchet . particular cycle gear from both parents: recessive • pre­

ratio: speed • system changing cycle diction of a future child's genetic dis­
gears by moving the chain: derailleur orders: genetic counselling
• disengaged position of the gears:
genitals • external genitals: pu­
neutral • device engaging and disen­
denda . female external genitals:
gaging motor gears: cl utch . (of a
vulva • male external genitals:
gear) engage with another gear:
penis, testicles • inflammation of
mesh
the vulva: vulvitis • muscular tube
gelatin • natural gelatin found in leading from the female genitals: va­
fish: isinglass . vegetarians' substi­ gina • uncover one's genitals: ex­
tute for gelatin: agar pose oneself • psychologically in­
gem • precious or semiprecious duced desire to display one's genitals:
stone: gemstone • side of a cut gem: exhibitionism . display one's geni­
facet • gem that is polished but not tals briefly: flash • manual stimula­
faceted: cabochon • gem with an in­ tion of the genitals: masturbation
cised design: intaglio • bright green • support for the male genitals: ath­

gem: emerald . deep red gems: gar­ letic support, jockstrap . decorative
net, ruby . reddish orange gem: ja­ pouch for the male genitals: codpiece
cinth • ancient Egyptian gem cut in • disease causing genital inflamma­
the form of a beetle: scarab . denot­ tion: herpes simplex
ing an uncut gem: rough • place a
genuine • prove or test that some­
gem in a mount: set • close setting of
thing is genuine: authenticate
gems: pave • gem set on its own: soli­
taire • piece of metal into which a geology • dating of geological eras:
gem is set: setting • gem-cutter: lapi- chronostratigraphy, geochronology
 147 germ warfare I gift

germs: immune • breeding ground Alsatian • motorway in German­

for germs: nidus . having an ad­ speaking countries: a utobahn . Ger­
equate immune system: immu no­ man central bank: Bundesbank
competent . lacking this: immu no­ • title of the former German em­
compromised • bodily inability to perors: Kaiser . title of a German
resist germs: immune deficiency, im­ dictator under Fascism: fu hrer
mu nodeficiency . medical deactiva­ • head of the German government:
tion of the immune system: immu no­ Chancellor • lower house of the Ger­
suppression • study of immunity: man parliament: Bundestag • upper
immunology • germ-killing: anti­ house of the German parliament:
septic, disinfectant, germicidal Bundesrat . German mayor: burgo­
• body's automatic reaction to germs: master • German air force:
defence mechanism • denoting Luftwaffe • former German torpedo
medical treatment that is effective boat: E-boat . former German sub­
against a variety of germs: broad marine: U-boat • former German ar­
spectrum • blood protein counteract­ moured unit: panzer • German
ing germs: antibody • denoting prisoner-of-war camp for officers:
germs present but not causing infec­ Oflag • German prisoner-of-war
tion: latent • free of germs: disi nfect camp for other ranks: Stalag • Ger­
. substance destroying germs : germi­ man castle: schloss • immigrant
cide • person or animal transmitting
worker in Germany:
Gastarbeiter
germs by which they are not affected:
• German province:Land (pl. Lander)
carrier • elf in German folklore: kobold
germ warfare • denoting germ • German measles: rubella • German

warfare: bacteriological, biological hymn or its music: chorale • Ger­

man solo song: lied (pl. lieder) • Ger­

German • German polite form of ad­
man three-handed card game: skat
dress to a man: Herr • German polite
• vernacular language of north Ger­
form of address to a married woman:
many: Low German . literary Ger­
Frau • German polite form of address
man: H i g h German . German trad­
to an unmarried woman: Fraulein
itional typeface: Fraktur
. German school-leavers' examin­
ation:abitur • German rye bread: gesture . use o f gestures: gesticu­
pumpernickel . German pork saus­ lation
age: bratwurst • German dish of
' ghost • adjective: s pectral • ghost
, chopped pickled cabbage: sauer­
that throws things about: poltergeist
kraut • German dry white wine:
• ghostly double of a living person:
hock • German sparkling white
doppelganger • ghostly image of a
wine: Sekt • German wine made
person seen near their time of death:
with late-picked grapes: Spatlese
wraith • ghostlike figure: apparition
• German wine made with selected
. appearance of a ghost: vis itation
late-picked grapes: Auslese . Ger­
• ghostly emanation from a medium
man wine made from grapes picked
during a seance: ectoplasm • obser­
with ice on them: Eiswein (pl.
ver's shadow projected onto clouds:
Eisweine or Eisweins) . German po­
schnapps • German cherry
tato gin:
B rocken spectre
brandy: kirsch, kirschwasser • Ger­ g ift . gift given as a memento:keep­
man caraway-flavoured liqueur: kum­ sake • person giving a gift:
donor
mel • German leather shorts: leder­ • person receiving it: d onee, recipient
hosen • German shepherd dog: • gift of funding: endowment
� . .�� ..I . �.I.�.��
i 148
. .......................................................................................... .............................

girl • vigorously boisterous girl: • bright crystal • thick

clear glass:
tomboy quality plate glass • glass
glass:
give . person who gives: donor poured on to molten metal: float glass
• giving or given generously: liberal • glas:; strengthened against splinter-
• in closest possible fulfilment of a ing: safety glass • sheet of glass:
donor's intentions: cy-pres . denot· pane, light • diamond-shaped pane of
ing a gift able to be handed on to glass: quarry • thin glass protecting
others: transferable . refuse to give: a microscope specimen: coverslip
withhold . glass shaped t o concentrate o r dis­

give away • that cannot be given perse light: lens . lens separating

away: inalienable white light into a spectrum of colours:

glacier • deep crack in a glac er: � prism

magnifying
. watchmaker's and jeweller's
glass: loupe • narrow­
crevasse • ice ridge on a glacier:
necked glass container: flask • glass
serac • loose snow at the top of a gla·
container for plants or small reptiles:
cier: fi rn, neve . material deposited
terrarium . glass container for fish
by a glacier: moraine • water from a
and water plants: aquarium • block
melting glacier: meltwater • material
containing coloured glass: millefiori
carried away by this: outwash
• glass scraps for recycling: cul let
gladiator • gladiator fighting with a
• denoting translucent glass: frosted
net and trident: retiarius (pl. retiarii)
• denoting smooth translucent glass:
gland . combiningform: adeno- (e.g. ground • denoting glass that is nei-
adenoma) • adjective: glandular ther translucent nor transparent:
• gland producing antibodies: thymus opaque • become vitrify glassy:
•
• darken
gland producing digestive juice and smoke • rod for hand­
glass:
insulin: pancreas • gland control· ling molten glass: pontil • shape mol­
ling growth: thyroid • glands control· ten glass by air pressure: blow
ling growth and development: pitu it­ • scum on molten glass: sandiver
ary, thyroid • gland lubricating the . supply and fit panes of glass: glaze
hair and skin: sebaceous gland • person doing this: glazier • frame
• gland producing milk: mammary
holding window glass: sash • sup­
gland • gland producing ova: ovary
porting strip between panes: glazing
• gland releasing a fluid component of
bar • transmission of light signals
semen: prostate • gland producing
along fine glass fibres: fibre optics
sperm: testis • gland producing
• slender glass fibres used for insula­
tears: lacrimal gland • gland produ·
tion: glass wool • textile etc. re­
cing urine: kid ney • denoting glands
inforced by embedded glass filaments:
secreting directly into the blood:
fi breglass, glass fi bre • tall narrow
endocri ne • denoting
glands secret­
wine glass: flute • slender part of a
ing onto an exterior surface: exocri ne
wine glass between bowl and foot:
• disease causing swelling of the
stem . shallow stemmed glass:
lymph glands: glandular fever
coupe • ornate drinking glass: gob-
glandular fever • herpesvirus let . large rounded drinking glass:
causing glandular fever: Epstein­
balloon • drinking glass with
Barr virus
straight sides and no handle or stem:
Glasgow . adjective: Glasweg ian tumbler • machine polishing glass:
glass • combining forms: hy�I-, vitr­ lapping machine • protective mat
. like or containing glass: vitreous placed under a drinking glass:
• looking like glass: hyaloid, vitriform coaster, drip mat
 149 glider I god

gl ider . launch of a glider by a God: Jehovah, Yahweh • four­

powered aircraft's pulling it: aero­ character representation of this:

towing Tetragrammaton 0 belief that God
created the world but has had no fur­
glove • glove with a large wrist­
ther involvement with it: deism • be­
guard: gauntlet • glove housing the
lief that God created the world and
four fingers together: mitten • glove
continues to be active in it: theism
thrown down as a challenge: gage
• belief that God is identical with the
• knight's armoured glove: gauntlet
created universe: pantheism • belief
glow . glowing through heat: incan­ that God is greater than the created
descent • glowing without heat: universe, but interpenetrates it:
luminescent, fluorescent, phosphor­ panentheism • God's permanent
escent presence in the universe: immanence
• God's permanent existence outside
glucose • glucose deficiency in the
the universe: transcendence . div­
blood: hypog laecaemia
I ine intervention in human affairs:
" go • go across: traverse • go back: theurgy • belief that there can be no
regress . go beyond: exce!l!d, over­ sure evidence of a god's existence: ag­
shoot nosticism • belief in God based upon
reason not revelation: deism • belief
goat • adjectives:
caprine, hircine
that there is no god: atheism • study
• male goat: buck, billy goat . female
of religions having gods: theology
goat: doe, nanny goat . young goat:
' • drink of the gods: nectar • drink
kid . agile mountin goat: chamois
poured out in offering to a god: liba­
• group of goats: flock • goat's mam­
tion . food of the gods: ambrosia
mary gland: udder . goat's woolly
• blood of the gods: ichor • genealogy
coat: fleece . fine soft goat wool:
of a group of gods: theogony • war
cashmere • fabric made from goat
between gods: theomachy . god's ap­
hair: mohair • fine goatskin for bind­
pearance to humankind: epiphany,
ings: morocco • astrological term:
theophany • god's appearance in
capricorn
human form: incarnation . denoting
god • combining form: the- • adjec­ a god taking animal form: zoo­
tive: d ivine . god or goddess: deity morphic . denoting a god taking
• becoming a god: apotheosis, deifi­ human form: anthropomorphic
cation, theosis • suggesting a god's • pagan female fertility figure: earth
presence: numinous • woodland god: mother • chief of the ancient Greek
satyr, faun • creator-god: demiurge gods : Zeus • his consort: Hera • an­
• al the gods of a particular religion: cient Greek god of flocks and herds:
pantheon • killing a god: deicide Pan • chief of the Roman gods:Ju pi­
. treat or consider as a god: deify ter • his consort: Juno • Roman
• rule theocracy • image of
by a god: household gods: lares and penates
a god: idol • offering made to a god: • supreme god in Scandinavian myth­
oblation • belief in a single god: ology: Odin • thunder god in Scandi­
monotheism, monism . offering of navian mythology: Thor • goddess of
reverence to one god only, whilst con­ destiny in Scandinavian mythology:
ceding that others exist:henotheism, Norn • speech or writing showing
monolatry • belief in the existence of disrespect for a god: blasphemy
two gods: d itheism • belief in many • disrespectful treatment of a reli­
gods: polytheism . Hebrew name for gious item or place: sacrilege .. see
gold I goods
also essence, Mass, religion, the­
ology, Trin ity
gold • combining form: aur- . lump
of gold: nugget • gold in solid bars:
bullion • gold beaten thin for gilding:
gold leaf • gold held to support a cur­
rency: gold reserve • measure of
purity for gold: carat • fabulous
place ful of gold: EI Dorado, Gol­
conda • imagined substance turning
base metals to gold: phi losopher's
stone . utensils made of gold: plate
. coat with gold: gild . partly gilded:
parcel-g i lt . person making gold art­
icles: goldsmith • stamp on gold at­
testing purity: hallmark • denoting a
rock or mineral containing gold: au rif­
erous • trough separating gold from
ore: slu ice • alloy of gold and silver:
electrum • goldlike alloy of copper
and zinc: pinchbeck
golf e golf played on a small course:
pitch and putt • golfer's assistant:
caddie • golfer's baggy knee-length
trousers: plus fours • golf club with
a thick sloping head: wood • golf
club with a thinner sloping head: iron
• golf club with a thin straight head:
putter • small support for a golfer's
ball when the first shot is taken for
each hole: tee • area of level ground
where this shot is taken: tee • take
this shot: tee off • curving shot: fade
• strike the ball above its centre: thin,
top • stroke taking the ball to the
left: pull • stroke taking the ball to
the right: slice . high shot: loft
• turf dislodged by golfer's stroke:
divot . clear area leading from the
tee to the hole: fai rway . long grass
round the fairway: rough • point
where the ball stops: lie • golfing ob­
struction: hazard • sand-filled hol­
low: bu nker • smooth area with very
short grass surrounding the hole:
green • gentle stroke to roll the ball:
putt • circuit of play at a golf course:
round • standard number of strokes
required for a round or hole: par
150
• scoring by holes won: match play I
• scoring by strokes taken: medal
play, stroke play • golfer's score of
one stroke under par: birdie • golf-
o er's score of one stroke over par:
bogey . number of strokes above par
needed by a player: handicap • de-
noting a player's score adjusted for
this: net • denoting a player with a
zero handicap: scratch . hole(s) un­
played when a match has been de­
cided: bye • golf-club bar: nineteenth
hole
gonad • female gonad: ovary
• male gonad: testis
good • highest good: summum
bonum • exceptionally good: egre- \
g ious .just good enough: passable
• thing partly good and partly bad:
curate's egg . making a feigned dis­
play of virtue: canting, pious
goods • goods used to make others:
capital goods • goods for sale: mer­
chandise • goods regularly kept by a
business: stock-in-trade • goods in­
tended for the purchaser's use: con­
sumer goods • goods designed for
quick use and replacement: consum-
a bies . long-Iasting goods: durables 1
. promotional goods: merchandise �
• miscellaneous goods bought as a I�
unit: job lot •slightly faulty goods: :
seconds • smuggled goods: contra- �
band • denoting goods in saleable
condition: merchantable . denOting
goods made imperfect by retailer . ·
�
handling: shop-soiled • denoting ,
goods immediately available: in stock
• presentation of goods at the point of
sale: merchandising . list of goods
held: i nventory • batch of goods: con- ,
l'
signment • transport of goods:
freight, haulage . list of goods car-
ried on a vehicle: waybill • ship or
aircraft carrying goods: freighter
• wooden platform for stacking goods:
pallet . large storehouse for goods:
warehouse • document accompany- '­
ing a delivery of goods: docket
151 goose I g raft
................. ..... ....................... ................. ............................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........

• place for official inspection of im­ tic affairs: Home Office • govern­
ported goods: customs • rate at ment department for foreign affairs:
which goods are sold: turnover Foreign Office • government depart­
• society's pursuit of consumer goods: ment for financial management:
consumerism • promise to replace Treasury • government department
or repair defective goods: guarantee, assessing and collecting taxes: Inland
warranty Revenue • government department
registering land ownership: Land
goose • adjective: anserine . male
Registry • government department
goose: gander • female goose: goose
for military supplies: ordnance
• young goose: gosling • goose under
• government administrative depart­
four months old: green goose
ment or its staff: secretariat • gov­
• group of geese: gaggle • group of
ernment report with proposals for
geese flying in formation: skein
public discussion: Green Paper
• wild goose's cry: honk
• government report with proposals
government • type of government: for legislation: White Paper . na­
regime . right-wing and authoritar­ tional approval of a government's pro­
ian system of government: fascism gramme as indicated by its election
• cruel and oppressive government: majority: mandate • transfer of gov­
tyranny • incompetent or unjust gov­ ernmental power to regional author­
ernment: m isrule • government by a ities: decentralization, devolution
party with less than half the t;eats: mi­ • principle of central government per­
nority government • government forming only those functions which
formed from several minority parties: cannot be discharged at local level:
coalition • government formed re­ subsidiarity • system of government
gardless of party interests: national allowing much local independence:
government • government formed federalism • self-government: auton­
from members of all political parties: omy, self-determ ination • self­
government of national u nity . tem­ government in domestic affairs: home
porary government: caretaker gov­ rule • government policy of non­
ernment • absence of government: intervention: laissez-faire • tempor­
anarchy . head of the British govern­ ary cessation of government:
ment: Prime Minister . head of the interregnum • government commit­
German government: Chancel lor tee of enquiry: com mission . gov­
• head of government of the Irish Re­ ernment organizations assisting those
public: Taoiseach • head of govern­ seeking work: jo bcentre, job club
ment in Northern Ireland: First Min is­ • organization that is independent
ter • committee ef chief government but government-sponsored: q uango
ministers: cabinet • head of a major . funds held by the British govern­
government department: Minister, ment: excheq uer
Secretary of State • cabinet minis­
ter ilot heading a government depart­ gradual . gradual or natural devel­
opment: evolution • gradual absorp­
ment: Minister without Portfolio
• member of Parliament assisting a
tion: osmosis
minister: Parliamentary Private Sec­ g raft •
plant shoot for grafting:
retary • denoting the opposition scion • graft
of tissue from one point
counterpart to a government minis­ to another of the same body: a utog raft
ter: shadow • dutles or office of a • graft of tissue taken from a donor
government minister: portfolio who is of the same species but not gen­
• government department for domes- etically identical: allograft • graft of
grain I g rave
tissue taken from a donor of the same
species: homograft • graft of tissue
taken from a donor of a different spe­
cies: heterograft, xenograft
grain . combiningform: grani- . ad­
jective: granular . tied bundle of cut
grain stalks: sheaf • group of
sheaves leant together: shock, stook
• grain stalks left standing after har­
vesting: stubble • gather leftover
grain from a harvest field: glean
• separate chaff from grain by the
wind: winnow . separate chaff from
grain by beating: thresh • grain be­
fore or after milling: grist • hard
grain left after milling flour: semo­
lina • grain-eating: g ranivorous
• producing grain: g ran iferous
• containing whole unprocessed
grains: wholegrain, wholemeal
• grain fungus: ergot • funnel for dis­
pensing grain: hopper • storage
tower or pit for threshed grain: silo
• storehouse for threshed grain: g ran­
ary • cassava grain: tapioca
grammar • adjective: grammatical
• mistake in grammar: solecism
. mistake in grammar made by in­
appropriate application of a rule:
hypercorrection
gramophone • early gramophone
and recording machine: phonogra p h
• combined radio and gramophone:
radiogram • combined radio, gramo­
phone, and tape deck: music centre
� see also record player
gramophone record • denoting
a
small record revolving at 45 rpm:
extended-play • denoting a full-sized
record revolving at 33.33 rpm: long­
playin g • general term for 45 and 33
rpm records: vinyl • general term for
78 rpm records: shellac . laser·read
disk of digital information: compact
disk . groove in a long-playing re­
cord: m icrogroove • extraneous
noise heard when playing a record:
surface noise
152
grape • grape crop: growth • grape
harvest: vintage . fermenting grape
j uice: must • fermentation of
grape juice: vin ification . juice pro-
duced from a second pressing: taille
• remains of grapes after pressing: I
marc, ra pe . fungus cultivated on
grapes: botrytis, noble rot • study of
I
grape cultivation: viticulture
graph • graph designed like a sliced j
cake: pie chart • graph designed as a \
series of strips: bar chart • mark
points on a graph: plot
grasp . able to grasp: prehensile
• devicefor grasping lumps of coal or
sugar: tongs • similar device for
grasping very small objects: tweezers "
grass • adjectives: g raminaceous,
g ramineous . narrow leaf of grass:
blade • coarse grass used for paper
and ropes: esparto, esparto grass
• expanse or slab of earth with the
grass in it: sod, turf • circle of darker
grass: fai ry ring 0 clump of long
coarse grass: tussock • dislodged
clump of grass: divot . dried mown
grass: hay • grass at the edge of a
road: verge • undried grass stored in
airtight conditions: silage • silage
store: silo • grass-eating: g raminivor-
ous • electric grass cutter for
edgings etc.: strimmer • grass-like
plant growing in wet ground: sedge
• synthetic grass surface used on
sports fields: AstroTurfTM
grasshopper . chirping grasshop-
per: cricket . large voracious flying
grasshopper:
grassland . extensive grassland in
Siberia: steppe • extensive grass­
land in North America: prairie . ex­
tensive grassland in South America:
pam pas • extensive grassland in
warm regions: savannah • extensive
grassland in South Africa: veldt
grave . prehistoric grave
barrow, tumulus • stone at a grave's
head: headstone . fastened arrange- .'
153 gravel I grey
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ment of flowers for laying on a grave: fustanella • Greek soldier wearing

wreath this: evzone • Greek freedom fighter:
klepht • Greek administrative re­
g ravel • crushed stone and gravel
gions: deme, nomarchy, nome . cita­
used in building: aggregate
del of ancient Greek city: acropolis
gravity • weak gravity in a space­ • woollen tunic worn in ancient
craft: microgravity . point towards Greece: ch iton • ancient Greek over­
which gravitational forces tend: cen­ garment: hi mation • short cloak
tre of gravity . fall controlled by worn by men in ancient Greece:
gravity only: free fal l • plant growth chlamys • ancient Greek course for
in relation to gravity: geotropism horse and chariot races: h i ppodrome
• instrument measuring gravity: • ancient Greek female statue: kore
gravimeter (pl. korai) • ancient Greek male
grease • grease used for water­ statue: kou ros (pl. kouroi) • great

proofing leather: dubbin public sacrifice in ancient Greece:

hecatomb . chief god of ancient
greed • greed for money: avarice
Greece: Zeu s . his consort: Hera
• greedy eater: glutton, gourmand
• ancient Greek god of flocks and
Greek . combining forms: Graeco­ herds: Pan . ancient Greek spirit:
(e.g. Graeco-Roman), Hellen- . adjec­ daemon . first mortal woman in
tive: Hellenic . Greek culture: Hel­ Greek mythology: Pandora • ancient
lenism • lover of Greek culture: phil­ Greek and Roman storage j ar with
hellene • small Greek restaurant: two handles and a pointed base: am­
taverna • Greek appetiser of stuffed phora . courtesan in ancient Greece:
vine leaves: dolmades • Greek hetai ra . resident alien in ancient
mixed hors d'oeuvre: mezes . Greek Greece: metic
relish of cucumber sliced in yogurt: green . combining form: ch lor(o)­
tzatziki • Greek fish-roe paste: tara­ • adjective:ve rdant . richly green:
masalata _ Greek goat cheese: feta verdant . a pale green colour: eau de
• Greek cheese pie: tyropitta • Greek
Nil • green pepper: capsicum
spinach and feta pie: spanakopitta • green pigment in plants: chloro­
• Greek egg and lemon soup: avgo­
phyll • green rust forming on copper
lemono • Greek meatballs: keftedes and brass: verdigris
. Greek meat stew: stifado . Greek
greenhouse • heated greenhouse:
dish of skewered meat: souvlakia
hothouse • greenhouse attached to a
. Greek dish of lamb and aubergines:
house: conservatory • conservatory
moussaka • Greek sweet of sesame
stocked with plants flowering in win­
flour and honey: halva • Greek sweet
of honey-soake d pastry with nuts:
ter: wi nter garden
baklava • Greek resin-flavoured g reeting • woman's formal greeting

wine: retsina • Greek aniseed­ by bending the knees: curtsy • open­

flavoured spirit: ouzo • Greek man­ ing greeting in a letter: salutation
dolin: bouzouki • harp-like instru­ • former Chinese bow of greeting:

ment of ancient Greece: lyre • Greek kowtow • Indian traditional gesture

folk dance performed in a line: syrtaki of greeting: pranam • greeting be­
. Greek woollen rug: flokati . popu­ tween Jews: shalom . Maori greet­
lar form of modern Greek: demotic, ing: kia ora . Muslim gesture of
Romaic • pure form of modern greeting: salaam
Greek: katharevousa • short skirt as g rey • painting in shades of grey:
part of traditional Greek male dress: grisaille
greyhound I g roup 154

greyhound • young greyhound: problem or illness, meeting regularly

sapling • starting compartment in a for mutual help: support g roup
greyhound race: trap • group resistant t o change: old guard
• separate into sharply opposed
grief • wailing cry expressive of
groups: polarize • dissident group:
grief: ulu lation
faction, sect • dissident section
g rid . metal grid over a pit in a road: within a group: element . denoting
cattle grid • grid for data display: conflict ' within a group: internecine
matrix • specialist cadre • exclusive
group:
grill • grill quickly over a strong group: clique, coterie, elite, i n-group,
heat chargrill inner circle • access to an exclusive
group: entree • secret goup: cabal
grin • lecherous grin: leer • undesirable coterie: galere • group

g rind • grinding mechanism: mill assigned a particular task: squad,

task force . legally constituted
g roin • adjective: inguinal
group administering money or prop­
g roove • adjective:
sulcate erty for the benefit of others: trust
• groove cut by a plough: furrow • group of people sharing public wor­
ship: congregation • group worship­
ground • at or above ground level:
ping on private premises: house
overground • ground level at which
church • group with particular reli­
water is always present: water level,
gious beliefs: cult, denominatio n,
water table
sect • group assembled for identifi­
group • combining forms: -dom (e.g. cation of a suspect: identity parade
officialdom), -hood (e.g. brotherhood), • group with a common statistical
-ship (e.g. membership), -some (e.g. characteristic: cohort • group
foursome) • adjectives: co llegial, gen­ thought to have a hidden but perva­
eric • compact homogeneous group: sive control of society: the EstabliSh­
phalanx • group of people of equal ment • group of influential high­
social status: peer group • group ranking persons: the hierarchy
drawn from a larger body: detach­ • group nominally advising the sover­
ment • group selected to represent a eign: Privy Council . small group
larger body: deputation • group ruling after a coup: ju nta • group
breaking away from a larger body: radically diferent from those sur­
spli nter g roup . group of people liv­ rounding it: enclave, eth nic minority,
ing in one place: commun ity • group mi nority . deliberate eradication of
inhabiting a particular area: co lony such groups: ethnic cleansing,
• group of people living together and ethnocide • group on the fringes of
sharing all property: commune • in­ respectability: demi-monde • group
formal group of young people: gang appointed to consider specific issues:
• group of people with common inter­ comm ittee, panel . group monitor­
ests: fraternity, network, set, syndi­ ing monopoly organizations: watch­
cate • group of people pressing a dog • smallsecret group: cell
common interest: caucus, interest, • group secretly assisting the enemy:
interest g roup, lobby, movement, fifth column • group gambling or
pressure g roup • group press;ng for drinking together: school • group
vigorous action: g i nger
g roup living by hunting and harvesting wild
• group of political activists: cadre food: hu nter-gatherers • group con­
• group of persons with a common trolling Paris during the French Revo-
155 g roup I guard ian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lution: Commune . group o f actors: walking one behind another: fi le

trou pe, ensmble • cooperative group • group of witches: coven • group of

of wild animals: pack . large group two: duo, duumvirate • group of

of animals: herd • group of animals three: triad, trio, troika, tri umvirate
moving together: d rove, flock, herd, • group of seven: heptad, septenary

pack • group of draught animals . group together: con centrate . liv­

working together: team • group of
artists or scholars with similar ideas
or style: school • group of attendants
upon an important person: entou­
rage, reti nue, train . large group of
bees: swarm • small group of birds:
covey • group of birds, goats, or
sheep: fl ock • group of birds or air­
craft: fl ight . group of bombs: stick
• group of buildings: com plex
ing in groups: gregarious • group's
beliefs and customs: fo lklore
. group's perceptions of the past: folk
memory . group loyalty: esprit de
corps • group cameraderie: team
spirit o study of relationships within
a group of people: sociometry • per­
son sympathetic to a group's aims, but
not belonging to it: fe llow traveller
• advocate of the supremacy of a par­

• group of businesses: consortiu m, ticular group: supremacist • mutual

syndicate, cartel . group of crim­ support between group members: soli­
inals: family, gang, ring . group of darity • psychological interactions
Cub Scouts or Brownies: pack between members of a group: group
• group of dancers or musicians: en­ dynamics • gain membership of a
semble • group of hospital doctors: group to spy on it: infiltrate, penetrate
fi rm • set of eggs: clutch • group of . shared or done by all group mem­
employees meeting to seek output im­ bers: collective . close a group: dis­
provements: quality circle • group of band . forcibly break up a group:
experts researching specific govern­ di sperse
ment problems: think tank • large g rouse • stand for grouse shooters:
group of fish: school, shoal • group butt
of foxes: skulk • group of foxhounds:
pack • group of geese: gaggle grow . grow too big for: outgrow
• excessive growth of an organ: hyper­
• group of flying geese: skein . large
plasia • disproportionate growth of
dense group of insects: swarm
• group of islands: arch ipel­ the hands and feet in adolescence: ac­
ago • group of interlinked items: romegaly • growth hormone: som­
nexus • group of lions: pride atotrophin • retard growth: stunt
• group of manual workers: g rowth . combining form: -plasia
gang . group of persons sent: mis­ • small stalked growth on a mucous

sion • group of racehorses: string membrane: polyp

• group of repressed ideas: complex
guarantee • written guarantee:
• group of ships or vehicles travelling
warranty • person or payment guar­
together: convoy • group of ships or
anteeing the acts of another: s u rety
boats: flotilla • group of major sport­
ing fixtures: g rand slam . group of guard . adjective: custodial . guard
states exercising free trade among at the Tower of London: Beefeater,
themselves: common market . group Yeoman of the Guard . mounted or
of states with common import tariffs: motorized escort: outrider
customs un ion . group of flying guardian • adjective: tutelary
swans: skein . group of prestigious • under guardianship: in statu
US universities: Ivy League . group pupillari • person receiving advice
guerri l la I gun
and protection: protege (fern. prote­
gee)
guerrilla • Balkan guerrilla: chet­
nik • Nicaraguan guerrilla: contra
guess • unsubstantiated guess:
speculation
Guide • Guide rally: jam boree
guide . moral guide: mentor, guru
• tourist guide: cicerone (pl. ciceroni)
guillotine • cart carrying prisoners
to the guillotine: tum brel, tumbril
• woman knitting by the guillotine:
tricoteuse
guilt . produce arguments or evi­
dence to lessen someone's guilt: ex­
ten uate, mitigate • feeling of guilt:
compunction . freedom from guilt:
i n n ocence
guitar • small
steel-stringed guitar:
Hawaiian guitar. small four­
stringed Hawaiian guitar: ukulele
• Russian guitar with a triangular
soundbox: balalaika • guitar with in­
built microphones: electric g u itar
• such a microphone: pickup • small
disc used to pluck a guitar's strings:
plectrum • plectrum attached to the
finger: fingerpick
gull . place where gulls live: gullery
gum • adjective: gingival . inflam­
mation of the gums: gingivitis
gun . portable gun: firearm . hand­
held gun: handgun . portable guns:
small arms • spiral-bore gun shot
from the shoulder: rifle • smooth­
bore gun firing pellets: shotgun
• handgun with revolving chambers:
revolver • early long-barrelled shoul­
der gun: musket • gun firing bullets
in quick succession: machine g u n
. light hand-held machine gun: sub­
machine gun • gun having a maga­
zine: repeater • short gun with a
high trajectory: mortar • heavy gun
with a high trajectory: howitzer
• gun's backward movement on firing:
recoil . large military guns: artillery
156
• artillery and bombs: ordnance
• handgun-holder on a belt: holster
• small knob forming a gun's fore­
sight: bead • crossed fine wires in a
gun's sight: cross hairs • inner
diameter of a gun barrel: bore, cali­
bre, gauge • spiral grooves inside a
gun barrel: rifling . denoting an
unrifled gun barrel: smooth-bore
• open end of a gun barrel: m uzzle
• back part of a gun barrel: breech
. long rod used in muzzle-loading:
ramrod • muzzle's wooden stopper:
tampion • wedge supporting a gun
barrel: qUOin • part of a gun where
the bullet is placed: chamber . con­
tainer for bullet and charge: cartridge
• gun's container for several bullets:
magazine • single unit of ammuni­
tion: round • gun's firing lever: cock,
trigger • trigger with minimal resist­
ance: hair trigger . part of a gun
placed against the shoulder: butt,
stock • gun's angle with the horizon­
tal: elevation • gun's wheeled sup­
port: carriage • front part of this:
limber . firing platform for a large
gun: emplacement • fortified gun
emplacement: battery . revolving ar­
moured gun emplacement: turret
• gun aperture in a wall: port • war­
ship's projecting gun platform: spon­
son • simultaneous fire from all the
guns on one side of a ship: broadside
• period of continuous heavy gunfire:
barrage, cannonade • rapid burst of
gunfire: fusillade, salvo, volley
• continuous rapid gunfire at a cer­
tain spot: curtain fire • gunfire along
a line of targets: enfilade • shield by
gunfire: cover • have within range:
sweep • ceremonial firing of guns as
a token of respect: sal ute . train a
gun on someone: cover • have within
firing range: cover • ground depres- ,
sion used as a shelter from gunfire:
foxhole • illegal firearms trade: gun­
running • science of firearms: ballis­
tics � see also rifle
157 gunman I gypsy

gunman . hidden gunman: sniper • sprung fabric sheet: trampoline

guru • Hindu guru: maharishi • floor padding for landing: mat
• hermitage for a guru and his pupils: • heavy exercise ball: medicine ball

ashram gypsy •gypsy person, or their lan­

gut • adjective: visceral � see also guage: Romany • gypsy caravan:
intestine vardo • Romany word for 'man': rom
gymnastics • gymnastic exercises (pl. roma) • Romany word for a male
aiding graceful movement: callisthen­ gypsy: chal • Romany word for a
ics • gymnastic routine not needing non-gypsy: gorgio . secret language
apparatus: floor exercises • narrow of Irish and Welsh gypsies: She Ita
horizontal bar for gymnastic exer­ • Italian gypsy: Zingaro . Hungarian

cises: beam • wooden frame with a gypsy: tzigane • itinerant tinker or

padded top: horse, vaulting horse scrap-metal dealer: didicoi
Hh
h • make an 'h' sound: aspirate
habit • strange habit: eccentricity,
idiosyn crasy, mannerism, q u i rk
. denoting an ingrained habit: invet­
erate • denoting a person possessed
by compulsive habits: inveterate,
pathological • becoming automatic
through habit: second nature
haddock • smoke-cured haddock:
finnan
hair • combining form: trich- • ad­
jectives: ca pillary, pilose • piece of
hair: lock, tress • unkempt mass of
hair: shock . hair in interlaced
strands: plait • length of plaited hair:
pigtail • coil of hair at the back of the
head: chignon • bunch of false hair:
hairpiece, switch • hair brushed up­
wards and backwards from the fore­
head: q uiff • strip of hair in front of a
man's ears: sideburn • short stiff
hairs on a man's unshaven face: stub­
ble • hair on a man's cheeks or j aw:
side whiskers . long hair on the
neck of certain animals: mane
• sheath around a hair root: fol l i cle
• bristling of the hair in fear or cold:
goose-flesh • erectile hairs along a
dog's back: hackles • oily secretion
keeping the hair soft: sebum • dark
hair pigment: melanin . lack of hair
pigmentation: albinism • soap prep­
aration for washing the hair: sham­
poo • substance applied to the hair
to make it look healthy: conditioner
• hair fixative: lacquer • hair oil: Ma­
cassar • scented hair ointment: po­
made, pomatum • arrange the hair:
dress • ribbon to bind the hair: fillet
• hair grip of a sprung metal strip:
kirby grip • ornamental hairnet:
snood . lacking hair: bald • pro-
gressi�e baldness: alopecia • abnor­
mal hair growth on a woman's face:
h i rsutism • removal of unwanted
hair: depilation • preparation to re­
move unwanted hair: depilatory
. depilation by an electic current:
electrolysis • depilation using a
sugar and lemon mixture: sugaring
• having tightly-curled hair: ulotri­
chan • study of the hair and scalp:
trichology . dead skin in the hair:
dandruff . false hair: wig
hairdressing . adjective: tonsorial
• hairdresser:coiffeur (fern. coiffeuse)
• hairdresser's shop: salon • wave
the hair with a hot iron: crimp
hairstyles • elaborately styled hair:
coiffure . knot of hair at the back of
a woman's head: chignon • with hair
puffed out from the head: bouffant
• hairstyle concealing one eye: peek­
aboo • short hairstyle: crop • short
and bristly style: en brosse e very
short male style: crew cut • male
style with the hair slicked back on
both sides: duck's arse • Rastafarian
hairstyle with hair in tight braids:
d readlocks • black hairstyle with
tight braids giving a geometrical scalp
pattern: cornrows • bright dyed
streak: highlight . dark dyed streak:
lowlight
half . combining forms: demi-,
hemi-, semi- (e.g. semicircle) • half-
board: demi-pension . half-line of
verse: hem istich
hallucination • hallucinations suf­
fered by alcoholics: delirium tremens
• producing or produced by hallucin­
ations: psychedelic
ham • cured or smoked ham: gam­
mon • Italian ham: prosciutto
159
hammer • hammer used by auction­
eers: gavel . diagnostic hammer
used by doctors: plexor, plessor
• wooden-headed hammer: mal let
. heavy mallet: beetle . large heavy
hammer: sledgehammer • heavy
pivoted hammer: tilt hammer, trip
hammer • hammer for beating meat:
tenderizer • handle of a hammer:
helve • flat part of a hammer head,
used for striking: face • rounded or
wedge-shaped part of a hammer head,
opposite to the face: peen • V-shaped
device for removing nails, set opposite
to a hammer's face: claw • striking­
head of a piledriver: tup
hand . combining forms: chiro-,
manu- . adjectives: manual, palmate
. hand bones: metacarpus • hand's
inner surface between wrist and
fingers: palm • itchy hand swelling
caused by cold: chilblain . hand pain
from much writing: writer's cramp
• hand-operated: manual . done with
both hands: bimanual • skill with the
hands: dexterity • this when decep­
tion is involved: legerdemain, sleight
of hand . able to use both hands
equally well: ambidextrous • special­
ist treating the hands and feet: chir­
opodist • cosmetic treatment of the
hands: manicure
handicap • physical or mental
handicap: disability • denoting a
golfer with a zero handicap: scratch
handkerchief • • large and brightly
coloured handkerchief, often with
white spots: bandanna
hand over • hand over a person to a
foreign power for trial or punishment:
extradite
handle • handle of an axe, knife, or
spear: haft • handle of a hammer or
other tool: helve • handle of a sword,
dagger, or knife: hilt . handle of a
whip or fishing rod: stock
handworker . skilled handworker:
artisan , craftsman
hammer I harlequinade
handwriting • elegant handwrit­
ing: calligraphy • calligrapher's dec­
orative flourish: curlicue
hang • hanging loosely: pendulous
• structure for hanging criminals:
gallows
happiness . feeling of great happi­
ness: ecstasy, euphoria, exhilaration
• happiness based on (wilful) ignor­
ance: fool's paradise . make some­
one very happy: elate
happen • about to happen: forth­
coming, immi nent, pending, upcom­
ing • that has never happened before:
unprecedented . happening all the
time: perennial • happening occa­
sionally: sporadic . make happen:
instigate . prevent happening: pre­
clude • happen again: recur . make
happen suddenly or unexpectedly:
precipitate • reverse what has hap­
pened: undo
harbour • harbour with customs fa­
cilities: port • harbour for yachts:
marina . harbour's protection from
rough seas: jetty, mole e waterside
platform for loading and unloading
ships: quay, quayside . sand etc. de­
posited in a harbour: silt • steersman
with local knowledge bringing a ship
in or out of harbour: pilot . floating
beam restricting access to a harbour:
boom
hard . combining form for medical
senses: scler(o)- . abnormal harden­
ing of body tissue: sclerosis • hard­
ening of the arteries: arterio­
sclerosis
hare • adjective: leporine • female
hare: doe • male hare: buck • young
hare: leveret . hare's short tail: scut
• hare's lair: form • hare-hunting:
coursing • stew or boil a hare: jug
harlequinade • Italian harlequin­
ade: commedia dell'arte • principal
male character: harleq uin • princi­
pal female character: columbine
• comic old man: pantaloon
harm I healer 160

harm • person suffering harm: vic­ phobia • hatred of homosexuals:

tim . look believed to harm the per­ homophobia . hatred of men: mis­
son regarded: evi l eye • able to be andry • hatred of people: misan­
harmed: vulnerable • subtly harm­ thropy • hatred of women: mis-
ful: pernicious - ogy ny
harpsichord • small harpsichord hawk . female hawk: falcon . male
with strings set obliquely to the key­ hawk: tercel • young hawk: eyas

board: spinet • pin tuning a harpsi­ • adult hawk caught for training: hag­
chord string: wrest pin • block in gard • hawk's feeding board: hack
which these are set: wrest plank . de­ . hawk's leg strap: jess . cage for
vice plucking the string: jack . de ­ hawks: mew • device to attract a I
vice muting the strings: buff stop hawk: lure
Harrow • member of Harrow hay • machine for turning hay: ted­
School: Harrovian der . loose pile of hay: haycock I
hat . wide-brimmed straw hat: pa n­ • neat cuboid pile of baled hay: rick, I
ama • hat of stifened straw with a stack
boater . felt hat with
low flat crown: hazel . flower of the hazel tree: cat- 1

indented homburg, tri l by

crown: kin
• hard domed hat: bowler • hat with head • combining form: cephal-
a high cylindrical crown: top hat • adjective: cephalic • back of the
• soft cloth hat with brims at front and head: occiput • flat part between the
back, and earflaps that may be tied up: forehead and ear: temple • abnormal
deerstalker . centre-folded Highland smallness of the head: m icrocephaly
hat: g lengarry • hat tied under the • study of the proportions of the head
chin: bon net • academic hat: square, and face: cephalometry •
mortarboard, bon net • three­ sciousness from a blow to the head:
cornered hat: tricorne • firm light­ concussion • injury caused by a se­
weight sun hat formerly worn in the vere jerk to t.lte head: whiplash . cut ,
tropics : pith helmet, sola topi • knit­ off the head of: decapitate • thrust ,
ted covering for the head and neck: with the head: head-butt
balaclava • woman's wide-brimmed able head-covering of real or artificiaL
decorated hat: picture hat • woman's hair: wig
close-fitting bell-shaped hat: cloche
headache • severe headache with'
• guard's tall fur hat: bearskin, busby
nausea and impaired vision: migraine'
• priest's square liturgical hat: bi­
• office workers' headaches and re- I
retta • sailor's oilskin hat:
spiratory problems, thought to
sou'wester • worker's protective hel­
caused by poor ventilation: sick
met: hard hat . cowboy's hat: te n­
ing synd rome
gallon hat • Texan hat: stetson ,
• Mexican wide-brimmed hat: som­ headband . Arab's headband: agal:
• frontlet
brero • red conical tasselled hat: fez, Jew's liturgical headband:
tarboosh . rosette or ribbons on a heading • heading t o a section 0
hat: cockade • take off one's hat: text: lemma (pl. lemmata) • news
doff, uncover • shop selling men's paper title heading:
hats: hatter • shop selling women's • printed heading on stationery: let
hats: m i l l i ner .. see also cap, clothes, terhead
I
vestments healer . combining form: -patl l
hatred . combining forms: mis-, • person offering cures through bonl !

-phobia • hatred of foreigners: xeno- and muscle manipulation:

161 health I heat

. person offering cures through min­ • sudden cessation of the heartbeat:

ute doses of natural substances produ­ cardiac arrest • rapid and chaotic
cing symptoms of the disease: contraction of various heart muscles:
homeopath fi brillation • apparatus controlling

health • health-giving: salubrious, this: defibrillator . device stimulat­

wholesome • person obsessed by his ing and controlling heartbeat: pace­

maker • plastic-covered electrode
or her own health: hypochondriac,
valetudinarian • state of health: con­ used in this: paddle . drug slowing
dition, constitution • in poor health: the heart: beta blocker • inflamma­
sickly • conditions relating to public tion of the heart: carditis • doctor's
health: sanitation • substance ap­ device for hearing the heart: stetho­
plied to the hair or skin to make it scope • record of heart sounds:
look healthy: conditioner phonocardiogram • electrically

traced record of a heartbeat: e lectro­

hearing • combining form: audi­
cardiogram • ultrasound display of a
. adjectives: acoustic, auditory, aural
heartbeat: echocardiogra m • study
. alleged ability t o hear what others
and treatment of heart diseases: car­
cannot: clairaudience • device meas­
diology
uring the range and sensitivity of
a person's hearing: audiometer heat . combining forms: cal ( o ) -,
. graphic record produced by this de­ therm(o)-, -thermy . adjectives: ther-
vice: audiogram . study of hearing mal, thermic, caloric • heat-
'
and its defects: audiology . theatre producing: cal orific • glowing

sound system for hearing-aid users: through heat: incan descent

induction loop • distance over which . slightly warm: l u kewarm, tepid
one can be heard: earshot, hearing • substance that transmits heat: con­
• hear something not intended for ductor • substance that does not
one: overhear transmit heat: insu lator • transfer of
heart • combining form for medical heat in fluids: convection • unit of
and scientific senses: cardi- • adjec­ heat energy: calorie • physics of heat
tives: cardiac, coronary • upper and other forms of energy: thermo­
chamber in the heart: auricle, atrium dynamics • denoting the earth's nat­
. lower chamber of the heart: ven­ ural heat: geothermal • heat to near
tricle • membrane enclosing the boiling point: scald • heat-treat li­

heart: pericardium • inflammation quids to increase their shelf-life: pas­

of the pericardium: pericarditis
noting the arteries surrounding the
heart:coronary • • blockage of these:
heart attack, coronary thrombosis
• denoting the heart and blood ves­
sels: cardiovascular • denoting the
heart and lungs: cardiopulmonary,
cardiorespiratory . relaxed stage of
heartbeat: diastole • contracted
stage of heartbeat: systole . dis­
turbed heartbeat: flutter; fibrillation
• excessively rapid heartbeat: palpita­
tion, tachycardia • excessively slow
heartbeat: bradycardia • soft sound
made by a diseased heart: murmur
• de­ teurize • heat and then cool slowly as
a toughening process: anneal • char
by exposure to heat: scorch • decom­
pose by exposure to extreme heat:
pyrolyse • heat spiced wine or ale:
mull • denoting a gentle heat for
cooking: slow • denoting a strong
heat for cooking: fast • gas-fired
water heater: geyser • thermometer
for high temperatures: pyrometer
• hottest part of the year: dog days
• period of unusually hot weather:
heatwave • oppressively hot: swel­
tering • hot and dry: torrid • illness
caused by excessive heat: heatstroke,
heating I hemp 162
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

sunstroke . liquified by extreme hedgehog erinaceous • adjective:

heat:molten • electric wire used to . male hedgehog: boar • hedgehog's
provide heat: element • animal de­ sharp hollow bristle: quill
pendent upon external sources of
height • combining forms: acro-,
heat: ectotherm • animal creating its
alt-, hyps- • height above sea or
own bodily heat: endotherm . denot­
ground level: altitude • height above
ing substances becoming malleable
sea level: elevation • height differ­
when heated: thermoplastic . denot­ ence ,of landscape elements: relief
ing substances becoming rigid when • dizziness caused by heights: vertigo
heated: thermosetting • heat re­ • nausea and exhaustion experienced
quired for change of state but not of at high altitudes: altitude sickness
temperature: latent heat • use of • fear of heights: acrophobia
electric currents to heat the body's • builder specializing in high work:
inner organs: d iathermy . make im­ steeplejack, spiderman • instru­
pervious to heat: insulate . designed ment measuring an aircraft's height:
to retain heat: thermal . device pro­ altimeter • instrument measuring
ducing motive power from heat: heat the height above sea level: hypsom­
engine . location of an object eter
through the heat it exudes: thermal
heir • adjective: hereditary • female
imaging
heir: heiress • heir whose claim is
heating • heating device circulating irrefutable: heir apparent • heir
warm air: convector • single heating whose claim may be overpassed: heir
system supplying many buildings: presumptive • heir by blood: heir­
district heating . underfloor heating at-law . j oint heir: coparcener
system in Roman houses: hypocaust
helicopter • combining form: heli-
• electric heating element placed in li­
• helicopter's vertical propeller: rotor
quid: immersion heater • electric
• helicopter landing-place: helipad,
heater taking in power by night and
heli port • skiing with ascents made
releasing heat by day: storage heater
by helicopter: heli-skiing
• progressive heating of the earth's at­
mosphere due to breaches in ozone helix • adjectives: helical, helicoid
layer: global warm ing, greenhouse hell • adjective: infernal • place
effect where sins may be expiated after
heaven . adjective: celestial death:Purgatory . hell in Jewish
thought: Gehenna, Sheol .. see also
Hebrew • adjective: Hebraic • Heb­
u nderworld
rew scholar: Hebraist • vowel dots
around Hebrew script: points . add helmet • part of a helmet that pro-
the points to Hebrew script: vocal ize tects the face: visor • protective hel-
. Hebrew name for God: Jehova h , met for construction workers: hard
hat • protective
• four-character
Yahweh re­ helmet for motorcyc-
presentation of this: Tetragrammaton lists: crash hel met
.. see also I sraeli, I sraelite, Judaism help • person keen to help others:
hedge • mixed hedge with trees: phi lanthropist • domestic helper pro­
hedgerow • ornamental hedge­ vided by a local authority: home help
trimming: topiary • strengthen a • turning to a source of help: re-
hedge by interweaving branches : lay, course
layer • denoting a hedge grown from hemp • adjective: hempen . comb
cuttings: q uickset hemp before spinning: card
163 Hephaestus I Hindu
..... ........................................ . . . . . . . . ........... ..... ........
..... ............................. . . . . .............................

Hephaestus . Roman name: Vul­ store: cache, stash • hiding-place:

can bolt-hole • not hidden: overt
Hera . Roman name: Juno H ighlands . traditional Highland
language: Gaelic • competition of
Heracles . Roman name: Hercules
Highland traditional poets and musi­
herb • adjective: herbal • bag of cians: Mod • woven fabric pattern as­
herbs used to flavour soups: bouquet
sociated with a particular clan: tartan
garni . chopped fresh herbs: fines
• distinctive pattern of a tartan: sett
herbes • garden for medicinal herbs:
• centre-folded Highland hat: glen­
physic garden • book listing herbs:
garry • Highlander's tartan shoulder
herbal
cloth: plaid • man's tartan skirt in
Hercules • Greek name: Heracles traditional Highland dress: kilt
hered ity • study of heredity: genet- • pouch worn in front of the kilt:
ics sporran
heresy • founder of a heresy: heresi­ hill . low hill: hum mock, hurst,
arch . follower of a heresy: heretic knoll, mound . low hill flanking a
• public burning of a heretic by the mountain: foothill . gently rol­
Spanish Inquisition: auto da fe (pl. ling hill: down • flat-topped steep­

autos da fe) sided hill: mesa • rocky hill: tor

Hermes . Latin name: Mercury . top of a hill: crest, sum m it . mass

• Hermes' winged hat: petasus of loose stones on a hillside: scree
• Hermes' snake-twined staff: cadu­ H i ndu • Hindu nationalism:
ceus H i n dutva . Hindu hereditary class:
hermit • adjective: eremitic . her­ caste, varna . member of the Hindu
mit's habitation: hermitage, ce ll priestly caste: Brahman . member of
• hermit living o n the top o f a pillar: the Hindu military caste: Kshatriya
styl ite • member of the Hindu caste of mer­
chants and farmers: Vaisya . mem­
hernia • padded belt supporting a
ber of the Hindu worker caste: Sudra
hernia: truss
• member of the lowest class of Hindu
hero • unconventional fictional hero: society: Dalit, Harija n , untouchable
anti-hero • denoting a Hindu belonging to one
Herod • children killed by Herod: of the highest castes: twice-born
Holy I nnocents . Hindu scriptures: Veda . commen­
herring • small young of herrings, tary upon U panishad
the Vedas:
sprats, etc. eaten as food: whitebait • Hindu mystical text: tantra • word

• rolled pickled herring fillet: roll­ repeated in Hindu meditation: mantra

mop • Hindu mystic syllable: om • Hindu

liturgical language: Sanskrit . Hindu

heterosexuality • assumption
teacher: guru, Maharishi, pandit,
that heterosexuality is the norm: het­
swami • Hindu teacher's pupil: chela
erosexism
• hermitage of a Hindu teacher and
hide . hide one's thoughts or feel­
his pupils: ashram • Hindu ascetic:
ings: dissimulate . wait in hiding:
fa kir • Hindu ascetic wearing few
lurk • person hiding on a ship or air­
clothes: gymnosophist . Hindu reli­
craft in order to travel without paying:
gious beggar: sannyasi (pl. same)
stowaway • chance to see a Hindu holy man:
hidden • combining form: crypt(o)- darshan • selfless action as a way to
(e.g. cryptocommunist) • hidden perfection: karma yoga • Hindu state
hip I Holy Communion 164

of supreme happiness: ananda • blow with the hand's edge to the

. Hindu state o f blessedness: nirvana back of the neck: rabbit pu nch
• Hindu's personal fate: karma • quick sharp blow: ra p • flatten with
• Hindu soul, individual and univer­ a sharp blow: swat
sal: atman . earthly incarnation of a
hockey • start of play in hockey:
Hindu divinity: avatar _ Hindu god­
bully off • advance the ball by suc­
dess: devi • Hindu supreme goddess:
cessive light taps: dribble • side part
Devi . Hindu supreme god: Sh iva
of the playing area: wing
• phallus-symbol of Shiva: lingam
. vulva-symbol o f divine creative en­ hoe • pushing hoe to cut off weed
ergy: yoni . disk symbolizing the roots: Dutch hoe
universe: mandala • power of the
hoist • hoisting apparatus of three
Hindu gods: maya • food-offering to a
splayed poles: sheer legs • hoisting
Hindu god: prasad • Hindu term for
device winding rope etc. about a
cosmic law: dharma • Hindu festival
drum: ca pstan, winch, windlass
of lights: Diwali . Hindu spring festi­
• ropes and pulleys for lifting heavy
val: Holi . Hindu principle of non­
objects: tackle
violence towards all living things:
ahimsa • Hindu tower temple: pa­ hole • bored or pierced hole: perfor­
goda . Hindu traditional medicine: ation, puncture . hole bored to take
Ayu rveda . male Hindu's loincloth: explosive: blast hole, shot hole
dhoti . Hindu forehead mark: tilak • hole allowing leakage: pu nctu re
• red powder used b y Hindu women to • enlarge the top of a hole to take the
mark the forehead: kumkum . Hindu screw flush: cou ntersink
epic: Mahabharata • Hindu treatise
holiday • university o r lawcourts'
on love and sexual technique: Kama
holiday: vacation . holiday of half a
Sutra . Hindu seclusion of women:
day: half holiday • school's short
purdah . Hindu place of cremation:
ghat • Hindu widow's self-cremation: mid-term holiday: half term . inclu­
sive holiday: package, package tour
suttee • Hindu meditation technique
. popular holiday destination: resort
popular in the West: Transcendental
• rented holiday home: cottage, gite,
Med itation • Western system of exer­
cises loosely based on Hindu prin­ villa • agent accompanying a pack­
ciples: yoga age tour: courier . holiday camp or­
ganizer: redcoat
hip • adjective: sciatic • hip joint:
coxa holy • combining forms: hagio- (e. g.
hire purchase • initial hire pur­ hagiology), hiero- (e. g. hieroglyph)
chase payment: paymentdown . holy place: shrine . journey to a
• company fi­
funding hire-purchase: shrine: pilgrimage • declare or make
nance company, fi nance house holy: sanctify • violate the holiness
of a place or thing: desecrate • ritu­
history • history-writing, or the
ally impure: unclean
study of it: historiography . histor­
ical information gained by recorded Holy Communion . Holy Commu­
interviews: oral history . objects of nion given to a person near to death:
historical interest: memorabilia . ob­ viaticum • multidenominational par­
j ects of interest to military historians: ticipation in Holy Communion: inter­
militaria • Muse of history: Clio communion, open communion
hit . hit reapeatedly: pound, pum­ • thin bread disc used in Holy Com­
mel, thrash . hit obliquely: glance munion: wafer .. see also Mass
165 holy war I horse

holy war • by Christians to recover Hong Kong • general index of Hong

the Holy Land: crusade • by Mus­
lims against infidels: jihad
home . longing for one's home:
homesickness . force someone to
live far from his home: banish
• work from home, with electronic ac­
cess to the workplace: telecomm ute
homoeopathy • substance used in
homoeopathic treatment: simi lars
homosexuality • adjectives:
pink, queer • female homosexual:
lesbian . male homosexual trans-
Kong share prices: Hang Seng index
hope • unattainable hope: pipe
d ream . denoting a hope unlikely to
be fulfiled: pious, vain
hops • kiln for drying hops: oast
• building for this: oast house
horizontal • device establishing
horizontality: level, spirit level
hormone • growthhormone: som-
gay, atotrophin . hormone used to treat
allergies and arthritis: cortisone
• pituitary hormone tending to in­

vestite: d rag queen • arousing crease blood pressure: vasopressin

homosexual desire: homoerotic
• concealment of one's homosexuality:
closet • notconcealing one's homo­
sexuality: out • declare one's homo­
sexuality: come out • announcement
by others of a prominent person's
homosexuality: outing C) public lav­
atory viewed as a homosexual
meeting-place: cottage • homosexual
purchasing power: pink pound . hat­
red of homosexuality: homophobia
honesty • consistently honest: up-
right, upstanding • system relying
on participants' honesty: honour
system
honey • honey-producing: mell ifer­
ous • denoting honey drained from
the comb without heat or pressure:
virg i n • alcoholic drink made from
honey: mead • sweetmeat made of
honey and sesame flour: halva . li­
quid collected by bees from flowers to
make honey: necta r . natural sugar
found in honey and fruits: fructose
honeycomb . small compartment
in a honeycomb: cell
hook • hooked pole used to land
large fish: gaff . hooked device used
to gain purchase: g rappling iron,
grapnel . decorative openwork made
with hooked yarn: crochet
hoop . hoop attached to a skirt to
support it: farth ingale
. hormone used to treat diabetes: in­
sulin • hormone used by athletes to
improve performance: steroid, ana­
bolic steroid • hormone secreted
when under stress: adrena lin, epi­
nephrine . hormone oxidising body
sugar: insulin . hormone governing
female secondary sexual character­
istics: oestrogen • hormones gov­
erning male secondary sexual charac­
teristics: androgen, testosterone
• hormone stimulating uterine prep­
aration for pregnancy: progesterone
• hormone making the cervix dilate:
relaxin . hormone stimulating uter­
ine contractions and milk secretion:
oxytocin • hormone stimulating
milk production after giving birth:
prolactin
horn • adjective: corneous • horn
of plenty: cornucopia
horoscope • prepare a horoscope:
cast • astrological map for casting a
horoscope: birth chart, natal chart
horse . combining forms: equi-,
hippo- (e.g. hippodrome, originally a
track for horse races) • adjective:
equine • small prehistoric horse:
hyracotherium, eohippus • female
horse: mare • castrated male horse:
gelding • uncastrated male
horse: stallion, entire horse • young
horse: foal • young male horse: colt
• young female horse: fi lly • offspring
h o rse I horse-riding
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I
of a male donkey and female horse: rider: l iberty horse • place
m u le • offspring of a male horse and horses are trained: manege • horse's
female donkey: hinny • small horse: gait between a trot and a gallop:
pony • strong short-legged horse: ter • (of a horse) stand upright on
cob . pure-bred horse: hind legs: rear • (of a horse) run out
bred • thoroughbred horses: blood­ of control: bolt . (of a horse) give ·
stock • horse for ordinary riding: birth: foal . (of a horse) refuse a
hack • horse bred for hunting and j ump : baulk, jib • military personnel '
hunter . horse bred
steeplechasing: using horses or armoured vehicles:
for heavy work: carthorse • large cavalry • small field for horses: pad-
horse bred for heavy work: heavy dock . fodder bag attached to a �'
horse, shire horse . horse with horse's head: nosebag • rope tying a �
black and white patches: piebald horse's legs together: hobble . estab­
• horse with patches of white and lishment where horses are kept or '
some other colour: skewba ld • horse trained: sta ble . stable worker: lad !
having a coat of one colour inter­ • horse food of bran and hot water: I

spersed with hairs of another: roan mash • open trough for horse fodder:
• wild American horse: mustang, manger . horse's coarse grooming
bronco • Austrian horse bred for brush: dandy brush • metal device
dressage: Lipizzaner • knight's war­ for cleaning horse brushes: cu rry­
horse: destrier • racehorse in the cal- comb . establishment where horses
endar year after that in which it was are kept for breeding: stud • book of
born: yearling • horse that has not horse pedigrees: stud book • person
yet won novice a major prize: who looks after horses: g room . per­
• horse's neigh • horse's softcry: son who shoes horses: blacksmith,
high-pitched cry: whinny • front part farrier • horse disease with swellings
of a horse's face: muzzle • highest below the jaw: glanders • horse­

part of a horse's back: withers slaughterer: knacker • horse trans­

• horny pad in a horse's hoof: frog porter: horsebox • wooden horse for
• horse's neck hair: mane • horse's play: hobby horse • mythical crea­
mammary gland: udder • straps ture half man and half horse: cen-
round a horse's body: harness taur
• strap keeping the head down: mar­ horse-riding • adjective: eques­
tingale • horse's metal mouthpiece: trian • art of horse-riding: equ estri­
bit • horse's eye-screen: blinker an ism, equ itation, horsemanship
. straps round a horse's head: bridle • equipment for horse-riding: tack
• harness ring for the reins: terret • rider's protective helmet: skullcap
• attachment from the harness to the • public competition in horse-riding
shafts: trace • rope round a horse's skills: gymkhana . equestrian com­
head: halter . horse's vertical jump: petition involving several tests: event
buck . horse's style of movement: . competitive sport of riding a horse
gait • horse training in obedi­ over obstacles in an arena: show­
ence and deportment: d ressage jumping • show-jumping competi­
. advanced training in this: ha ute tion over large obstacles: puissance
ecole • horse·trainer's long rein: • final round of a jumping competi­
lunge • skill in horsemanship: ma­ tion: jump-off • details of a horse's
nege • spike on a rider's heel: spur previous competitive achievements:
• spiked disc attached t o this: rowel form . penalty point in showjump­
• horse trained to perform without a ing: fault • shaped trousers for horse-
 167 hose I house
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

riding:jodhpurs . person who rides this: house officer, houseman • hos­

horses: equestrian . climb onto a pital attendant: orderly, porter
horse for riding: mount . horse's re­ hostel • hostel for the homeless: re­
sponse to the reins: mouth ception centre
hose .adjustable fitting at a hose hotel .hotel for motorists: motel
end: nozzle • small Italian hotel: pensione • in­

hospital • small rural hospital: cot­ stitution offering cheap accommoda­

tage hospital • private residential tion for employees, students, etc.: hos­
tel • private house offering food and
establishment providing health care:
nursing home • hospital set up near lodging for payment: boarding house,

field hospital .hospital

a battlefield: g uest house .European boarding
house: pension • hotel entrance hall:
in which medical students are
trained: teaching hospita l . NHS
foyer • hotel reception counter: desk
. hotel employee carrying guests' lug­
hospital administering its own
gage: porter .service of food and
budget: hospital trust • boarding
drinks in customers' rooms: room
school hospital: sanatorium • hos­
service .refrigerated drinks cup­
pital for the care of childbirth: mater­
board in hotel bedroom: min ibar
nity hospital • hospital for the chron-
• large hotel room for meetings or par­
! ically sick, or those making a slow
ties: function room , reception room
recovery: sanatorium .hospital for
• hotel bedroom with several beds:
the terminally il: hospice .medical '
family room • person owning or run­
post giving preliminary treatment:
ning a hotel: hotelier • hotel door­
dressing station _ specialist hospital
man: co mmissionaire, porter
department: clinic . hospital room
• woman who cleans hotel bedrooms:
for patients' beds: ward • NHS hos­
cham bermaid • bed, breakfast, and
pital bed for which a charge is made:
one main meal daily: dem i-pension,
amenity bed, pay bed • hospital half board • bed and all meals: fu l l
room for operations: theatre • the­
board • formalities o n leaving an
atre garment: gown • room for pa­ hotel: checkout � see also restaurant
tients reviving from a general anaes­
hot water • natural hot spring: gey­
thetic: recovery roo m • (of a
ser • pan of hot water above which
state-run hospital) withdraw from
food may be cooked or kept warm:
local authority control: opt out • re­
bain-marie
gion from which a hospital's patients
come: catchment area .admit to hour . adjective: horal
hospital: hospitaUze .keep in hos­
house .large elaborate house: man­
pital: detain • send home from hos­ sion .large house in the country:
pital: discharge .patient staying in country seat, manor • gatehouse for
a hospital: i n patient .patient visit­ this: lodge . country house with at­
ing a hospital for treatment: outpa­ tached farm: g range .Roman coun­
tient .denoting a patient needing try house: villa • single-storey house
much care: high-dependency .ad­ for a family and its livestock: long­
verse effects of lengthy hospitaliza­ house . small house used by hunt­
tion: hospitalism • denoting resident ers: h unting box, shootin g box
medical staff: house • group of hos­ • small country house for sportsmen:
pital doctors: firm . denoting post­ lodge • Church of England parish
graduate medical training given in a priest's house: vicarage, rectory
hospital: clin ical • person receiving . Roman Catholic parish priest's
household I huge 168

house: presbytery • Protestant min­ ize a household: housekeeper

ister's house:manse • detached town . household servant: domestic
house of moderate size: villa • row of
House of Commons . chairman
houses built as a single block: terrace of House of Commons debates:
• official dwelling of a government • Speaker • Speaker's means of expel­
minister or diplomat: residence • of­ ling a disruptive member: naming
ficial accommodation of a judge on • symbol of the Commons' authority:
circuit: lodgings • official accommo­ mace • area represented by a mem­
dation of the head of an Oxford or ber: constituency • place in the
Cambridge college: lodge, lodgings House of Commons, or the constitu­
• house at a secret location: safe ency it represents: seat . front seats I
house • sample house on a new de­ occupied by chief members of the gov- ,
velopment, furnished and decorated: ernment: Treasury bench • box in r

show house • self-contained part of the House of Commons by which min- I

a house for an elderly relative: granny isters stand to speak: Dispatch Box
flat • denoting a freestanding house: • secure a quorum in the Commons:
detached • denoting a house at­ make a House • Commons proced- F

tached to another on one side: semi­ ure limiting discussion: ten-m inute '
detached • denoting a house at­ rule . post sought by resigning MP:
tached to others on both sides: Stewardship of the C h iltern Hun­
terraced • denoting a house attached dreds . person who i s not a member
to another on the ground floor only: or official of the House of Commons:

l i n k detached . children's part of a stranger

house: nursery • house with its land House of Lords . chairman of
and outbuildings: messuage . paved House of Lords debates: Lord Chan­
area adjoining a house: patio, terrace cellor • his seat in the chamber:
• children's play house: Wendy house Woolsack • bishops in the House of
• hut at a holiday camp: chalet Lords: Lords spiritual • lay members ,
• Eskimo's house made of ice blocks: of the House of Lords: Lords
igloo • traditional conical stone • member of the House of Lords voting '
house of southern Italy: trullo • Rus­ for a motion: content . member of
sian summer residence: dacha the House of Lords voting against a .'
• traditional wooden house in Switz­ motion: non-content • Crown docu­
erland: chalet • house's occupants: ment summoning a peer to the House
• peer

.1
household • person owning the of Lords: writ who seldom at-
tends the House of Lords:
house he or she lives in: owner­
occu pier • person paying to live in man • peer acting as a senior judge:
law lord '
another's house: lodger, paying g uest
• denoting persons unable to leave house purchase • overbid '
home due to infirmity: housebound another's accepted offer: gazump
• official confinement to one's home: • decrease one's own accepted
house arrest gazunder
household • adjectives: domestic, hovercraft • layer of air supporting .
domicil iary . money for running a a hovercraft: cushion • hanging sur-
household: housekeeping . educa­ round for the cushion: skirt
i
tion in household skills: domestic huge . combining forms: mega(lo)_
science . members of a household: (e.g. megastore), macro- (e.g. macro-
menage • person employed to organ- cosm)
169
human . combining forms: andro-,
anthrop(o)- . attribution of human
form or behaviour to gods, animals, or
inanimate objects: anthropomorph­
ism • belief that humans are the
most important element of existence:
anthropocentrism, h u manism • be­
lief that humans are no more import­
ant than other living beings:
b;ocentrism . resembling a human:
anthropoid • study of the origins of
humankind: anth ropogeny . cul­
tural study of humankind: anthro­
pology • hatred of humankind: m is­
anthropy • assumption of human
form by a concept or divinity: em­
bodiment, incarnation . attribution
of human emotions to inanimate ob­
jects: pathetic fal lacy • seeking to
promote human welfare: human itar­
ian, philanthropic • tiny humanoid
creature: homunculus (pl.' homunculi)
• robot designed to resemble a human
being: android • beyond human
powers: su perhuman
humour • humorous statement of
the opposite to what is really meant:
irony • disrespectful joking: levity
hundred • combining forms: cent­
(e.g. century) , hecto- (e. g. hectolitre)
• person who is 100 years old: centen­
arian • increase a hundredfold: cen­
tuple
hundredth • combining form: centi­
(e.g. centilitre) . adjective: centesimal
• hundredth anniversary: centenary
• two-hundredth anniversary: bicen­
tenary, bicentennial . thrcc­
hundredth anniversary: tercentenary,
tercentennial • four-hundredth anni­
versary: quatercentenary • five­
hundredth anniversary: quincenten­
ary, qu incentennial
H ungarian . Hungarian person or
his language: Magyar • Hung­
arian cavalryman: hussar . Hungar­
ian gypsy: tzigane • spicy Hungarian
human I hunting
stew: goulash • fast Hungarian
dance: csardas
hunting • adjective: venatic • il­
legal hunting: poach ing • hunting
trip in East Africa: safari • animal
that naturally hunts other animals for
food: predator • hare-hunting with
dogs: beagling . game-hunting with
greyhounds: coursing • hunters' pre­
liminary assembly: meet • hunter's
assistant: gillie • hunters' camou­
flaged shelter: hide . hunter's mov­
able screen: stalking horse . animal
used by hunters to attract others:
decoy • official in charge of hounds:
hu ntsman • huntsman's assistant:
whi pper-in • hunting dog: hound
• heavy hunting dog: mastiff • small
hound used to hunt hares: beag le
• set of hounds: pack • person in
charge of this: master • release of
hounds at the start of a hunt: throw­
off • hunting dog's rigid stance to in­
dicate game: point, set • dog trained
to recover dead or injured game: re­
triever • hunted bird or animal:
game, quarry • quarry's hiding
place: cover • thicket in which game
may hide: covert . drive game from
these: flush • cause game to
rise from cover: spring . follow game
stealthily: stalk . denoting cornered
game: at bay • person employed to
drive game towards the hunters:
beater • the driving of game towards
the hunters by beaters: battue
• shout when the quarry breaks cover:
view halloo • animal etc. used to lure
others: decoy • person employed to
breed or protect game: gamekeeper,
keeper • person employed to super­
vise game and hunting: game warden
• area reserved for private hunting:
preserve • area where no hunting is
permitted: reserve • person attempt­
ing to disrupt a hunt: h u nt sabote u r
• time o f year when hunting i s permit­
ted: open season . time of year
when hunting is not permitted: close
husband I hypnosis 170

season • loss of the scent in hunting: hygiene • adjective: sanitary

check • group living by hunting and . make hygienic: sanitize
harvesting wild food: hu nter­ hymn . hymn sung as the clergy
gatherers • strongly scented object enter the church for a service: introit
used in sham hunts: drag • fox's
• hymn sung during a procession: pro­
head as a hunting trophy: mask
cessional • hymn sung as the clergy
. small house used by hunters: hu nt­
re­
leave the church after a service:
ing box, shooti ng box cessional • Lutheran hymn or its
husband • monarch's husband: music: chorale • Latin hymn on the
consort . husband remaining at Last Judgement: Dies Irae • Latin

home to look after the house and chil­ hymn on the sufferings of the Blessed
dren: househusband • husband of Virgin at the Crucifixion: Stabat
an unfaithful wife: cuckold • denot­ Mater • Latin hymn venerating the
ing a husband constantly upbraided Blessed Sacrament: Tantum Ergo
by his wife: henpecked • servility of hyphen • hyphen used always: hard
a husband towards his wife: hyphen • hyphen used only when a
uxoriousness • custom or state of word is split: soft hyphen
having only one husband at a time:
hypnosis • therapy using hypnosis:
monandry • custom or state of hav­
hypnotherapy • semiconsciousness
ing several husbands at a time: poly­
induced by hypnosis: trance • instill-
andry
ing of ideas in the mind of a hypno­
hut • holiday-camp hut: chalet tized patient: suggestion . denoting
• wheeled beach hut: bath i n g ma­ suggestions intended to influence be-
chine . tunnel-shaped cast iron hut: haviour after the trance has ended:
N issen h ut posthypnotic
 Ii
ice • adjectives: gelid, glacial • ice ice hockey • rubber disk used as a
covering a large area: ice cap • slow­ ball: puck • attempt to play a ball in
moving mass of ice: g lacier . mass of an opponent's possession: tackle
snow, ice, and rocks moving down a I celandic . Icelandic parliament:
mountain: avalanche • tapering Alth ing • medieval Icelandic prose
piece of ice: icicle • thin transparent narrative: saga
layer of ice: black ice, verg las • ice icing • hard white icing made from
coating on fogbound objects: rime icing sugar and egg whites: royal
• stratified ice sample gained by a hol­ icing
core . floating sheet of ice:
low drill:
icon • icon screen in an Eastern
floe, pack ice . large floating block
church: iconosta sis
of ice: iceberg • area of water
idea . clever idea: conceit • key
crowded with floating blocks of ice:
pack ice • clear stretch of water sur­
idea:catchword, catchphrase . mis­
rounded by ice: polynya � shower of
taken but traditional idea: old wives'

compacted ice pellets: hail • slide

tale, shi bboleth . mistaken but
widely popular perception of a certain
down an ice slope: g lissade . ship
type of person etc. : stereotype • idea
designed to break through ice: ice­
held to be above criticism: sacred
breaker • building for storing ice: ice
cow . obsessive idea: idee fixe (pl.
house • sailing vehicle on skids for
idees fixes) . obsessive interest in a
travelling across ice: ice boat, ice
single idea: monomania • ideas as
yacht • period when much of the
property: intellectual property
earth was covered by ice: ice age, gla­
• idea's tangible expression: embodi­
cial period • drink poured over
ment • creative idea: inspiration
crushed ice: frappe
• introduction of new ideas: in nov­

ice age • denoting the milder period ation . system of ideas: i deology
• uncritical supporter of this: ideo­
between two ice ages: i nterglacial
logue • rejecter of this offering no al­
iceberg • small iceberg: growler ternative: negativist
• floating
• denoting
ice detached from an ice­ ideal an ideal situation:
berg: calf idyllic, utopian
ice cream • ice cream made with identical • genetically identical or­
water: sorbet, water ice • conical ganism: clone
wafer for ice cream: cornet . ltalian identity • identity documents:
ice cream of various flavours with papers . hiding one's identity: in­
glace fruits etc. : cassata . ltalian cogn ito • item habitually seen with
water ice: granita • ice cream served a person or thing, and serving to iden­
with fruit etc. in a tal glass:
Knicker­ tify them: attribute
bocker Glory, parfait, sundae • dish ideology . combining form: -ism
of ice cream, peaches, and liqueur: (e.g. Fascism) • generally accepted
peach Melba, peche Melba ideology: orthodoxy
idlen ess I image
idleness • agreeable idleness: dolce
far niente, flanerie, lotus-eati ng
. frustrating but enforced inactivity:
doldrums • idle and irresponsible
person: ne'er-do-well • physically or
mentally lethargic: torpid • idle and
unambitious: sh iftless • idle about:
loaf
ignorant • ignorant person: ignor­
amus
ignore . deliberately ignore an ac­
quaintance: cut, snub
il legal • denoting things made or
sold illegally: bootleg . official's il­
legal use of powers or funds entrusted
to him: malversation • alcohol dis­
tilled illegally in Ireland: poteen . al­
cohol distilled illegally in the USA:
moonshine
illegitimacy . alleged heraldic in­
dication of illegitimacy: bar siniste r,
bend sinister
ill ness . combining form: -pathy
(e.g. neuropathy) • illness caused by
germs in food: food poisoning
. identification of an illness: diag no­
sis . feign illness to avoid work: ma­
linger • employee's statement that
his absence was due to illness: self­
certification • constant suffering
from imagined illnesses: hypochon­
d ria • degree awarded to a person ab­
sent from the examinations due to ill­
ness: aegrotat • study of airborne
micro-organisms as sources of infec­
tion: aerobiology . cause of an ill­
ness: aetiology . tongue-coating in­
dicating illness: fu r . denoting a
physical illness that has a psycho­
logical cause: psychosomatic • de­
noting an illness caused by medical
intervention: iatrogenic • denoting
an illness of short duration: acute
• denoting a long·lasting or recurrent
illness: chronic . denoting illness
bearing a risk of death: critical
• prone to illness: delicate • slightly
ill: below par, seedy, under the wea-
1 72
ther • proneness to a specified ill­
ness: diathesis . suddenly become
seriously ill: collapse • abnormal
sweat caused by illness: diaphoresis
• restless tossing of a sick person:
jactitation • state of a patient show­
ing no brain activity or response to
stimuli: pe rsistent vegetative state
• school or workplace area set apart
for those taken sick: sick bay . re­
covery from illness: convalescence,
recuperation
illusion • adjective: ill usory • illu­
sion seen in a desert: m i rage • illu­
sion seen on mountain peaks:
Brocken spectre • illusionist tech­
nique of mural painting: trompe
l'oeil
i l lustration • illustration made
from a limestone block: l ithograph
• illustration made from a cut lino­
leum block: linocut • illustration
printed from a scored or etched metal
plate: engraving • illustration
printed from a cut block of wood:
woodcut • finely detailed woodcut:
wood engraving • illustration at the
front of a book: frontispiece • illus­
tration used to fil the page at the end
of a chapter etc.: tail piece . illustra­
tion across the centre pages of a publi­
cation: centre spread . small illus­
tration with edges faded away:
vig nette . position an illustration to
leave no margin: bleed • illustration
of a mechanism showing the parts
separated for clarity: exploded view
• illustration of a mechanism showing
its casing cut away: cutaway • illus­
tration depicting an imagined slice
through the object represented: cross
section � see also engravi ng
image . combining form: icono­
• images used to represent a person,
idea, etc.: iconography • dreamlike
sequence of images: pha ntasmagoria
• worship of images: iconolatry
• image's degree of focus: sharpness,
173 i mitation I inconsistency
................................................................................... ;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

softn ess • study of the use of images legality of someone's imprisonment:

in the visual arts: iconography habeas corpus
imitation . combining form: -ette i mprove • improve by basic
(e.g. f1anellette) . mocking imitation: changes: reform
parody • distorted imitation: trav­ impulsive • impulsive and imprac­
esty . artwork in imitative style: tical: quixotic
pastiche e not imitation: genuine,
impurities • add impurities to: con­
original
taminate . add impurities to food or
immature • artist's immature
drink: adulterate
works: juvenilia
incense . device in which incense
immigrant • immigrant worker in
is burnt: censer, thurible • acolyte
Germany: Gastarbeiter carrying the censer: thu rifer
immune response • immune re­
incidental • product incidental to
sponse causing illness: al lergy the main purpose of manufacture:
• study of immune responses: im­
by-product . incidental remark in a
munology legal judgement: obiter dictum
immunity • immunity offered to
include • include as a subsidiary
previous offenders: amnesty • (place
element: subsume
giving) immunity from arrest: sanctu­
ary • immunity from local laws en­ income • income of a state or large
joyed by foreign diplomats: extraterri­ organization: revenue • income be­
toriality • germ or insect that has fore taxes are deducted: g ross income
gained immunity to treatments em­ • income after taxes have been de­
ployed to eradicate it: su perbug ducted: net income • income after
tax has been deducted and essential
import . taxation of imports to pro­
expenses paid:discretionary income,
tect native manufacturers: protection-
disposable in come • income from
ism � see also taxation, trade
wages: earned income . recelVmg
importance • of first importance: no earned income: unwaged • in­

paramount • of critical importance: come from the sale of goods or ser­

of the essence . of lesser import­ vices: takings, turnover • income
ance: seconda ry, subordinate • of from personal property, investments,
little importance: marginal, nugatory, etc.: private i ncome, private means,
peripheral, trivial • make, or treat as u nearned income . source of in­
if, unimportant: marginal ize • place come: livelihood, living • adequate
in order of importance: prioritize income: competence . excess of in­
• important person: luminary, not­ come over expenditure: profit, sur­
able, panjadrum • group of attend­ plus . excess of expenses over in­
ants upon an important person: en­ come: negative cash flow • state
tourage, reti nue . person of no payment to a family on low income:
importance: nobody, nonentity, non­ family cred it • situation where any
person • inflated ideas of one's im­ increase in income triggers a counter­
portance: delusions of g randeur balancing withdrawal of state bene­

imprisonment • wartime impris­ fits: poverty trap

onment of enemy aliens: internment inconsistency • statement con­
• imprisonment with forced labour: taining two apparently inconsistent
penal servitude • writ to assess the elements: paradox, oxymoron
i ncrease I Indian 174

increase • steadily increasing: pro­ down to a river in India: ghat • In­

gressive • increase rapidly: escal­ san­
dian tree with fragrant timber:
ate, proliferate dalwood • Indian warehouse: go-
i ncurable • care of the incurable: • down • Indian brass water pot: Iota
palliative care • hospital for this: • closure of businesses as a protest:
hospice hartal • Indian political strategy of
passive resistance: satyagraha • In­
i ndecent exposure • genital ex­
posure: flas hing • exposure of the dian washing clothes for payment:
dhobi • Indian woman's bodice:
buttocks: mooning • running naked
choli • Indian woman's loose trou­
through a public place: strea king
sers tapering at the ankle: salwar
i ndependence • economic inde­
• Indian woman's garment of a single
pendence: auta rchy, autarky, self­
length of cotton or silk: sari • decora­
sufficiency, self-su pport • govern­
tive gold thread used on Indian
mental independence: autonomy,
clothes: zari • Indian loincloth: lungi
self-determi nation • emotionally
• Indian snack of lentils, peanuts, etc.:
self-sufficient: self-reliant
Bombay mix • set meal in an Indian
I ndian . combining form: I ndo­ l'estaurant, or the metal plate on
. tiile of a highly-respected Indian:
thali • Indian dish
which it is served:
mahatma • Indian traditional ges­
of aniseed and sugar: saunf • Indian
ture of greeting: pranam • Indian po­
term for aubergine: brinjal • thin
lite form of adress to a man: sahib
cake of Indian bread: chapatti • thin
• Indian polite form o f address t o a
crisp spicy Indian bread: poppadom i
mature woman: memsahib . Indian :
• Indian unleavened bread: nan, par-
non-theistic religion:Jainism • for­
atha • small fried piece of unleav- '
mer Indian rulers: maharaja, raja
ened bread: puri • Indian clarified
(fern. rani), nabob, nizam . maha­
butter: ghee • Indian ice cream: kulfi !
raja's wife or widow: mahara n i
• Indian term for red meat: gosht
• grand reception held b y a n Indian
• Indian meatball: kofta • Indian :
ruler: durbar • Indian judge: hakim,
dish of meat cooked in an onion sauce:
munsif • Indian landowner: zam i n­
dopiaza • Indian dish of small pieces
dar • Indian village council: pan­
of marinaded meat or vegetables:
chayat • Indian traditional doctor:
tikka • Indian dish of curried meat in
hakim • Indian holy person: m u n i ,
sad h u • Indian soldier under the raj: a tomato sauce: rogan josh • triangu­
sepoy • Indian sergeant: havildar lar savoury pastry: samosa • Indian
• Indian minor official: jamadar • In­
dish of split pulses: dhal . Indian
dish of fried vegetables: bhaji • In­
dian police constable: sepoy • Indian
secretary: munshi . Indian dancing dian dish of boiled vegetables with
girl: nautch girl • Indian bandit: dac­ spices: chaat • Indian dish of spiced
oit . Indian elephant-driver: mahout rice with vegetables etc.: biriani • In­
• Indian native labourer: coolie • In­ dian ground spice mixture: masala
dian peasant: ryot . Indian police • Indian sauce of spices and turmeric,
stick: lathi • Indian fan: punkah or a dish using it: curry • Indian
• garland of flowers given in welcome: term for spinach: saag, sag • Indian
mala • Indian enclosed litter: palan­ side dish of spiced yoghurt with cu­
quin, palankeen • Indian clay oven: cumber: raita • Indian sweetmeat
tandoor • denoting a style of Indian made from milk solids and sugar:
cooking using this: tandoori • Indian burfi •
Indian sweetmeat of batter in
postal service: dak • steps leading syrup: jalebi • Indian sweetmeat of
1 75 ind igestion I inflammation

cheese in syrup: gulab jamun • In­ negotiation: d i rect action • slowing

dian term for tea: chai • Indian yog­ or stopping work as a protest: indus­
urt drink: lassi • screen in an Indian trial action • withdrawal of labour as
house concealing women from view: a protest: stoppage, strike . deliber­
purdah • women's quarters in an In­ ate reduction of output by minute ob­
dian house: ze nana • upland town servance of regulations: gO-Slow,
popular as a holiday resort: h i l l sta­ work to rule • statutory interval for
tion • group of villages in India: par­ negotiation when strikes are threat­
gana, pergunnah • travellers' rest ened: coolin g-off period • worker
house in India: dak bungalow • sea­ chosen as a workplace representative
sonal wind in India: monsoon but having no union appointment:
. rainy season in India: monsoon shop steward • group of strikers sta­
• Indian term for a foreigner: tioned outside the workplace: picket
fering hee • Indian alphabet: Deva­ • picket willing to serve at other work­
nagari • ancient Indian literary lan­ places: flying picket • employer's ex­
guage: Sanskrit • ancient and medi­ clusion of all workers: lockout • al­
eval vernacular of north and central teration of an employee's job to
India: Prakrit • Indian term for ten encourage him to resign: construct­
million: crore • Indian bowed lute: ive dismissal . trade union 's claim
sarod . long-necked Indian lute: of exclusive rights to a certain job: de­
sitar • Indian four-stringed instru­ marcation dispute . grant a union
ment with a resonator at each end: workplace negotiation rights: recog­
veena • pair of Indian hand drums: n ize • withdraw such rights: derec­
tabla • dramatic dance of southern ogn ize • worker involvement in com­
India: Kathakali . note-pattern for pany government: i n d u strial
improvisation in Indian music: rag, democracy � see also negotiation,
raga . study of Indian culture: I nd­ strike, trade union
ology � see also curry, Hindu
i ndustry • new and growing indus­
indigestion • acid indigestion: try: sunrise industry . old and de­
heartburn • bloated feeling resulting clining industry: su nset industry
from indigestion: flatulence • industry supplying raw materials
ind ividual • combining form: idio­ for further manufacture: primary in­
• form of speech particular to one per­ dustry • this further manufacture:
son: idiolect • individual habit: idio­ secondary ind ustry . economic ac­
syncrasy tivity in the supply of services: ter­
indu lgence • debauched man: tiary industry • industrial efficiency:
roue productivity
industrial relations • decision­ inflammation • inflammation of
sharing between management and the abdomen lining: peritonitis • in­
workers: co-determi nation • negoti­ flammation of the anus: p roctitis
ation between management and work­ • inflammation of the bladder: cystitis
force representatives: collective bar­ • bone inflammation: osteitis . in­
gaining . unresolved disagreement flammation of the brain: encephalitiS
between management and workers: . inflammation of brain membranes:
di spute • third party requested to re­ mening itis • inflammation of the
solve a dispute: arbitrator • third brain and spinal cord: encephalomy­
party requested to assist the dispu­ elitis . inflammation of the breast:
tants' negotiations: concil iator, medi­ mastitis • inflammation of the cae­
ator • resort to strikes rather than cum: typhlitis • inflammation of the
i nflammation I i nformation 176
.................�.. . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .... ..............................................................- .. .....................................

colon: colitis • inflammation of the •inflammation of a tendon: tendinitis

cornea: keratitis • inflammation of •inflammation of the testicles: orchi­
the ear: canker, otitis • inflammation tis • inflammation of the tissue
of the inner ear: labyrinthitis • in­ around teeth: periodontitis • inflam­
flammation of the elbow tendons: ten­ mation of the tongue: glossitis • in­
nis el bow • inflammation of the eye: flammation of the tonsils: tonsillitis
ophthalmia, ophthalmitis . inflam­ • inflammation of the trachea:
mation of the eyelid: blepharitis • in­ tracheitis • inflammation of the
flammation of the eye's mucus mem­ udder: garget • inflammation of the
brane: conju nctivitis • inflammation urethra: urethritis • inflammation of
of fibrous tissue: fi brositis • inflam­ the uterus: metritis • inflammation
mation of the gums: gingivitis • in­ of the vagina: vag i n itis • inflamma­
flammation of the heart: carditis tion of vein walls: phlebitis . patchy
• inflammation of the intestine: enter­
inflammation of smaller veins:
itis • inflammation of the joints: angiitis, vasculitis • inflammation of
arthritis, rheumati sm, rheumatoid the vocal cords or voice box: laryngi­
arthritis . chronic kidney inflamma­ tis • inflammation of the vulva: vulv­
tion: nephritis, Brig ht's di sease itis • inflammation of the windpipe:
tracheitis • inflammation of the
• inflammation of the knee: house­

maid's knee • inflammation of the wrist tendons: tenosynovitis • dis­

ease causing genital inflammation:
larynx: laryngitis • inflammation of
herpes simplex . medicine to ease
the liver: hepatitis • bacterial infec­
inflammation: demulcent • soft
tion causing inflammation of a lung:
moist mass applied to relieve inflam­
pneumon ia • inflammation of the
mation: pou ltice
mucus membrane of the bronchi:
inflation • inflation caused by in­
bronchitis • inflammation of the
muscles: rheumatism • inflamma­
creased production costs: cost-push
• inflation caused by unsatisfied de­
tion of the nose: rhin itis • inflamma­
tion of an ovary: oophoritis, ova ritis mand: demand-pull • inflation ac­
• inflammation of the pericardium:
companied by high unemployment
pericard itis • inflammation of the and stagnant demand: stagflation
pancreas: pancreatitis • inflamma­ inflection • inflection of a Latin or

tion of the plurae: pleurisy • inflam­ Greek noun: declension • inflection

mation of the prostate: prostatitis of a Latin or Greek verb: conj uga­
• inflammation of the rectum: tion
proctitis • inflammation from skin inform • inform officially: notify
rubbing on skin: i ntertrigo • skin in­ information • information of mili­
flammation near a nail: whitlow tary or political value: i ntel ligence
• skin inflammation or peeling from • information designed to mislead:
overexposure to sunlight: sunburn disinformation, misinformation
• inflammation of the retina: retinitis • information designed to further a
• inflammation of the spinal cord: particular point of view: propaganda
myelitis • inflammation of the mem­ • item of information: datum (pl. data)
brane covering the spinal cord: men­ • published information: literature
i n g itis . inflammation of the spinal • information booklet: brochure
joints: spondylitis • inflammation of • text and graphic information broad­
the spleen: splenitis • inflammation cast by television: teletext • alter in­
of the stomach: gastritis . syphilitic formation to make it more acceptable:
inflammation of the brain: paresis launder • informal suppression of in-
177 i nformer I i nside

formation: conspiracy of silence innocence . demonstrate o r pro­

• information sheet distributed to nounce a person's innocence: excul­
club members etc. : bul letin, newslet­ pate
ter • study of the processes of storing inquiry . official inquiry into the
and retrieving information: informat­ cause of a death: inq uest
ics, information science . denoting
Inquisition • national director of
officially secret information: classi­
the Inquisition: Grand Inq uisitor
fied . release of information: dis­
• burning of a heretic by the Spanish
closure, d ivulgence • deliberate dis­
Inquisition: auto da fe (pl. autos da
fe)
closure of secret information: leak
. person doing this: mole . loath to
give information: reticent, unforth­ inscription • scratched inscription:
coming • increased availability of in­ g raffito . small flat slab for an in­
formation due to computers: informa­ scription: ta blet . study of ancient
tion revolution . person supplying inscriptions: epigraphy
information: informant, source insect .combining form: entomo­
• person sent ahead to reconnoitre: • insect in immature grub-like form:
scout larva, maggot • insect in inactive
informer • criminal supplying in­ stage between larva and adult: pupa,
formation to the police: stool-pigeon, chrysalis . larva of certain insects
nark, grass, su perg rass which develops directly into the adult
stage: nymph • transformation of an
inhabitant • combining form: -ite
insect between these stages: metamor­
(e.g. IsraelitEl) . original inhabitant:
phosis . mature insect: imago . in­
aboriginal, autochthon
sect of greenfly or blackfly type, living
inherit • person who will inherit: on plant juices: aphid • small black
heir • things inherited: heritage flying insect swarming on still sum­
• things inherited from one's father: mer days: thrips (pl. same), thunder­
patrimony . inheritance of personal fly • insect that has gained immunity
characteristics : heredity • gained by to treatments employed to eradicate it:
inheritance: hereditary • eldest son's superbug • insect's feeding tube:
right of inheritance: primogen iture proboscis • insect excrement: frass
• property inheritance settled over • killing insecticidal • eat­
insects:
several generations: entail • prevent ing insects: i nsectivorous • study of
someone from inheriting as he or she insects: entomology
expects to do: disin herit
i nsecticide • insecticide from pow­
initiative • controlling influence dered plant roots: derris • insecticide
stifling initiative: dead hand . des­ made from aldrin, now largely
troy enthusiasm and initiative: stul­ banned: dieldrin
tify insert • insert between other items:
injection • injection protecting interpolate, i nterpose, intersperse
against infection: inoculation, im­
inside .combining forms: endo-,
munization, vaccination • second in­ intra- (e.g. intracranial) • device in­
j ection to reinforce the first: booster
serted via a body cavity to allow in­
• instrument for making injections:
ternal examination: endoscope • de­
syringe • disposable injection kit:
vice giving inside views of the ear:
syreUe auriscope . device inserted via the
ink • container for loading ink: cart­ anus for internal examination of the
ridge colon: colon oscope
insight I insurance 178
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u

insight • intui tive insight: percep­ surance • insurance against bad

tion debts: cred it insurance • insurance
inspection • careful inspection: against employees' dishonesty: fidel- I
scrutiny .tour of inspection: rou n d ity insurance • insurance against i

• inspect property a s a potential les­ . loss or damage to property etc.: in­

sor or purchaser: view • without in­ demn ity • insurance against the con­
spection: sight unseen sequences of the insured's acts: liabil­
ity cbver • insurer's own insurance
inspiration • source of inspiration:
muse against the risk undertaken: reinsur­
ance .travel company's bankruptcy
institution • residential institution
insurance: bond • motorist's inter­
for orphans: orphanage • institution
national insurance: green card .de­
established by endowment: founda­
noting insurance covering persons
tion
other than the insured: third-party
instruction • instruction book:
• sum paid to effect insurance: pre­
handbook, manual mium .organization receiving the
instrument • observing and record­ premium: insurer • person paying
ing device: mon itor • instrument for the premium: insured, policyholder
measuring altitudes: sextant • in­ .premium increase reflecting extra
strument for measuring angles: pro­ risk: load ing .premium reduction
tractor • instrument for making or for claim-free years: no-claims bonus
measuring right angles: set square • protection provided by insurance:
• instrument estimating the distance cover • person who calculates insur­
travelled on foot: pedometer • in­ ance risks and premiums: actuary
•
strument recording and measuring person assessing payments to be
earthquakes: seismograph, seis­ made on claims: loss adj uster • in­
mometer • instrument measuring surer's payment of claims: settlement
humidity: hygrometer • instrument
• person or company accepting liabil­
measuring light intensity: pho­ ity for the payments promised by an
tometer • instrument measuring li­
insurance policy: underwriter • in­
quid or gas pressure: manometer, pi­ surance underwriter belonging to a
ezometer • instrument monitoring
Lloyds syndicate: name • insurance
changes in pulse and breathing rates:
contract: policy • temporary insur­
polyg ra p h • instrument measuring a
ance certificate: cover n ote • clause
slope's steepness: gradiometer • ap­
modifying the cover given: endorse­
paratus transmitting instrument
ment, excl usion, limitation, rider
readings by radio: telemeter
• time during which an insurance pol­
insulation • water tank's insulating icy is effective: term • cancellation of
cover: jacket • insulating cover for a life insurance, with partial reim­
water systems: lagging • substance
bursement of premiums paid: su rren­
giving limited insulation: semicon­ der • sale of a life insurance policy
ductor by a holder who is terminally il:
insult • insult b y lack o f attention: viatica I settlement • category of in­
slight • insult by total ignoral: cut, surance provided by an insurer: line
snub • type of insurance policy where pay­
insurance • state insurance system ment is guaranteed regardless of
for sickness and retirement: National events: assurance .type of insur­
Insurance • insurance payable on ance policy paying a fixed sum on a
the death of the insured person: life in- stated date: endowment policy
179 i ntell igence I i ntestines

. achievement of this date: matu rity interference • policy of non­

. denoting an insurance policy entit­ interference : laissez-aller, laissez-
ling the holder to a share in the faire
company's profits: with-profits • de­
internal . combining form: endo­
noting an insurance policy covering
. having an internal cause: endogen­
loss regardless of responsibility:
ous
no-fault . insurance sum payable at
death:reversion • denoting an insur­ Internet . Internet section with ad­

ance policy paying only at the death of dresses sharing a common suffix: do­
the insured: whole-l ife • item or main • list of favourite Internet sites:
event specifically not covered by an
hot list . Internet network of hyper­
media sites : World Wide Web . move
insurance policy: excl usion • part of
from site to site on the Internet: surf
an insurance claim that the policy­
• skilled Internet user: i nternaut,
holder must pay: excess • denoting
an insurance policy financed by the
netizen • company providing Inter­
net access: service provider . re­
beneficiary: contri butory • denoting
lease material on the Internet: post
a motor vehicle insurance covering
• denoting a computerized game play­
most risks: com prehensive . insur­
able over the Internet: multi- user
ance companies' agreement to each
• program retrieving material from
reimburse their own clients: knock­
the Internet: search engine • pro­
for-knock agreement
portion of useful material on the
intelligence • scale for child intel­ Internet: signal-to-noise ratio
ligence: Bi net-S imon scale • figure • proper way to use the Internet:
expressing a person's intelligence: in­ netiquette
telligence q uotient
interval • interval between two suc­
intellect . denoting interest only to cessive reigns etc.: i nterregnum . en­
an intellectual minority: high brow tertainment given in a theatre inter­
• intellectual people collectively: val: intermezzo, entr'acte
highbrows, the i ntelligentsia . de­
interruption • aggressive verbal
noting general popularity: midd le­
interruption of a speech: heckling
brow . requiring little or no intel­
lect: lowbrow, m i nd less i ntestines • combining form:
e nter(o)- • adjective: enteric • part
intention • ploy designed to conceal
of the intestine leading from the stom­
one's true intentions: blind
ach: small i ntestine • first part of the
interest • showing interest o r con­ small intestine: duodenum (pl. duode­
cern: sol icitous � of current interest: nums or duodena) • surgical diver­
topical • interest paid on capital sion of the small intestine: enteros­
only: simple i nterest . interest paid tomy • second portion of the small
on capital and on accumulated inter­ intestine: jejunum . third portion:
est of previous periods: compound ileum • surgical operation giving an
interest . lowest available rate of opening to the ileum through the ab­
interest on a bank loan: prime rate dominal wall: ileostomy • pouch at
• Bank of England's interest rate for the junction of small and large intes­
loans to other banks bank rate, base tines: caecum • inflammation of the
rate • denoting money available at caecum: typhlitis . part of the intes­
high rates of interest: tight • growth tine leading to the anus: large intes­
of a sum of money through interest tine • main part o f the large intes­
earned: accumulation tine: colon • portion of the colon
i nto I I ranian 180
............................................. ...................................................................................................

ascending from the caecum: ascend­ • state payment to the long-term sick:
ing colon • portion of the colon lead­ incapacity benefit
ing to the rectum: descending colon
• horizon tal portion of colon connect­
i nvention . document granting an
inventor sole right to the exploitation
ing these: transverse colon • inflam­
mation of the colon: colitis • small of his work: patent
blind tube near the end of the large
i nvestment • investment in pro­
intestine: appendix • S-shaped sec­ '
jects having an element of risk:
tion preceding the rectum: sigmoid speculation • sum paid to purchase
colon • final straight section of the
investments: principal • money for
large intestine: rectum . final open­ speculative investment: risk capital,
ing of the rectum: anus . device in­
venture capita l . return on invest­
serted via the anus to give inside
ments: yield . list of investments
views of the colon: colonoscope, made: portfolio • certificate attesting
fi brescope . anal insertion of water
ownership of investments: secu rity
to flush out the colon: colonic irriga­ • investor's net holdings at a particu­
tion • surgical operation giving an
lar time: position • substantial hold­
opening to the colon through the ab­
ing in the shares of a particular com­
dominal wall: colostomy • the open­ pany: stake • denoting a portfolio
ing so formed:stoma • intestinal that avoids investment in morally sus­
muscle movement: peristalsis • ab­
pect industries: ethical • denoting an
dominal protrusion of the intestine:
investment made with borrowed cap­
hernia . pig's intestines used as food: ital: leveraged • denoting invest­
chitterlings • inflammation of the in­ ments with an early redemption date:
testine: enteritis • disease of the in­
short-dated . denoting a constantly
testine: enteropathy • pain in the in­ adjusted investment portfolio: man­
testines: colic • painful intestinal
aged • company holding a wide and
obstruction: ileus . folding of one changing share portfolio and inviting
section of intestine inside the next: in­
clients to invest in the whole: unit
tussusception • infection o f the
trust • profitability of investments:
small intestine with severe diarrhoea:
performance • tax-free investment
cholera, enteritis • infection of the
scheme: personal equ ity plan • per­
intestines with severe diarrhoea and son living off dividends from invest­
bleeding: dysentery • chronic ulcer­
ments: rentier • minimize risk
ation of the ileum: Croh n's disease through counterbalanced invest­
• study of the stomach and intestines ments: hedge . dispose of invest­
and their diseases: gastroenterology ments: divest • sudden withdrawal
� see also bowel by many investors: run
into . combining form: intro- (e.g.
involvement • effort made to in-
introduce, literally 'lead into,)
volve others: outreach • involvement
introductory . combining form: with an expectation of financial gain:
fore- • introductory speech or writ­ vested interest
ing: foreword, preamble • without
introduction: in medias res inward . combining form: intro­
(e.g. introspection)
intuition • discover by intuition:
divine ion . negatively charged ion: anion
• positively charged ion: cation
invalid • sore place on a bedridden
person: bedsore, decubitus ulcer Iranian • Iranian parliament: Majlis
181 I reland I Israeli

I reland • adjective: Hibernian poteen • place where alcohol i s sold

• Celtic language of Ireland: Erse illegally: shebeen . Irish term for a
e· citizen of Ireland, especially if an last drink: deoch an doris • head of
Erse-speaker: Gael • area of Ireland government in Northern Ireland:
where Erse is spoken: Gaeltacht First Minister • Northern Ireland
• person wishing Northern Ireland to Protestant political society: Orange
retain political links with the UK: Order • member of this: Orangeman
Unionist, Loyalist • person seeking • police force of Northern Ireland:
the political unification of Ireland: Na­ Royal U l ster Constabu lary
tionalist • periods of civil unrest in
iron • combining forms: ferro, sider­
Ireland: the Trou bles
• adjectives: ferric, ferrous • block of
I rish . Irish accent:brogue . Irish crude cast iron:pig • such iron: pig
bagpipes: ui llean pipes . Irish term i ron • pure malleable form of iron:
for a beach: strand • Irish round wrought iron • coat iron with zinc:
wickerwork boat: coracle • Irish galvan ize • person working iron by
light carriage: jau nting car . Irish hand: blacksmith • metalworkers'

clan: sept . Irish cudgel: shillelagh disease caused by an accumulation of

• Irish dagger: skea n • elf in Irish iron dust in the lungs: siderosis
folklore: leprechaun • Irish term for
i rrigation • Egyptian irrigation de­
an English person: Sassen­
' vice of a bucket on a pole: shadoof
ach • Irish funeral song: coronach,
• Spanish irrigation device of buckets
kee n • Irish social gathering: ce ilidh
on a wheel: noria
• Irish traditional harp: clarsach
• Irish game resembling hockey: h u rl­ island • adjective: insular • small
ing • Irish lake: lough • parliament island: islet • small island on a lake
of the Irish Republic: Oireachtas or river: ait, eyot, holm • remote un­
• upper house of this: Seanad inhabited tropical island: desert is­
. lower house of this: Dail • police land . low coral island: cay, key
force of the Irish Republic: Garda • circular coral reef, group of islands,
. member of this: garda (pl. gardai) etc.:atoll • group of islands: arch i­
• Irish potato blight: murrain • title
pelago
of the prime minister of the Irish Re­
public: Taoiseach . Irish fortified I sle of • adjective:
Man Manx
settlement: dun • Irish female spirit • Manx judge:deemster • Manx na­
whose wailing portends death: ban­ tional symbol: triskelion • Manx par­
shee • Irish nationalist terrorist or­ liament: Tynwa ld . lower house of
ganization: I rish Republ ican Army this: House of Keys
. Irish valley: glen . Irish wizard:
isolation • ring of troops etc. isolat­
pishogue . Irish term for a young
ing a place: cordon . ring of troops
woman: col leen • ancient Irish al­
etc. isolating an infected area: cordon
phabet: og ham • traditional Irish
sanitaire
language: Gaelic • Irish-speaking

part of Ireland: Gaeltacht • Irish I sraeli • Israeli collective farm: kib­

gypsies' secret language: Shelta butz • Israeli smallholders' coopera­
• Irish dish of boiled cabbage and po­ tive: moshav • Israeli intelligence
tatoes: co lcannon . Irish spirit dis­ service: Mossad • Israeli nationalist:
tilled from malted grain: whiskey Zion ist • Israeli parliament: Knesset
• alcohol distilled illegally in Ireland: • Palestinian opposition to the Israeli
.� ���.�.� �.�� � ����
.. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ���.
West Bank occupation: Intifada � see of pizza, folded and filled: calzone
also Hebrew, Jew • Italian durum wheat dough made
into various shapes: pasta • Italian
Israelite • promise made by God to
dish of pasta rolled round a meat or
the ancient Israelites: covenant • an­
vegetable filing: cannelloni . Italian
cient Israelite war leader: judge - dish of stewed marrowbone: os so
• tent shrine used by the ancient Is­
buco • Italian dish of rice cooked in
raelites: tabernacle • bread-like sub­
stock: risotto • Italian dish of fried
stance eaten by the ancient Israelites
seafood: fritto misto . Italian dish of
in the desert: manna • wooden chest
spaghetti in a minced meat sauce:
containing the tablets of the Law, car­
spaghetti Bolognese . Italian dish
ried by the ancient Israelites in the of spaghetti in a tomato sauce: spa­
desert: ark � see also biblical fig­ ghetti Napolitana . Italian dish of
u res veal with sage leaves and ham:
saltimbocca • Italian dish of veal in
Italian . combining form: Italo­
a tuna and anchovy mayonnaise:
• Italian polite for m of address to a
vitello tonnato • Italian dessert of
man: signore • Italian polite form of
egg yolks whipped with sugar and
address to a woman: signora . Ital­
Marsala: zabaglione • Italian des­
ian polite form of address to a young
sert of sponge soaked in spirits and
woman: signori na • title of an Italian
coffee: tiramisu • Italian dessert reo
dictator under Fascism: duce . Ital­
sembling trifle: zuppa inglese
ian name for southern Italy: Mezzo­
• Italian·style ice cream: gelato
giorno • Italian harlequinade:
• Italian ice cream of various flavours
commedia dell'arte • small Italian
with glace fruits etc.: cassata
hotel: pensione • traditional conical
• Italian-style water ice: g ran ita
stone house of southern Italy: trullo
• Italian soft blue-veined cheese:
• Italian motorway: autostrada • fine
Dolcelatte ™ • Italian hard blue·
Italian coloured pottery: maiolica
veined cheese: Gorgonzola • Italian
• small Italian restaurant: trattoria
hard dry cheese: Parmesan • Italian
• Italian public square: piazza • Ital­
soft white ricotta unsalted cheese:
ian aerated bread made with olive oil:
pecori no
. Italian ewes'-milk cheese:
ciabatta . flat Italian bread made
• Italian cream cheese: mascarpone
with olive oil: foccaccia • Italian
. firm white Italian cheese: mozza­
bread made with eggs, fruit, and but­
rella • maize·flower paste: polenta
ter: panettone (pl. panettoni) • thin
• Italian sauce of bacon, egg, and
Italian breadsticks: grissini • toasted
cream: carbonara • Italian pasta
Italian bread drenched in olive oil:
sauces: marinara, pesto • Italian
b ruschetta • Italian hors d'oeuvre:
sauce of garlic, capers, anchovies, and
antipasto • Italian vegetable soup:
oil:salsa verde • Italian thick to­
mi nestrone • Italian omelette: frit­
mato paste:passata . Italian spark­
tata • Italian raw cured ham: pro­
ling white wine: spumante • Italian
sci utto . Italian garlic sausage: sa­
orange·flavoured liqueur: Strega ™
lami • spiced Italian pork sausage:
• Italian aniseed-flavoured liqueur:
mortadella • Italian peppered pork
sam buca • Italian grape brandy:
and beef sausage: pepperoni • Ital·
g rappa
ian potato dumplings: gnocchi • Ital·
ian dish of flat dough cooked with a itch • itchy feeling as if of ants crawl­
savoury topping: pizza • Italian dish ing over the skin: form ication • itch-
183 item I itself

ing blisters on the skin: eczema item: entry • item kept as a re·
• tropical groin itch: dhobi itch minder: memento, souve n i r . item
• drug relieving itching: antipruritic whose true value is unrealized for
some time: sleeper . assorted items:
item . key item: linchpin • first
miscellanea • unspecified items:
item on which others are modelled:
sundries • cost of producing one fur·
prototype • single mass·produced
ther item: marginal cost
item: unit . small decorative item:
objet d'art (pl. objets d'art) • written itself . in itself: per se
Jj
.

Jamaican • member of a Jamaican buttonlike ornament: netsuke • Jap­

criminal gang: Yardie • Jamaican re­ anese dish of grilled chicken pieces:
ligion regarding Haile Selassie as yakitori . Japanese dish of cold rice
God: Rastafarianism with vegetables: sushi • Japanese ed­
ible seaweed: nori • Japanese alco­
Japanese . Japanese Buddhism,
holic drink made from rice: sake
emphasizing meditation: Zen • Jap­
• Japanese syllabic writing: kana
anese Buddhist teacher: bonze . Jap­
. romanized transliteration for Japan­
anese Buddhist festival of the dead:
ese: romaji • Japanese term for
Bon • Japanese business philosophy
Japan: N ippon • Japanese poem of 17
of continuous improvement: kaizen
syllables: haiku, hokku (pis. same)
. former titles of Japanese emperors:
• Japanese poem of 31 syllables: tanka
Mikado, Tenno . Japanese trad­
(pl. same)
itional espionage: ninjutsu • expert
jar • glass preserving jar: Kilner jarTM
aJ this: ninja • Japanese fencing:
• Greek and Roman storage jar with
kendo • hereditary commander in
feudal Japan: shogun • Japanese
two handles and a pointed base: am­
phora
feudal warrior: samurai (pl. same)
• Japanese painting on paper or silk: jargon . jargon used by a particular
kakemono . Japanese art of paper­ group: argot • incomprehensible
folding: origami . Japanese art of technical jargon: technobabble • j ar­
flower arranging: i kebana . Japan­ gon of popular psychology: psycho­
ese prostitute: geisha • Japanese na­ babble
tional religion: Shinto • Japanese jaundice . liver disease producing
arts of self-defence: aikido, ju-j itsu, jaundice: hepatitis
karate • general index of Japanese Java . Javan percussion orchestra:
share prices: N ikkei i ndex • gate to a gamelan
Shinto shrine: torii • sliding door in
jaw • adjectives: gnathic, maxillary
a Japanese house: shoj i . Japanese
• animal's fearsome jaws: maw
suicide bomber or its pilot: kamikaze
. lower jawbone: mandible • upper
• Japanese ritual of serving and
j awbone: maxi lla . having a project­
drinking tea: tea ceremony . Japan­
ing lower jaw: prog nathous • paraly­
ese puppet theatre: bunraku • Japan­
sis of the jaws: lockjaw, trismus
ese traditional theatre: Noh • popu­
jazz • improvised wordless jazz sing­
lar version of this: kabuki • Japanese
system of therapy by applying finger
ing: scat
pressure: acupressure, sh iatsu jelly • adjective: gelatinous . jelly
. Japanese dwarf tree: bonsai . Jap­ made from meat or fish stock: aspic
anese wrestling: sumo • sumo cham­ . j elly-like substance: gel • substance

pion: yokozuna • Japanese loose from which jelly is made: gelatin

robe: kimono • sash worn with this: • dish served in aspic: galantine
obi • ornamental box suspended jellyfish .jellyfish's central disc:
from this: i n ro . Japanese carved umbrella
185 jester I job

jester . jester's cap: coxcomb with such j ewellery:d iamante .jew­

. jester's baton: bauble .jester's elled headband: diadem, tiara • jew­
particoloured suit: motley ellery hanging from a chain: pendant
• small ornamental case on a chain:
jet .jet fuel: kerosene, paraffin oil
locket • piece of jewellery with a re­
• jet engine i n which a turbine-driven
cameo
lief portrait: • jeweller's mag­
fan provides extra thrust: turbofan
nifying glass: loupe
• jet engine whose gases operate a
turbine-driven compressor: turbojet job • adjective:
vocational .job
.jet engine in which a turbine drives done at home:cottage industry
a propeller: turboprop • propulsive • secondary or minor job: avocation,

force of a jet engine: thrust • air cur­ sideline • have a second job: moon­
rent behind a jet engine: slipstream light .job in which no work is re­
• extinction of a jet engine's flame: quired: si necure . easy job; child's
flameout play . j ob requiring formal qualifica­
tions: profession • appropriate and
Jew • combining form: Judaeo- (e.g.
congenial job: niche . tiresome job:
Judaeo-Christian) • adjectives: Ju­
chore . lengthy undertaking: mara­
daic, Semitic • legendary Jew said to
thon • denoting a job requiring
have mocked Christ: Wandering Jew
many workers: labour-intensive
• Jew born in Israel: sabra of
, • denoting a job not requiring special­
central or eastern European descent:
ist skills: non-professional • reduce
Ashkenazi (pl. Ashkenazim) e lan­
or eradicate the element of skill re­
guage used by ,Jews of central and
quired by a job: deskii l • division of a
eastern Europe: Yiddish • Jew of
job and its pay between several em­
Spanish or Portuguese descent: Seph­
ployees: job-sharing • essentia to a
ardi (pl. Sephardim) it language used
job's successful completion: m i ssion­
by certain Mediterranean Jews: La­
critical • risk involved in a job:
dino • Soviet Jew not allowed to go to
occupational hazard • hopeless as­
Israel: refusenik • worldwide disper­
signment: fool's errand • unoccu­
sion of the Jews: d iaspora, Disper­
pied job: vacancy • person applying
sion • greeting between Jews: sha­
for a job: applicant, ca ndidate • oral
lom • Jewish animated automaton:
examination of such people: interview
golem • Jewish religious culture: Ju­
• person testifying to an applica.'1t's
daism • college for Orthodox Jews:
suitability: referee 0 trial period be­
yesh iva . Jewish quarter in a city:
fore confirmation of appointment:
ghetto • Jewish . malevolent spirit:
probation . appoint to a job: nomin­
dybbuk • organized of
ate e ability t o d o a j o b : competence
.Tews in 19th-c_ Russia: pogrom
• exclusively assigned to a particular
• Hitler's programme for the exter­
job: dedicated • handing down one's
mination of European ,Jews: final so­
own tasks to a subordinate: delega­
!ution, Holocaust • free of Jews:
tion . give out such a task: depute,
j udenrein . non-Jew: Gentile . Jew­
devolve 0 special or temporary task:
ish term for non-Jew: goy . Jewish
assignment • detailed description of
term for a Christian: Nazarene
this: terms of reference • temporary
jewellery • simple jewellery worn posting away from the usual work­
in a pierced ear or nose: stud • small place: secondment . move to an­
cheap item of jewellery: trinket other job in the same organization:
• sham jewellery worn on dressy occa­ posting, transfer • giving jobs to
sions: costume jewellery • decorated one's relatives and friends: nepotism
jockey I Judaism

an activity that itsradenot unia paion'dsjoclb:aim of

professional •
non- cl.laiyneormadecementby sealthe iedges ng a jofoinat:
exclusive rights to a cert� apprain?jachob: .an
marcation d ispute
de-
joke
seam
.jokengs:exploiting a word's
elvolemplsewhere:
oyed person offerm�gIvhune up aa �Joobb
headhunt •
entcrucimeani pun, quibble
al finalJosenturneyence:by ShIP:
.
punch line

voluuntntaarirylyret: irement loreaviresinggjnatobs.jobiobyn:-

natural
resign •

wastage, wastage
_

J ourney .
voyage
voyage .
ng seatoor space
.J�oourney �
.

holurneyy plaoverce:
<I

huntionyees:g help given to redundant g n. mage .repeat e d J o

showing interrelation of a firm'schart
empl
organization chart
outplacement •

jobs: J�xed
ospeciurney:firout
trek
e: .Journey made for
rou � d, ru n •

�:
.
_

J ockey
silks
.
•
.Jjoc�e�'ockeys ,shelcolmo�tured: outfit:
skullcap
ourneyc purpose:
jground: round trip
mission
not coveri.part ng thofe a samjour!'
join
•

andOffiaftC.jIaeloriweIna race: ghmg �f a Jockey �fo.re

weig h-out, weigh-in
metropesals wibyth anintealrweavi loy: ng
sol-
ney: inestthaeblcourse
leg
en route
•

pimakeng plaajce:ourney: .ri.payeghtstofmt(p

•

staging post
i s hed en-ofraoutjourney
der
strands: .joi
splice
n passage
one's journey by work.endenaroutschedul e: e.
worl
joint . combining forms: co- (e.g. one's passage
co-author), arthr-, zygo- (e.g. zygotic)
• ball and socket j.hiointp: joint: enarthrosis
jofourney:terminate
a ship's or.Jewi aircrafsht'.offi cial recon'
smystjourney: log
(pl. enarthroses) coxa Judaism ical : inter
•

.bone knee jcoveri oint innghorses, t.havihenkneeg dogs, oietntc:l.:y flex-

stifle
junusual pretation.Jewi of thsehOlcommentd Testament Kab'

cap, patella
knee-
the Old Testament.Jewi: sh laawryas
balah
Masorah,

iinblfleajmmat
rheu matism,
oints:ion of the joints: .painful
double-joi nted

rheumatoid
arthritis,
arthritis
rash, Mishnah
tainedamentin the: first five books
Test Torah • ordi n ofancethe no,
m

•
.paidisplnfulacement twistiofngthofe bones a joinint: a joint:
sprain fbeenoundgiinventhbye Torah God t obutMoses:held to hav
traditior I

jboneoint: and cart.filaugesio.degenerat

dislocation
ankylosis
n of bonesionin ofa
iinlajgeoinitns: certain
osteo-
andJewianciscihentvinatlcorpus
•

laiow:nalofsaviJewiosur:h ceremoni8 ,
Talmud

arthritis •
meniscus (pl. menisci)
t h i n
jwioitnhts:bevelled or notched ends: joint cart • trJewi
•

aditisohnalmovement n itssenthfmovement
law iJewi oilroetwiy:ng
.joint bisect.joiing natriforghtpianglping:e:
mitre-joint
scarf
m itre,
union
owintgiothens:law as modified for moderifd
dox Judaism
lcondi •

Reform Judaism . ar !

att.jisoeanyinandt ablanglteenoneto: tjroansmi

universal jOint
dovetail
t rotary .mor
itn: t: recessed •
power-
step andlcieader
entjuJewirist: sh professi.Jewionalshtheologia l
scribe
or teacher: rabbi
rabbi • senic"l
shaped woodrebate • j o i n rabbi dayan (pl. dayanim)
: •
jpartoint: part: boardprotjoirnuditinngg jwioitnht
mortise •
tenon •
wife: s: training collJewi
rabbi reb betzin •
seminary, yeshiva •
ege s
interlocking ridges and hollows: religious school: school gil
cheder •
 187 Judaism I judgement
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iug instruction in Jewish traditions: S uccoth . Jewish term for the abode
Talmud Torah • study of Jewish trad­ of the dead: Sheol . Jewish term for
itional law: Talmud Torah . supreme hell: Gehenna � see also Hebrew, Is­
council and court of ancient Jerusa­ raeli, Israelite
lem: Sanhedrin • day of religious ob­
judge judicial . judge in
• adjective:
servance and abstinence from work:
a Church official principal court:
sabbath . strict observer of the sab­ • Indian judge: hakim • Muslim
bath: sabbata rian . Jewish dietary j udge: cad i , hakim • title of an Ap­
regulations: kashrut • denoting food
peal Court judge: Lord Justice • title
that conforms to Jewish dietary regu­
of a High Court judge: M r Justice
lations: kosher • denoting food that
• title of a judge in Scotland: sheriff
does not conform to Jewish dietary re­
• expert adviser who sits with a judge
gulations: trefa • denoting animals
in technical cases: assessor • barris ­
that Jews may eat: clean . Jewish
ter serving as a part-time judge: re­
term for chametz leavened food:
corder . polite form of address to a
. Jewish unleavened bread: matzo
judge: You r Lo rdship . judge's sum­
• bread eaten on the sabbath: challah
mary of arg-uments at the end of a
. Jewish sabbath dish of meat and ve-
case: summing up . j udge's direc­
I getables: cholent . Jewish dish of
I
tion to a jury on points of law: charge,
stuffed fish: gefi lte fish • Jewish
instruction . j udge's order for en­
blessing of wine before the Sabbath:
f marry­
forcement of a law: injunction . de­
kiddush . Jewish custom o
noting a judge's provisional ruling:
ing one's brother's widow: levirate
interlocutory .judge 's incidental re­
• building for Jewish religious obser­
mark: obiter d ictum . j udge's office
vance and instruction: synagog ue
for private hearings: cha m bers
• Jewish branched candlestick: me­
. j udge's itinerary to various courts:
norah • outer chamber of the Jewish
circuit . circuit judge's administra­
temple: holy place • inner chamber
tive assistant: marshal • circuit
of the Jewish temple: holy of holies
j udge's official accommodation:lodg­
• curtain closing off the holy of holies:
ings .judge's wig and robes: court
vei l • Orthodox Jew's skullcap:
dress . judges regarded collectively:
kippa, ya rmulke • small box worn by
the bench , the judicature, the judi­
Orthodox Jew at prayer: frontlet,
ciary • attempt t o corrupt a judge:
phylactery • prayer shawl: tallith
embracery
• corner tassels on this: tsitsith
. Jewish girl's coming of age cere­ judgement . j udgement on pay­
mony: bat mitzvah • Jewish boy's ments or possessions: award . j udge­
coming of age ceremony: bar mitzvah ment awarded on the defendant's fail­
• Jewish new year festival: Rosh ure to plead: ju dgement in default
Hashana • Jewish day of repentance: . divorce court's judgement: decree
Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur • judgement that must be followed in
•• Jewish commemoration of the deliv­ subsequent similar cases: precedent
erance from Egypt: Passover • text • reference to such a judgement: cit­
recited at this: Haggadah • Passover ation • denoting a provisional judge­
ceremony and meal: Seder . Jewish ment: inte rlocutory • writ ordering
harvest festival: Feast of Weeks, the enforcement of a j udgement: writ
Pentecost, Shavuoth . Jewish com­ of execution • performance of a con­
memoration of the journey through tractual obligation ordered by a court:
the wilderness: Feast of Tabernacles, specific performance • having good
judo I justification 188
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • u • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••••••

judgement: sagacious • showing .jury member: juror . j ury's spokes- .

careful judgement: judicious man: foreman • lawyer's objection to
judo .judo expert: judoka .judo a member of the jury: challenge • de­
suit: j udogi . j udo jacket: g i .judo noting a challenge made without rea­
mat: dojo • point scored in judo: son: peremptory • writ summoning
ippon . send one's opponent to the substitute jurors: tales • substitute
ground: throw � see also martial arts j uror: talesman .judge's direction to
a jl1ry: charge, instruction
jug . large water jug: ewer . large
decision: verd ict .jury's comment
narrow-necked jug: flago n . low j ug
added to its verdict: rider • period a ;
for gravy or sauce: boat . j ug shaped
j ury spends in private considering its . •
and painted to resemble a man's head:
verdict: retirement
toby jug ' I

ju ice • sour juice obtained from justice of justice where the !

• system

fruit: verjuice j udge or magistrate acts as prosecu- .

tor: inquisitorial system • system oft
jump . j ump made with the aid of the
j ustice where the judge or magistrate "I
hands or a pole: va u lt • sideways
adjudicates between prosecution and J,
handspring: cartwheel .jump about
defence: accusatorial system •
playfully: gambol • jump on some­
of-court negotiations between
thing to capture it: pounce • sprung
ecution and defence lawyers to securel'
stick for making large jumps: pogo
a reduced charge in return for an ad­
stick • sheet stretched taut for jump­
ing on: trampoline
mission of guilt: plea barga ining �
junk • ornamental junk: bric-a-brac justification � justific�tion of
_
conduct: apologia . logical
Juno • Greek name: Hera
tion: rationale • justification of a the :
Jupiter • Greek name: Zeus ory: apologetics .j ustification
jury • denoting an offence requiring an action or opinion: g round • earl 1
jury trial: ind ictable . enlist a jury: ier event adduced in justification: pre. :
impanel . fil a j ury with persons cedent • that cannot be
sympathetic to one's aims: pack u nwarra ntable
 Kk
kangaroo • male kangaroo: buck • kill most of: decimate • k il a per­
• female kangaroo: doe • young kan­ son condemned to death: execute
garoo: joey • kil quickly: dispatch • kil select­
ively: cull • death-blow: coup de
karate expert: karateka
. karate
• karate kata • kick made
exercises:
g race (pl. coups de grace) . list of
persons to be kiled: hit list • place
with body rotation: roundhouse kick
where animals are killed: abattoir,
• po int scored in karate: ippon � see
slaug hterhouse Ii! occasion when
also martial arts
many persons are violently kiled:
key • key opening several locks:
bloodbath, bloodletti ng • sport that
master key, pass key, skeleton key involves the hunting, wounding, or
• lock opened only by a key : deadlock
killing of anirnals: blood sport
• perform or score in a different key:
transpose killer . combining form: -cide (e.g.
regicide) • killer's plea of unbalanced
keyboard • standard English-
querty
mental state: d i m i n ished responsibil­
language keyboard layout:
ity • money paid as a recompense in
kick Ii! reflex kick:knee-jerk • k i ck certain societies by a killer to his vic·
made with unbent legs: scissor kick tim's relatives: blood money
kidney • combining forms: nephr-, killing il combiningform: -cide . de­
ren- • adjectives:
renal , nephritic liberate unlav.i"ul killing: m u rder,
• movable kidney: floating kidney homicide . unpremeditated kiling:
• chronic kidney inflammation: neph­ manslaughter • accidental killing of
ritis, Bright's disease • me chan ical one ' s own forces: fratricide • killing
purification of the blood lly an artifi­ not con s idered a crime: justifiable
cial k idney : dialysis, haemodialysis homicide • kil ing to which n o blame
• stone-like mass for m ing in a kidn ey: can attach: misadventure • killing
kidney stone, renal ca lculus (pl_ cal­ selected animals: cull • killing one ' s
culi), renal concretion e medical brother o r sister: fratricide • k ili n g
treatment of the kidney: nephrology of a child less than one year old: in­
• surgical removal of a kidney: neph­ fanticide • killing one's father: patri­
rectomy cide • killing a god: deicide e kil­
kill • kill by deprivation of air: as­ ing an incurable person: e uthanasia,
phyxiate, suffocate . k ill by behead­ mercy killing . killing an infant by
ing: decapitate . kill by electric abandonment in a deserted place: ex­
shock: e lectrocute • kill by covering posure • killing one's mother: matri­
the nose and mouth: smother • kil cide • killing oneself: suicide • kil­
secretly: make away with • be se­ ing a parent or other near relative:
cretly killed by the state: disappear pa rricide • killing a public figure by
• kill by strangulation : garrotte, th rot­ a su rprise attack: assassination
tle . kill an animal humanely: des­ • killing as a p uni shment : capital
troy, put down, put to sleep • kill in p u n ishment • killing a son or daugh­
large numbers: massacre, slaug hter ter: fi l icide . killing a sovereign:
ki ng I Korean 190
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

regicide
cide • ki l.kiingl ione'ng as twiyrantfe: : tyranni­
uxoricide tions: terminsetate ofcreatstkniitcehes:tstinitgches:instruc­
knittin g
pattern
•
• cast
• kikill iinngg anlargeentinumbers: massacre on • cast off
•

• kil ing all life: re people: .per­ biocide

genocide
ot.move
h.leer:ftwardsa stitst.richitcfrom
slip gh:htwardsone needl e to the
stalittceh:rnat plain
kin g
sonsencegovernior i n
• adjectives:

ng durityn: g a monarch'disseaseab­
capaci
royal, regal

regent •
ofkniplt aining andwoolpurl: stitches: mediufiim­onne purl

fi ngering •
ri b •
•

formerlgyn'tshought
soverei t o uch: to be cured by.kilthle­
king's evil
thtihcikckknitkniingt iwool
• n g : wool: double knitti ng
chunky
ing a kiperfunct
kiss
ng: ory kiss: deep
•
regicide
peck •
•

knot
diameteknotr of kniundone
•
t ing needlby a epuls: l: gauge
Slip

andkiss:cuddle: French kiss, soul kiss

canoodle
kiss •
knot '
• knot j o knotning twoeasilropes:
i • y loosened: .loop bend
hitch

kitchen • adjective: culi nary

with aal runni
ment wnorkg knottemade
knot.knot : with .orna­ noose
string:
ontosmall
•

aolsshiandpkiequi
ortcaihen:prment
craft:: kikittcchenhen scul lery •
gal ley •
batterie de cuis­
macrame
know
• knowing everyt
tatti ng
not hiknown:d
obscure
omn iscientng:•
l a ce:
kitchen walkneel: joservi
ine, utensils ce opening in a
hatch
_
knowled g e • combining

-gnosis (e.g. prognosis), -nomy (e.g.

forms:

etc.join:t: boneintcoveri
knee
stifle •
•

kneecap, patella •
in horses,
ngtethendondogs,
kneebe­ aeronomy). -sophy (e.g. philosophy)

lietidge:onal knowledge: basischolc .trad­

• adjective: epistemic •

elements, rudiments
know­
himatndiontheofknee:the knee: .inflam­
hamstri ng
housemaid's knowl e dge: lore •
erudition • shal alrlowy !
knee
knife knife with a foldkniingfehandl
• ea: knowl
ledge: edge:instinctdeepive knowl
sciolism •
inkling • knowlsliegedge:htdge:know-
clasp kn ife, jackknife wi t h • dition • intu-
sprikninfg-elowiadedth ablasharp
•

blwiatde:h several blades and pocket

de: replaceable
Stanley knife TM knifoolse: •
flick kn ife
knowlesocidgeknowlabefore
ition •
•

n ition •
l knowltheedge:event:
savoir-faire
precog-
edgeedgeafteofr many
the eventsub-:
ot her t h i ndsight .knowl �
Swiss army kn ife
knikniffee::machete, panga
.heavysurgijunglcale •
jeveryt
ects: hing: knowledgeknow-
polymathy •

omniscience •

lan cet, scalpel •

haft, h i lt • shank of a kni knifefble ahandl
de, en·e: leidgenvolvofinga several
•
specifiebranches
d topic: of know·
l iteracy

cased
knife ibln aitde:s handle: knicover
tang
sheath •
for a
fe-maker: • lknowl
edge: edge: peopldonee witihnspe-full
interdisci plinary •
witting •
1

cutler
•
ciperson
al knowleageredge:to display his or her
illuminati, insiders
I
kni g ht
combat.joust
lists
: kniingghtcompets' mount
•

pliaticeon:eford mock
joust, tilt this: •

tou rna­
knowl
inphig ltooesophi
dge:be knowledgeabl persone: '
pedant •

sci 01
ment, tou rney
charging.thagaiis mark:
tilting
nst.knia revol
ghts'vexerci se of
ing .plmark:
ace quintain
knowledge: cal stumetdyaofl the nature of1
•

knuckle
epistemology
•
.

for this: confer knia knightg'shtwarhorse:

destrier •
tiltyard
hood on:• strengthener:Korean martial art:
Korean •
knuckleduster
tae
'
dub .. see also ch ivalry kwon do
 LI
label . label attached to a plant or lament . Irish sung lament: keen
tree: tally • Scottish bagpipe lament: pibroch
• poem lamenting the dead: elegy
laboratory . laboratory work table:
bench . laboratory worker prepar­ land • adjective: terrestrial . mari­
ing and maintaining equipment: tech­ ner's sighting of land: landfa ll . ar
nician • happening in the laboratory rival on land: la ndfall • by land: over­
rather than its natural environment: land • surrounded by land:
in vitro � see also scientific equip­ landlocked • narrow strip of land:
ment isthmus, neck, spit • small area of
land: plot . land almost completely
lace-making . lace made by hand
surrounded by water: cape, head­
by twisting weighted threads: bobbin
lace, pillow lace • coarse bobbin lace
land, peninsula, promontory . area
with geometrical designs: torchon, of level high land: plateau, tableland

torchon lace . lace made by hand in . large land mass: continent • edge

buttonhole stitch: needle lace, point of a land mass covered by ocean: con­
tinental shelf • bring
• knotted
lace lace made with a shut­ waste or
tle: tatting • heavy outline thread: flooded land under cultivation: re­
gimp . firm cushion on which the claim • gradual sinking of an area of
lace is made: pil low land: su bsidence . land in Holland
reclaimed from the sea: polder . land
lack • lack of the basic necessities of
in East Anglia reclaimed from the sea:
life: deprivation
fen . large fenland drainage ditch:
lacking . combiningform: -less (e.g. dyke • extensive area of eroded
witless) and uncultivable land: badlands
• marshy land: wetland • open land
ladder . laddder used for roof work:
catladder . crosspiece in a ladder:
with poor soil: heath, heathland,
rung moor . denoting land that has not
been cleared or cultivated: unim­
lake • adjective: lacustrine . Scot­ proved . land cleared b y slash-and­
tish lake: loch • Irish
lake: lough burn methods: swidden • aesthetic
• small mountain lake:tarn . curved improvement landscaping
of land:
lake in a former river bed: oxbow lake
. land temporarily sown to grass: ley
• salt lake separated from the sea by a
• grazing land: pasture • denoting
reef or sandbank: lagoon • animals
land producing crops: ara ble, fertile
and plants living on the bed of a lake:
• denoting
apping
land unable to produce
epibenthos •m of lakes: hy­
crops: sterile • denoting land that
d rography . study of lakes: limnol­
cannot be cultivated profitably: sub­
ogy
marginal • return o f fertile land to
lama • chief Lama of Tibet: Dalai desert conditions: desertification
Lama • polite form of address to him: • denoting agricultural land left un­
Your Holi ness . second Lama of sown: fa l low e land taken out of pro­
Tibet: Panchen Lama, Tashi Lama duction: set-aside . land under
.I.�.�.�.���� I �.�.� �����
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. ................. ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ��.�.
cultivation: tillage, tilth . land at­ money . landlord's expulsion of a
tached to a house: curtilage . farm­ tenant: eviction
land owned by parish clergy: glebe
landmark • pile of stones as a land­
• agricultural holding smaller than a
mark: cairn
farm: smallholding . property in
buildings and land: real property, landowner • adjective: landed
realty • narrow strip of land project­ • chief landowner in a rural area:
ing into water: head land, peninsula squire • Scottish landowner: laird
• narrow strip of land connecting two • landowner's agent: bail iff
larger areas: isthmus • narrow strip
l a ndscape • snow-covered land­
of land projecting into the holdings of
scape: snowsca pe . moonlike land­
others: panhandle • intrusion upon
scape: moon scape • height differ­
another's land by building etc.: en­ ence Of landscape elements: relief
croachment • entering another's
• wearing away of the landscape by
land without trespass
permission: natural forces: erosion
• ease­
right to cross another's land:
ment, right of way, way leave • right language • combining forms:
to cut turf or peat from another's land: li ngu-, -ese (e.g. Chinese) , -glot • ad·
tu rbary . another's right to cross jectives: lingual, lingu istic • express
one's land: servitu de • limitations in a different language: translate
• everyday language: vernacular
on land's use imposed by its vendor:
• pretentious language: bombast,
restrictive covenant . piece of land
in public use:common • right of pas­ magniloquence • harshly critical or
turage on a common: commonage abusive language: invective • delib·
erately misleading language: double­
• ownership of land or the land
owned: domain • denoting land own­ speak, newspeak . language of a
particular group or profession: cant
ership: territorial • unlawful interfer­
• obscure language of official docu­
ence with an owner's enjoyment of his
land: nuisance • unlawful occupa­ ments: officialese • obscure tech­
tion of land: squatting . medieval
nical language: jargon • confusing or
system of land tenure: feudalism
meaningless language: mum bo­
jumbo . language as people actually
• landholder under this system: feud­
use it: parole • language as described
atory • absolute ownership of a piece
in grammar books: langue . form of
of land: freehold, fee simple • hold­
a language used by ordinary people:
ing of land for a period of years: lease­
demotic • regional or social subform
hold . land held by lease: holding
of a language: dialect • language
• terms under which land is held: ten­
spoken by a person from early child­
ure • tenancy for a fixed period: term
hood: mother tongue • person who
of years . person who buys up land
has learnt a language thus: native
in order to build on it: developer . a
s peaker • distinctive language of
government's right to take privately
an individual: idiolect • language
owned land into public use: eminent
shared by several nations: koine • de­
domain • the taking of such land: ex­
noting a language currently spoken:
propriation • open land upon which
living • denoting a language no
development is not permitted: white
longer spoken: dead • denoting a
land • preserved open land round a
group of languages that includes
city: green belt
Arabic and Hebrew: Semitic . denot­
landlord • money paid to the land­ ing a group of languages derived from
lord by an incoming tenant: key an earlier form of German: Germanic
193 language I lava

• denoting a group of lan.guages de­ • basic meaning unit in a language:

rived from Latin: Romance • denot­ semanteme, sememe • basic word
ing a group of languages that includes unit in a language: morpheme • per­
Russian and Serbo-Croat: Slavic son skilled in foreign languages: lin­
.language used by speakers having g u ist • i n or knowing one language:
no common native tongue: lingua monoglot, monolingual .foreign
franca • simple trading language language teaching using only the lan­
drawn from several sources: pidgin guage taught: direct method • room
• form of a native language that has with electronic gadgetry for language­
been heavily influenced by a pidgin: learners: language laboratory
creole • artificial language proposed
for international use: Esperanto .a large • combining forms: macro­
further language developed from Es­ (e.g. macroeconomics) , mega- (e.g.
peranto: Ido • artificial language for megaphone), megalo- (e.g. megalop­
scientists and technicians: Interlingua olis) .remarkably or unnaturally
.language i n which words are in­ large: gigantiC, prod igious • exces­

flected by changes of pitch: tone lan­ sively large: inordinate • extra-large:

guage • language used to analyse an­ king-sized, outsize • quite large:
other: metalanguage .denoting a q ueen-sized .large and bulky: un­
language spoken with many mistakes: wieldy
broken
• adjective:
.handbook of useful sen­
l a rynx laryngeal .in­
tences in a foreign language: phrase
laryngitis
• temporary
flammation of the larynx:
book
•
ability to speak in
instrument for examining the lar­
a language normally unknown to the
• in,
ynx: laryngoscope .surgical inci­
speaker: glossolalia or able to
• in,
sion into the larynx: laryngotomy
speak, two languages: bilingual
• study of the larynx: laryn gology
or able to speak, three languages: tri­
lingual • in, or able to speak, several laser • laser using microwaves:
languages: polyglot • in a mixture of maser • laser-generated three­
languages: macaro,nic • study of lan­ dimensional image: hologram
•
guage: linguistics .study of lan­ American defence programme using
guage as a series of interrelated sys­ satellite-mounted lasers: star wars,
tems: structural lingu istics .use of strategic defence in itiative
computer techniques to analyse lan­
guage: com putational lingu istics last .last event: fi nale .last but
• collection of machine-readable texts one: penu lti mate • last but two: ante­
for computer analysis: corpus .an­ penu lti mate • long-lasting: peren­
alysis of related languages to recon­ n ial
struct their common source: com­
•
• study
parative linguistics of
lathe lathe spindle: mandrel
.lathe's adjustable holder for the
language in relation to social factors:
sociolinguistics .study of the his­
workpiece: chuck .person working

tory of language : philology • study

s wood on a lathe: turner

•
of language sounds: phonology laugh half-suppressed laugh:
• spelling rules for a language: or­
chuckle, snigger • causing laughter:
thography .rules for using a lan­ risible
guage: grammar • basic sound unit
in a language: phoneme • pitched lava • denoting rock composed of
phoneme in a tone language: toneme lava: igneous
lavat o ry I law 194

lavatory • adjective:
lavato rial • suspension or postponement of legal
• privy • denoting a
outside lavatory: proceedings: stay • denoting a harsh
lavatory in use: engaged • denoting law: draconian • strict enforcement
a lavatory not in use: vacant • com­ of a law: zero tolerance • freedom of
partment for one person in a lavatory: action under the law: civil l i berty, civil
stall rights • through lack of concern for
• adjective:
law legal .law govern­
the law or facts: per incuriam
• breach of a law: j nfri ngement • de­
ing the punishment of offenders:
liberate disobedience of certain laws
criminal law .law governing rela­
tions between citizens: civil law, pri­ as a protest: civil disobedience
.law's provision for conscientious ob­
vate law .law governing relations
between citizens and the state: public jection: conscience clause • true
law • law governing doctors: med ical sense of a law: i ntendment .foreign
jurisprudence .law of retaliation: diplomats' immunity to local laws:

lex ta lionis .law of the country in diplomatic immunity • official ratifi­

which the offence was committed: lex cation of a law: sanction • required
loci • law of the country in which the by law: (of a person) liable, (of a thing

case is heard: lex fori • written law
made by parliament: statute law
.law derived from custom and judi­
cial precedent: common law
established by the outcome of former
cases: case law • set of basic laws or
principles by which a state is gov­
erned: constitution • collection of
laws: code, digest .complete collec­
tion of laws: pandect • draft law sub­
mitted for parliamentary discussion:
• text
or act) compulsory .meet the law's
requirements: comply • extreme
strictness in interpreting or imple­
• law as menting the law: rigorism _ break a
law: contravene • revoke a law: reo
peal, rescind • seize after legal in­
fringement: impound • branch of the
law dealing with ships and the sea: ad­
miralty • denoting legally acceptable
evidence: admissible .legal trick­
ery: chicanery • academic study of
law: jurisprudence • denoting a per­
I

bill of a law as approved by par­

liament: act .local law: by-law son engaged or acting for the duration

�
• international law: ius gentium of a lawsuit: ad litem • advise an ar­
• Jewish law: Halacha .church law: rested person of his legal rights: cau-
canon law .expert in canon law: tion • denoting a legal system in
canonist .collection of canon law which a prosecutor argues his case be-
decisions: Decretu m .law setting fore an independent judge: accusator-
time limits for commencement of cer­ ial • denoting a legal system in which
tain actions: statute of limitations the judge himself conducts the pros-
.law no longer observed: dead letter ecution: i nquisitorial • official
• denoting laws intended to govern having the force of law: decree • per-
past offences: retroactive, retrospect­ mitted by law: legal, licit • in accord-
ive • person below the age of ful ance with the law: lawful • in
legal responsibility: infant, minor acordance with a cited law: pursuant
• person n o longer protected b y the to • beyond one's legal power: ultra
law: outlaw .universal moral prin­ vires • weakening flaw in a law:
ciples: natural law • general law or loop hole • having no legal force: null
principle: canon .legal concept of • declare an activity illegal: cri minal-
natural justice: equity .legal re­ ize • cease to regard an activity as il­
dress: remedy .legal theory: juris­ legal: decrimi nalize .failure to per­
prudence • legal expert: jurist form an act required law:
by
195 lawcourt I lawcourt

nonfeasance .legal categorization command: writ • order for a person

of a minor crime: common .legal to attend a court: summons, sub­
term for personal possessions: goods poena, process • bond paid into
and chattels .legal term for serious court to guarantee return: bail, recog­
deliberate injury: grievous bodily nizance • argument presented in
harm • legal term for less serious de­ court: submission • trial conducted
liberate injury: actual bodily harm in court: proceedings .court's de­
.legal controls over use of electronic cision: judgement • give this: pass
data: data protection • legal work on judgement • delay giving this: re­
transfer of property: conveyancing serve judgement • court's declar­
.legal charges: costs .temporary ation of guilt: conviction • divorce
suspension of a law: amnesty • sus­ court's judgement: decree • court's
pension of a nation's legal system cancellation of a claim: striking out
when under military government: • court's failure to reach a correct de­
martial law .not legaly valid: void CISIOn: miscarriage of justice
.outside legal control: extralegal • higher court's direction to a lower
� see also document, judge, jury, just­ court: mandamus .reconsideration
ice, Muslim, sentence, verdict of a lower court's decision: review
lawcourt • adjective: judicial, jurid- • overturn the decision of a lower
ical .court for under-age offenders: court: quash, reverse • court order
youth court • circuit court taking seizing a debtor's assets: Mareva in­
criminal cases: Crown Court • court junction • court's seizure of assets:
for civil cases and judic al review: i sequestration .court's assessment
High Court of Justice • division of of an act of some public body: judicial
this for commercial and maritime review .person sued: defendant
cases: Queen's Bench • division of • person bringing a suit: plaintiff
this for probate, bankruptcy, and • defendant's reply to the charge: plea
equity: Chancery • division of this • understanding that if a lesser charge
for family law: Family .court for ap­ is admitted a graver charge will be
peals against both civil and criminal dropped: plea-bargaining .judge­
judgements: Court of Appeal • gen­ ment awarded on the defendant's fail­
eral title for the Crown, High, and Ap­ ure to plead: judgement in default
peal courts: Supreme Court of Judi­ .awaiting a court's decision: sub ju­
cature • rule book of the Supreme dice • period when lawcourts are
Court: White Book .military court: active: law term • period when
court martial (pl. courts martial or lawcourts are closed: vacation
court martials) • court deciding • begin a court session: sit • end a
claims for small of money: small court session: rise • pause in court
claims court • court in which a case proceedings: recess, adjournment
is first heard: court of first instance • denoting an indefinite adjourn­
.court trying minor offences: court ment: sine die • court official's open­
of summary jurisdiction • court ing call for order: oyez • fair treat­
whose decisions have weight as prece­ ment in a court: due process • at­
dents: superior court • unofficial tempt to frustrate a court's operation:
court: kangaroo court • denoting a contempt of court • make atone­
topic within a court's jurisdiction: ment for this: purge contempt
cognizable, justiciable •a court's • done out of court: extrajudicial
power to decide a matter: compe­ • deliberate delaying of court busi­
tence, jurisdiction .court's written ness: obstructionism • refusal to
lawsuit I leaf 196
....................................................................................................................

contumacy .. see also

obey the court: ari • schedule of cases for trial:
courtroom, evidence, jury, trial calendar • exemption from legal

•a
proceedings: immunity
lawsuit legal action: case, pro­
ceedings • start legal action against: lawyer • senior UK law officers:
p rosecute, sue .lawsuit whose de­ Lord Chancellor, Lord C hief Justice,
cision will influence future decisions: "Master of the Rolls, Attorney­
test case • obligation to prove one's General, Director of Public Prosecu­
case: burden of proof .essential tions • principal Scottish law officer:
point of a case: gist, gravamen • case Lord' Advocate .company official
waiting to be heard: lis pendens ensuring the legality of transactions:
.during litigation: pendente l ite compliance officer .legal draughts­
• unreasonable delay in bringing a man: notary .engage a lawyer: in·
suit: laches • terminate a case struct .lawyer who may speak for
through inadequate prosecution evi­ his clients in the higher courts: bar­
dence: dismiss, nonsuit .argue a rister • barrister engaged to advise a
case in court: plead .arguments ad­ client or appear for him in court:
vanced in a legal action: case • de­ counsel (pl. same) • lawyer advising
noting an indisputable case: open­ clients, and appearing on their behalf
and-shut .risk of a person put on in the lower courts: solicitor .law­
trial: jeopardy .prosecution twice yer's objection to a member of the
tor the same offence: double jeopardy jury: challenge .lawyer's quotation
.murderer's plea of mental unbal­ of a previous case: citation .lawyer's
ance: diminished responsibility questioning of a witness: examination
• document or other object produced .lawyer's questioning of a witness he

• disclosure
as evidence: exhibit of or she has called: examination­
i n-chief .lawyer's questioning of a
documents between parties: discov­
ery _person involved in a lawsuit: person already examined by opposing

litigant, party • in the interests of

counsel: cross-exa m:nation • state
one party only: ex parte .enter a funding of a lawyer's fees: legal aic
lawsuit as a third party: intervene .lawyer's negligence or dishonesty:
'I
• right to bring a suit: locus standi malpractice
(pl. loci standi) .judge's summary of layer • thin surface layer: film, ven- �
a • layer
sum­ ;
arguments at the end of case: eer of laminated material: ply
ming up (I accept money to drop a • underlying layer: su bstrate, sub-
legal action: compound • agreement stratum
reached by parties to a lawsuit:
ment (I denoting a lawsuit intended
settle­ lead • combining form: plumb- (e.g. i
plumber, water pipes being formerly
to inconvenience the defendant: vex­ made of lead)
atious (I assess just fees for a lawsuit:
• combining forms:
'.

tax • eager to go to law: litig ious leader -agogue,j

• go to law: litigate .listen to and -arch • nominal leader: figure head,
judge a lawsuit: hear • send a case to front man, puppet .leader of
a higher court: commit • send a case rabble: demagogue • eldest
back to a lower court: remit .appli­ of a group, perceived as its
cation to a higher court for a decision patriarch, matriarch _person most
to be reversed: appeal • person mak­ skilled in a particular field: doyen I
ing such an application: appellant (fem. doyenne)
• higher court's request to review leaf • combining forms: foli-,
proceedings of a lower court: certior- • adjectives: foliaceous, foliate
197 leap year I lens

.leaves in general: foliage .leaf at converting an animal skin to leather:

the edge of a flower: bract .com­ tanning • denoting untanned leather:
pound leaf of a fern or palm: frond g reen .grease used for waterproof­
.denoting leaves of several colours: ing leather: dubbin
variegated • decorated with leaves: l eave .long leave granted t o mis­
foliate • leaf-stalk: petiole • circle of sionaries or services personnel: fur­
leaves: whorl .leaves heaped up by lough • sailor's time off spent
the wind: d rift • strip the leaves from: ashore: l i berty, shore leave • leave to
defoliate • chemical used to destroy be absent from school: exeat • paid
leaves: defoliant .pest killing vine leave granted to a university teacher:
leaves: phylloxera sabbatical • leave taken without ask­
leap year • adjective: bissextile ing permission: French leave .leave
decamp omit
• person
hastily: .leave out:
learner learning a trade by
assisting a skilled worker for a fixed l eft . combining form: laevo- (e.g.
laevorotatory) • adjective: sinistral
period: apprentice
.left-hand page in a book: verso
• learning
•
learning from a course in
left-handed person: south paw .left
a book or computer: programmed side of a ship as seen by one facing its
learn ing .learning through tapes
prow: port
played while asleep: hypnopaedia
.learning by controlled trial and
leg .adjective: crural .legs curving
error: heuristic .mechanical repeti­
out at the knee: bandy legs, bow legs
• re­
.legs curving in at the knee: knock
tion as a learning tool: rote
peated practice as an aid to learning:
knees • upper leg: th igh • principal
• age
bone of the upper leg: thighbone,
drill at which a skill is most
easily learnt: critical period .condi­
femur • bone covering the knee joint:
tion causing learning difficulties: kneecap, patella • front of the lower
• point
learning disability in a leg: shin .fleshy part o f the lower

course at which many give up: pons leg: calf • swollen vein on the leg:
asinorum .card held up for pupils to va ricose vei n • with an injured leg:
see: flashcard lame • imagined one-legged creature:
monopod • metal leg-splint: calliper
• Manx emblem of three legs: triskel­
lease .person granting a lease: les­
sor • person taking a lease: lessee ion
• property's return to its owners at
leisure .leisure activity: hobby
the end of a lease: reversion
• building housing leisure facilities:
leather • supple leather used to leisure complex
chamois,
• adjectives:
clean cars and windows:
lemon citric, citrous,
wash leather • leather
formerly used
citrine .spongy tissue inside an
for writing on: parchment .leather
pith
from a young goat: kid • brushed kid:
lemon skin:

suede _ outer surface of leather: lender • person lending money to fi­

g rain, grain side .narrow strip of nance a film or play: angel
leather: thong .leather strip for lens .lens nearest the object ob­
sharpening razors: strop • leather served: objective • wide-angle lens:
strap formerly used to punish Scottish fisheye • lens giving wide-screen
schoolchildren: tawse • impressed effects: anamorphic lens .lens with
ornamentation on leather: tOOling a long focal length: telephoto lens
• denoting highly polished leather: • camera lens allowing smooth transi­
glace, patent .chemical process tion from close to long shots: zoom
Lent I level 198

lens • lens used to start a fire: burn­ pitality: Collins .letter with stand­
ing glass • denoting a lens flat one ardized wording: form letter • sheet
side and convex the other: planocon­ of thin paper foldable to make its own
vex • denoting a lens flat one side envelope: air letter, aerogramme
and concave the other: planocon cave , • transport of letters by air: airmail
• point on a lens at which light rays • town in which letters are sorted:
converge: focal point, focus .vari­ post town • letter that cannot be de­
able opening for a camera lens: aper­ livered: dead letter • post office de­
ture • distance between the centre of partment holding letters until col­
a lens and its focus: focal length lected: poste restante • opening
• object as seen through a lens: i mage greeting in a letter: salutation • com
• uneven focus o f an eye due t o a fault municate by letter: correspond
• person
in the cornea or lens: astigmatism with whom one is acquainted
.counterbalanced camera platform
only by letters: penfriend • educa­
that can be raised or turned: crane tion conducted by post: correspond­
Lent • pre-lenten festivities: carni- ence course, distance learning
val, Mardi Gras • day before Lent: • message added to a letter after the
Shrove Tuesday .first day of Lent: ',
writer's signature: postscript
Ash Wed nesday • penultimate week
• adjective: literal • letter ,
of Lent: Pass ion Week • last week of
letter'
superscript I

�
written above the line:
Lent: Holy Week
below the line: sub- ;
"leprosy • adjective: leprous .lep­
.letter written
script .part of a letter that rises
rous person: leper
above the mid-point of a line of text:
• part
lesbian .lesbian who takes the ascender of a letter that sinks
dominant role: butch .lesbian who
below the line of text: descender
takes the passive role: femme .les­
.denoting a letter not a
bian simulating male sexual move
lower-case • denoting a capital let-
• pair
ments upon her partner: tribade ter: upper-case of letters i
letter' • adjective: epistolary .let­ making a single sound: digraph .Se-�!I
ter explaining other material ac­ quence of letters reading the same 11
companying it coveri n g letter .am­ backwards and forwards:
• design mono-:I
bassador's letter of introduction: let­ of interwoven letters:
• consisting
ter of credence .letter sent to al gram of both letters and;
bishops by the Pope: encyclical numbers: alphanumeric .write out;
• bishop's letter to al his clergy: pas­ '
in the letters of a different alphabet l
toral letter • sovereign's letter nom r
transliterate
inating a bishop: letter m i ssive
• sovereign's letter appointing a mili­ lettuce • tal thin lettuce: cos • let·.!
•
tary officer: comm i ssion letter tuce's tight head: heart
;
•
sent to many persons simultaneously:
l e u kaemia abnormal white blood,
•
• blood
circular letter addressed to one per
cell: lymphoblast cell witl i
son but intended for publication:
an overlarge nucleus: myeloblast
open letter .letter which each re
• combining form: plano- (e.g ,
'
cipient is asked to copy out and send level
to several others: chain letter • ma planoconvex) • social level: stratum
licious anonymous letter: poison pen echelon • device with an air-bubbll
letter • letter sent by a woman break­ in liquid, to show if surfaces are level
'
ing off a relationship: Dear John spirit level .set level to each otheI
• conventional letter of thanks for hos- making a single flat surface: flush
199 lever I light

lever .foot-operated lever: treadle Ufe • combining forms: bio-, vit­

• point on which a lever turns: ful­ • adjectives: animate, vital • long life:
crum .power exerted by a lever: le­ longevity .life of pleasure: la dolce
verage vita .life after death: afterlife, the
other world • expected lifespan: nat­
liability .legal transfer of a liabil­
ural life • bring back to life: resusci­
ity: assignment .secure against li­
tate, reanimate, revivify • weariness
ability: indemnify
of life: taedium vitae .account of a
• library
• person's
library entitled to a copy of person's life: biography
every new UK book: copyright library
account of his own life: autobiog­
• prepare
.library whose books may be con­
raphy a person to resume
• bodily
sulted but not borrowed: reference li­
normal life: rehabilitate pro­
brary .library store with compact
cesses that support life: metabolism
•
shelving: stack .library employee:
clinical measurement of bodily func­
librarian .list of books held in a li­
tions as indication of continued life:
brary: catalogue • consolidated cata­
vital signs
logue of a group of libraries: union
catalogue .library decimal system lifeboat • ship's crane for a lifeboat:
of topic classification: Dewey decimal davit
system • note in a library book lifestyle .organized lifestyle: re­
showing where it is shelved: shelf gime, regimen .lifestyle affording
mark • person entitled to use a li­
only the basic necessities: poverty
brary: reader • reader's cllbicle in a
line .lifestyle seldom seen by the
library: carrel .denoting a library
general public: underlife .study of
book past its return date: overdue
social statistics as an index of chan­
lice .louse egg: nit • infestation ging lifestyles: demography
with lice: pediculosis • infested with
lift .lift for food in a restaurant:
lice: lousy
dumb waiter .continuously moving
licence .licence allowing alcoholic lift with doorless compartments:
drinks to be served with meals: table paternoster .space within which a
licence • licence allowing the sale of lift operates: shaft � see also hoist
alcoholic drinks for consumption else­
• driving
where: off-licence licence's
light . combining forms: lumin-,
photo- (e_g. photosynthesis) .adjec­
note of penalty points incurred: en­
tive: photic • soft tremulous light:
dorsement .accumulation of these:
shimmer • soft light when the sun is
totting-up
just below the horizon: twilight
• flash
lie' .lying face downwards: prone, or sparkle of light: scintillation
prostrate .lyin g face upwards: re­ .northern lights: aurora borealis
• southern
cumbent, supine .lie about in mud
lights: aurora australis
•
or water: wallow
moving light seen over marshes:
lie" • adjective: mendacious • lie will-o'-the-wisp, ignis fatuus • light

told to avoid a greater evil: white lie set in a high place to convey a signal:
• published false and damaging state­ beacon • strong turnable outdoor
ment: libel .false and damaging oral light: searchlight • bright signal
statement: slander • telling lies light shot into the air: flare • device
when under oath to speak the truth: emitting a bright light at fixed inter­
perjury .alleged lie detector: poly­ vals: stroboscope, strobe • strong
graph light for filming: klieg light .device
light I lion 200

generating an intense light beam: guish a light: douse • study of light

laser • ultraviolet light for suntan­ and its behaviour: optics
ning: sunlamp • oil lamp for high lighthouse • lighthouse beam regu- :
winds: hurricane lamp, storm la ntern larly obscured for a few seconds: oc­
• overnight bedside light: night light culting l ight
• floor-based lamp with a tall stem:
lightning .jagged lightning flash: II
standard lamp • small coloured elec­
bolt, forked lightning • difsed
tric lights: fairy lights .decorative
lightning: sheet l ightning .wire di- i
lights: • ship's or
I
illuminations verting lightning from a building:
aircraft's position lights: navigation
lightning conductor
lights, running lig hts, sidel ights
• incandescent wire in an electric
like . combining forms: -eous (e.g. '
light: fil ament • device varying an
aqueous) , -esque (e.g. Junoesque), I
-ine (e.g. asinine), -ish (e.g. girlish) i
electric light's brightness: dim mer
!
•
-oid (e.g. deltoid), -ose (e.g. ramose)
electric light fitting with two small
projecting pins: bayonet fitti ng liker . combining/orms: phil(o)- (e.g.
• glass container for a n electric light philhellene), -phile (e.g. bibliophile)
filament: envelope .Ught made from liking especial liking: predi lection �

a hollowed-out jack-o'-lantern limb .gradual stretching of a dis­

• heatless emission of light: fluores­ located limb: extension, traction \
cence, luminescence, phosphores­ • sea animal's broad flat limb: fl ipper �
cence • light emission caused by in­ • surgical removal of a limb: amputa- "
tense heat: inca ndescence tion • person who has had a limb re- ,
• emission of light from a chemical re­ moved: amputee
action: .emis­
• lime
chemilumi nescence
lime obtained by heating lime- .
sion of light by living organisms: bio­ stone: q u ickl ime .quicklime
l uminescence • transmission of
treatment with water: s laked lime ·1
light signals along fine glass fibres:
limit • upper limit: ceiling • upper
fibre optics .treatment of light and
financial limit: cap • having limits:
shade in a painting: ch iaroscuro
• having no preset limit:
•
finite open­
use of light as a medical treatment:
phototherapy 0 bending of light
ended .keep within limits: contain !
waves passing between media: refrac­ li ne .adjectives: lineal, l inear .im-j,
tion 0 illumination of buildings by aginary line about which a body ro- i
natural light: daylighting • allowing tates: axis .line of latitude:
• line of longitude: meridian • line
the passage of light: diaphanous,
0 not
translucent allowing the pas­ persons walking in pairs: crocodile
• reacting
l
sage of light: opaque to .. see also straight l i ne
light: photosensitive • moving to­ l i nen .fine white linen: cambric
wards or activated by light: • square of linen etc. used at table to :
photopositive .extreme sensitivity wipe the mouth: napkin I
to light: photophobia • plant's use of lion • adjective: leonine • young I
light for foodmaking: photosynthesis lion: cub .offspring of a male lion
• plant's turning towards light: photo­ and tigress: ligon • offspring of a,
tropism • instrument measuring male tiger and a lioness: tigon
intensity: photometer • break
)
.lion's neck hair: mane •
light into its constituent colours: d if­ inflicted by a lion: mauling • group
fract .restrict light-wave vibrations of lions: pride • astrological
to a single direction: polarize • extin- leo
201 lip I list

lip • combining form: labi ( o )- .ad­ ment .draw off liquid from a sedi­
jective: labial .discontented expres­ ment: rack • denoting a liquid cloudy
sion made by turning out the lips: with suspended matter: tu rbid • med­
pout, moue ical device for administering tiny
amounts of a liquid: d rip feed • med­
l iqueur" .liqueur flavoured with al­
ical device producing a fine liquid
monds or fruit kernels: ratafia
spray: nebu lizer .operated by liquid
.cherry liqueur: maraschino .Ger­
man caraway-flavoured liqueur: ki.im­ pressure: hydraulic • allowing the
• Italian
passage of liquid: permeable, pervi­
mel aniseed-flavoured li­
• rum-based
queur: sam buca ous, porou s .slow passage of a li­
quid: seepage • loss of liquid
coffee-flavoured liqueur: Tia Maria ™
through leakage or evaporation: ull­
liquid .liquid to swil round the age • cool a liquid below freezing
mouth and throat: gargle, mouth­ point without solidification: su per­
wash • thick sweet liquid for food or cool .turn from liquid into vapour:
medicines: syrup .liquid present evaporate .heat a liquid above boil­
naturally in the mouth: saliva .li­ ing point without evaporation: super­
quid remaining after cooking: liquor heat ., container for liquid: jerrycan
•
.rich liquor used in soups and electric heating element placed in li­
sauces: stock • remnants of liquid: quid: immersion heater
dregs .vast surplus stock of a li­
list • official list: register • un­
quid: lake .liquid waste or sewage:
weeded list: long list • weeded list:
effluent .milky liquid found in
shortlist • list of the actors in a play,
plants: latex .hot liquid beneath the
earth's crust: magma • (of a liquid) showing what parts they take: cast
• list of addresses for information
give ofI bubbles: effervesce .liquid's list
curved upper surface: meniscus to be sent to: mailing list .alphabet­
• become liquid: deliquesce • be­ ical topic list with references: index
coming liquid: liquescent • becom­ .exhaustive list: catalogue .anno­
ing liquid temporarily when shaken tated list: catalogue raisonne • list
or stirred: thixotropic .liquefied by of best-seUing records: charts • list of
extreme heat: molten • dip into a li­ biblical readings: lectionary • list of
quid: dunk • soak thoroughly in a li­ books: bibliography .list of books
quid: impregnate, saturate, souse, held in a library: cata logue .pub­
steep • soften by soaking in a liquid: lisher's list of earlier books still in
macerate ., place in a liquid to fla­ print: backlist • list of a book's print­
vour it etc.: infuse, steep • injure by ing errors: errata • list of candidates
contact with hot liquid: scald for final choice: shortlist .list of a
., thickness of a liquid: consistency political party's candidates for office:
• instrument measuring this: s late ., consolidated catalogue of a
densimeter, hydrometer .instru­ group of libraries: union catalogue
ment measuring liquid pressure: piez­ • list of characters in a play: d ramatis
ometer .slender tube for transfer­ personae .list of competitors in
ring liquids: pipette • fine dispersion order of achievement: league ta ble
of one liquid within another: emUl­ • list of computer files: directory
sion .pressurized liquid in an aero­ .computer's displayed list of com­
sol: propellant .remove from the mands or facilities: menu • list of the
surface of a liquid: skim • drift to the contents of a house or store: inventory
bottom of a liquid: settle • matter • list of contributors to a film, book,
settling to the bottom of a liquid: sedi- etc.: credits .duty list: roster • list
listen I liver 202

of employees and their wages: payroll tion: rubric .liturgical worship

.list of events and participants at a viewed as man's duty to God: opus
race meeting: card .list of events Dei • daily cycle of public prayers for
with timings: schedule • list of films: priests and religious: Divine Office
filmography • list of foods eaten or to • Roman Catholic Communion ser­
be eaten: diet .list of goods held: in­ vice: Mass • Anglican morning ser­
ventory .list of goods sent: invoice vice: matins, morning prayer • An-
.list of important items: hot list glican evening service: evensong,
.list of items covered by a legal docu­ evening prayer • service on the eve
ment: schedule .list of items for of a feast: vigil .daily services of
sale or on show: catalogue .list of . psalms and prayers: hours, matins,
map symbols and their meanings: key lauds, prime, terce, sext, nones, ves­
.list of members of a miltary unit or pers, compline .final office of the
ship's company: muster roll .list of day: compline .sequence of services
names: roll .list of addresses, tele­ on nine successive days:
phone numbers, etc.: directory • list • denoting a service without music:
of nobles: peerage .list of passen­ plain • part of the liturgy unchanged
gers or parcels carried on a vehicle: on most occasions: common .litur­
waybill .list of aircraft or ship pas­ gical text particular to the day: proper
sengers or cargo: manifest .list of a • series of petitions and responses: lit­
performer's recordings: discography any .short sentence said or sung by;.
• list of persons to be attacked or the minister: versicle .reply by the
killed: hit list .list of persons con­ choir or congregation: response
sidered undesirable: blacklist • list • biblical extract sung in the liturgy:
of persons entitled to vote: electoral canticle • biblical passage read litur­
roll .list of persons refused certain gically: lesson • prayer appointed
rights or services: stop list .list of for the day: collect • money collec­
priority tasks: hot list .list of re­ tion at a service: offertory • person
cordings broadcast on a radio pro­ singing solo parts of the liturgy: can­
gramme: playlist .restaurant's list tor, precentor .cleric in charge of a
of available dishes: menu .list of service: officiant, celebrant .assimi-
things to be done: agenda, checklist lation of the liturgy to a foreign mi-
.list of towns, countries, etc.: gazet­ lieu: inculturation • study of litur-
teer .list of words in a text: con­ gies: liturgics, liturgiology
cordance, glossary, vocabulary .of­
live .living alone: solitary .living
ficial list of medicines, with
for ever: immortal .living on land:
instructions for preparation and dos­
terrestrial • able to live on land and
age: pharmacopoeia
in water: amphibious .living in
l i sten .listen in secretly: eaves­ trees: arboreal .living in or near
drop water: aquatic .living in the sea:
l iterature •
factual literature: non­ marine
fiction .person knowing about lit­
l iver • combining form: hepat- • ad­
erature: litterateur • traditional liter­
jective: hepatic • inflammation of the
ary theme: topos
liver: hepatitis • degeneration of the
liturgy • adjective: liturgical .litur liver: cirrhosis .enlargement of the
gical ceremony, or set of these: rite, rit­ liver: hepatomegaly .liver cancer:
ual .liturgical ceremony bestOWing hepatoma • anticoagulant occurring
divine grace: sacrament .liturgical in the liver: heparin • damaging liver
march: procession • liturgical direc- cells: hepatotoxic • surgical removal
203 Liverpool I locomotive

of the liver: hepatectomy • ball of tied • denoting a loan whose repay­

seasoned chopped liver: faggot ment is guaranteed against another
• denoting
• adjective:
Liverpool Liverpudlian asset: secured a loan
available on easy terms: soft • denot­
l ivestock .round u p and steal live­ ing a loan available at high rates of
•
stock: rustle .livestock diarrhoea: interest: tight original sum lent:
scours • acute skin disease of live­ principal .asset pledged as security
• conveyance
stock: anthrax for a loan: collateral of
living organisms • progressive de­ property as security to a creditor or
velopment of living organisms over the loan thus obtained: mortgage
the milennia: evolution • theory .loan certificate promising fixed
deriving all earthly life from terms of repayment: bond • bank
micro-organisms in outer space: document underwriting specified
panspermia • denoting living organ­ loans on another bank to be taken out
isms: biotic • able to be decomposed by the bearer: letter of cred it • credit
by the natural activity of living organ­ that is automatically renewed as debts
isms: biodegradable • regions of the are paid off: revolving credit .spe­
earth's crust and atmosphere in­ cial credits available to members of
habited by living organisms: bio­ the International Monetary Fund:
sphere • test of a substance's s pecial drawin g rights • lender's ad­
strength by applying it to living cells ministration charge: origination fee
or tissues: bioassay • study of living • company providing loans for hire­
organisms: biology, physiology purchase agreements: fi nance com­
• study of chemical processes within pany, fi nance house • inter-bank

living organisms: biochemistry • ap­ trading of short-term loans: money

plication of the principles of physics market • person lending money at
to living organisms: biophysics • be­ high rates of interest: usurer • per­

lief that humans are no more import­ son making loans on security of art­
ant than other livin g beings: icles deposited with him: pawnbroker
biocentrism • destruction of all life: • failure to repay a loan: defa u lt � see
biocide also debt
lizard .combining forms: sauro, l obster • male lobster: cock • fe­

-saur, -saurus (e.g. brontosaurus) male lobster: hen • rich lobster soup:
. adjective: saurian .lizard that can bisque .lobster cooked in a cream
change its colour for camouflage: cha­ sauce:lobster thermidor
meleon .huge prehistoric lizard: local .local and petty: insular,
dinosaur .mythical lizard said to parish-pump, parochial
• smallest
live in fire: salamander
local government
load • intrinsic weight of a vehicle rural unit: civil parish .smallest re­
or structure: dead load • weight of gion having a council and full bureau­
people or goods in a vehicle or struc­ cracy: district • administrative tier
ture: l ive load • maximum load a ma­ above this: county • official auditing
chine or structure is designed to bear: local authority accounts: district au­
working load ditor
loan .loan at fixed term and fixed locomotive • steam locomotive
interest: debenture • amount of carrying its own fuel and water: tan k
credit extended to a borrower: line of engine .locomotive's grip o f the
credit .denoting a loan made under rails: traction • part of a locomotive
conditions as to how it may be spent: where its crew work: cab, footplate
lock I lorry 204 t.

• powered wheel of a locomotive: driv­ circularity, petitio principii • system

ing wheel .unpowered wheel of a of logic: orga non .system of logical

locomotive: trailing wheel .extend­ reasoning that moves from a general
ing framework connecting a locomo­ rule to a particular instance; deduc- i
tive with overhead power lines: panto­ tion .system of logical reasoning
g raph • truck coupled to a steam that derives a general rule from par-
locomotive, with supplies of fuel and ticular instances: ind uction .system �
water: tender • revolving platform of reasoning from two premises to a
turning a locomotive: turntable conclusion: syllogism • reasoning

• person collecting locomotive num­ expressed by a system of symbols:

bers as a hobby: trainspotter symbolic logic • reasonable assump-

lock .lock opened by selecting a se­ tion from evidence available: i nfer-

quence of figures etc.: combination ence • interminable chain of reason-

lock .lock opened only by a key: ing;·i nfin ite reg ress .set of rules to

deadlock .lock that cannot be be followed in performing a logical

opened until a preset time: time lock

process: algorithm .logical propos-
ition that is verified by the meanings
.lock with a pivoted hook: padlock
of the words that make it: analytic
.lock set into a door: mortise lock
• ridge or bar in a lock preventing its
proposition .logical justification:

operation by an incorrect key: ward rationale .logical refutation: elen­

• pivoted part of a lock restraining the
chus
bolt: tumbler loin . adjective: lumbar
lodgings • person letting out lodg­ London • native of east central Lon-
ings: land lord, land lady don: cockney
logic • statement used as a basis for long • combining form; macro- (e.g.
argument: premise, prem iss • as­ macroevolution) • long lank,
and thin:
serted proposition: position • as­ lanky • make longer: elongate
sumed proposition: postu late • prop­ • lengthy undertaking; marathon
• threatening
osition following from one already

�'
look or sullen look:
proved: corollary .proposition as­ lour .lecherous look; leer, ogle �
• look
serted of all members of a class: uni­ believed to harm the person re-
•
versal proposition asserted o f some
garded: evil eye • look over carefuly ,
members of a class: particular .limit or quickly : scan .look with the eyes,
a proposition's scope: quantify partly closed: squint i
.false step in reasoning; fallacy, non �
sequitur, paralogism • deceptively Lord's Prayer . Latin name: pater-
plausible step in reasoning: sophism, n oster i
paralogism .disproof of a propos­ lorry .low-sided lorry: low-loader,
ition by demonstrating the absurdity pickup .large covered lorry: pan-
of its consequences: reductio ad tech n i con .light covered lorry:
absurdum (pl. reductiones ad • small low-sided van: pickup, pickup
absurdum) • disproof of a proposition truck .lorry equipped to carry li·
never advanced: ignoratio elenchi (pl. quids in bulk: tanker .lorry's un·
ignorationes elenchi) • denoting a laden weight: tare • denoting a lorry
proposition verifiable by linguistic an· having a pivot between the cab and
alysis: analytic • denoting a propos· the load-bearing part: articulated
ition verifiable by recourse to experi· • articulated lorry's skid into a V
ence: synthetic .logical fault of shape: jackknife • device recording a
assuming what one sets out to prove: lorry driver's speeds and spells of
205 loss I lymph

driving: tachograph • radiating set lung . combining form: pneumo­

of elastic ties securing the load: spi­ • adjective: pulmonary • membrane
der surrounding the lungs: pleura (pl.
pleurae) • inflammation of the
loss .temporary loss: misplace­
ment • excess of expenditure over in­
plurae: pleurisy • artery supplying
the lungs: pulmonary artery .tube
come: deficit
carrying air to the bronchi: trachea,
loud • loud and strident
harsh: .de- windpipe • principal air passage of
gree ofloudness: volume the lungs: bronchus (pl. bronchi)
loudspeaker • loudspeaker for low­ • subsidiary air passage in the lungs:
pitched sounds: woofer .loud­ bronchiole .drug taken by asth­
speaker for high-pitched sounds: matics to widen the bronchi: broncho­
tweeter d ilator • inflammation of the mucus
membrane of the bronchi: bronchitis
louse .louse infestation: pedicu­ • damage to the air sacs of the lungs:
• bacterial
losis .louse infecting the genital
em physema infection
hair:crab louse • egg of the human
causing inflammation of a lung: pneu­
• pneumonia
head louse: nit
monia affecting hoth
love . combining forms: phil- (e.g. lungs: double pneumonia • rattle
philhellenism), -philia (e.g. necrophilia) heard in unhealthy lungs: rale
• adjectives: amorous, amatory • 'black lung' or 'coal miner's lung'
.adolescent love: calf love, pu ppy caused by inhalation of coal dust:
!ove • intense and uncritical love: in­ anthracosis, pneumoconiosis
fatuation • shortlived infatuation: • 'brown lung' caused by inhalation of
crush 0 secret love affair: intrigue textile dust: byssinosis .lung dis­
.afection feigned in order to obtain ease from inhalation of asbestos par­
something: cupboard love ticles: asbestosis .lung disease

• combining form: �phile (e.g.

lover from silica inhalation: sil icosis
• lung
francophile) • married woman's male disease with growth of nodules:
e instruments
lover: cicisbeo _ married man's fe­
tuberculosis measur­

• male lover
male lover: m istress
ing lung capacity: peak flow meter,
spirometer • surgical removal oj
younger that his partner: g igolo, toy
boy • lovers' secret meeting: assig­ lung scars: decortication • surgical
removal of a lung: p neumonectomy
nation, tryst
• denoting the heart and lungs: car­
loyalty _group loyalty: esprit de diopulmonary, cardiorespiratory
corps .loyalty owed to one's super­
iors: a l legiance .extreme loyalty to lute .lung-necked theorbo
lute:
• Indian sarod .long­
bowed lute:
one's own country, people, sex, etc.:
necked Indian lute: sitar • long­
chauvinism
necked Italian lute: ch itarrone .lute
player: lutenist, l utist e lute maker:
luggage .large rigid-framed case:
trunk • small case for cosmetics: van­ luthier, lutist
ity bag • rotating luggage delivery
system: carous e l lymph Iymph­
. combining form:
• adjective:lymphatic .lymph filter:
lump • lump
lym ph g land, lymph node • cancer
of flesh or food: gobbet
• separate out into lumps: curdle
of these: lym phoma .white blood
lunch • breakfast and lunch com­ cell in the lymphatic system:
bined: bru nch lym phocyte
 Mm
machine • adjective: mechanical operational: commission • adjust
• rotary machine driven by a flow of machinery for smooth running: regu-
water etc.: turbine • machine dis­ late, set .periodic inspection and
pensing money: cashpoint • ma­ maintenance of a machine: service
chine dispensing small items when • take a machine apart: strip down
money is inserted: vending machine • tal}e parts from one machine to re-
• gaming machine showing diferent pair another: cannibalize .link ma-
combinations of fruits: fruit machine chinery to a drive: engage • abandon

• gaming machine token: jetton an activity to machines: mechanize

• coin-operated machine playing re­ • electronic remote control of ma-
corded music: juke box • kitchen ma­ chines: teleoperation • denoting a
chine for chopping or mixing food: machine activated by coins: coin-op
food processor • kitchen machine • denoting a machine part moving
for extracting juice: juicer • machine straight forward and backward: recip-
pressing wet laundry: mangle .ma­ rocating • raised walkway round a
chine shaping wood, metal, etc.: lathe large machine: catwalk
• machine hammering piles into the mad cow disease • technical
ground: piledriver • grinding ma­ term: bovine spongiform encephal-
• agricultural
•
chine: mill machine itis disease in humans, thought to
. that reaps and threshes: combine har­ be related to this: Creutzfeldt-Jakob
vester • cotton-separating machine: disease
gin .machine for hoisting or haul­
• machine
ing: winch, windlass sep­
mad dog .disease caused by the
bite of a mad dog: rabies
arating out substances of different
densities: centrifuge • machine pol­ made • badly made: shoddy'
ishing gems, glass, and metal: lapping • made to order bespoke
machine • machinery and other
Madrid .adjective: Madrilenian
equipment developed in the light of
scientific advances: technology Mafia .Neapolitan Mafia: Camorra
• US • Mafia
• machine performing a complex ser­
Mafia: Cosa Nostra
leader: padrone • leader of US Mafia:
ies of functions automatically: robot
• member
• imagined machine resembling a capo, godfather of the
• machine's
' Mafia: Mafioso .Mafia code of si­
human being: robot
regulating device: governor • ma­ lence: omerta • Mafioso's sawn-off
chine's oil reservoir: sump .ma­ shotgun: lupara
chine's sudden stop due to overload: magazine .magazine published
stall • person repairing or maintain­ regular intervals: periodical .maga-
ing machines: mechanic • person de­ zine sold with a newspaper: supple-
signing or constructing machines: ment .magazine giving summaries
mechanician .person who behaves of items published elsewhere: digest
like a machine: automaton • person • profession's magazine:
opposed to the introduction of ma­ • magazine for fans: fanzine • middle
chines: Luddite • make a machine pages of a magazine: centrefold, cen-
207 magic I male

tre spread • magazine section to be regarded collectively: the bench

detached and kept: pull-out • maga­ • charge entered at a magistrate's
zine section regularly written by a court: information
named person: column .large fold­
magnetism . combining form:
out page: gatefold .loose page in a
mag neto- .magnet not needing an
magazine: insert, inset .magazine's
inducing current: permanent mag net
•
featured contributor: column i st
magnet activated by an electric cur­
• magazine's treatment of a topic: cov­
rent: electromag net .magnet with
erage .coverage consisting of photo­
poles at the sides:transverse mag net
graphs with linking text: photoes say
• electromagnet of coiled wire: solen­
.general article on a topic: feature
• background
oid .magnet's south-seeking pole:
article on a person in
negative pole • magnet's north­
the news: profile .female model ap­
seeking pole: positive pole • bar
pearing on magazine covers: cover
girl • send articles to a magazine:
across a magnet's poles: keeper, yoke
•
contribute • text of a magazine item: area over which magnetism is opera­

copy .pictures in a magazine: illus­ tive: mag netic field .region round

trations, p lates • drawn material in the earth governed by its own mag­

a magazine: g raphics .shop selling

netic field: magnetosphere .mag­
magazines: newsagent
netic mineral: lodestone • direction
of a magnetic field: polarity • destroy
mag i c • magic white
to do good: an object's magnetism: degauss
magic • magic to do evil: black • electric generator using permanent
magic • magic to foretell events: div­ magnets: magneto • personal mag­
ination .magic to summon up the netism: charisma
dead: necromancy • West Indian
• combining forms: -facient
magic: obeah, voodoo • tribal magi­
making
cian credited with healing powers: (e.g. abortifacient), -faction (e.g. stu­
• object
witch doctor thought to have pefaction) , -fic (e.g. pacific), -fication
magic powers: amulet, fetish, juju, (e.g. simplification), -genic (e.g. car­
talisman • five-pointed star: pe nta­ cinogenic), genous (e.g. erogenous),
gram, pentangle • talisman with the -geny (e.g. orogeny)
pentagram on it: pentacle • West Af­ majority • largest share of the votes
rican fetish: juju .magical beliefs cast: majority, simple majority
and practices: the occult .magic rit­ • share containing more than half the
ual imitating the effects desired: sym­ votes cast: absol ute majority .over­
pathetic m agic • words said as a whelming majority of votes: landslide
magic spell: conjuration, incantation, • denoting a group unable to reach a
invocation .magical potion: elixir majority decision: hung
• 'magic eye' used in burglar alarms
malaria • type o f mosquito that car­
etc-: photoelectric cell
ries malaria: anopheles • drug that
magistrate • professional magis­ cures malaria: qui nine
trate with legal .training: stipendiary
M a l ayan .traditional Malayan vil­
magistrate .London stipendiary
magistrate: metropol itan magistrate lage:kampong • Malayan communal
house: long house • Malayan dagger:
• unpaid magistrate with no legal
training: lay magistrate • county's kris • Malayan garment: saro n g
chief magistrate: custos rotulorum male • combining forms: andro- (e.g.
(pl. custodes rotulorum) • Channel Is­ androgen) .male chromosome: Y
lands magistrate: jurat .magistrates chromosome • relating to male
mammal I manure 208

sexuality:priapic .aggressive male­ • manager with direct production re­

ness: mach ismo, laddism .denoting line manager
sponsibility: � see also '.

a person displaying this: butch, businessman

macho • deprive o f maleness: emas­ Ma nchester • adjective: Mancu-
culate .supposed male mid-life nian
male menopause • male
• mandrake
CrISlS:
mandrake root a s a
members of a family: spear side
mandragora
•
narcotic:
denoting descent through the male
• mania
• development
line: patril ineal of mania for books: biblio­
male characteristics is women: viril­ mania • mania for drink: dipso­
ism mania • mania for starting fires:
pyromania • mania
•
for power or
mammal ape-like mammal: pri­
self-aggrandizement: megalomania
mate of primates: primat­
• manic obsession with a single idea:
.study
• sea
• mania
ology mammal: cetacean
monomania
•
for stealing:
thick-skinned mammal (e.g. rhi­
kleptomania
noceros): pachyderm • mammal
• therapeutic
with incisor teeth: rodent • mammal manipulation ma­
that chews the cud: rum inant nipulation of bones: osteopathy
• manipulation
• adjectives:
of electoral boundar­
man male, virile
gerryman­
•
ies for party advantage:
primitive man viewed as uncivilized
dering
and uncorrupted: noble savage • un­
manner • combining form: -wise
married man: bachelor .man whose
• boister­
wife has died: widower (e.g. otherwise)
ously macho man: lad .man whom ma nners • code of good manners:
women find attractive: ladyki ller, etiq uette • considerate politeness:
l ady's man • lustful man: satyr tact • refined politeness: suavity, ur­
• castrated man: eunuch • man re­ ban ity • affected good manners: gen­
jecting traditional male attitudes: new tility, primness, prissiness .lively
man .man in charge of a public and cheeky: pert • excessively famil­
house: landlord • man letting out iar: forward • offensively cool: off­

lodgings: landlord .man over-eager hand • rough and abrupt in manner:

to dress smartly: dandy, fop • rich unceremonious, uncouth • denoting
man persuing a life of pleasure: play­ pleasant appearance and manner:
boy • denoting a womanish man: ef­ personable
femi nate .rule by men: patriarchy manufacture • manufacturing ma-
• hatred of men: misandry • party chinery or premises: plant .finished
for men: stag party • mythical crea­ article in a manufacturing process:
• series
ture half man and half horse: ce n­ end product of items pro-
• savings
taur duced at one time: run
management • management style through increased output: economy
that reacts to problems rather than of scale • savings though diversifica-
anticipating them: firefighting tion of output: economy of scope
• management philosophy demanding • cost varying with level of output:
enthusiastic commitment from al variable cost • theory advocating
staff: Total Qual ity Management small flexible manufacturing units:
manager • industrial manager or post-Ford ism
proprietor: industrialist • person manure • decayed organic material
managing large sums of money: fi nan­ used as manure: compost • seabird
cier • senior manager: executive excrement used as manure: guano
209 manuscript I m arket

e semi-liquid manure: slurry e sur­ distances: scale e system repre­

face application of manure: top dress­ senting the earth's surface upon a flat
ing e clean out stables etc_: muck page: projection e mark points on a
out map: plot e altitude of selected points
shown on a map: spot height e map­
manuscript e manuscript written
ping of seas, lakes, and rivers: hydrog­
by the author of the text it contains:
autograph e manuscript wholly writ­
raphy e map line plotting some equal
value: isogram e map line joining
ten by the author of the text it con­
points of equal height: contour line
tains: holog raph e manuscript
e map line joining points o f equal at­
erased and used again: palim psest
e manuscript with a text written over
mospheric pressure: isobar e map
line joining points of equal tempera­
an earlier text: palim psest e manu­
ture: isotherm e map line joining
script in book form: codex e decor­
points of equivalent winter tempera­
ate a manuscript: illuminate e pic­
ture: isocheim e map line joining
ture or decorated capital letter in a
points of equivalent summer tempera­
manuscript: illumination, mInI­
ature e manuscript's opening words: ture: isothere e map line joining

incipit e manuscript's closing words: points of equal rainfall: isohyet

explicit e manuscript's closing state­ e network of lines on a map: g rid e lo­
cation of a point using these: grid ref­
ment of production details: colophon
e sheepskin or goatskin prepared for
erence e system of letters or num­
bers by which a point on a map may
use as a manuscript: parchment
e calfskin prepared for use as a manu­
be identified: coord i nates e first co­

script: vellum e person assessing

ordinate in a grid reference: easting
e second coordinate in a grid refer­
manuscripts offered to a publisher:
reader ence: north ing e list of map symbols
and their meanings: key e transpar­
Manx e Manx t
emblem of hree legs: ent sheet placed over a map to give
triskel ion extra information: overlay e this
many e combiningforms: m u lti- (e.g. with grid markings: romer
multistorey), po ly- (e.g. polyhedron) marble e adjective: marmoreal
Maori e Maori greeting: kia ora e imitation marble made of painted
plaster: scagliola
map e map for sea or air navigation:
chart .map of the stars mounted on
march e fast march: forced march
e marching step with unbent legs:
a sphere: celestial globe e map
goose-step
showing contours by tinting or shad­
ing: relief map e lines used for hill­ mark benchmark
e reference mark:
shading: hachures e astrological e mark burnt onto livestock: brand
map for casting a horoscope: birth e dirty mark: smudge, smut
chart, natal chart e large-scale map e blurred mark: smudge
of a small area: plan e map-making: market e market selling second­
cartography .map-maker: cartog­ hand goods: flea ma rket e oriental
ra pher e detailed mapping of an market: bazaar e small specialized
area's natural features: topography market: n iche e market in which
e mapping of seas, lakes, and rivers: supply exceeds demand: buyer's mar­
hydrog ra phy e mapping of moun­ ket e market in which demand ex­
tains: orography, orology e investi­ ceeds supply: seller's ma rket e con­
gate an area for mapping: su rvey trol of the market: corner e portion
e ratio between actual and mapped of the market controlled by a company
marriage I marriage 210

or product: market share • market formal dress: white wedding . per­

control by a single supplier: monop­ mit to hold a wedding at a time or
oly • market domination by two sup­ place not normally permitted: special
pliers: d uopoly • market domination l icence • Church official granting
by a few suppliers: oligopoly . mar­ special licences: surrogate • run

ket control by a single purchaser: away to get married: elope . formal

monopsony • market domination by announcement in church of a forth-
a few purchasers: oligopsony • mar­ coming marriage: banns . hours be-

1
ket that no individual can control: tween which marriage may be cele-
perfect competition . denoting a brated in the Anglican Church:
market with steady prices: hard o de­ canonical hours • person showing
I
noting a market with steadily high or gue$ts to their seats before a marriage
rising prices: strong . denoting a service: usher • wedding Mass: n u p-
market unlikely to expand further: tial Mass • woman on her
mature • denoting a market with fall­ day: bride 0 man on his wedding day:
ing prices: soft, weak • perceived bridegroom, groom • bridegroom's i
need for a commodity: demand, mar­ male attendant: best man, grooms- ,
ket • assessment of this: market re­ man . married woman attending a
search, market profi le • obtain bride: matron of honour •
orders in a new market: penetrate woman attending a bride: bridesmaid j
• exposure to free competition: • boy attending a bride: page, page- :
marketization • action preventing boy • hand over a bride to her hus- j
free competition: restraint of trade, band: give away . coloured paper
restrictive practice _ situation thrown after a marriage ceremony:
where certain traders can influence confetti • formal meal after a mar-
prices: i m perfect com petition � see riage ceremony: wedding breakfast
also sale, sell, seller, trade • holiday taken by a newly-married
marriage • adjectives:
bridal, con- couple: honeymoon • poem celebrad
j ugal, connubial, marital, matrimo­ ing a marriage: epithalamium, pro- j
nial, n u ptial . romantic but imprac­ thalamium . clothing etc.
tical marriage: love match by a bride before her marriage: trous-
• marriage contracted for reasons seau, bottom d rawer • property etc. 1
other than love: marriage of conveni­ brought by a bride to her marriage:
ence • marriage hastened or com­ dowry • property arrangement at ,
pelled by pregnancy: shotgun wed­ marriage: settlement • completion
ding . ready for marriage: nubile marriage by sexual intercourse:
• marriage partner: spouse • suit­ summation • marriage partners'
able person to marry: match . denot­ right to mutual sexual relations:
ing a desirable marriage partner: eli­ jugal rights • occurring after
gible . occurring before marriage: riage: post-nuptial • denoting a
premarital • person arranging mar­ riage in which the partners
riages: marriage broker, matchmaker each other's adultery: open marriage!
. offer of marriage: proposal . for­ . denoting marriage customs expectJ
mal promise to marry: engagement ing the couple to live at the
• marriage formalized by a legal cere­ home: matri loca l , uxorilocal
mony only: civil marriage • office ing marriage customs expecting
where this is conducted and docu­ couple to live at the husband's home:
mented: register office • marriage patri local, virilocal
. denoting mar­
performed with full ceremonies and riage customs expecting the couple to.
211 martial arts I Mass
.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... ................................................................................... . . . . . . . . ...........

live away from both sets o f relatives: Hal art: tae kwon do • place where
neolocal . married woman's former martial arts are practised: dojo
surname: maiden name • marriage . lower grade of proficiency: kyu
between persons of similar back­ • belt worn by a beginner in martial
grounds: homogamy • marriage arts: white belt • belt worn by an ex­
with a social inferior: mesalliance pert in martial arts: black belt
• this with reservation of titles and • higher grade of proficiency: dan
succession: morganatic marriage • send one's opponent to the ground:
• marriage between persons of differ­ throw . heel-kick aimed at the op­
ent nationality, religion, etc. : inter­ ponent's head: axe kick
marriage, mixed marriage • mar­ M a rs • Greek name: Ares
• adjective: •
riage within the local community: m a rsh paludal marsh
• marriage
• marshy
endogamy beyond it: ex­ gas: methane region: wet­
ogamy . crime of being simultan­ land . low-Iying marshy land in East
• moving
eously married to several spouses: AngUa: fen light seen over
bigamy • practice of being simultan­ marshes: will-o'-the-wisp, ignis fat­
eously married to several spouses: uus
polygamy . custom of the husband
Marxism . Marxist theorY of his­
• cus­
• class
taking many wives: polygyny
tory: dialectical materialism
tom of the wife taking one husband
struggle leading to the establishment
• custom
• Marxist
only: monandry of the wife
of communism: revolution
taking many husbands: polyandry
term for the unpoliticized masses:
• practice
• Marxist
of having only one spouse at
lumpenproletariat term
a time: monogamy . practice of liv­
for an advocate of evolutionary or
ing together without being married:
pluralistic socialism: revisionist
cohabitation, common-law marriage
• person
M a ry .adjective: Marian . excessive
who has never married: celi­
• man
veneration of the Virgin Mary: Mari­
•
bate who has never married:
• woman
olatry theology of the Virgin MarY:
bachelor who has never
Mariology
married: spinster . occurring out­
• masculine
• relative
side marriage: extramarital masculine part of a
• relationship
by marriage: in-law by woman's personality in Jungian
• development
• unsuitable
marriage: affinity or un­ psychology: animus
successful marriage: misalliance of male characteristics is women: vir­

. advice given to those with marital ilism

problems: marriage guidance mask • mask to protect the eyes:

• court order enabling spouses to re­ visor • mask to aid breathing: respir­
main married but live apart: judicial ator . mask with attached cloak:
separation, legal separation . offi­ domino . dance at which masks are
cial declaration of a marriage's inval­ worn: masquerade
idity: annulment . legal dissolution masonry • smooth, square-cut ma­
of a marriage: divorce . denoting a sonry: ashlar • masonry carved to
person who has never married: celi­ appear rough-hewn: rustication
• adjective: • the
bate mass molar
martial a rts . Chinese martial masses: canaille, hoi polloi, lumpen­
arts: kung fu, t'ai chi ch'uan . sim­ proletariat, proletariat
plified form of kung fu: wing chun Mass . Mass celebrated by three
• Japanese arts of self-defence: aikido, clergy: high M ass . Mass celebrated
ju-jitsu, karate, judo . Korean mar- by one priest: low Mass • wedding
massage I mathematics 212

Mass: nuptial Mass . Mass for the lieving muscular tensions at skeletal
dead: requiem • hymn sung at this: level: Rolfing • massage
Dies irae • Mass celebrated for a spe­ based on zone therapy: reflexology
cial aim: Mass of specia l intention, • massage treatment using fragrant
votive Mass • priest performing the oils: a romathera py
Mass: celebrant • Mass book: missal mast • mast aft of the mainmast:
• day al must attend Mass: day of ob·
mizzen • temporary mast: jury mast !
ligation • unchanging part of the . strong pole for a mast: spar
Mass: canon, ordinary • variable • mast's crossbar: yard • rope etc. I
part of the Mass: proper • text sung supporting a mast: shroud, stay 1
or said at the beginning of Mass: in· • keel block to take the mast:
troit . response between the Epistle . deck mast socket: tabernacle !
and Gospel: gradual • hymn sung crow's- :

1
. 10Qkout post atop the mast:
after the gradual: prose, sequence nest . masthead platform : top
• offering of bread and wine for con­
secration: offertory • central act of
master . adjective: magisterial 'i
the Mass: consecration • first part of mat . fibre used for matting: j ute
)
the consecration prayer: preface match • match igniting only on a
• bread and wine offered the Mass: special surface: safety match 0 col-
elements • each of these: kind lector of matchbox labels: phillumen- ,I
o pIate for the bread: paten . cup in ist
;
• material
which the wine is consecrated: chal· materia l built up of :
ice • pair of flasks for the water and superimposed thin layers: laminate
wine: cruet .jug for the wine: flagon
• mathematics
• cloth
mathematics of the ,
upon which the chalice and
patten are placed: corporal . litur­
manipulation of numbers: arithmetic i
• collection and analysis of numerical
gical raising of the elements: eleva­
• I
tion • bell rung at the elevation: sac­ data: statistics mathematics
o math-
ring bell 0 consecrated bread: Host
variable quantities: ca lculus
• breaking of the bread: fraction
ematics using letters and symbols: 3
• mathematics �
• dipping the bread into the wine: in­
algebra used for stra-
0
tinction o retention o f a portion of
tegic planni.'lg: game theory mau'l-
ematics of the shape and size of the ,
the sacred elements for later use: res­
•
ervation QI container for the conse­
earth: geodesy mathematics of mo- n
mect;·
•
tion and forces producing it:
crated bread: ciborium, pyx
•
stand
anics mathematical description
for exposition of the consecrated
the motion and interaction of
bread: monstrance, ostensory
quantum
•
atomic particles:
Roman Catholic and Orthodox belief
anics Iil mathematical study of
that the consecrated elements are sub­
coding of information: information i
•
stantially changed into the body and
theory mathematics of points,
blood of Christ, remaining bread and
lines, surfaces, and solids: geometry ' !
in appearance only:
•
wine transub­
0
mathematical study of triangles:
stantiation Lutheran belief that the
trigonometry . school mathematics
consecrated elements are bo1:.t'1 the
courses stressing heuristics and set
body and blood of Christ ald bread
0 able
�
theory: new maths to under­
and consubstantiation
wine: see
stand mathematics:
also Holy Communion
. mathematically ignorant:
massage • massage using circular ate • mathematical rule: theore m ­
movements: effleurage • massage re- • symbolic expression o f a mathemat-
213 mathematics I meal
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ical rule: formula (pl. formulae) satisfying certain conditions: locus

. mathematical representation of a � see also number
system or process: model • regulated matter • tendency o f matter t o re­
manipulation of numbers or quan­ main motionless or to continue mo­
tities: operation • rule for calcula­ tion in a straight line: inertia
tions: algorithm . repetition of a mattress • inflatable mattress: liIo
mathematical procedure: iteration • mattress stuffed with straw: pallet,
• record of calculations made: work­ palliasse • strong cloth used to cover
ings • expression containing one or mattresses, pillows, etc.: ticking
more variables: fu nction • expres­ maxims •
work expands t o fill the
sion or function so related to another time available: Parkinson's Law
that their product is unity: reciprocal • employees are always promoted one
. statement that the values of two rank beyond their competence: Peter
mathematical expressions are equal: Principle • anything that can go
equation • number of entities all sat­ wrong, will: Sod's Law, M u rphy's
isfying certain conditions: set • asso­ Law
ciation of each element in one set with mayor . city mayor: lord mayor
an element in another: mapping • his residence: mansion house
• diagram showing relationships be­ • mayor of an Austrian, Dutch, Flem­
tween sets: Ven n diagram . positive­ ish, German, or Swiss town: burgo­
ness or negativeness of a quantity: master
sign . move a term to the opposite meal • self-service meal: buffet
side of an equation, changing its sign: • meal at which food is grilled and
transpose ;I quantity with unchan­ served out of doors: barbecue • light
ging value: constant • quantity with meal: tiffi n, collation • breakfast and
changing value: variable . quantity lunch combined: brunch • light meal
having direction as well 'as magni­ at mid morning: elevenses . sub­
tude: vector . quantity upon which stantial late·afternoon meal: high tea
an operation is to be performed: oper­ • meal offered to wedding guests after
• quantity
and to be added: the ceremony: wedding b reakfast
summand . quantity to be sub­ . formal meal for a large party: ban­
quet, feast • banquet or other formal
tracted: subtrahend . quantity to be
• guest
• quantity
social occasion: fu nction
multiplied: mu ltipl icand
meal with different courses eaten at
representing the power to which a
different houses: safari supper . res­
number is to be raised: exponent
• result
taurant meal with a fixed global price
of adding one quantity to an­
table
•
and offering few alternatives:
sum
• restaurant
other: result of subtracting
d 'hote meal chosen
one quantity from another: d ifference
from a range of separately priced
. result of multiplying one quantity
la carte • meal of bread and
dishes: it
cheese: ploughman's lunch • part of
by another: product . result of div·

• first course of a
iding one quantity by another: quo­ a meal: course
tient • product of multiplying a num­ meal: appetizer, hors d'oeuvre,
• product
ber by itself: square of starter • main course of a meal: en­
multiplying a number by its square: tree • light dish served between
cube • number producing a courses: entremets • time allotted
specified quantity when multiplied by for service and consumption of a com·
itself: sq uare root . irrational num­ plete meal: Sitting • small open sand­
ber: surd • curve made by all points wich served as an appetizer: canape
meaning I meat 214 . /

• alcoholic drink taken before a meal cutlet . large piece of meat cooked ,
as an appetizer: a peritif • square of whole: joint . joint including the
cloth for wiping the hands or face front ribs: rack .joint of meat with
while napkin . provision of its backbone: chine . meat cut from I
meals, or the payment for this: board the breast: brisket .joint from below
• military establishment where meals the ribs: loin .joint of meat consist-
are served: mess • person who re­ ing of both loins: saddle • thick end �
ceives meals and lodging: boarder of a loin of meat: chump . meat cut ,
meaning _ adjective: semantic from the side of a carcass: flank
J
• specific meaning: denotation • im­ . long thin slice of meat rolled and '
plied meaning: connotation • gen­ stuffed: paupiette . cattle meat used
eral meaning of a text: burde n, gist, as food: beef • calf meat used as food: 1
gravamen, tenor • give the meaning: vea,! • deer meat used as food: ven-'

defi ne . having only one possible ison . pig meat used a s food:
meaning: unambig uous, u n ivocal • sheep meat used as food: lamb,
. having several meanings: ambigu­ ton • animal's thymus or pancreas as I,
ous, equivoca l, polysemous • word food: sweetbread • animal's internal[
having the same meaning as another: organs eaten as meat: offal, pluckl
synonym • word having the opposite • hard white fat round the kidneysa ,
meaning to another: antonym suet • fat faling from roasting meatl
• study of meaning: semantics dripping . tough cartilage in meatl
• mild

�
measles form of measles: gristle . meat from a cow's tail: ox-i
German measles, rubella tail • meat from a pig's leg: ham)'
measurement . combining form: . lamb's testicles as food: fry . fri dl
-metry • adjectives: mensural, met­ thin slice of white meat coated in
rical • measurement of the depth of breadcrumbs: schn itzel . sm
seas or lakes: bathymetry • measure­ pieces of meat cooked on a skewer:
ment across something: d iameter kebab • kebab of marinaded meat
• measurement round something: cir­ and vegetables: shish kebab • com

cumference • measuring device: pressed spiced meat coated in

gauge . device measuring internal crumbs and fried: rissole . dish
and external dimensions: calipers minced meat topped with mashed
• gauges for fine distances: feeler tato: cottage pie, shepherd's
gauge, micrometer • instrument to • minced meat rolled in bacon:
measure or draw angles: protractor, esky . dish of chopped
set square • instrument measuring meat: hash . dish of finely mince�
angles precisely: goniometer meat: timbale • small seasoned meatJ
meat • pale
meat from pigs, poultry bal: quenelle . cooked mould Oj�
etc.: wh ite meat • darker meat from layered chopped meats and/or
sheep, deer, etc.: red meat • meat abIes: terrine • dish of
from wild animals or birds: game grilled meats: m ixed grill • dish

• cold cooked meats: charcuterie pressed meat in aspic:

• meat minced for stuffing: forcemeat • dish of chopped meat,
• seasoned paste of finely minced eggs, and seasoning:
meat: pate • boned
piece of meat: fil­ • dish of meat braised in wine: daub
let • thin slice of meat: escalope • dish o f stewed meat i n a white
• thick slice of meat: steak • small fricassee . casserole of meat and v
round cut of meat: medaillon, nois­ getables: hotpot • preserve meat bI,
ette • grilled or fried portion of meat: smoking etc.: cure . leave meat i�
215 mechanics I medical treatment
..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the a i r until matured: hang . pressed mer: plexor • sponge on a flexible

meat from a pig or calf's head: brawn stalk: probang
• compressed cooked offal: haslet medical examination • combin­
• paste
of dried meat and melted fat: ing form: -opsy • general medical
pemmican . finely ground paste of examination: check-up • general
seasoned meat: pate, terrine . denot­ bodily examination: physical, phys­
ing meat cooked only a little: rare ical examination . medical examin­
. denoting meat cooked very rare: au ation of tissue from a living patient:
bleu . denoting meat cooked rare: biopsy • internal medical examin­
saignant . denoting medium-cooked ation by an optic device: endoscopy
meat: a point • denoting well-cooked • medical examination by a detector
meat: bien cuit . denoting meat pre­ or electromagnetic beam: scan
pared according to Muslim food regu­ • medical examination using a radio­
lations: halal • hammer for beating active tracer: scintigram, scintiscan
meat: tenderizer • skewer for grilling • medical examination of the retina:
meat: brochette . rod turning roast­ ophthalmoscopy • medical examin­
ing meat: spit • denoting decompos­ ation of the vagina and cervix: col­
ing meat: high poscopy • ultrasonic sound and
mechanics • mechanics of forces other vibrations used in medical im­
producing equilibrium: statics aging: ultrasound
• mechanics of forces producing mo­ medical skills . denoting medical
tion: dynamics . mathematical de­ skills learnt in a hospital: clinical
scription of the motion and inter­ • medical skills used in criminal in­
action of subatomic particles: vestigations: forensic medicine, med­
quantum mechanics ical jurisprudence

medal . face of a medal: obverse medical test . medical test to es-

• back of a medal: reverse w award a tablish fatherhood: paternity test
medal to: decorate . metal strip medical treatment .combining
below a medal's clasp: bar • study of forms: iatro-, -iatry, -pathy . treat­
medals: numismatics ment designed to cure a disorder:
meddle with something so• meddle therapy • medical treatment pro­
as to cause damage: tamper vided by general practitioners: pri­
mary care • medical treatment pro­
medical • combining form: medico­
vided by hospitals: secondary care
•
(e_g_ medico-social) medical treatment provided by spe­
medical device • device for in­ cialist institutions: tertiary care
specting the anus and rectum: procto­ . medical treatment removing symp­
scope • device measuring blood toms but not attacking the underlying
pressure: sphygmanometer . device cause: palliative . medical treatment
dilating an orifice: speculum . de­ imagined to cure all diseases: pana­
vice for listening to the heart or lungs: cea . medical treatment to cure ad­
stethoscope • device for making in­ diction: detoxification • medical
jections: syringe •• device for admin­ treatment of the blood: haematology
istering tiny amounts of a liquid: drip . medical treatment of bones and
feed • device producing a fine liquid muscles: orthopaedics • medical
spray: nebulizer • device recording a care during childbirth: obstetrics
pulse: sphygmograph . device for . medical treatment of children:
inspecting the retina: ophthalmo­ paediatrics • medical treatment of
scope . small rubber-headed ham- the eyes: ophthalmology, orthoptics
medical treatment I medical treatment 216

• medical treatment of the hearing or pacify the patient: placebo • de­

system: audiology .medical treat­ noting medical treatment given at the

ment of the kidney: nephrology patient's request: elective • denoting

.medical treatment of mental dis­ medical treatment given at the time of

eases: psychiatry • medical treat­ an operation: perioperative • med­

ment of the nervous system: neurol­ ical treatment given before a doctor
ogy • medical treatment of old arrives: fi rst aid • systems of medical
people: geriatrics .medical treat­ treatment not favoured by the West­
ment of the skin: dermatology ern medical establishment: alterna­
• medical treatment of the urinary tive medicine, fringe medicine • sys­
system: urology • medical treatment tems of medical treatment beyond the
of women: gynaecology .medical scope of Western medicine: comple­
treatment to free the body of toxins: mentary medicine .medical treat­
detoxification 0 assiduous treatment ment considering the whole patient:
of the dangerously il: intensive care holism • physical treatment of bodily
. medical treatment providing mech­ injuries or deformity: physiotherapy
anical substitutes for missing or de­ • assessment of the urgency of a pa­
fective bodily organs: bioengineering tient's need for treatment: triage
. temporary provision of these: l ife • slow injection: infusion • sustained

support • medical burning: cauter­ pulling of a muscle or limb: traction

ization, cautery . medical treatment • secondary effect of medical treat­
by chemicals: chemotherapy • med­ ment: side effect • person requiring
ical treatment using intense cold: or receiving medical treatment: case,
cryotherapy .medical treatment patient • discussion of such a person
using drugs: medication _ medical and his or her treatment: case confer­
treatment by small doses of sub­ ence • programme of treatment: re­
stances producing the same symptoms gime, regimen • record of such a per­
as the disease: homoeopathy • med­ son's situation and treatment: case
ical treatment by drugs giving effects history . symptom suggesting a par­
opposite to the symptoms: allopathy ticular treatment: indication .symp­
e medir.al treatment by two or more tom warning against a particular
drugs: combh'lation therapy . med­ treatment: contraindication _ ac­

ical treatment using hypnosis: hypno­ ceptance of treatment by a patient

therapy . use of light as a medical aware of the risks involved: informed
treatment: p hototherapy • medical consent _ written list of medical
treatment using radiation: nuclear treatments acceptable to the bearer in
medicine • therapeutic use of sun­ case of unconsciousness etc.: advance
light: heliotherapy . medical treat­ d i rective, living will e card authoriz­
ment by water: hydropathy, hydro­ ing use of parts of the holder's body
therapy • denoting medical for medical purposes after his or her
treatment involving body-penetration: death: donor card • repeated series
invasive • denoting medical treat­ of medical treatments: course . abil­
ment aimed at containment only: ity to endure a course of medical treat­
conservative • denoting medical ment: tolerance • procedures for a
treatment that is effective against a course of medical treatment: protocol
variety of germs: broad spectrum • abnormal sweating caused by med­
• medical treatment by activation of ical treatment: diaphoresis • thin
the immune system: immu notherapy tube inserted into the body for med­
• medical treatment given to reassure ical purposes: ca nnula • denotL'1g
217
medical services having no patient
contact: paraclinical . person re­
covering from medical treatment:
convalescent . caused by medical
treatment: iatrogenic • establish­
ment offering specialist medical care:
clinic � see also alternative medi­
cine, complementary medicine
• forcible medication:
medication
•
gavage medication with extracts
from animal organs: organotherapy
. medication inhibiting germ growth:
antiseptic • medication given before
an operation: pre-medication • solid
medication inserted to dissolve in the
vagina: pessary • solid medication
inserted to dissolve in the vagina or
rectum: suppository • cancer treat­
ment by drugs: chemotherapy . can­
cer treatment by X-rays: radiotherapy
• preparation to remove unwanted
hair: depilatory • substance develop­
ing bodily immunity to a diease: vac­
cine . medical device for admin­
istering tiny amounts of a liquid:
drip feed . denoting . the appli­
cation of medication through the skin:
transcutaneous, transdermal . de­
noting a drug capsule giving steady
content release over a long period:
sustained-release • undesirable sec­
ondary effect of medication: side ef­
fect
medicine • combining form:
• adjective:
pharm(aco)- pharma-
ceutical . denoting commercially
available medicine: patent . medi­
cine made by dissolving a drug in al­
cohol: tincture . medicine used to
treat allergies: antihistamine . medi­
cine able to target particular cells:
magic bullet • medicine for constipa­
tion: aperient • medicine for coughs:
expectorant, linctus . medicine to
encourage defecation: laxative
. medicine to cause some bodily dis­
charge: evacuant . medicine for
fever: antipyretic, febrifuge . medi­
cine to relieve flatulence: carminative
medication I medicine
• medicine to ease inflammation: de­
mulcent . medicine to be inhaled: in­
halation • device for taking this: in­
haler . medicine taken to invigorate:
tonic . medicine for itching: anti­
pruritic • medicine attacking micro­
organisms: antibiotic . medicine to
clear the nose: decongestant • medi­
cine to counteract poison: antidote,
antitoxin, antivenin . liquid pain­
killer rubbed into the skin: embroca­
tion . medicine to reduce nervous or
physical activity: depressant . medi­
cine to cause sweating: diaphoretic
• medicine to increase urination: diur­
etic • medicine to cause vomiting:
emetic • quack medicine: nostrum
• denoting a medicine to be applied to
the outside of the body: external . de­
noting a medicine to be taken into the
body: internal • denoting a medicine
made from natural ingredients: galen­
ical • denoting a medicine available
only on prescription: ethical . denot­
ing a non-branded medicine: generiC
• treatment by medicines: phar­
macotherapy . place where medi­
cines are made up: dispensary • doc­
tor's order for a medicine to be made
up or issued: prescription • amount
of medicine to be given at one time:
dose • size or frequency of a pre­
scribed dose of medicine: dosage
• container for an injectable dose of
medicine: ampoule . dose of medi­
cine reinforcing a previous one:
booster • dose of medicine given to
an animal: drench • person trained
to prepare and dispense medicines:
chemist, pharmacist . place where
medicines are dispensed: pharmacy
• official list of medicines, with in­
structions for preparation and use:
pharmacopoeia, codex, formulary
• remedial substances used in medical
practice: materia medica . medical
use of radioactive SUbstances: nuclear
medicine • study of medicines and
their uses: pharmacology
medieva l I menstruation 218
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

medieval . medieval asociation of resolution • question on procedure:

craftsmen or merchants: guild point of order . record of a meeting:
• meeting-place for this: guildhall min utes � see also parliament
•
. medieval chemistry; seeking t o turn melt substance mixed with a solid
base metals into alchemy
gold: to lower its melting point: flux
• water
. medieval system of land tenure: feu­ from a melting glacier:
dalism . unharmonized medieval meltwater
Latin church music: Gregorian chant,
plainsong membership . list of members: roll
• withdraw from membership: secede
•
• deprive
meditation cross-legged medita­ of membership: debar, expel
• re­
• remove
tion posture: lotus position from membership of a pro­
peated word or sound used in medi­ fessional body: strike off
tation: mantra
membrane . membrane dividing
Mediterranean . dense scrub of the thorax from the abdomen: dia-
the Mediterranean coast: maquis phragm • membrane lining the abdo­
meeting • unexpected meeting: en- men: peritoneum . membrane sur­
counter • point of meeting and inter­ rounding a fetus: amnion, amniotic
action: interface . meeting for aca­ mem brane, caul . membrane block­
demic discussion: colloquium, ing a virgin's vagina: hymen • mem­
seminar, sym pos ium • meeting t o be brane between the toes of a swimming
attended by all qualified to do so: plen­ bird: web • open sore on an internal
ary . meeting attended by all quali­ membrane: ulcer
• arranged
• ability
fied to do so: plenum
memory to remember: re­
meeting: rendezvous • arranged
call, retentiveness . denoting a
meeting with reporters: press confer­ memory capable of detailed recall:
ence • meeting for church govern­ photog raphic • vivid and detailed
ment: synod, consistory . meeting
memory of an event: total recal l
of cardinals to elect a pope: conclave
. supposed subconscious memory of
• meeting of delegates: congress,
distant events in human history: race
•
convention . mass meeting: rally
memory supposed brain change on
. meeting with various sessions: con­
memonzmg something: engram,
ference . meeting of heads of state: memory trace . ability to recall ob­
summit • official who calls meetings: jects shown once: memory span
convener . representative sent to a . aid to memory: mnemonic . item
meeting: delegate . minimum at­
kept as a reminder: memento,
• memory
tendance required for a meeting to be
souvenir techniques:
valid: quorum . denoting a meeting
mnemotech nics . arousing memor­
attended by a quorum: quorate • de­
ies: evocative . discard from one's
memory: un learn • inability to recall
noting a meeting lacking this: inquor­
ate • list of items to be dealt with at a a familiar item: mental block . dis­
meeting: agenda • speak at a meet­
torted memory resulting from confu­
ing: contribute . present a topic for
sion of fact and fantasy: paramnesia
discussion: table • proposal laid be­
. loss of memory: amnesia, oblivion
fore a meeting: motion • make such a
proposal: move . formally support mend . that cannot be mended: i r­
this:second • modification to a mo reparable
tion: amendment • meeting's ap­ menstruation • adjectives: men­
proval of a motion: adoption • state­ strual, menstruous • first occur­
ment of a meeting's decision: rence of menstruation: menarche
219 mental ill ness I metal

.regular cycle of ovulation and men­ arms: straitjacket • brain surgery to

struation: menstrual cycle • men­ treat mental illness: psychosurgery
strual bleeding: menorrhoea • men­ • psychological treatment of mental
strual blood: menses • absorbent illness: psychothera py • commit

pad for this: sanitary towel .exces­ compulsorily to a psychiatric hos­

sive menstrual bleeding: menorrha­ pital: section • order authorizing
gia .' painful or difficult menstru­ detention in a mental hospital: recep­
ation: dysmenorrhoea • abnormal tion order • person acting for those
absence of menstruation: amenor­ unable to manage their own affairs:
rhoea .cessation of menstruation in guardian .study and treatment of
middle age: climacteric, menopause mental illness:psychiatry, psycho­
analysis, psychopathology .denot­
mental illness . combining form:
•
ing a person free from mental illness:
-mania mild mental illness, with
sane, compos mentis
grasp of reality retained : neurosis
• severe mental illness, with loss of menu .limited menu served at a

consciousness of reality: psychosis fixed overall price: table d'hote

• menu
• acutely
with items priced separately:
disordered state of mind: de­
a la ca rte
lirium • mental illness caused by
anxiety or depression: nervous break­ Mercury • Greek name: Hermes
down • severe inability to com­ • Mercury's snake-twined staff: cadu­
municate or form relationships with ceus
others: autism .delusions of self­ mercury • mercury alloy used to fil
importance: folie de g randeur teeth: amalgam
• shared delusions: folie a deux mercy • mercy shown to a defeated
.mental illness causing excitement enemy: quarter
and violence: mania • retreat into a
fantasy world: schizophrenia .ner­
merger .large company created by
mergers: conglomerate, corporation
• denoting
vous breakdown resultant from war
a merger between com­
experiences: shell-shock, combat fa­
• mentally
panies with parallel functions: hori­
tigue unstable: disturbed
zontal • denoting a merger between
.mentally il: non compos mentis
• mental
companies with sequential functions:
• reverse
retardation with shortness of
vertical
• person
previous mergers:
stature: Down's syndrome
demerge
suffering alternating depression and
message • message delivered with
euphoria: manic-depressive .per­
a kiss: kissogram • message de­
son with chronic mental illness lead­
ing to violent behaviour: psychopath livered by a striptease artist: stripper­
• person manifesting extreme anti­
g ram .message sent by telephone

social attitudes and behaviour:

but delivered in written form: tele­
• device
• caused
SOCiopath by or involving
message for the input and

• insti­
mental illness:. pathologica l printout of telegraph messages: tele­
tution offering protection and treat­
printer
ment for the mentally il:
psychiatric messenger • messenger carrying
hospital, mental hospital , asylum important documents: courier • de­
• mental hospital room for violent pa­ livery by such a messenger:express
tients: padded cell • electric shocks metal • oblong block of metal: i ngot
administered to treat mental illness: .long thin strip of metal: batten
electroconvulsive therapy • strong .thin and narrow strip of metal: slat
jacket confining a mental patient's .thin flexible sheet of metal: foil
metal I m icroscope 220

• very thin of metal: leaf

sheet quench • harden metal by heating
. metal grating:grille . made of two and then cooling: temper • cut or
metals: bimetallic • combination of shape metal: mill • cover with a thin
two or more metals: alloy • rough coating of metal: plate • flatten sheet
edge on cut metal: bur • rough piece metal: plan ish . unite heated metal
of metal for grinding or smoothing: under pressure: weld • clean metal
file . light metal-coated sheet retain­ by steel-particle bombardment: shot­
ing heat: space blanket • thin metal blast • damage metal by gradual
sheet for motor vehicle bodies: panel chemical corrode
action: • alloy

• metalrim: shoe • metal cap on the used to join metal: solder • metal­

end of a stick: ferrule . metal plate worker: smith, blacksmith • skill of

on a tap-dancer's shoe: tap • dis­ chasing and carving metal: toreutics
carded metal for reprocessing: scra p • test of metal for purity: assay
• substance mixed with metal to ease • study of metals and their purifica­
melting: flux • vessel for molten tion: metallurgy
metal: ladle • extract metal from ore metal detector • person using
by heating and melting: smelt this as a hobby: detectorist
• stony waste separated off during meter • meter measuring off-peak
metal smelting: slag • block of electricity consumption: white meter
• methods
smelted metal: sow, pig . metal tech­
method method­used:
• hardness and
ology • method of doing something:
nology: metallurgy
elasticity of metal: temper • denoting
modus operandi • usual method:
metal brittle when hot: hot-short
practice
• denoting metal that can be pressed
Mexican • Mexican wide-brimmed
or hammered into shape: malleable
• denoting metal hammered into re­
hat: som brero • Mexican flat maize
cake: torti lla • tortilla with a spicy
lief: repousse • denoting metal in­
filling: bu rrito, fajita, taco • tortilla
laid with gold or silver: damascened
• denoting
filled with chillied meat or cheese:
a metal resistant to chem­
• cheese-topped
•
enchi lada tortilla
ical action: noble denoting metal
piece: nacho • Mexican dish of
resistant to tension: hig h-tensile
mashed avocado: guacamole . Mex­
• denoting metal shaped by hammer­
•
ican dish of fried stuffed chillis:
ing: wrought denoting metal not
chiles rel lenos
• tool
. Mexican sauce of
iron or steel: non-ferrous for
onion, garlic, coriander, and peppers:
salsa verde • Mexican agave spirit:
moulding or stamping out metal: die
• metal-shaping
teq uila • inhabitant of Mexico at the
machine: lathe
• stone for sharpening metal: hone,
time of the Spanish conquest: Aztec
• machine
• Spanish conqueror of Mexico: con­
grindstone, whetstone
polishing metal: lapping machine
quistador
• scum on the surface of molten metal:
• design
dross • place where metal is cast: microchip of devices using
foundry . metal weakness from microchips: electron ics
changing stresses: fatig ue • surface microphone . underwater micro­
dulling of metal exposed to air: tar­ phone: hydrophone • microphone

nish • surface discoloration of cer­ used close to the mouth: l i p micro­

tain metals: patina • hard protective phone
coating for metal: lacquer • shape microscope • microscope using
metal under heat: forge • fast-cool electron beams: electron microscope
metal by plunging into water or oil: • glass plate for microscope speci-
221 middle I military

mens to be examined: slide • thin tary officer of the second grade: war­
glass protecting a microscope speci­ rant officer • military officer of the
men: coverslip . thin layer of tissue lowest grade: non-commissioned of­
etc. on a microscope slide: smear ficer • militaryofficer's assistant: or­
. plate on which the slide is set: derly • military officer's personal
stage servant: batman • military person­
middle . combining forms: med i-, nel who are not commissioned of­
meso- (e.g. mesolithic), mid (e.g. mid­ ficers: other ranks • military person­
brain) • adjectives: medial, med ian nel of the lowest grade: the ran ks,
• middle ear: tympanum • middle other ranks . clergyman attached to
term in a series: median • middle a military unit: chaplain, padre
way of compromise: via media • de­ • document conferring promotion:
noting a middle skill level: intermedi­ commission, warrant • document

ate conferring promotion without extra

middle age • loss of self-confidence pay: brevet . list of members of a
alleged to occur in early middle age: military unit:muster roll • military
midlife crisis . cessation of menstru­ force:contingent . front section of a
ation in late middle age: menopause military force: van , vanguard
• group of several army divisions:
Middle Eastern . money given as
a bribe or tip in the Middle East: bak­ corps . group of several army bri­
• infan­
• Middle
sheesh Eastern rice dish gades or regiments: division
with spices and vegetables: pilaf try unit forming part of a brigade:

• Middle Eastern woman's erotic solo battalion • specialized military sec­

dance: belly dance tion: corps • military corps prepar­
pioneers
• enrol
ing roads and terrain:
military for militjlry service:
• military
• person
group sent on a special mis­
enlist joining the armed
sion: detachment, detail, picket,
forces voluntarily: recruit, vol unteer
• person made to join the armed
squad, task force . small detach­
• execution detachment:
forces: conscript • newly enlisted ment: fi le

• young
person: recru it military
fi ri n g squad . detachment to fire a
• compulsory peace­
military salute: fi ring party . detach­
trainee: cadet
ment sent to seize specified persons:
time military training: national ser­
• military
vice • complete one's military train­ snatch squad force drawn

• military
ing: pass out officer from various units to deal with a par­
assisting a senior officer: adjutant, ticular situation: battlegroup . mili­
aide-de-camp • military officers tary unit specializing in raids: com­
who plan a campaign: general staff mando .a member of this:
• senior staff officer: chief of staff commando • military personnel be­
. military officer in charge of a camp: longing to no established unit: i rregu­
commandant • military officer in lars • member o f a n irregular resist­
charge of security: orderly officer ance force: guerri lla, paramilitary,
. military officer in charge of sup­ partisan . such a force: m i l itia
plies: quartermaster • commander • spell of military service at a particu­
of a combined military force: general­ lar location:posti ng, tour, tou r of
issimo • officer i n charge o f a na­ d uty • military accommodation:
tion's forces: commander-in-ch ief camp, barracks, billet • town with a
. regiment's honorary head: colonel­ large permanent miltary presence:
in-ch ief • military officer of the first garrison town . armoured observa­
grade: comm issioned officer . mili- tion post: blockhouse • small distant
mil itary I milk 222

military establishment: outpost tive demobilize

service: • reduce
• military establishment serving disarm • military re­
military forces:
meals: mess • British sovereign's bellion: mutiny • military court:
ceremonial Yeomen of the
guard: court martial (pl. courts martial or
Guard • officer in this: exon • mili­ court martials) • barrister advising
tary personnel fighting on foot: infan­ this: judge advocate • official con­
try • military personnel using horses trolling army and RAF courts martial:
or armoured vehicles: caval ry • mili­ Judge Advocate General • reduce to
tary personnel regarded as expend­ a lower rank as a punishment: de­
able units: cannon fodder . military grade, demote • military punish­
engineer laying and removing mines: ment of doing drill carrying full kit:
sapper . long-term military plans: pack drill • dismiss with dishonour
strategy • short-term military plans: from the armed cashier
forces :
tactics . military preparations: d is­ . such dismissal: dishonourable dis­
positions • display of military power charge • unauthorized abandonment
as a persuader: sabre-rattling, show of military service: desertion • per­

of force • planned military attack: son not belonging to the armed forces:
offensive, operation . sudden and civi lian • person refusing military
intensive military attack: bl itz • mili­ service on moral grounds: conscien­
tary campaign based upon this: blitz­ tious objector • menial work as­
krieg . accidental damage caused to signed to military personnel: fatigues
uninvolved civilians by military activ­ • military signal to wake up: reve il­

ities: collateral damage • military le . military flag: standard , colo urs

action to prevent movement of goods • military ceremony with bands and
or personnel: blockade • reduction countermarching: retreat • military

of a fortified point by surrounding it: ceremony and formal inspection: re­

siege • provision of military man­ view • military entertainment with
power and supplies: log istics • mili­ skill demonstrations: tattoo • state

tary department for food and equip­ policy based on maintenance and use
ment: com missariat • military of large military forces: militarism
stores and materials: materiel, ord­ � see also un iform, war; weapon
nance • store for military supplies: milk . combiningforms: lact-, galact­
magazi ne . acquisition of military . adjectives: dai ry, lactic, lacteal . co­
equipment and supplies: procu re­ agulated milk: curds • thin milk re­
ment . large military guns: arti llery maining after curds have formed:
• military formation in parallel rows: whey • dish of sweetened curds: jun­
echelon . end a parade of troops: ket . soured fermented milk: yogurt
dismiss • military field training: . drink of flavoured whisked milk:
exercises, field day, manoeuvres milkshake . tinned evaporated and
. forces in the battle zone: fro nt line sweetened milk: condensed milk,
• position military forces: deploy evaporated milk . milk secretion:
. remove forces from a conflict area: lactation • gland producing milk:
disengage • move away from a su­ mammary gland • substance that in­
perior enemy: retreat • retreaters' creases a nursing mother's flow of
tactic of destroying anything of use to milk: galactagogue • denoting a cow
the enemy: scorched earth policy kept to give milk: milch • place
• decrease of military presence: draw­ where milk is processed or sold: dairy
down • remove all military presence: • small cart or van delivering milk:
demilitarize . take troops out of ac- float . denoting milk treated to pre-
223 million I mirror

vent cream separation: homogenized . shaft lining or partition: brattice

• milk
from which the cream has been • part of a mine from which minerals
removed: skimmed milk • sterilize are extracted: workings . solid ma­
milk by heat or irradiation: pasteur­ terial containing a valuable sub­
ize . made without milk: non-dairy stance: ore • testing of ore for purity:
assay . stratum of ore: seam, ledge,
mill ion .combining form: mega­
•a
lode, vein . main stratum of ore:
million deaths, as a unit for stating
mother lode . material containing
war fatalities: megadeath
a seam: gangue, matrix • surface
millionth • combining form: micro­ of a seam: face • excavation follow­
(e.g. micrometre) ing a seam: drift • simultaneous min­
ing of a whole face: longwall working
mimicry . mimicry in which an ed­
. denoting mining on or near the sur­
ible animal is protected by its resem­
face: opencast, strip-mining . waste
blance to one avoided by its predators:
material brought up from a mine:
Batesian mimicry
spoil • miner detonating blasting
mind • adjectives: mental, noetic, charges: shot-firer . miner's pick:
psychological • part of the mind of mandrel • safety lamp used in mines:
which one is not fully aware: subcon­ Davy lamp . suffocating carbon­
scious • part of the mind from which monoxide gas found in mines choke­
memories can easily be recalled: pre­ damp . methane found in mines:
• part
• carbon-dioxide
conscious of the subcon­ damp, firedamp gas
a
scious filed with shared ancestral
left by firedamp explosion: after­
memories: collective unconscious
damp . land taken or allotted for
• part of the unconscious filled with
mining: claim
memories unique to the individual:
personal unconscious . in the mine' .mine activated by sound
mind: interior • existing only in the waves: sonic mine . area full of
mind: notional • part of the mind not mines: minefield . set out mines: lay,
normally accessible to consciousness: sow • military engineer laying and
inner space . calmness of mind: removing mines: sapper • anti-mine
equanimity, equilibrium • mentally device towed behind a boat: paravane
lethargic: torpid . sharp-minded: in­
•
cIsive mental powers: intellect
mineral . magnetic mineral: lode­

• index of a person's mental ability ex­ stone . discover mineral deposits:

pressed as the age at which such an strike . study of minerals: mineral­

ability level is typical: mental age ogy
• mental • study
• Greek name: Athena
picture: image of Minerva
the mind and its functions: psych­
ology � see also psychology mink • young mink: kit

mine' . horizontal passage leading mirror • adjectives: catoptric,

into a mine: adit • vertical passage specular • tilting mirror: cheval
leading into a mine: shaft • top of a glass . large mirror between win­
mineshaft: pithead • mineshaft lift dows: pier glass . m irror reflecting
cage: skip • mine's ventilation shaft: from one side but transparent from
upcast • horizontal underground the other: two-way mirror • having

passage: gallery • beam supporting a one side that is the mirror image of
mine roof: pit prop . short post sup­ another: symmetrical • molecule
porting a mine roof: puncheon that is the mirror image of another:
misfortune I monastery 224

enantiomer . crystal that is the mir­ • mocking misrepresentation: parody,

ror image of another: enantiomorph travesty . mocking remark: taunt
• with
• delight
misfortune in the misfor­
hidden mockery: snide
tunes of others: schadenfreude • re- model • string-controlled model o f a
flect smugly upon another's misfor­ person or animal: puppet . modelled
tunes: gloat scene with a painted backdrop: dio­
rama . lightweight wood used in
missile • missile guided by an on­
model-making: balsa . female model
board computer: cru ise missile appearing on magazine covers: cover
• self-propelled
•
underwater missile:
girl raised path used by models in a
torpedo • denoting a missile using
fashion show: catwalk
gravity for guidance: ballistic • de­

noting a missile electronically pro­

modificfltion . modification t o a
proposal at a public meeting: amend­
grammed to find its target: smart
•
ment . modification to parliamen­
denoting a missile designed to evade
radar detection: stealth • send a mis­ tary bill or judicial verdict: rider
sile on its course: launch • missile's . modification to suit particular re­
quirements: customization
explosive head: payload, warhead
• underground launchpad for mis­ moisture • combiningform: hygro­
siles: silo . establishment monitor­ • full of moisture: saturated • void of
ing satellite movements: tracking sta­ moisture: dehydrated, desiccated
tion . piece of brick used as a • absorbing moisture from the air:
missile: brickbat hygroscopic . preserving moisture:
hu mectant . denoting an atmos­
missionary • missionary's long
phere with much moisture: humid
leave: furlough . device achieving this: humidifier
mix • mix t o make uniform through­ • devices measuring this: humid istat,
out: homogen ize . mix to create hygrometer, hygroscope
something different: synthesize molecule . molecule that is the
. mix socially with: fratern ize, hob­ mirror image of another: enantiomer
nob . that cannot be mixed: immis­ • molecule that can be bonded to other
cible identical molecules to form a polymer:
mixture . confused mixture: far­ monomer • substance composed of
rago • composed of mixed parts: het­ bonded similar molecular groups:
erogeneous, hybrid • harmonious polymer
mixture: integration • incongruous mollusc • study of molluscs: mala­
mixture: hybrid, motley • metal cology • study of mollusc shells:
mixed with some other element: al loy conchology
• mixture of particles in a fluid: sus­ moment • at the right moment: pat
pension . mercury mixture used in • for the moment: ad hoc, ad interim,
dental fillings: amalgam pro tempore
mob . mob rule: mobocracy, ochlo­ momentum . tiny discrete amount
cracy • execution by a mob: lynch­ of momentum: quantum
ing Monaco . adjective: Monegasque
mockery • public mockery: jeer, monastery • adjective: claustra l
jibe, lampoon, pasq ui nade, satire, • small monastery: priory • monas­
scoffi ng, s kit • mockingly ironic: tery room for conversation: parlour
sarcastic • grimly mocking: sar­ • monastery dining hall: refectory
donic . drily (self-)mocking: wry • covered walk in a monastery: clois-
225 money I money

ter • covered passageway: slype money, lucre • money for speculative

. head of a monastery: abbot . head investment: risk capital, venture cap­
of a small monastery: prior ita l • denoting money generating no
. monastery's governing body: chap­ interest: idle . money moved abroad
ter • meeting place for this: cha pte r as a precaution: fl ight capital . pub­
house . denoting a monastic chap­ lic availability of money: circulation
ter: capitu lar . money received: income . money

• adjectives: pecu niary, mon­

money received from a transaction: proceeds
• money paid out: disbursement, ex­
eta ry, numismatic . money held:
penditure, outlay • money given
capital, finances, reserves . money
available for investment: capital away: largesse . sum of money to be

• capital used in day-to-day transac­ paid annually: annuity • money for

tions: working capita! • money in living expenses: keep • money paid

circulation: money supply • money for professional services: fee

• money paid to service a debt: inter­
in coin: s pecie • money in coin or
notes: cash • British money: sterl ing est • money paid on public trans­
• money supplied at the
• pooled fund o f money: kitty • instal­
port: fare
ment of money: tranche • amount
start of business: float • money paid
of money: sum • very small sum of to the landlord by an incoming tenant:
• small
money: pittance sum of key money . money paid to seeure
money for minor expenses: petty the release of a prisoner awaiting
cash, pin money • small sum of trial: ba il, recog nizance . pay this
money given in reward for a service: money for another: sta nd bail
tip • small sum of money given regu­ • money paid as compensation: dam­
larly to a child: pocket money • sum ages • money paid t o ensure secrecy:
of money devoted to a special purpose: hush money . money paid as a polit­
appropriation • money accumulated ical bribe: slush m o ney • money

for the eventual replacement of a paid to criminals to secure their good­

wasting asset: sinking fund . money will: protection money • money paid
held in trust: escrow • money paid to assuage one's conscience: con­
for work done: rem u neration science money • money paid to
• money paid back: rebate, refu nd, re­ cover possible damage: deposit, cau­
imbursement • money paid to those tion money • money paid in by an
one has wronged: compensation, rep­ election candidate: deposit • money
aration • money regained: clawback saved for the future: nest egg . fi­
• money sent: remittance • money nancial trickery: chicanery • money
placed out in hope of profit: i nvest­ gained dishonourably: d i rty money
ment • money made available by a • obtain money by deception: defraud

bank: credit • money put into a bank • misuse o f money entrusted t o one:
account: deposit • money taken out em bezzlement, defal cation, pecu la­
from a bank account: withdrawa l tion • money given as a bribe or tip
• direct payment of money from one in the Middle East: baksheesh
bank account to another: credit trans­ • money voted annually by parliament
fer • money transferred electronic­ to the royal family: C ivil List
ally: digital cash • system for this: . money paid as consolation for an
giro • money that must be accepted early termination of contract: golden
as payment: legal tender • money handshake, golden parachute
frequently reinvested: hot money . extra money paid to employees
o money gained dishonourably: di rty working where living costs are high:
money I monkey 226

weighting . money paid as a recom­ leaving a business: cash flow • state

pense: compensation • money paid restrictions on moving money abroad:

as a recompense in certain societies exchange control • undertaking to
by a killer to his victim's relatives: pay regular sums of money: deed of
blood money • money paid to re­ cove nant . seizure of a debtor's
lease a captive: ransom • accept money or wages: garnishment . time
money to drop a legal action: com­ of financial prosperity: boom • time

pound • money lent for a short of financial depression: bust

period: bridging loan • money lent e,money-pouch on a bum bag
belt:
but repayable on demand: cal l money e face value of a coin or note: denom­
• money raised for gradual repayment ination . money whose face value
of a debt: sinking fund . limit on has no relationship to that of the ma­
spending or borrowing: cap • grant terial of which it is made: token
of money from central to local govern­ money • deprive of monetary status:
ment: g rant aid . this without de­ demonetize • official monetary unit
tailed directions as to its use: block of the European Union: ecu e metal
grant • money given to help finance or plastic disc used instead of money:
some worthwhile activity: subsidy token • money affairs: fi nances
e plan of anticipated income and ex­ e person in charge of much money:
penditure: budget . person man­ financier • influential financier:
aging a school's or college's finances: gnome . study of the getting and
bursar • person handling money in a spending of money: economics
cashier • machine dis­
•
shop or bank:
pensing money: cash point • provide
Mongolian Mongolian nomad's
tent: yurt
money to meet expenses: defray
. supply money: fi nance, fu nd . sum monitor • establishment monitoring
of money given to charity: donation satellite movements: tracking station
• sum of money paid regularly to . group monitoring monopoly organ­
someone to cover his expenses: allow­ izations: watchdog
ance • state
• begin­
money paid to parents:
monk . adjective: mo nastic
child benefit • state agency organiz­
ner monk: novice, oblate, postu lant
• take
ing child maintenance payments:
monastic vows: be professed
Child Support Agency . money for
• monk devoting his life to prayer:
running a household: housekeeping
contemplative
• deduct money from wages etc_: dock
. monk of an unen­
closed order: friar • monk mostly
e grant financing university study:
lay
bu rsary • intended to make money:
concerned with manual work:
brother • monk's cowl
commercial .. greed for money: avar­
hood:
• monk's scapular
ice, cupidity • interested only in
short cloak:

• careful with
. monk's robe: habit e monk's room:
money: mercenary
cell • denoting a monk wearing no
money: frugal, miserly, niggardly,
parsimonious, th rifty . having suffi­ discalced • shaven part of a
shoes:

cient money: comforta ble, solvent

monk's head: tonsure . community
of monks: monastery • society of
. short of money: hard u p, embar­
monks under a particular rule: order
rassed, i m pecunious . dispose of
• chief of certain religious orders:
money so as to conceal its illegal ori­
gins: launder • direct exchange of
general • belonging to a monastic
order: regular
goods or services without the use of
money: barter • money entering and monkey . adjective: simian
227 monster ! moss

monster . combining form: terato­ morale . tactics designed to weaken

• bearlike creature said to live in the an opponent's morale: gamesman­
Himalayas: Abom inable snowman, ship, psychological warfare
• being
• denoting
yeti from another world: morals a person with
alien • study of abnormal forms and strict moral standards: pu ritanical,
growths: teratology strait-laced • complacent in one's
monume nt • monument to per­ own moral superiority: sanctimoni­
son(s) buried elsewhere: cenotaph ous, self-righteous • doubt as to an
action's morality: scruple . section
monumental brass • alloy of of society of questionable morality:
which these are made: latten • paper demi-monde • person with no
tracing of a brass: brass rubbing, rub­ morals: libertine • rejection of moral
bing • substance used for this: heel­ rules: immoralism, n i h i l ism
ball
more than . combining form:
moon . combining forms: lun-, preter- (e.g. preternatural)
• adjective: lunar • moon's
• Mormon
selen- Mormon place of wor­
sickle shape: crescent . moon first ship: ta bernacle
appearing thus: new moon • stage in
the moon's appearance and disappear­
morning . period of morning twi­

•
ance: phase, quarter denoting a
light: dawn
moon increasing in apparent size: mortar • thin mortar: g rout . mor­
waxing . denoting a moon decreas­ tar filing the joints in brickwork:
ing in apparent size: wa ning • au­ pointing
• person
tumn ful moon: ha rvest moon mortgage granting a
. lunar mare • mapping of
plain: mortgage: mortgagee . person tak­
the moon: selenography ' • study of ing out a mortgage: mortgagor
the moon: selenology . within the . mortgagee's repossession of mort­
moon's orbit: sublunar • between the gaged property: foreclosure . mort­
moon and the earth: cislunar • be­ gage whose principal is repaid by an
yond the moon, or of space travel to­ insurance policy: endowment mort­
wards it: translunar . circle of light gage • mortgage whose principal
seen round the moon when rain is ex­ and interest are repaid in fixed instal­
pected: aureole, corona • apparent ments: repayment mortgage • value

circle of light round the moon caused of a mortgaged property after deduc­
by atmospheric ice crystals: halo tion of charges against it: equity
• bright
• adjective:
spot appearing beside the
Moscow M uscovite
moon: paraselene • glow on dark­
ened parts of the moon from sunlight
Moses . adjective: Mosaic
reflected from the earth: earth light, mosque . mosque tower: minaret
earthshine . tremor on the moon's . mosque's pUlpit: m i n ba r • niche in
surface: moonquake • small space­ a mosque's wall facing Mecca: mihrab
craft for moon landings: lunar module • direction this should take: kiblah
. vehicle for travel on the moon: . mosque official calling t h e faithful
moon buggy, lunar rovi ng vehicle to prayer: muezzin
moonscape
. moonlike landscape: mosquito • type o f mosquito that

• high
moor moorland in north Eng­ carries malaria: anopheles
land: fel l , wold • soft place on a moss • combining form: bryo-
moor: hag • study of mosses: bryology
moth I m otor veh icle 228

moth . moth pupa: chrysalis . pun­ passenger seat: pillion • small pas­
gent pellet deterring moths: mothball senger vehicle attached to a motor­
• moth expert: lepidopterist cycle's side: sidecar • motorcycle
mother • combining form: matri­ without a solo
sidecar: • cinder

• adjective:maternal • killing one's track for motorcycle races: d i rt track

• motorcycle cross-country race:
mother: matricide
motocross
motion .adjective: kinetic . energy
of motion: impetu s • impetus gained motorcyclist • motorcyclist de­
by a moving obj ect: momentum livering urgent documents: dispatch
• tendency to produce rotatory mo­ rider • motorcyclist's protective hel­
tion:moment • deprive of the power met: crash helmet • motorcyclist's
of motion: paralyse trick Qf driving with the front wheel

• boat's
motor motor housed inside
off the ground: wheelie
the hull: inboard • boat's motor motor fuel • denoting fuel burning
housed outside the hull: outboard with a high proportion of air: lean
• motor
• selfish
powered by explosive combus­
motorist motorist: road
• motorist
tion of fuel: internal combustion en­
hog who drives exces­
• motor
• slow­
gine powered by ignition of
sively fast: speed merchant
fuel in hot compressed air:
driving motorist in search of prosti-
• violence
compression-ignition engine, diesel
tutes: kerb-crawler
engine . adjust a motor for efficient
between motorists: road rage
running: tune • denoting an motor
• motorist's short coat: car coat
running while out of gear: idling
• motor's starting mechanism: igni­ motor race • motor race up a steep
tion • begin t o operate a motor: cut hill: hill climb • motor racing over
in • stop operating a motor suddenly: rough terrain: autocross, rallycross
cut out • rotating coil in an electric • long-distance motor race over rough
motor: armature • device controlling terrain: endu ro • long-distance

the flow of fuel to a motor: throttle motor race over public roads and/or
• air valve on a petrol engine carbur­ rough terrain: ra lly • motor racing
ettor: choke • proportion of fuel to round a banked oval track: Indy
air: mixture . device increasing the • short motor race testing acceler­
mixture pressure: supercharger ation: drag race . car designed for
• supercharger driven by exhaust this:dragster . classification for ra­
gases: turbocharger • device atomiz­ cing cars: formula • approve a car's
ing fuel: injector • petrol engine rat­ formula assignment: homologate
tle or explosions due to faulty combus­ • basic racing car: kart • starting
tion: knocki ng, pinking, backfi ring area: grid • sharp double bend in

• correct sequence of events in the cy­ motor race track: chicane • track­

linder of an internal combustion en­ side area for repairs and refuelling:
gine: timing pits . controlled skid: d rift • flag

• light
motorcycle motorcycle: signalling the end of a motor race:

moped, motor scooter, scooter chequered flag

. light motorcycle for rough terrain: motor vehicle • small motor ve­
trail bike . racing motorcycle with hicle with lifting prongs: forklift truck
four large tyres: quad bike • support . large heavy vehicle: juggernaut
for a motorcycle wheel: fork • motor­ . large vehicle carrying cars etc.:
cycle handgrip that is twisted to open transporter . large covered lorry:
the throttle: twist-grip • motorcycle pantechnicon • horse transporter:
229 motor vehicle I motor vehicle

horsebox • wide wheeled vehicle for indicating engine speed: tachometer

travelling over sand: beach bug gy, • dashboard storage recess: glovebox,
dune buggy • small vehicle for golf­ glove compartment • shaft connect­
ers and their equipment: golf cart ing a steering wheel to its mechanism:
• motor vehicle for travelling over steering col umn • rod turning the
snow: snowmobile • motor vehicle front wheels: track rod • steering­
clearing roads of snow: snowplough column lever with electrical switches:
. motor vehicle with living accommo­ stalk • mechanism conveying engine­
dation: camper, camper van , caravan­ power to the axle: transm ission
ette • motor vehicle carrying a • mechanism giving increased power
coffin: hea rse • sturdy vehicle for servo, servo­
to steering and brakes:
rough terrain: jeep TM , four-track, off­ mechanism • denoting such a
road vehicle • small open single­ system: power-assisted • semi­

seater vehicle for rough terrain: all­ automatic system of vehicle control:
terrain veh icle, al l-roader • strong steer-by-wire • denoting a transmis­
agricutural motor with large rear sion system changing gears automat­
wheels: tractor • armour-plated ically: automatic . denoting a trans­
military or police vehicle: armour, mission system controlled by the
armoured car, armoured personnel gear-shift: manual • motor vehicle
carrier . tracked armoured fighting gear system giving smooth changes:
vehicle: tan k • fire service vehicle: synchromesh • move with gears dis­
fire engine, te nder . motor vehicle engaged: coast • engine cover: bon­
pulling or carrying vehicles away for net, hood • motor vehicle's base
repair:breakdown lorry, recovery ve­ frame: chassis . motor vehicle's
hicle • motor vehicle's base frame: streamlining structure: fa iring . flat­
chassis • metal framewC'lrk of a ve­ tened projection improving stability:
hicle body: shell • bodywork con­ fin • protective bar across the front
structed over the shell: coachwork or back of a motor vehicle: bumper
. motor vehicle's left side: near­ • strong metal grille fitted to the front
side • motor vehicle's right side: off­ of a motor vehicle: bull bar • metal
side • motor vehicle modified to give framework protecting an overturning
power and speed: hot rod • motor ve­ vehicle: roll bars, roll cage, safety
hicle's acceleration and handling at cage . raised strip on a vehicle 's
speed: performance • vehicle travel­ sides: ru bbing stri p • subsidiary side
ling on a cushion of air: hovercraft window: quarter-light • flashing

• denoting a motor vehicle with spe­ lights on a motor vehicle's sides: haz­
cial bodywork: coach-built • motor ard lights, indicators • small lights
vehicle's upholstery etc.: trim indicating a vehicle's position: side­
. motor vehicle body with integral lights • part of a vehicle body be­
chassis: m onocoque • thin metal tween windscreen and bonnet: scuttle
sheet for motor vehicle bodies: panel • hinged rear door or flap: tailgate
• person shapin g this: panel beater • part of a motor vehicle designed to
• group of motor vehicles travelling absorb impact: crumple zone, crush
together: convoy . motor vehicle's zone • vehicle's ability to withstand
front window: windscreen • hinged collision: crashworthi ness • uncon­
eye-screen: sun visor • motor ve­ trolled sideways movement of a ve­
hicle's instrument panel: dashboard, hicle's rear: fishta il • vehicle's ten­
fascia • instrument indicating speed dency to turn too sharply: oversteer
of travel: speedometer • instrument • motor vehicle's grip on the road:
motor vehicle repairs I movement 230

traction • motor locking system op­ mountain ridge: spur • route over
erating all locks: central locking a mountain: pass, gap •
series of
• device maintaining a chosen speed: mountains: range • compact moun­
cruise control • graduated rod for tain group: massif • system of paral­
measuring engine oil levels: d ipstick lel mountain ranges: cordil lera • geo­
. device clearing window condensa­ logical creation of mountain ranges:
tion: demister . device passing cur­ orogeny • mapping of mountains:
rent to each plug in turn: distributor orography, orology . mass of snow,
• purifier of vehicle exhaust gases: ice, and rocks moving down a moun­
catalytic converter • road for motor tain: avalanche, glacier • slippage of
vehicles: carriageway • start a ve­ part of a mountain surface:landslide
hicle engine bypassing the starter: • small mountain lake: tarn • steep

hot-wire • trip in a stolen vehicle: mountain gulley: couloir

joyride • avoid high speeds in a new mouse . adjective: murine
vehicle: run in . lower the head­
• combining
lights: dim, dip • make of motor ve­
mouth forms: oro,
hicle: marque • customs permit for
stomato- . adjectiiJf!s: ora l , buccal
. top of the mouth: roof, palate . con­
the import of a motor vehicle: carnet
• denoting
genital split in this: cleft palate
a motor vehicle insurance
. rear part of the palate: soft palate
covering most risks: com prehensive
• fleshy
• place
extension at the back of the
to Which illegally parked
mouth: uvula • cartilaginous flap at
motor vehicles are removed: pound
• vehicle' s
the back of the mouth: epiglottis
unladen weight: dead load,
tare weight • weight o f a vehicle's . mass of tissue at the back of the

burden: l ive load • periodic inspec­ mouth: tonsil • space between the
tion and maintenance of a machine:
vocal cords: glottis • inflamed mouth
blister: cold sore • ulcer on the in­
service • taking away a vehicle for
• device
side of the mouth: enanthema
repairs: recovery raising a
• study
• sunken
of the mouth and its diseases:
vehicle's axle: jack area for
stomatology . liquid present natur­
work on a vehicle's underside: pit
• equip troops with motor vehicles:
ally in the mouth: saliva • saliva run­
motorize • nausea caused by vehicle ning from the mouth: slaver, slobber
. liquid to swill round the mouth and
travel: car sickness, motion sick­
• bring
ness • document showing a vehicle's throat: gargle, mouthwash
swallowed food back into the mouth:
ownership: registration document,
regu rgitate • brass or wind player's
log book
correct mouth shape: embouchure
motor vehicle repa i rs . estab­
movement • adjective: ki netic
lishment undertaking these: garage,
• establishment
service station spe­ . hasty movement: scurry, scuttle
cializing in bodywork: body shop . impatient movement: fidget . skil­
ful or crafty movement: manoeuvre
• slow
moulding . combiningform: -plasty
piecemeal movement: strag-
• smooth
(e.g. keratoplasty) . easily moulded: gling silent movement:
plastic • cut out with a mould:
glide • sudden sharp movement:
• sudden
stamp
lurch convulsive move-
mountain . combining form: oro­ ment: spasm • incapable of move­
• adjective:
montane . side of a ment: inert • move round the edge of:
mountain:face . top of a mountain: ski rt . move about stealthily: prowl,
peak, summit . ridge between two skulk, slink, sneak . move slowly
peaks: col, saddle • subsidiary and awkwardly: shamble • move in a
231 much I music

lazy, drooping way: slouch • make of bones and muscles: osteopathy

incapable of movement: immobil ize, • exercises in which the muscles work
paralyse . system of rhythmical against each other: isometrics
movements to music: eu rhythmics • muscle development through strenu­
much . combiningforms: m u lti- (e. g. ous exercise: bodybuilding • muscle­
multistorey), poly- (e.g. polyhedron) building drug used by sportsmen:
anabolic steroid . muscle stimula­
mucus . combining form: myxo­
tion by electric current: electrother­
• adjectives:
•
(e.g. myxomatosis)
apy record of a muscle's electrical
• mucus in the
• study
mucoid, mucous
activity: electromyog ram of
nose and throat: catarrh • mucus­
muscles: myology
secreting tissue: mucous membrane
Muse • Muse of acting, music, and
mud . lie about in mud or water:
dance: Polyhym nia • Myse of astron­
wallow
omy: Urania . Muse of comedy: Tha­
multiple . combining form: -fold lia . Muse of epic poetry: Calliope
(e.g. fivefold) . Muse of the flute: Euterpe . Muse
municipal ity • governing body of a of history: Clio . Muse of lyric poetry
city or borough: corporation, council and hymns: Erato . Muse of lyric
. titular head of a municipality: poetry and dance: Terpsichore
mayor • Muse of tragedy: Melpomene

muscle form: my­

. combining museum • preservation of museum
• muscular system:
m usculature objects: conservation • museum's

. ring of muscle: sphincter . muscle custodian: curator • remove an item

bending a limb: flexor • muscle from a museum collection: deacces­
straightening a limb: . extensor sion . science of museum manage­
. muscle of the upper arm: biceps ment: museology, m u seography
• muscle holding the vocal cords: lar­
mushroom • mushroom-shaped:
ynx • muscular movement of the fung iform . mushroom's flat top: pi­
alimentary canaL perista lsis • de­
leus
noting muscles not under conscious
control: i nvol untary • denoting music • undemanding music: easy
muscles under conscious control: vol­ listen ing . music derived from trad­
untary • cord connecting a muscle to itional popular culture: fol k music
a bone: sinew, tendon • inability to • music intended to evoke an emotion,
relax muscle after a vigorous effort: tell a story, etc.: programme music
myotonia . muscle pain: myalgia • music composed with n o representa­
. muscular spasm: clonus . muscu­ tional purpose: absolute music
lar spasm and rigidity caused by con­ • music constructed from pre­
taminated wounds: tetanus • painful recorded sounds: m usique concrete
contraction of a muscle: cramp • background music to a film or play:
• painful muscular inflammation: incidental music, score . recorded
rheumatism • muscular weakness: background music for public places:
paresis • hereditary progressive m uza k™ . music for a funeral pro­
wasting of the muscles: m uscular cession: dead march . secular part­
dystrophy • impaired muscular co­ song: madrigal . light-hearted part­
ordination due to brain damage: cere­ song: g lee . continuous series of
bral palsy . medical treatment of musical items: medley, sequence
bone and muscle deformities: ortho­ . published musical piece or set of
paedics • therapeutic manipulation pieces: opus (pl. opuses or opera)
music I music 232

• denoting music that i s bland and un­ church music: Gregorian cha nt,
demanding: middle-of-the-road . de­ plai nsong • kind of medieval music '
noting art music composed on trad­ with parallel parts: cond uctus, or­
itional lines: classical • denoting art ganum • musical piece where all
music composed between 1600 and parts sequentially perform the same
1750: baroque . denoting art music notes: canon, round . musical piece
composed between 1750 and 1800: clas­ whose subject appears in all parts:
sical • denoting music only using fug u e • music with several melodies
notes from the scale in which it is - set together: counterpoint • musical
written: d iatonic . denoting non­ piece in free style: fantasia • musical

diatonic music: chromatic . denot­ piece designed to strengthen the play­

ing a five-note scale: pentatonic . de­ er's technique: study • set of musical
noting music having notes of fixed pieces: suite, partita • pitch range of
durations: mensura l • denoting a musical composition: tessitura
music having notes of unfixed dur­ . music made up as it is performed:
ations: free, rhapsodic • denoting extemporization . section of a mu-
music in which all parts share the sical piece where the subjects first ap-
same rhythm: homophonic • denot­ pear: exposition • group of notes
ing music whose parts have their own given prominence in a musical piece:
rhythms and melodic content: poly­ theme • modified version of a theme:
phonic • denoting music with a sin­ variation • first theme in a musical
gle line performed by all: monodic, piece: first subject • second theme in
un ison • denoting music with re­ a musical piece: cou ntersubject
peated rhythm but varied pitch: • section of a musical piece where the
isorhythmic . denoting music using subjects are elaborated: development
several rhythms simultaneously: . final section of a piece of music:
polyrhythmic • denoting music coda • recurrent musical theme: fig-
using transformations of a fixed series ure, leitmotif • repeated musical
of notes: serial, twelve-note, twelve­ sage: reprise • composer's personal
tone • such a series of notes: tone musical style: idiom • brief melodic
row • relating to a twelve-tone mu­ or rhythmic formula: fig u re e repeti­
sical scale: chromatic • relating to tion of this: imitation, ostinato
an eight-tone musical scale: d iatonic • group of notes sung to one syllable:
• music for a few musicians: cham ber meJisma • counterpoint sung above
music • music for a single musician: a melody: descant • soloist's flourish
solo • music for two musicians: at the end of a musical piece:cadenza
duet, duo • music for three musi­ • elaborate vocal ornamentation: col-

cians: trio . music for four musi­ oratura . melodic embellishment: fi-
cians: quartet • music for five musi­ oritura (pl. fioriture). g race note
cians: q u intet . music for six • slide from one note to another: por­
musicians: sextet . music for seven tamento • fast alternation between
musicians: septet • music for eight adjacent notes: tril l . music with
musicians: octet • short piece for strings of fast notes: passagework
brass instruments: fanfare, flourish . continuous low note: d rone, pedal
. rescore a musical piece for diferent note, pedal point • instrumental
instruments or voices: transcribe piece over a repeated bass: chaconne,
• denoting music designed to have a ground, passacaglia • this repeated
random element in its performance: bass line: g round bass • interval of
aleatoric, aleatory • medieval Latin silence: rest • declamatory vocal
233 music I musical instrument

music reflecting the rhythm and in­ harmonic series 0 sign of musical
tonation of speech: recitative 0 denot­ pitch: clef 0 musical piece's basic
ing choral music designed for un­ key: home key 0 perform or score in
accompanied performance: a a different key: transpose 0 key
cappella, alia cappella o popular structure of a musical piece: tonality
close-harmony music for male voices: o movement from one key to another:
barbershop o musical lament: d i rge mOdulation 0 denoting music writ­
. close of a musical phrase: cadence ten in no key or mode: atonal 0 de­

• point in a musical piece where a per­ noting music using several keys sim­
former must start: entry 0 orchestral ultaneously: poly tonal 0 group of
piece with extended solo work for one notes sounded together: chord
or more instruments: concerto o de­ o stable and pleasing chord: concord,
noting an orchestral piece giving consonance 0 unstable and harsh
prominence to certain instruments: chord: discord, d issonance o move­
concertante 0 the instruments so ment from one chord to another: pro­
featured: concerti no 0 section of a gression o movement from discord
musical piece: movement 0 suite of to concord: resolution 0 printed

light music: d ivertime nto 0 musical music: sheet m usic . music college:
piece's range of loudness: dyna mic conservatoire o academic study of
range, dynamics o conveyance of music: musicology o study of non­
feeling in music: expression 0 call Western music: ethnomusicology
for a musical piece to be performed o system of rhythmical movements to
again:encore 0 musical piece so per­ music: eurhythmics � see also note,
formed: encore 0 item in a musical tune
performance: number o music per­ musical i nstrument o musical in­
formed between the acts of a perform­ strument using a vibrating column of
ance: entr'acte 0 public musical per­ air: aerophone, wind i n stru ment
formance by one or a few musicians: o vibrating mouthpiece element in
recital 0 public musical performance certain aerophones: reed 0 generic
by a number of musicians: concert name for metal aerophones: brass
o unstaged performance of theatre o generic name for wooden
music: concert performance aerophones: woodwind o musical in­
o under public performance condi­ strument using a vibrating string:
tions: in con cert 0 introductory cordophone, string i n strument
piece of music: overture, prelude o single-stringed musical instrument:
• piece of music played between other monochord 0 musical instrument
events: interl ude, intermezzo o clos­ using pitched wooden blocks: xylo­
ing musical piece: postl ude o Ger­ phone 0 deep-toned xylophone: ma­
man hymn or its music: chorale rimba 0 musical instrument using
o German solo song: lied (pl. lieder) pitched metal bars: g lockenspiel
o short musical piece for voices and o keyboard instrument: clavier 0 key­
instruments: cahtata 0 substantial board with hammers striking metal
unstaged narrative piece for singers plates: celesta, celeste o small key­
and orchestra: oratorio 0 oratorio board instrument with a soft tone:
narrating Christ's suffering and clavichord 0 keyboard with plucked
death: Passion 0 substantial staged strings: harpsichord o small harpsi­
narrative piece for singers and orches­ chord with strings set obliquely to the
tra: opera 0 tone heard above a note's keyboard: spinet 0 electronic instru­
fundamental: overtone _ set of these: ment able to produce many different
musical instrument I musical notation 234.
............................................................................................................

types of pitched sound: synthesizer • guitar with a round open·backed

.synthesizer imposing speech pat· soundbox: banjo • guitar with a pear !
terns onto musical sounds: vocoder shaped soundbox: l ute .small Ha· l
.electronic keyboard giving one note waiian guitar: ukulele • Russian gui· l l
at variable pitch: ondes martenot tar with a triangular
• electronic instrument whose pitch is balalaika .lute-like instrument with '
controlled by the approach and with- paired mandolin • Greek •
strings:
drawal of the performer's hand: mandolin: bouzouki • location of the :
theremin .denoting a musical in- stopping hand on a stringed I ;
• maker
0

strument playable in any key: chro- intrument: position of

matic • notes a particular musical stringed instruments: l uthier, I
instrument can play: compass, range .medieval woodwind instrument
'
.adjust a musical instrument to the with a curved end: krummhorn i
•
tune • current stand·
desired pitch:
wooden support for the strings of a :
violin-family instrument: bridge '
ard tuning for musical instruments:
•
• regulate the tone of a
tuning pin for a violin-family instru­
concert pitch
• '
musical instrument: voi ce • musical
ment: peg housing for this: pegbox
.ridge at the neck of a stringed in­
instrument whose part is written at a
strument: nut .natural material for
different pitch from that at which it
instrument strings: catg ut • finger·
sounds: transpo si n g instrument
? �
b ard ridge: fr t .denoting a string
.kind of harp played by
olian harp • Irish
the wind: ae-
and Scottish trad.
.
vlbratlI�g over �ts w ole ength: open � �
• enotmg a strmg vlbratmg over part
�
itional harp: clarsach • musical in-
of Its le�gth: st pped • heet of wood
� �
strument stretched and squeezed
set behmd strmgs to mcrease the
between the hands: accordion, con-
sound produced: s � undb�ard • hol- I
certina • stringed instrument with
low body of a strlI�ged mstrument:
drones and melody keys: .
sound box • mUSICal ms
hurdy-g urdy
.stringed instrument laid flat and
ents �
.
that are struck: percussion • pltched
plucked: zither .small flute used in . .
perCUSSIOn orchestra of Ball and J�va:
military bands: fife • small orches-
gamelan . mouth·held resonatmg I
p·l ccol 0 .grad. uated senes
I
tral flute.. · ,
.

. . metal strIP: Jew s harp .complete

of sh0 rt PIpeS: pan pipes, synnx . .
PltCh·range 0f a mUSICal mstrument:
.

.
small rectangular m ulfl-reed wmd
� .
mstrument: harmOnica, m uth org n � �
gamut .finger technique in playing
an instrument: fingering .device al­
• small � ? .
• in­
egg-sh ped CeramI wmd m- tering tone and volume: m ute
�trument: ocarl �a .denotmg a brass strumental part essential to the piece
mstrument hav �g nly the notes of
. .
? performed: obbligato � see also
the h molllc sene . natural • deVIce
ru: � drum, guitar, lute, percussion
extendmg a brass mstrument's range
of pitch: piston, valve • instruments musical interval • denoting a re·
required for a piece: i n strumentation peated musical interval between two
.early form of oboe: shawm .early parts: consecutive
form of trombone: sackbut • early musical notation • written out
form of violin: viol .early form of notation of a musical piece: score
cello: viola da gamba • early form of .set of five parallel lines upon which
double bass: violone .medieval music is written: stave, staff .sym·
bowed instrument with three strings: bol at the start of each stave indicat·
rebec •early form of piano: forte- ing the pitch of the notes written on it:
piano .early form of guitar: g ittern clef .symbol indicating the pitch
235 musician I Muslim

and duration of a musical sound: note blem of this: the Crescent • believers
• sign indicating silence of a fixed dur­ in Islam: the faithfu l • the whole
ation: rest • score having a separate Muslim community; united by Islam:
stave for each part: full score • score umma • principal branches of Islam:
having the parts combined onto a few Shia, Sunni . Muslim place of wor­
staves: short score • score showing ship: mosque • mosque prayer­
full voice parts and a reduced accom­ leader: imam . Muslim who calls the
paniment: vocal score • numbers on faithful to prayer: m uezzin . Muslim
the stave indicating rhythm: time sig­ daily prayers: salat • Muslim profes­
nature • sign directing the following sion of faith: shahada . Muslim re­
note to be sounded half a tone higher ligious law expert: mufti, mullah . Is­
than usual: sharp • sign directing lamic college: madrasa . Muslim
the following note to be sounded half a student of religious law and theology:
• flats
• group
tone lower than usual: fl at or softa of Islamic scholars:
sharps indicating the key: key signa­ ulema . Islamic law code: sharia
• sign
• traditional portion of Islamic law:
ture indicating a musical em­
• unmarked
• ruling
bellishment: ornament Sunna on Islamic law: fatwa
• Muslim
accidentals left to the performer: religious festival: Eid
•
• Muslim • section
musica ficta short line above or
scriptures: Koran
below the stave: leger line • notation
of the Koran: sura • Muslim knowing
• sayings
system indicating the fingering only:
the Koran by heart: hafiz of
tablature
Muhammad not found in the Koran:
musician • distinguished musician: Hadith, tradition • Muslim mystic:
maestro, virtuoso . freelance musi­ dervish, Sufi . Sufi's rhythmic re­
cian doing casual work: sessions peated prayer: dhikr . Muslim as­
man • street bu sker cetic: fakir • Muslim hermit in North
• street musician playing a barrel Africa: marabout • tomb of a Muslim
organ: organ-grinder • person sing­ holy man: dargah • expected Muslim
ing solo parts of the liturgy: cantor, ruler restoring religion and justice:
precentor • church
musicians em­ Mahdi • Muslim religious leader:
ployed by a monarch: chapel royal ayatollah, imam, mullah, sharif
• director of a group of musicians: . Muslim month-long fast: Ramadan
conductor • short stick used by a • Muslim feast at the end of Ramadan:
conductor: baton • gallery for musi­ Eid ul-Fitr, Lesser Bairam • Muslim
cians: loft • group of musicians per­ feast at the year's end: Greater Bai­
forming together: ensemble • small ram • denoting meat prepared ac­
ensemble of musicians: consort . ac­ cording to Muslim food regulations:
• Muslim
companying group in baroque music: halal term for forbidden
continuo . ensemble of three musi­ foods: haram • Muslim term for a
cians: trio • ensemble of four musi­ non-Muslim: kafi r . Muslim pilgrim­
cians: quartet • ensemble of five mu­
age to Mecca: haj • Muslim who has
sicians: quint et
completed this: haji • feast at the cul­
. ensemble of six
• ensemble
mination of this: Eid ul-Ad ha • Mus­
musicians: sextet of
seven musicians: septet • ensemble
lim term for Jews and Christians:
of eight musicians: octet • brass or
People of the Book • Muslim term
wind player's correct mouth shape:
for a Christian: Nazarine . Muslim
embouchure
gesture of greeting: salaam • Muslim
Muslim . Muslim name for God: ruler: hakim, sharif . supreme Mus­
Allah • Muslim religion: Islam • em- lim ruler: caliph, su ltan • sultan's
mussels I myth 236

wife: sultana . Muslim leader: amir, eyed giant: Cyclops (pl. Cyclops or
emir, khan, sheikh . descendant of Cyclopses or Cyclopes) • mythical
Muhammad: sharif . Muslim judge: snake-haired woman: gorgon
cadi, hakim • Muslim official: nabob • mythical patron of an art or science:
• Muslim princess or married woman: muse • mythical abode of the dead:
begum • Muslim traditional doctor: H ades • mythical river of forgetful-
hakim • Muslim woman's veil: yash­ ness: lethe • mythical watchdog of
mak • Muslim woman's overgar­ Hades: Cerberus • mythical ferry-

ment: burka, chador • Muslim man's . man of the dead: Charon • denoting
headdress: turban . Muslim man's the mythical underworld: chthonian,
tasselled felt hat: fez, tarboosh chthonic . mythical bird said to
. Muslim man's long coat: jibba burn itself every 500 years and rise
• Muslim seclusion of women: purdah aga ht from the ashes:
. women's quarters in a Muslim • mythical bird with a floating nest:
house: harem, serai • young woman halcyon • mythical horse with a sin-
in Muslim paradise: houri . Muslim gle central horn: unicorn • mythical
holy war: ji had • Islamic guerilla: creature said to live in fire: salaman-
mujahed in . Islamic fundamental­ der • mythical creature with an
ists involved in terrorism: Muslim eagle's head and lion's body: griffin
Brotherhood • Muslim chrono­ • mythical creature with a lion's head,
logical era: Hegira .. see also goat's body, and snakelike tail: chi­
mosque mera • mythical many-headed snake:
mussels • mussels served in their Hydra • mythical female sea mon­
shells with a white wine sauce: ster: Scylla • mythical creature, half

mou les marinh!re man and half horse: centaur • myth-

ical creature, half man and half bull:
mustard • mild dark mustard:
Minotaur . mythical creature, half
•
French m u stard . pale strong mus­
man and half goat: satyr mythical
tard: English mu stard
creature, half woman and half fish:
mutton . leg of
mutton: gigot mermaid • mythical winged creature
• cheap scrag-end • mut­
end of this: with a woman's head and lion's body:
ton kebab: shash l i k . large piece of sphinx • mythical creature with a
spiced mutton cooked on a spit: doner bird's body and woman's head: h arpy
kebab . mythical craftsman: Daedalus
• mythical
• beehive-shaped
. mythical giant: ogre
Mycenaean My­
Norwegian sea monster: kraken
cenaean tomb: tholos . Mycenaea.n
• cave dweller in Scandinavian myth-
scripts: Linear A, Linear B
ology: troll • mythical Scandinavian
• secret
mysticism mystical know­
dwarf: Nibelung • palace for dead
ledge:
gnosis • teacher of mysticism:
heroes in Scandinavian mythology:
• world
mystagogue
Valhalla ash tree in Scandi-
myth • combining mytho­
form: navian mythology: Yggdrasil • myth-
• corpus of myths: mythology, my­ ical wild man of the forest: green man
thos (pl. mythoi), myth us (pl. myth i) . mythical small man with pointed
• first mortal woman in Greek myth­ ears and cap: pixie • make a myth of:
ology: Pandora • mythical cupbearer mytholog ize • study of myths:
of Zeus: Ganymede • mythical one- mythology
 Nn
nail • adjective:
ungual . dead skin nasty • combining form: mal- (e.g.
cuticle • piece of
at the base of a nail: malodorous) • very nasty: obnoxious
torn skin beside a nail: agnail, hang­ • dirty and unpleasant: squalid • un­
nail • inflammation near a nail: wh it­ pleasant but beneficial: saluta ry
low • small nail holding glass in pos­ nation . combining form: ethno-
• adjective: ethnic
ition: sprig . light thin nail with a (e.g. ethnocentric)
small head: panel pin • small broad­
. wealthy capitalist nations: Fi rst
• short
•
headed nail: tack broad­
World nations of the former East­
headed pin: d rawing pin • heavy nail
ern European communist bloc: Sec­
• developing
fastening a rail to its sleeper: spike
ond World nations:
. short metal pin with a beaten-out
Third World • the poorest of these:
•
end: rivet U-shaped nail pointed at
Fou rth World • emigrants from a
•
• tran­
both ends: staple insert a nail flush
particular nation: diaspora
with the surface: cou nters i n k . se­
scending national boundaries and
cure a nail by driving the point side­
interests: supranational
ways: clinch
national ity • combining form: -ish
naked • combining form: gym no- (e.g. English) . give nationality to a
(e.g. gymnosophist) . run naked
foreigner: natural ize
through a public place: streak
native • native inhabitant: abori­
name • combining forms: onom-, g i ne, autochthon . native country:
nomin- (e.g. -nym (e.g.
nominal), fatherland, motherland • native of
• adjective:
the Alaskan islands: Aleut • native
pseudonym) onomastic
• name derived from a forebear: patro­
American: American Indian, Amerin­
nymic . having a name: onymous dian, Red Indian • native of the cen­
• having no name: anonymous • per­
tral Andes: Inca • native Australian:
son having the same name as another:
Aboriginal, Aborigine • native of
namesake • having two names: bino­ northern Canada or Greenland: Inuit
mial • system of names: nomenclat­ . native to a particular place: indi­
ure . list of names: roll . shortened genous
form of a name: diminutive . wrong
native American • native Ameri­
or inappropriate name: misnomer
• false name: pseudonym • so-called:
can tent: tepee, wigwam • native
soi-disant . warrior's pseudonym: American's light axe: tomahawk
nom de guerre • writer's pseudo­ . land set aside for native American
• criminal's
nym: nom de p lume settlement: reservation
false name: alias • denoting a person nature • intrinsic nature of some­
after whom something is named: thing: essence • that cannot be ex­
eponymous • existing in name only: plained by natural laws: supernat­
nominal, titu lar . study of personal u ral
names: onomastics • study of place
navel . combining form: omphalo-
• adjective:
names: toponymy
(e.g. omphaloscopy)
Naples . adjective: Neapolitan umbil ical
navigation I negotiation 238

��������:�. . . .�.=���;���;. . .���.�;��.:. . . �.���.���. . .��� . . ���:�. . ����; . �.���.�

. navigation based on computation of • moving
.

projection at the front of the

. .

position from speed and direction of neck: Adam's apple • principal ar-
travel: dead reckoning • air naviga- tery of the neck: carotid artery
tion from landmarks: contact flight • swelling o n the neck from thyroid
• navigation by the heavenly bodies: dysfunction: goitre • fold of skin
celestia l navigation • navigation hanging from a bird's neck: wattle
pointer showing magnetic north: . fold of skin' hanging from the necks
compass • repeated radio or radar - of cattle: dewlap • wide fabric strip
signal emitted as a navigational aid: worn round the neck: cravat • square

beam • navigation system using of cloth worn round the neck: neck­
these: Loran • electronic air naviga- erchief
tion system: taca n . position relative
neckerchief . large and brightly
to a fixed point: bearing . map for coloured neckerchief, often with white
sea or air navigation: chart • floating
spots: bandanna
navigation mark: buoy • instrument
for taking altitudes: sextant • regu­ necklace • close-fitting necklace or
larly used sea or air route: lane • de­ neck band: choker
viation from set course due to wind, need • pressing exigence, exi-
need:
current, etc,: drift gency . thing desideratum
needed:
navy • flag of the Royal Navy: white (pl. desiderata) • as needed: ad hoc

ensign . flag of naval auxiliary ves­ • ability to produce al one needs: self­

sels: blue ensign . ships involved in sufficiency, autarky • more than

trade: merchant navy • flag of the needed: supern umerary
merchant navy: red ensign . naval need lework . ornamental needle-
. rebellion: mutiny work: embroidery • ornamental
Nazi • National Social-
official title: needlework making patterns with
ist . Nazi emblem: swastika • Nazi pieces of coloured cloth: applique
regional governor: Gau leiter o Nazi • blunt thick needle with a large eye:
marching step: goose step bod kin
• Nazi militia forming Hitler's body­ negation • denoting a process of en­
guard: Brownshirts, Storm Troops, quiry conducted by negation: a po­
Sturmabteilung • Nazi secret police: phatic
Gesta po . Nazi prison camp: con­
centration cam p • Nazi justification negotiation . negotiation between
management and workforce represen­
for territorial expansion: Lebens­
raum . Nazi policy of eastward ex­ tatives: collective bargaining . nego­

pansion: Orang nach Osten • unifi­

tiation by a mediator travelling be­

cation of Austria and Germany

tween the parties: sh uttle diplomacy
• act as mediator in negotiations: con­
achieved by Nazis: Anschluss . Nazi
ciliate • denoting negotiation be­
term for the German nation:
tween two parties: bilateral • denot­
Herrenvolk . Nazi extermination of
European Jews: fi nal solution, Holo­ ing negotiation between three or more
caust parties: mu ltilateral • statutory
interval for negotiation when strikes
near side . combining form: cis-
are threatened: cooling-off period
• area
(e.g. cisalpine)
of possible compromise: middle
neck • adjective: cervical, jugular ground • set of proposals that must
• back of the neck: nape, scruff be accepted or rejected en bloc: pack-
239 Neptune I newspaper

age . agreement reached at the end net e adjective: retiform e woman's

of negotiations: conclusion hairnet: snood • Roman gladiator
Neptune e Greek name: Poseidon armed with net: retiarius
e Neptune's three-pronged spear: tri­ network e wire or thread network:
dent mesh e complex network: labyrinth,
nerve e combining jorm: neur(o)­ maze • network of lines etc. crossing
• adjective: neural . nerve transmit­ at right angles: grid e point in a net­
ting signals from the eye to the brain: work at which lines join or cross:
optic nerve • nerve transmitting sig­ node e national electricity supply
nals from the ear to the brain: audi­ network: grid • network of lines on a
tory nerve • nerve cell: neurone map: grid
. nerve cells and fibres: nervous sys­ new . combiningjorm: neo- e objec­
tem . junction between nerve cells: tionably new: newfangled • incorp­
synapse • network of nerves: plexus orating the latest advances:
state­
. nerve complex: ganglion • nerve of-the-art e new thing:
innovation,
complex at the foot of the stomach: novelty . new word: neologism
solar plexus • bundle of nerve fibres e inexperienced newcomer: novice
enclosed in the spine: spinal cord
• brain
news e exclusive publication of a
and spinal cord: central ner­
• denoting
major news item: scoop e news item
vous system a nerve
given prominence to divert attention
stimulating a muscle or organ: motor
from another item: spoiler e inter­
e electrical signal along a nerve fibre:
ruption of broadcasting with a brief
nerve impulse . military gas dis­
report of a major event: newsflash
rupting this: nerve gas e intense
• broadcast news report: news bul­
pain along a nerve: neuralgia . pain
from pressure on the spinal nerve: leti n, newscast . person reading
sciatica . disease causing progres­ such a report: newscaster e news
sive deterioration of brain and spinal communication by photographs:
nerve cells: m u ltipl e sclerosis e pro­ photojournalism . favourable bias
gressive nerve disease causing shak­ on a news report: spin e news agency
ing, muscular rigidity; and emaci­ serving a number of publications:
ation: Parkin son's disease e nerve syndicate
disease causing jerky movements: newspaper • official newspaper:
chorea • nervedisease causing par­ gazette • newspaper with large
alysis: poliomyel itis • muscular pages: broadsheet • newspaper with
weakness caused by nerve damage or small pages: tabloid • newspapers
disease: paresis • tropical disease at­ and journalists: the press • news­
tacking the nervous system: sleeping papers specializing in sensational or
sickness e nerve stimulation by elec­ titillating material: gutter press,
tric current: electrotherapy • medi­ scandal sheets . newspaper con­
cine calming the nerves: nervine, trolled by a political party: organ
neuroleptic . study of the nervous e newspaper's displayed title: mast­
• newspaper
system and its disorders: neurology head advertisement
e biological study of the nervous sys­ presented as editorial material: adver­
tem: neurobiology • surgical re­ torial e newspaper's treatment of a
•
moval of a nerve: neurectomy topic: coverage item reported by
nest • gannets' nesting ground: gan­ one newspaper only: exclusive • fac­
netry • group of rooks' nests: rook­ tual report of latest developments:
ery hard news • news from an overseas
night I non-interference 240

reporter: dispatch . newspaper re­ • while night overnight

passes:
port of discreditable activities: ex­ . night blindness: nyctalopia
pose • newspaper's careful research nine . combining form: non(a)­
aimed at exposing malpractices: in­ . nine-sided figure: nonagon . en­
vestigative journalism • general art­ semble of nine musicians, or music
icle on a topic: feature, soft news for them: nonet
• background
• person
article on a person in
ninety in his or her nine­
the news: profi le . newspaper an­
ties: nonagenarian
ob­
• adjective: • pig­
nouncement of a person's death:
ituary • complimentary mention in a
nipple mamillary
puff • middle pages of a
mented area around a nipple: areola
• enlarged and rigid state of a nipple:
newspaper:
newspaper: centrefold, centre spread
erectibn
• newspaper section regularly written
nitrogen • adjective: n itrous . cyc­
by a named person: col umn . news­
paper gossip column: diary • princi­
lic environmental interconvertion of

pal newspaper item: lead • text for a

nitrogen: nitrogen cycle
newspaper item: copy • item in­ Noah . adjective: Noachian
serted during printing: stop press nobility . female member of the no­
• entry at the head of an item showing bility: peeress • male member of the
place and date of writing: date line nobility: peer • foreign nobility:
• decide not t o use a n item: kill, spike noblesse . list of nobles: peerage
• worth reporting: newsworthy . title having no legal validity: cour­
• government directive forbidding tesy title • small crown worn by a
publication of certain news: D notice noble person: coronet • denoting the
• high summer, when there is a dearth junior branch of a noble family: cadet
of serious news: silly season . per­ . preposition forming part of a title:
son in charge of a newspaper's daily nobiliary particle
contents: editor • column of com­ noise . loud discordant noise: cac­
ment written by him: editorial ophony • chaotic noise: hubbub,
• newspaper staff dealing with a par­ pandemonium, racket, tumult, u p­
ticular topic: desk • newspaper de­ roar • noise disturbing or harming
partment dealing with financial news: others: noise pollution . noise con­
city desk • organization supplying taining equal proportions of many fre­
news stories: news agency • free­ quencies:white noise • rumbling of
lance photographer or journalist sell­ borboryg mus . noisy
intestinal gas:
ing sensational material to the gutter and hard to control: obstreperous,
press: paparazzo (pl. paparazzi) rowdy • noise-reducing device: silen­
• payment of large sums by represen­ cer • phenomenon causing pitch­
tatives of newspapers to gain exclu­ change in passing noises: Doppler
sive rights to sensational material: effect
• Nonconformist
chequebook journalism . send art­ Nonconformist
icles to a newspaper: contribute, fi le place of worship: chapel, tabernacle
• send
• association
newspaper text to the printer: of nonconformist
• number
• person
put to bed of copies of a churches: union claiming to
newspaper sold: circulation • shop believe in God but denying the exist­
selling newspapers: newsagent ence of the Trinity: Unitarian
night • combining forms: noct-, nyct- non-interference • government
• adjective: nocturnal . night that is policy of non-interference: laissez­
never completely dark: white night faire
241 non-violence I notebook

non-violence . Hindu and Bud­ nostril . adjective: narial . division

dhist principle of non-violence to­ between the nostrils: septum
wards all living things: ahimsa not • combining forms: a- (e.g. asex­
. non-violent resistance as a form of ual), an- (e.g. anonymous), dis- (e.g.
political protest: civil disobedience dishonest), in- (e.g. infertile), mal- (e.g.
• non-violent resistance as advocated maladroit), un- (e. g. unloved)
by Gandhi in India: satyagraha
note' . notes of variant textual read­
norm • behaviouralnorm: conven- ings: apparatus, apparatus criticus,
tion • person following established critical apparatus • note at the start
norms: conformist of a chapter etc_: headnote . mar­
normal • beyond what is normal: ginal notes: marginalia . note at a
preternatural page-foot: footn ote • note at the end

• adjective: • north
of a chapter etc. : endnote . heading
north boreal ac­
to a note: lemma (pl. lemmata)
cording to the earth's axis: true north
• north
. make a quick note: jot . note provi­
according to the compass:
sionaly: pencil in
magnetic n orth . distance travelled
northwards: northing • northern note' . sustained note: pedal, pedal
lights: au rora borealis note, pedal point . chromatic se­
quence of notes used in a serial piece:
North African . citadel in a North
African town: kasbah tone row . set of notes to be per­
formed by a particular instrumental­
North American . large cattle ist or singer: part . embellishment of
farm ranch • cowboy's hat: ten­ a note: ornament . slide from one
gallon hat • deep river gorge: can­ note to another: g l issando, porta­
yon . open grassy plain: prairie mento . stepwise arrangement of
• North American term for the rural successive notes in a musical system:
hinterland: backcountry • school or scale • group of notes sounded to­
university term: semester • second­ gether: chord . group of adjacent
year high-school or university stu­ notes sounded together: note cluster,
dent: sophomore • wild horse: tone cluster . duration and em­
bronco • wolflike wild dog: coyote phasis of a group of successive notes:
Norway • adjective: Norwegian rhythm • notes a particular voice or
. sea inlet in Norway: fjord • sweet instrument can sing or play: range
brown Norwegian cheese: Gjetost • height of a note: pitch • two­
. medieval Norwegian wooden pronged metal fork struck to give a
church: stave church . mythical note of specified pitch: tuning fork
Norwegian sea monster: kraken . denoting notes having different
nose . combining forms: nas(o)-, names but the same pitch: enhar­
rhino- (e.g. rhinoplasty) • adjectives: monic . lowest sound that can be
nasal, rhinal . hooked nose: Roman heard within a note: fundamental
nose • straigQt nose: G recian nose . higher sound heard within a note:
• upper, bony part of a nose: bridge harmonic, overtone, partial . move­
• opening of the nose: nostril • build­ ment from one note to another: pro­
up of mucus in the nose: catarrh gression . change in a note's pitch
• blockage of the nose by mucus: con­ as its source passes by: Doppler effect
gestion . nasal inflammation: rhin­ � see also musical notatio n
itis • skull cavity connecting with notebook . notebook containing a
the nasal cavities: sinus • push with personal collection of memorable pas­
the nose: n uzzle sages: commonplace book • paper
notice I nuclear weapon 242

or electronic notebook for business be split in a reactor: fissile, fission­

and social engagements etc.:personal able . denoting nuclei that can be
organizer • loose-leaf notebook: Filo­ made fissile: fertile • denoting nu­
fax™ clear reactions occurring only at very
notice . fail or refuse to notice: high temperatures: thermonuclear
overlook • accidental failure to no­ . magnesium-based cladding for nu­
tice: oversight . done cautiously to clear fuel: magnox . substance re­
avoid notice: stealthy tarding neutrons: moderator
!' neutron-absorbing rod used to vary
noun • adjective: nominal . noun
a reactor's output: control rod . en­
that can form a plural: count noun
• noun
rich a reactor with a particular iso­
denoting something which
cannot be counted: mass noun • de­
tope: spike • water used as a moder­
ator: heavy water • lead-lined
noting a noun used for an individual
.

•
container for nuclear waste: flask
person, place, etc.: proper denoting
• denoting highly radioactive nuclear
a noun used for a class of objects:
•
common denoting a noun naming waste: high-level . overheating and
• denot­
a material object: concrete destruction of the core: meltdown
• meltdown that continues through
ing a noun naming an idea, quality,
etc.: abstract . verbal noun: gerund the core and into the earth: China
syndrome . close down and decon­
novel • novel
depicting real persons
taminate a worn-out nuclear reactor:
or events but with changed names:
• novel
decommission
roman a clef depicting its
hero's early life: Bildungsroman nuclear weapon • nuclear

• family novel, usually dealing with weapon in which the explosion is

several generations: roman-f1 euve caused by a chain reaction: atom
• novel presented as a series of letters: bomb, fission bomb • nuclear

epistolary novel • horror novel with weapon in which the explosion is

a medieval setting: goth ic novel caused by a single high-temperature
• short light novel: novelette • novel reaction:
fusion bomb, hyd rogen
flouting literary conventions: anti­ bomb, thermonuclear bomb . nu­
novel • extended short story: novella clear weapon designed to destroy life
• novel's story-line: plot • principal but not buildings: neutron bomb
character in a novel: protagonist . denoting a nuclear weapon produ­
• scene reverting to an earlier dra­ cing little fallout: clean • denoting a
matic time: flashback .. see also fic­ nuclear weapon producing much fall­
tion, story out: di rty . denoting a nuclear
nuclear reacto r • nuclear reactor weapon of low explosive force: low­
producing more nuclear fuel than it yield . denoting non-nuclear weap­
consumes: breeder • breeder reactor onry: conventional • ball of hot gas
not using a moderator: fast breeder generated by a nuclear explosion: fire­
• nuclear reactor converting fertile ball • atmospheric radioactive par­
into fissile material: converter • de­ ticles left by a nuclear explosion: fall­
noting a reactor in self-sustaining re­ out • cold and darkness following the
action: critical • minimum fissile ma­ explosion of many nuclear warheads:
terial needed for a nuclear reaction: nuclear wi nter . possession of nu­
critical mass . conversion of matter clear weaponry, imagined to frighten
to energy in a nuclear reaction: anni­ aggressors: deterrent • imagined
hilation • central part o f a nuclear re­ protection gained by alliance with a
actor: core • denoting nuclei that can nuclear power: nuclear umbrella
243 nucleus I number

• nuclear capacity beyond that re­ • number multiplying a n algebraic

quired for universal destruction: over­ variable: coefficient • number show­
kill • strengthen against nuclear at­ ing the result of multiplication: prod­
tack: harden • stage in a war when uct • number whose product with an­
nuclear weapons might be employed: other stated number is unity:
nuclear threshold . nuclear attack reciprocal • product of multiplying a
intended to destroy the enemy's nu­ number by itself: power • product of
clear arsenal: first stri ke, pre-em ptive a number multiplied once by itself:
strike . retaliatory nuclear attack: square • product of a number multi­
second stri ke . point on the earth's plied twice by itself: cube • number
surface directly above or below an ex­ that when multiplied to a certain
ploding nuclear bomb: g round zero power gives a stated product: root,
nucleus _ positively charged par- radical • number to be divided: divi­
ticle in an atom's nucleus: p roton dend • number by which division is
. negatively charged particle in an made: divisor • number by which an­
atom's nucleus: neutron • negatively other is exactly divisible: factor
charged particle orbiting an atom's • number showing the result of div­
nucleus: electron • reaction causing ision: quotient • number left over in
the splitting of a nucleus: fission division: remainder • number or
. reaction causing the fusion of sev­ symbol on which a numeration scale
eral nuclei: fusion • force involved in is based: base, ra dix • numeration
the decay of nuclei: weak force scale based on 2: binary system • nu­
nud ity • full exposure of the front of meration scale based on 3: ternary
the body: fu ll-frontal nud ity . social system • numeration scale based on
nudity: naturism, nudism 8:octal system . numeration scale
based on 10: decimal system • nu­
number • adjective: 'numerical
meration scale based on 1 2: du odeci­
. number indicating quantity: car­
• numeration
• number
dinal number indicating
mal system scale
based on 16: hexadecimal system
position in a sequence: ordinal num­
•
ber • positive whole number: natural
number to which a logarithm be­

number . number greater than any

longs: antilogarithm . numeric nota­

•
countable number: infin ity number tion beginning 1, 2, 3: Arabic nu­
merals • numeric notation
that can be expressed as a whole­
number ratio: rational number beginning i, ii, iii: Roman nu merals
• number without fractions: whole • number progression i n a fixed ratio:
nu mber, integer • number consisting geometric progression _ number

of an integer and a proper fraction: progression by a fixed sum: arithmetic

mixed number • integer divisible progression • numerical proportion
only by itself and 1: prime number expressing the relative size of two
. number not so limited: composite populations: ratio • denoting a num­
number • number to be added to an­ ber correct to the nearest 10 or 100
other: summan i:i . number showing (etc): round • denoting a number re­
the result of addition: sum • number peated indefinitely: recurri n g . fig­
from which another is to be sub­ ure, symbol, etc. denoting a number:
tracted: m i n uend . number to be numeral • consisting of numbers and
subtracted from another: subtrahend letters:alphanum eric . fixed or per­
• number showing the result of sub­ mitted number: quota • number allo­
traction: difference . number to be cated to an individual to validate his
multiplied with another: m u ltiplicand electronic transactions: personal
number plate I nymph 244

identification numbe r . person col­ ing homes to give advice: health vis­
lecting locomotive numbers as a itor . nurse assisting women in la­
hobby: trainspotter . study of num­ bour: midwife • nurse in charge of
bers' occult significance: numerology others: nursing officer, matron, sis­
number plate • dealers' temporary ter, ward manager
number plate for unlicensed motor ve- n u rsery • day nursery for pre­
hicles: trade plates school children: creche • nurse car­
nun • beginner nun: novice, oblate, ing for a baby without breastfeeding
postulant • chief nun: abbess, it: dry-nu rse . nurse caring for a
mother superior . nun mostly con­ baby and breastfeeding it: wet-nurse
cerned with manual work: lay sister nut' . combining forms: nuci-
• take monastic vows: be
• large
professed . mit's soft interior: kernel
• nun's cap: coif . nun's covering for seed of the tropical palm: coconut
the head and neck: wimple • nun's . nut-eating: nucivorous
room: cell • denoting a nun wearing
• nut
• community
no shoes: discalced of nut2 screwed down o n another:
nuns, or its buildings: conve nt, nun­ locknut . nut with projections for
nery • school run b y nuns: convent, the fingers to turn: wing nut . flat
•
convent school society of nuns ring under a nut: washer
under a particular rule: order nylon • unit of fineness for nylon
nun nery • adjective:
claustral yarn: denier
• small nunnery: priory • nunnery nymph • mountain nymph: oread
room for conversation: parlour . fresh-water nymph: naiad . sea
• tree
. nunnery dining hall: refectory nymph: nereid nymph: hama­
n u rse . nurse visiting patients' dryad • wood nymph: d ryad , hama-
homes: district nurse . nurse visit- dryad
 00
oath . oath (formerly) taken by holder: incumbent, occupant . for­
trainee doctors: H ippocratic oath mal inauguration of office: ind uction,
• evidence given under oath: depos­ instal lation • period o f holding of­
ition • written statement made under fice: tenure • ending a term of office:
oath: affidavit • solicitor entitled to outgoing
• barrister's
administer oaths: Commissioner for office' office: cham­
Oaths bers .judge's office for private hear­
, o bedience • demanding obedience: ings: cham bers • rolling reallocation
peremptory • stubbornly disobedi­ of office accommodation: hot­
ent: refractory • person refusing deski ng, hot-seati ng . office work­
obedience: recusant ers' headaches and respiratory prob­
objection • open to objection: ex­ lems, thought to be caused by poor
ceptionable ventilation: sick building syndrome
objective • compromise between official . chief official:
princi pal
two mutually incompatible objectives: . senior administrative official: chief
trade-off executive • powerful official: manda­
obligation . failure to fulfil an obli­ rin • career official in a large bureau­
gation: default cracy: apparatch i k • official in the
state bureaucracy: civil servant • of­
observation • close and constant
ficial who calls meetings: convenor
observation: s u rveillance . judge's
• official implementing the decisions
observation made in passing: obiter
of others: executive • official ensur­
dictum . derived from observation
ing that rules are kept: referee, um­
rather than logic: empi rical
pire • state official based abroad to
obsolescence • not prone to obso- assist his compatriots: consul • offi­
lescence: future-proof cial representing a state abroad: dip­
octave below . combining form: lomat . official controlling the Col­
contra- (e_g. contrabass) lege of Arms: Earl Marshal • official
• denoting
odds odds that reflect a overseeing state ceremonial and
• denoting
high probability: short grants of arms: herald . official au­
odds that reflect a remote probability: diting local authority accounts: dis­
long trict aud itor • court or municipal of­
ficial making public announcements:
offa l . deer's offal: u m bles . fowl's
crier • official appointed to manage
offal: giblets • animal lungs as offal:
the affairs of bankrupts: receiver
lights
• official examining bus tickets: in­
• offer
• church
offer to perform a specified spector official leading pro­
• be
•
job at a specified price: tender cessions etc.: verger church official
the first to whom something will be in charge of vestments etc.: sacristan
offered: have first refusal . former parish official carrying out
office' • combining form: -ship (e.g. minor punishments etc.: beadle
ambassadorship) • current office- • coal mine safety official: deputy
official I oil well 246

• official investigating complaints ficial status: ex officio • start an of­

against public authorities: Ombuds­ ficial job: take office • use of one's
man, Parliamentary Commissioner official position for personal gain: job­
for Ad ministration • official inquir­ bery . elaborate establishment with
ing into the cause of a person's death: many officials: bureaucracy . stif­
coroner • official conducting an elec­ ling effects of excessive bureaucracy:
tion: retu rning officer • official red tape • official permission or
supervising the running of some pub­ approval: clearance • official ban:
lic event: steward . person man­ embarg o • official order: ed ict to of­
aging a school's or college's finances: ficial order having the force of law: de­
bursar • official in charge of hounds: cree • person exercising power with­

huntsman • government official in­ out having any office: eminence

specting imports: customs officer grise
• official controlling a company's in­ offspring • offspring of a cat, rabbit,
vestments: fund manager • senior or ferret: kitten • offspring of a dog:
UK law officer: Director of Public Pro­ pup, whel p • offspring of a fox, bear,
secutions • company official ensur­ or lion: cub • offspring of a swan:
ing the legality of transactions: com- cyg net • group of animals produced
pliance officer • university's at a birth: litter • smallest member of
ceremonial mace-bearer: beadle a litter: runt • denoting offspring de­
• mosque official calling the faithful pendent on their parents for some
to prayer: muezzin . official super­ time after birth: altricial . denoting
vising those, placed on probation: pro­ offspring able to feed themselves soon
bation officer • official responsible after birth: precocial ..jar offspring
for records: registrar • official in oj other animals see the appropriate
charge of court or council records: entry
clerk • official in charge of a railway oil . combining jorm: ole- . adjec­
station: stationmaster • officials tive: oleaginous . oil suitable for
controlling a river or port: conser­ most engines: multigrade • diesel oil
vancy . Roman official interpreting for road vehicles: derv . flower-petal
omens: augur, haruspex . official oil used in scent-making: attar . oil
managing a royal household: cham­ distilled from plants etc.: essential oil
berlain • official in charge of royal • sacramental oil: chrism, unguent

ceremonial: Lord Great Chamberlain • rub with sacramental oil: anoint

. hereditary official offering to fight . sweet-scented tropical essential oil:

for the monarch's right to the throne: ylang-ylang . layer of oil floating on
Champion of England • official sup­ water: slick • device collecting this:
pressing published material held to be skimmer . oil store at the end of a
obscene or harmful to state security: pipeline: term inal
censor • area tax official: inspector o i l well . first successful well i n a
of taxes • court official serving writs new oilfield:discovery well . well
etc.: bail iff, tipstaff . denoting an of­ needing no pumps: gusher . struc­
ficial appointed but not yet in his post: ture above an oil well: platform, rig
deSignate, elect • denoting an offi­ • framework holding the drill: derrick
cial receiving no pay: honorary . de­ • seabed steel frame supporting a rig:
noting a retired official:emeritus jacket •
person directing the drilling
. appointment of officials in rotation on an oil rig: tool pusher • oil rig la­
rather than according to merit: bourer: roustabout . accommoda­
Buggins' turn • by virtue of one's of- tion ship for offshore rig staff: floatel
247 ointment I opinion

ointment . lip-ointment: l ipsalve onion • small onion planted instead

• pain-relieving ointment: liniment of seed: set
• skin
• opening
ointment: balm, balsam, salve
opening of the nose: nos­
okra • okra in Indian cuisine: tril . opening for liquids or gases to
bhindi escape: vent
• open
old e combiningforms: archaeo- (e.g.
open space space along the
archaeology), palaeo- (e.g. palaeo­
sea front in a seaside town: esplan­
• open
botany)
ade, promenade space in
old age e combining form: geront­ front of a building: forecourt, con­
(e.g. gerontocracy) • adjective:
course
gerontic . elderly and infirm: de­
crepit e shrivelled with old age: wiz­ opera . opera sung throughout:
ened e dark skin patches in the aged: grand opera • opera comprised of
lentigo, senile maculation • time of separate musical items: number
life when fertility and sexual drives opera • opera with spoken dialogue:
decline: climacteric • mental and operetta • word-book of an opera: li­
physical decay characteristic of old bretto • running translation of an
age: infirm ity, senescence, senility opera displayed above the stage: sur­
. progressive mental decay of the eld­ titles . famous female opera singer:
erly: senile dementia, Alzheimer'S diva • person teaching opera singers
d i sease • period of senile decay: dot­ their music: repetiteu r • person sta­
age • person in this ·state: dotard ging an opera: producer e general
e medical and social care of old manager of an opera house: i ntendant
people: geri atrics • place providing e contemporary chamber opera:
daytime social supervision for the eld­ music theatre
day centre • person in his six­
• operation
erly:
operation
sexagenarian • person in his
to improve
ties:
one's appearance: cosmetic su rgery
seventies: septagenarian e person in
• operation
his eighties: octogenarian • person
to remove an appendix:

in his nineties: nonagenarian • per­

appendectomy, a ppendicectomy
. operation to create an alternative
son a hundred or more years old:
blood vessel: bypass e operation to
centenarian e study of old age: ger­
ontology � see also senior citizen remove a breast: mastectomy e oper­
ation to remove a breast tumour:
old-fash ioned e attractively old­
lumpectomy . operation to replace
an organ: tra n splant • operation to
fashioned: quaint
old woman • adjective: anile remove the ovaries: oophorectomy
olive oil • denoting oil of the finest e operation to transfer tissue: g raft
quality: extra virg i n • denoting oil of e child delivery by cutting the wall of
the next best quality: virgin the womb: Caesarean section
omelette • open omelette contain- e medication given before an oper­
ing chopped vegetables: Spanish om­ ation: pre-medication • hospital

elette room for operations: theatre • denot­

one .combiningforms: mon(o)- (e.g. ing a condition that cannot be oper­
monoplane). uni- (e.g.
unilateral) ated upon: inoperable
• the only one of its kind: unique
opinion . generally accepted opin­
. done b y one party only: unilateral ion: idee re�ue (pl. idees recues)
one and a half e combining form: • considered opmlOn: second
sesqui- (e.g. sesquicentenary) thoughts, standpoint • ask opinions:
opium I organ 248
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

canvass • assessment of public opin­ kinds of orange: mandarin, tangerine

ion by canvassing a representative . loose-skinned tangerine: satsuma
sample: opinion poll • person con­ • white spongy tissue inside an
ducting or analysing opinion polls: orange skin: pith
pollster . mass meeting to express orchestra . large orchestra: sym­
public opinion: demonstration, rally phony orchestra • small orchestra:
. hold a contrary opinion: d issent
chamber orchestra, sinfonia, si nfoni­
• person with opinions diverging from
etta • percussion orchestra of Java
• substantial
the general consensus: nonconform­ and Bali: gamelan
ist • refusal to consider the opinions
piece of orchestral music: sym phony
• substantial
of others: laager mental ity, tunnel vi­ piece for a soloist and or­
• person
sion adjusting his opinions
chestra: con certo • orchestra's first
to the mood of the time: trimmer • in­ violinist: leader, concertmaster • or­
tolerant of others' opinions: narrow­
chestral players' music stand: desk
mi nded, petty, smal l-m inded . writ­ . play several instruments in an or­
� see
ten statement of one's opinions and
chestra: doub!e also ensemble
intentions: position paper . person
airing contentious opinions to pro­ orbit . orbit that keeps a satellite
• de­
voke debate: devi l's advocate fixed over a terrestrial point: geosta­
signed to advance a particular point of tionary orbit • point in an orbit fur­
view: tendentious thest from the earth, moon, sun: apo­
gee, apolune, aphelion • point in an
opium • adjective:
opiate • opium­
opiate • opium-like
orbit closest to the earth, moon, sun,
derived drug:
perigee, perilune, peri­
• opium-derived
object orbited:
compound: opioid
helion, periapsis (pl. periapses)
addictive painkillers: heroin, mor­
. star etc. round which a satellite
phine
orbits: primary
opponent • determined opponent of
order . order for supplies: requ isi­
change etc. : diehard
tion • order for a regularly repeated
opposite • combining forms: supply: standing order . order for
contra-, counter- (e. g. counteract) work to be undertaken: commission
• opposite
• order
side of the world: a ntipo­ for a person to attend a court:
des • word having the opposite summons, subpoena, process
• having
•
sense: antonym the oppos­ order sent from a higher to a lower
ite effect to that desired: cou nter­ court: mandamus . court order re­
productive • assert the opposite of: quiring a certain action to be per­
contradict formed or avoided: writ, injunction
opposition • non-violent oppos- • made to order: bespoke
• ordinary
ition: passive resistance
ordinary participants:
optician optician testing eyes, • rank and fi le the wishes • reflecting
prescribing, and making up prescrip­ or tastes of ordinary people: popul ist
tions: ophthalmic optician • opti­
organ ' . small organ whose pipes
cian making up prescriptions: dis­
are activated by pins attached to a re­
pe nsing optician
volving cylinder: barrel organ • foot­
oral • oral examination of an appli­ blown reed organ: harmonium
cant: interview • oral examination of
. cabinet for an organ's keyboards
•
academic candidate: viva and stops: console cabinet housing
orange • kind of orange having red­ the expressive section: swell box
dish flesh: blood orange • small • chief organ keyboard: great
249 organ I ornament
....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

• upper organ keyboard, with expres­ mittee . person within an organiza­

sive section: swell • lower organ key­ tion who betrays its secrets: mole
board, with soft stops: choir . organ • separate from an organization's con­

piece played at a church service: vol­ trol: hive off • split an organization
untary into a number of independent busi­
•
• organ
organ' producing gametes:
nesses: unbundle detailed practical

•
organization required to implement a
gonad imaging of internal organs
by high-frequency radio waves: mag­ plan: logistics
netic resonance imaging organ transpl ants • person giv­
ing organs for transplanting: donor
organism . organism living o n an­
• drug preventing rejection of these:
other: parasite • organism visible
cyclosporin . card authorizing use
only by microscope: micro-organism
•
of the holder's organs for medical pur­
small organisms floating in water:
•
poses after his death: donor card
plankton small organisms swim­
ming in water: nekton • basic unit of orgasm • ability to achieve an or­
a natural organism: cell • develop­ gasm: potency
ment of an organism: ontogenesis, orgy • adjective: orgiastic
ontogeny • cooperative interaction Orient • flat-bottomed Oriental sail­
between two different organisms: ing vessel: junk • Oriental covered
sym biosis • able to be decomposed litter: palanquin, palankeen
by living organisms: biodegradable
origin . combining form: -genous
• biology,
study of living organisms:
(e.g. indigenous) . ethnic origin: ex­
physiology, l ife sciences • study of
traction • place of origin of a work of
art: provenance • study of the ori­
the forms of living organisms: morph­
ology • study of micro-organisms:
gins of words: etymology • study of
microbiol ogy
the origins of names: onomastics
organization • established organ­
original . combining form: proto-
ization: i n stitution • separate but
(e.g. prototype), u r- (e.g. urtext)
dependent organization: satel lite
•
• organization
origination person who originates
sponsored but not con­
•
and activates artistic or commercial
trolled by government: quango or­
ganization supplying water, gas, etc. :
projects: ani mateur
public utility, util ity • organization Orkneys . adjective: Orcadian
training and regulating barristers: ornament • combining form: -let
Inn of Court . organization counsel­ (e.g. necklet) • small household orna­
ling distressed persons: Samaritans ment: gewgaw, knick-knack, tri nket
• organization's income: revenue • these collectively: bric-a-brac
. organizatiorull restructuring for . small decorative item: objet d'art
greater efficiency: stream lining (pl. objets d'art) • ornamental festoon
• simplification o f a n organization's of flowers, fruits, etc.: swag
hierarchy: delayering . reduction of . ornamental pattern: motif . orna­
an organization's size: downsizing, mental work of knotted cords: knot­
rationalization . put a previously ting, knotwork • ornamental
failing organization on the path to grooves: fluting • fine ornamental
success: turn round • statement of an wire work: filigree • intertwining
organization's aims and principles: decoration: meander • decorated
m i sson statement • committee es­ with leaves: fol iate • ornamental pat­
tablishing an organization's general terns of holes: openwork • ornamen­
principles of operation: steeri ng com- tal embedding of different materials:
orphan I Oxford University
.......... . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................... ············ ························ 1
·

I
in lay . wood inlay decorating furni­ ovary • combining form: oophor:!
ture: marq uetry . thin cord decorat­ • adjective: ovarian . ovary cell div- :
ing upholstery: piping . ornamental iding to form an ovum: I
strip of wood or stone: moulding • ovary cavity for the ovum:
• ornamental centrepiece for a dining • tube taking an ovum from the
table: epergne . flower-shaped orna­ ovid uct e inflammation of an
ment: fleuron • thin line of cream or oophoritis, ovaritis • surgical
icing decorating food: piping . panel­ moyal of the ovaries:
ling ornament: linenfold • ornamen­ ovariectomy, ovariotomy �
tal plant pot: jardiniere • ornamental over • combining forms:
hyper- (e.g. 1
support for a rail: baluster e orna­
hypernym) , su per- (e.g. superstruc- j
mentation imitating plaited straps:
ture, supererogation), supra-
strapwork • ankle ornament: anklet supramundane), sur- (e.g. surcharge)
• ornament worn round the upper
• that
• rigid
arm: arm let ornamental band overcome cannot be over­
worn round the wrist or ankle: ban­ come: insurmounta ble
gle, bracelet • ornamental chain overeating . compulsive overeat­
worn round the wrist or arm: bracelet ing: bulimia • bouts of overeating fol­
• small ornament worn to give lowed by self-induced vomiting and
magical protection: amu let • three­ fasting: bulimia nervosa
•
lobed ornamental design: trefo il
overlap arrange avoiding over·
• four-lobed ornamental design:
laps: stagger
quatrefoil � see also architecture
ovum 00- . de­
• person
. combining form:
orphan protecting an orph­
velopment of an ovum: oogenesis
an's interests: g uardian
. fertilized ovum: zygote . tube tak­
ostrich . adjective: struthious ing an ovum from the ovary: oviduct
• discharge ova from the ovary: ovu­
other . combining form: heter(o)­
(e.g. heterosexual), xeno- (e.g. xeno­ late
g raft) • among other people: inter own • all th� money and property
alios . among other things: inter owned by a person: estate
alia
owner • adjective: proprietary _ re­
otter . male otter: dog e otter's lair: cord of previous ownership: proven­
holt, lodge ance • person using or holding goods
• combining
out forms: eo, ec- (e.g. but not owning them: bai lee
ecstasy, literally 'standing out of one­ Oxford U niversity . adjective:
self), ex- • way out: egress, exit onian • Oxford university annual
• come out from somewhere or some­ feast:Encaenia • Oxford university
thing:emanate, emerge . force out: formal dress: subfusc • part of the
extrude term when undergraduates are ex­
outing . outing to an unspecified pected to be resident: fu ll term . au­
destination: mystery tour tumn term at Oxford: Michaelmas
term . winter term at Oxford: H ilary
• outline
outline representation:
term • summer term at Oxford: Trin­
ity term • Oxford classics degree:
schema
outside • combining form: ecto­ Greats, Literae Humaniores . mem- i
(e.g. ectoplasm), exo- (e.g. exoskel­ ber of a university sports team: blue
eton), extra- (e. g. extracellular) . ori­ . member of the Oxford
ginating outside: exogenous police: bul ldog • Oxford and Cam- I
251 oxygen I ozone layer

bridge universities considered to­ flame: oxyacetylene . lack of oxy­

gether: Oxbridge • Oxford college gen: anoxia • enrich with oxygen:
examination or progress report: col­ oxygenate • combine chemically
lections . final university examin­ with oxygen: oxidize . exercises de­
ations at Oxford: schools . Oxford signed to increase the body's oxygen
college annual feast: gaudy • Oxford intake: aerobics . continuous cyclic
college servant: scout • Oxford col­ interconvertion of oxygen: oxygen
lege bil for food and accommodation: cycle
battels . confine within the college: ozone layer • thin area in the
gate . suspend a rusticate
student: ozone layer: ozone hole • refrigerant

oxygen • combining form: oxy­ and aerosol gas harmful to the ozone
• oxygen mixture giving a very hot layer: chlorofluorocarbon
 Pp
...................................................................................................................... .......................... II

packa ge tour • tour company em­ the back, hip, and outer leg: sciatica
ployee accompanying clients: courier • chest pain felt due to lack of blood in
• tour company employee stationed in the heart: angina, angina pectoris
a resort to assist its clients: repre­ • irrita ble
stress-related bowel pain:
sentative bowel synd rome • pains in
packaging • sealed packaging from children's limbs: growing pains
which the air has been removed: va­ • pain in the ear caused by changes in
cuum pack • denoting packaging de­ pressure during air travel: barotitis
signed to show if its contents have . kidney pain: nephralgia • muscle

been meddled with: tam per-evident pain: myalgia . painful contraction

• packing sheets containing small air of a muscle: cramp • painful stiffness
bubbles: bubble wrap • soft cotton or in the neck or back: crick • pain that
wool fabric used in packing: wadding shoots along a nerve: neuralgia
• soft wood shavings used i n packing: • pain from pressure on the spinal
wood wool • highlighted text on nerve: sciatica • pain in the side felt
packaging: flash while running: stitch • painful swell­
• absorbent
pad pad: swab ing on the big toe joint: bunion
• shrinking movement caused by pain
page • blank page at the start or end
or its expectation: flinch, wince
flyleaf • right-hand page of
•
of a book:
sexual pleasure deri" ed from inflict­
an open book: recto . left-hand page
algolagnia • designed to
of an open book: verso • extra-large
ing pain:
minimize pain: humane • drug that
page folded in to conform with the
• pain­
•
eases pain: analgesic
rest: gatefold piece of paper with a
relieving ointment: liniment . rub­
page printed on each side: folio, leaf
• set
bing the body to ease pain: massage
ofleaves folded inside each other:
• person skilled at this: masseur (fem.
sig nature, quire • stitching through
the back fold of a signature: saddle
masseuse) • liquid painkiler rubbed
• drug
stitch • arrangement of material on into the skin: em brocation

a page: layout • layout made from ex­

that prevents pain being felt: anaes­

isting elements: paste-up • denoting

thetic • inability to feel pain: anaes­
a book with worn pages: dog-eared thesia • instrument measuring pain:
• turn over pages casually: leaf dolorimeter . free from pain: com­
through . count a book's pages: pa­ forta ble
gi nate paint • glue-based paint for walls:
pain • combining forms: alg-, -algia diste mper • paint diluted with
.. sudden sharp pain: twinge • pain water: watercolour
emulsion,
felt away from its real source: referred . paint diluted with egg-white: tem­
pain • painful
state evaporating with pera • oil-based paint: oils . kind of
continued effort: pain barrier • se­ paint with a slight sheen: eggshell
vere abdominal pain caused by wind • kind of paint with a high sheen:
or intestinal obstruction: colic • pain gloss • paint for bare surfaces:
in the lower back: lumbago • pain of primer . thin coat of water-based
253 painter I palm

paint: wash • denoting paint that is of a single colour: monochrome

not completely dry: tacky . liquid . painting in shades of grey: g risaille
with which pigments are mixed to . painting with thickened watercol­
make paints: medium • o i l used in ours: gouache • very small but
mixing paints: tu rpentine • syn­ detailed painting: min iature . appli­
thetic resin used in paints and adhe­ cation of thick layers of paint: im­
sives: polyurethane • liquid giving a pasto • painting
with tiny dots of
clear shiny surface when dry: varnish colour: pointillism, stipple • paint­

• solution for painting walls white: ing of domestic scenes: genre paint­
whitewash •
compressed-air device ing • painting o f inanimate objects:
providing a fine spray of paint: air­ sti ll l ife • painting's prepared sur­
brush • stone for grinding pigments: face: g round • preliminary design
muller . paint cleaner or remover for a painting: cartoon • make de­

made from soap and soda: sugar soap tailed alterations to a painting: re­
• portable burner giving a hot flame touch • clear resin applied to protect
for removing paint: blowlamp the surface of a painting: varnish
• painted surfaces: paintwork • small cracks on an old painting's
• covering for surfaces not to be surface: craquelure • reappearance
painted: masking penti­
of traces of earlier painting:

• adjective:
mento . prepared surface for paint­
pai nter painterly
ing: g round
• painter's
. wooden frame over
board for m�ing colours:
•
which canvas is fixed for painting:
palette painter's stick steadying
stretcher • gelatinous solution ap­
the brush hand: maulstick
plied to a canvas: size • wooden
painting . painting made onto a frame supporting a painting: easel
wall: mural • painting on wet plaster: • stick steadying a painter's hand:
fresco • painting on dry plaster: maulstick
secco • thin layer of diluted paint:
pair •
wash • gypsum for painting: gesso
pair of pistols or game birds:
brace . lasting relationship between
. painting on two hinged panels: dip­
pair bond
• painting
two persons or animals:
tych on three hinged
panels: triptych . painting on several Pakistani • type o f Pakistani food
hinged panels: polyptych • small that is cooked in a deep two-handled
easel painting: cabinet picture pan: balti • deep two-handled pan
. very small painting: miniature used to cook balti dishes: karahi
• circular painting: tondo (pl. tondi)
palace • adjective: palatial
. painting set behind an altar: altar­
piece . JapAnese scroll painting: palate • adjective: palatine • bony
kakemono . Tibetan religious scroll front part of the palate: hard palate
painting: ta nka • kind of abstract • fleshy rear part: soft pa late
painting made by random tipping of pale • unhealthily pale: pasty
paint onto the canvas: action painting
• execution of a painting: facture Palestin ian . Palestinian oppos­

• minor
ition to Israeli occupation of the West
figures in a painting: staffage
• representation of light and shade in
Bank: Intifada . fundamentalist Pal-
estinian liberation movement:
a painting: chiaroscuro .juxtapos­
ition of different colours in a painting:
Hamas
contrast • painting intended to give palm . palm's compound leaf: frond
a deceptive three-dimensional view: . large seed o f the tropical palm: co­
trompe l'oeil . painting in shades conut . palm fibre used for making
palmistry I para lysis 254
I ·
-I
hats etc.: raffia . edible starch ob­ for top copies: bond • quality of
tained from certain palms: sago paper used for carbon copies etc.:

palmistry . line indicating length

bank . paper and glue mix harden­
ing when dry: papier mache • board
of life: lifeli ne
made from glued layers of paper:
pancake • thin pancake: crepe pasteboard . Japanese art of paper
• pancake of grated potatoes: galette origami • apparatus cutting
folding:,
• flamed dessert pancake: crepe a block of paper: guillotine . device
Susette (pl. crepes Susette) . Rus­
inserting sheets of paper into a ma­
• race
sian pancake: blini
chine: paper feed following a
pancreas • inflammation of the trail of torn-up paper: pa perchase
•
• cord
pancreas: pancreatitis surgical re­
parachute opening a para­
• cord
moval of the pancreas: pan­ chute: ripcord fixed to the air­
createctomy
craft to open a parachute: static line
pantomime . leading male role, • expanding part o f a parachute that
usually played by a young woman: arrests and directs its movement: can­
principal boy . leading female role, opy • ropes that hold and control a
usually played by a young woman: parachute's canopy: shrouds • para­
principal g i rl • elderly female panto­ chute used to decelerate a landing air­
mime character, usually played by a craft: d rogue . parachuting in of
man: dame supplies: airdrop, paradrop • para­
paper • thick drawing paper: cart­ chute gliding from a height: paragl id­
ridge paper • strong brown envelope ing, parapente, parascending
paper: Manila • waxed paper for • parachute sport o f being pulled b y a
cookery: g reaseproof paper . very fast boat: parasailing, parascending
thin book paper: India paper . poor • sport o f being dropped b y parachute
paper used for newspapers: newsprint before skiing or water-skiing:
• crinkly paper for decorations: crepe paraskiing . troops trained in para­
paper . small twisted-up piece of chuting: paratroops
paper: screw • thin strip of paper: parallelism • parallelism drawn be­
spill • abrasive paper: sandpaper tween two things: analogy . quadri­
• sheet of thin paper foldable to make
lateral with two sets of parallel sides:
its own envelope: air letter, aero­
rhombus . quadrilateral with one
gramme . small printed sheet of set of parallel sides: trapezi u m
paper: leaflet • small piece of paper:
slip • single thickness of paper in a paralysis . combining/orm: -plegia
book: leaf . front side of a sheet of • paralysis from the neck down:
paper: recto • reverse side of a sheet quadriplegia, tetraplegia • paralysis

of paper: verso • roll of paper for from the waist down: paraplegia
continuous printing: web • denoting • paralysis of one side of the body:
paper with a finely ribbed surface: hemiplegia • symmetrical paralysis
laid . denoting paper with a smooth on both sides of the body: diplegia
surface: wove • denoting paper dis­ . paralysis of a single limb or area:
coloured by brown spots: foxed monoplegia • paralysis of all four
• typeof grass used to make paper: es­ limbs: quadriplegia, tetraplegia
parto, esparto g rass . soft mass of • sudden temporary paralysis: cata­
fibres for papermaking: pulp plexy • partial paralysis: paresis
. maker's emblem i n a sheet o f paper: • infectious disease causing paralysis:
watermark . quality of paper used poliomyelitis
255 parasite I parliament

parasite • parasite living outside referred to in debate by a member of

its host: ectoparas ite • parasite liv­ the other house: another place
ing inside its host: endoparasite • name of certain countries' parlia­
• parasite living upon another para­ ment: diet . lower house of the
site: hyperparasite • parasitic flat­ French parliament: Assembh�e
worm: fl uke • blood-sucking para­ Nationale • upper house of the
site: leech • presence of parasites in French parliament: Simat • lower
the blood: parasitaemia • creature house of the German parliament:
on or in which a parasite lives: host Bundestag • upper house of the Ger­
• organism transmitting a parasite man parliament: Bundesrat . head
from one host to another: vector of the German and Austrian parlia­
• study of parasites: parasitology ments: chancellor • parliament in
pardon • general pardon: amnesty Guernsey, Jersey, and Alderney:
States • Iranian Majlis
parliament:
• state
• Irish
parent payment made to par­
parliament:Oireachtas
•
• upper
ents: child benefit person bringing
house of this: Seanad
• Manx
up children without a partner:single
. lower house of this: Dail
parent • having parental responsibil­
parliament: Tynwald
ity: in loco parentis • parental re­
. lower house
of this: House of Keys • Norwegian
sponsibility of divorcees: custody
parliament: Storting • lower house of
• child
the Russian parliament: Duma • US
without living parents:
orphan
parliament: Congress • upper house
Paris • underground railway in of this: Senate . lower house of this:
Paris: metro • pleasure boat on the House of Representatives • denot­
Seine at Paris: bateau mouche ing a parliament in which no party
parish • adjective: paroch ial . se­ has an overall majority: hung . de­
nior lay person in an ecclesiastical noting a parliament having a single
parish: churchwarden . churchwar­ legislative chamber: u nicameral
den's assistant: sides man • parish • denoting a parliament having two le­
merry-making held at or near the pat­ gislative chambers: bicameral . de­
feast, wakes
ronal feast: � see also noting a parliament having three
Church of England legislative chambers: tricameral
• document laid before parliament by
parking . park alongside a vehicle
the government: Command Paper
that stands at the side of the road:
• barristers drafting parliamentary
double-park . machine selling park­
• draft
ing time: parl\ing meter • railway
bills: Parliamentary Counsel
law submitted for parliamentary dis­
station offering plentiful parking:
parkway cussion: bill • person introducing a
bill: sponsor • proposed change to a
• natural
Parkinson's d i sease bill: amendment • stage in the pro­
compound used to treat this: dopa gress of a bill through parliament:
parliament • sovereign's speech reading • initial parliamentary pre­
outlining proposed legislation for a sentation of a bill: i ntrod uction, first
parliamentary session: Queen's (or reading • second presentation, seek­
King's) Speech • section of parlia­ ing general approval: second reading
ment conducting its own meetings: • third stage o f a bill's progress, when
house • room where this meets: it is considered in detail by a select
chamber • antechamber to this: group of MPs: comm ittee stage
lobby • either house of parliament as • group from either house examining
parliament I particle 256

a bill in detail: committee • commit­ ing in the chamber for party leaders:
tee chairman's report to the house: re­ front bench . secure the adjourn­
port stage • debate of this report: ment of the house when inquorate:
third reading . amendment to a bill count out • parliamentary holiday:
at its third reading: rider • delaying recess • period during which parlia­
tactics in debate: filibuster, obstruc­ ment meets regularly: session • dis­
tionism, talking out • time-limit im­ continve a parliamentary session:
posed to speed debate: guillotine prorogue . resume a parliamentary
• text of a law as approved by parlia­ session: recall • dismissal of parlia­
ment: act . passing of an act by par­ ment: d issolution • Crown document
liament: enactment • daily record of instituting a parliamentary election:
parliamentary proceedings: Journal writ . contrary to the rules or cus­
• parliamentary vote: division toms of parliament: u n parliamentary
• place for this: division lobby • div­
� see also cabinet, debate, House of
ision where members may vote as Commons, House of Lords, meeting
they wish: free vote • party direction parrot • adjective:
pSittacine
to members on voting: whip • this . large parrot: macaw • small green
couched in the most urgent terms: parrot: parakeet • pneumonia-like
three-line whip • vote for the motion: disease caught by humans from par­
aye • vote against it: no • person rots: psittacosis
counting division votes: teller • bell
part • principal part: staple . set of
•
rung to warn that a division is immi­
parts for assembly: kit set of parts
nent: division bell . make laws: le­ forming a complex whole: system
gislate • body doing this: legislature • interrelation of component parts:
• composed
. having power to legislate on all topology of similar
• denoting
topics: o mnicompetent parts: homogeneous • composed of
legislation coming into force unless dissimilar parts: heterogeneous
parliament votes against it: negative . having two parts: binary, bipartite,
• piece of legislation affecting all or double, dual, duple . having three
most citizens: public act • piece of le­ parts: ternary, tripartite, triple . hav­
gislation affecting a company or indi­ ing four parts: quadripartite, quadru­
vidual: private act . practice of sit­ ple . having five parts: q uintuple
ting round a speaker appearing on . having six parts: sexpartite, sextu­
television: doughnutting • members ple • separation into constituent
of a house of parliament viewed col­ parts: resolution • arrangement of
lectively: chamber • member of par­ constituent parts: structure • take
liament having no government office: part: participate

• combining form: demi- (e.g.

private member . member of parlia­
partly
ment's immunity from prosecution
demigod), semi- (e.g. semiconscious),
for remarks made in debate: parlia­
sub- (e.g. subtropical)
mentary privi lege • parliamentary

party next in size to that in power: the partici pate • choose to participate:
Opposition • party official respon­ opt in . number participating in an
sible for parliamentary members' at­ event: turnout
tendance and discipline: whip particle • positively charged par­
• money voted annually by parliament ticle in an atom's nucleus: proton
to the royal family: Civil List . parlia­ . chargeless particle in an atom's nu­
mentary allowance for the sovereign's cleus: neutron • small chargeless
private expenses: privy purse • seat- particle: neutrin o • proton or neu-
257 partner I pastry

tron: nucleon . negatively charged passport • endorsement on a pass­

particle orbiting an atom's nucleus: port: visa
• dealing with the past: retro­
electron . particle representing a past
• highly
quantum of light: photon spective • wistful longing for the
• interpretation of
energized particle travelling through past: nostalgia
space: cosmic ray • assumed particle the past in terms of the present:
•
carrying a fractional electric charge: presentism in a style typical of
quark • assumed one-dimensional some past era: period
string •
• pasta
particle: assumed particle
pasta shaped like butterfly
vir­
having short life but great energy:
farfalle . ear-shaped pasta:
• binding
wings:
orecchiette • pasta envelopes: ravio l i
tual particle particle:
meson . large meson: pi-meson,
• ribbon-shaped fettucine
pion • large unstable electron: muon
pasta:
. pasta in narrow ribbons: ta gliatelle
• protein particle believed to cause
. pasta in small rice-like grains:
• small
mad cow disease: prion . subatomic
orzo pasta rings stuffed with
particle having the same mass but op­
cheese or tortel lini
vegetables:
• • spiral­
posite electrical properties to a named
sheet lasagne
pasta:
shaped pasta: fusilli • pasta in long
particle: antiparticle . total number
of protons and neutrons in a nucleus:
strings: spaghetti . pasta in short
mass number . device moving par­
thin strips: Iinguine . pasta in long
thin strips: noodles • pasta in long
ticles at high speeds: accelerator
• accelerator straighi-line
slender threads: verm icelli • pasta in
for par­
ticles: li near accelerator . tempera­
narrow tubes: macaroni . pasta in
• pasta
ture at which particle movement
large tubes: manicotti
in short wide tubes: penne • pasta in
would be minimal: absol ute zero
• study
short fluted tubes: rigatoni • kind of
of subatomic particles:
• mathematical
wheat used for pasta: d urum • Italian
microphysics de­
scription of particles' motion and
pasta sauces: bolognese, carbonara,
interaction: quantum mechanics
marinara, napolitana, pesto
•
• paste
partner inactive business partner:
paste of almonds, sugar, and
sleeping partner eggs: marzipan • goose liver paste:
party • evening party: soiree pate de foie gras • maize-flour paste:
• party at a new home: house­ polenta • seasoned paste of finely
warm ing . party at which food is minced meat or fish: pate • coarse

grilled and consumed out of doors: paste of pork and liver: pate de
barbecue • party for women only: campagne • thick paste of sugar and
hen party • party for men only: stag water: fo ndant
party • wildly licentious party: orgy pastry • soft light pastry: choux
• attend a party uninvited: gatecrash pastry . light flaky pastry: puff pas­
� see also political party try • pastry rolled into thin leaves:
pass • catch up with and pass: over­ filo pastry • pastry with a high pro­
take portion of fat: short pastry • pastry
envelope: puff • pastry envelope
passion • passionate appeal: cri de
filed with seasoned meat and veget­
pasty • this with meat and po­
cceur (pl. cris de cceur)
ables:
Passover • adjective: paschal tato:Cornish pasty • sweet pastry
• Passover ceremonies and feast: enclosing chocolate: pain au chocolat
Seder • Passover bread: matzo • sweet pastry filled with currants:
• Jews' name for Passover: Pesach Eccles cake • puff pastry filled with
patch I payment 258

jam and cream: millefeuille . soft pause • brief pause in a court or

pastry finger filed with cream: eclair parliamentary session: adjournment
• open pastry case with filg: flan . pause for holidays in a court ses­
. flan with a savoury egg-thickened sion: vacation • pause for holidays in
filing: quiche . crescent-shaped pas­ a parliamentary session: recess
try roll: croissant • denoting food . pause in the middle of a line of
cooked in a pastry case: en croute verse: -caesura
• fat
• paving
used for making pastry: shorten­
paving with irregular flat
ing • place where pastries are sold: stones: crazy paving . paving with
patisserie rounded stones: cobbles
patch • having black and white
payment . single complete pay­
patches: piebald • having patches of ment: lump sum . money sent as
white and of some other colour (not payment: remittance . fixed annual
black): skewbald payment: annuity . forced payment:
path • broad public path along the exaction • payment demanded from
seaside: esplanade, promenade a defeated adversary: indemnity, rep­
• path alongside a canal: towpath aration • additional payment: sup­
. country path for walkers and plement • increase the value of a
horseriders: bridlepath, bridleway payment: uprate • extra payment for
• country path signposted to show nat­ good performance: bonus • payment

ural features: nature trail • raised

made before due date: advance . ad­
path over land liable to flooding: vance payment for a series of benefits:
• raised
causeway path used by subscription . sum paid to the
models in a fashion show: catwalk author for each copy sold: royalty
•
• puzzling
initial payment made to a barrister:
network of paths etc-:
retainer • subsequent payment made
maze
to a barrister in a long case: refresher
pathological condition .com- • payment calculated on distance trav­
bining form: -ism (e_g_ alcoholism) elled: mileage • payment calculated
patient . patient staying in hospital on the number of persons served: I
overnight: inpatient . hospital pa­ capitation fee • payment at early ter- Ii
tient not staying overnight: day pa­ mination of contract: severance pay
• payment
• patient
tient, outpatient recovering of someone's living ex-
penses: maintenance • payment for
from iless or treatment: convales­
• denoting
cent a patient whose con­ travelling etc_ expenses incurred on
duty: SUbsistence al lowance • ini­
dition is not deteriorating: stable
tial hire purchase payment: down
• involving patients: clinical • bed­
payment • payment made in kind:
ridden patient's receptacle for urine
truck . payment made to redundant
and faeces: bedpan . record of a pa­
executive: golden handshake, golden
tient's previous ilesses, treatments,
parachute . one of a series of pay­
etc_: case history
ments: instalment . make a single
pattern • area of growing crops flat­ payment instead of a series: commute
tened to form a pattern: crop circle • divorced person's payment to former
. rigid sheet containing a cut-out pat­ spouse: maintenance • payment
tern: stencil • shaped piece used as a made by the state to a certain cat­
pattern for a cutting process: tem­ egory of needy persons: benefit • ten­
plate . pattern of diferently col­ ant's payment: rent • union payment
oured squares: chequers to striking members: strike pay
259 pea I pension

• payment for work done: remuner­ tary peer 5 peer with a non-heritable
ation, wage, salary • payment for title: l ife peer
• payment
• headless
extra work: overtime
peg cylindrical peg:
made for services not officially
dowe l
charged for: honorarium . denoting
Peking • currently preferred trans­
a payment made without any admis­
•
sion of obligation: ex gratia ar­ literation: Beijing
rangement to pay for goods on deliv­ pen • pen made from a feather: quill
ery to purchaser: cash on del ivery • pen with a n ink reservoir o r cart­
• written order for payment: d raft ridge: fountain pen • fluorescent
. document acknowledging payment: marker pen: high lighter • pen's writ­
receipt • make persistent demands ing end: nib

•
for payment: dun . day on which
penalty surrender a s a penalty:
quarterly payments become due:
forfeit
quarter day • event at which each
participant pays for himself: Dutch penc i l • pencil that can write on
treat • denoting deductions etc. shiny chinagraph • col­
surfaces:
taken from a payment before it is oured pencil: crayon • crayon of pow­
made: at sou rce • partial return of dered pigments: pastel
payment made: rebate • complete re­ penguin • penguin breeding
turn of payment made: refu nd • done ground: rookery
without payment: honorary, volun­
penis • adjective: penile . an erect
tary
penis or a representation of one: phal­
pea . large type of pea: marrowfat lus (pl. phalli) • phallus as a Hindu
pea • pea eaten with its pod: lingam • erectile tis­
symbol of Shiva:
mangetout corpus cavernosum
sue in the penis:
peafowl . adjective: pavonine . fe­ (pl. corpora cavernosa), corpus
male peafowl: peahen . male pea­ spongiosum (pl. corpora spongiosa)
• penis bone in certain mammals:
fowl: peacock
bacu lum, os penis • rounded end of
• paste
peanut of ground roasted the penis: glans • skin hood covering
• enlarged
peanuts: peanut butter this: foreskin, prepuce
pear • alcoholic drink made from and rigid state of the penis: e rection
pear-juice : perry • having an erect penis: ithyph allic

• ability t o achieve a n erection: po­

• pearl
tency • persistent and painful erec­
pearl of the highest quality:
• pearl
tion: priapism • sebaceous secretion
orient formed by deliberate

under the foreskin: smegma • oral

seeding: cultured pearl
pedestria n • safe area for pedes­ stimulation of the penis: fe llatio
trians between traffic lanes: island, • cover for the penis during sexual ac­
refuge • pedestrian crossings con­ tivity: condom, sheath • surgery to
trolled by traffic lights: pelican cros­ construct, repair, or enlarge a penis:
sing, puffin crossing • flashing yel­ phalloplasty • surgical removal of
low globe at either end of a pedestrian the penis:penectomy
• pedes­
• denoting
crossing: Belisha beacon
pension a pension fi­
trian tunnel: underpass, subway
nanced by the beneficiary: contribu­
peer • peer who seldom attends the tory • regular contributions funding
House of Lords: backwoodsman such a pension: su perann uation
• peer with a heritable title: hered i- • denoting a pension solely financed
people I performance 260

by the beneficiary: personal . denot­ • musical instrument using pitched

ing a pension transferrable to the metal bars: glockenspiel . small
beneficiary's subsequent employers: pieces of wood clicked together by
porta ble • denoting a pension Spanish dancers: castanets • gourd
scheme whose payments are made out filed with beans or stones: maraca
of current contributions: unfunded • percussion orchestra of Java and
• person receiving a pension or lodg­ Bali: gC\melan � see also drum
ings in return for prayers for the performance . preparation of ma­
donor's soul: beadsman terial to be performed: rehearsal
people • people constantly on the • performance of material not previ­
move: nomads • the common people: ously prepared: improvisation, sight­
canaille, hoi polloi, rabble, riff-raff reading • performance showing ex­
• intended for or done by the common ceptional skill:tour de force (pl. tours
people: popular • make accessible to de force) . first performance: first
ordinary people: popularize • re­ night, opening, premiere . perform­
presenting or concerned with the ance before the official first night: pre­
interests of ordinary people: popul ist view • single performance or the per­
sons attending it: house • single
pepper • red sweet pepper: pimento,
performance at a particular venue:
•
pim iento . husked pepper berries:
one-night stand continuous series
wh ite pepper • whole unripe pepper
of performances: ru n, season . per­
berries: black pepper
formance repeated at a series of
percussion • gourd filled with venues: tour • rotating performances
beans or stones: maraca • small of a number of works: repertory
pieces of wood clicked by the fingers: . short performance contributed to a
castanets • musical instrument larger programme: turn • perform­
using pitched wooden blocks: xylo­ ance given while the audience eat and
phone • deep-toned xylophone: ma­ drink: cabaret . variety show featur­
rimba • musical instrument using ing glamorous young women: follies
pitched metal bars: glockenspiel • short or minor piece performed be­
• pitched percussion orchestra of Bali fore the main work: curtain-raiser
and Java: gamelan • wordless theatrical performance:

•
mime . costumed static group re­
perception popular but inaccur­
presenting a scene from a play etc.:
ate or oversimplified perception:
ta bleau . visually striking perform­
stereotype •
ance: spectacle • denoting a theatri­
alleged ability to per­
ceive other than with the normal
cal performance given surrounded by
senses: extrasensory
perception
spectators: in the round . perform­
. quick to notice things: observa nt
• lacking in perception: imperceptive,
ance of a programme of music by a
soloist or chamber group: recital
impercipient • impossible to per­
. live performance by pop musicians:
ceive: imperceptible
gig • number of pop pieces per­
percussion instruments formed as a sequence: set . im­
• pitched set of bells or metal tubes: promptu performance by pop musi­
chimes . musical instrument using cians: jam, jam session
pitched wooden xylophone
blocks: • performance whose profits are given
• deep-toned xylophone: mari m ba to a named person, charity, etc.:
• concave brass plate: cymbal benefit • performance given at the
• metal disk with a turned rim: gong sovereign's request: command per-
261 performer I persuade

formance • special performance: sion: clearance, sanction • permis­

gala • sold-out performance: ful l sion to use copyright etc_ material: re­
house • afternoon performance: lease • written permISSIon for
matinee • farewell performance: medical treatment, organ donorship,
swansong • enclosed area for a cir­ etc. found on injured person: advance
cus performance: ring • scenery and directive
•
properties for a dramatic perform­
permit official permit: l icence
ance: set . series of venues at which
. customs permit for the temporary
a performance takes place: circuit import of a motor vehicle: carnet
• semi-official
• state-granted monopoly over the ex­
or avant-garde perform­
ances: fringe theatre • informal per­
ploitation of an invention: patent
• • permit
formances given in a public place:
holder of this: patentee
street theatre • person arranging
the existence of something disap­
performances: agent, im presario proved of: condone, tolerate
• person financing performances:
persecution • vindictive campaign
angel, backer, promoter . denoting
a performance given before an audi­ directed against a group by those
• nervousness
ence: live before or prejudiced against them: witch-h unt
during a performance: stage fright • person forced by persecution to
. formal assessment of an employee's leave his homeland: refugee
performance: appraisal , persist • grim persistence: dogged-
performer • chief performer: lead ness, perseverance
• brilliant performer: virtuoso • skil­ Persia . pre-Islamic religion of an­
ful performer: exponent • person cient Persia: Zoroastrianism
performing in the street: busker
• combining form: -ot (e. g.
• group
person
of performers working regu­
Cypriot) , -nik (e.g. beatnik), oster (e. g.
larly together: ensemble, troupe
youngster) • affecting a specific per·
• performer's professional name:
stage name • items known by
son only: in personam . for a par­
a per­
•
ticular person: ad hominem . per
former: re pertoire, re pertory first
person: per caput, per capita
public appearance of a performer:
debut personal ity • personality element:
strain, trait • inherited personality
period term . crit­
. fixed period:
• environmental
• tedious
traits: nature influ­
ical period:climacteric
period: longueur • immediately pre­
ences on personality: nurture . dull
and dependable: stolid • subject to
ceding period)' run-up, countdown
• immediately following period: se­
unpredictable mood changes: mercur­

quel • period when a sport is not ial • ingrained pattern of maladap­

• period of a
tive behaviour: personal ity d i sorder
played: close season
. personality disorder with extreme
ruling family's dominance: dynasty
. thing out of its time: anachronism
antisocial behaviour: SOCiopathy
• imagined intrusion of one age into perspective • perspective system
another: time warp using three axes 1200 apart: isometric
• point
• permission
permission to be ab­
system in a perspective sys­

sent from school: exeat • absence tem at which receding parallel lines

without permission: French leave seem to merge: vanishing point

• ecclesiastical permission to publish persuade • easily persuaded: pliant
a book: im primatur • official perm is- • persuade by flattery: cajole, i nveigle
Peru I photograph 262

. systematic persuasion: brainwash­ right if it benefits most people:

ing • refusal to be persuaded: obstin­ utilitarianism • theory that all
acy, obd u racy knowledge is derived from sense­

Peru . original inhabitants of Peru:

.experience: empiricism, phenomen­
alism • theory that knowledge
Incas . their supreme ruler: Inca
• Spanish conqueror of Peru: con­ cannot be proved objectively: subject­
ivism • theory that knowledge is val­
qu istador
idated by reason rather than experi­
• theory
petrol . combining form: petro­ ence: rationalism doubting
• jellied petrol used in incendiary the possibility of reliable knowledge:
bombs: napalm . denoting petrol scepticism . theory that the self is
without added lead: u nleaded . col all that can be known to exist: solip­
ourless hydrocarbon in petrol: octane sism e theory denying the duality of
• natural liquid from which petrol is mind and body: monism . theory
distilled: petroleum • establishment that all valid statements can be sub-
selling petrol to motorists: fi lling sta­ jected to rational proof: positivism,
tion, petrol station, service station logical positivism. theory that all
• crude bomb made by filling a bottle phenomena have natural causes: nat­
• theory
with petrol: Molotov cocktail uralism that natural pro­
petroleum . colourless volatile li- cesses have a purpose: fi nalism . the-
quid distilled from petroleum: white ory that practical utility
spirit . money earnt by exports of speculation's only justification:
petroleum: petrodollars instrumentalism, pragmatism • the-

phallus . adjective: priapic ory that universals have objective ex-

istence: rea lism • theory that univer-
Phil istine • god of the ancient Phil­
sals exist only as mental concepts:
istines: Dagon • gigantic Philistine
conceptualism, idealism . theory
warrior: Gol iath that universals have no real existence:
phi loso p hy • philosophical prin­ i m materialism, nominalism . theory
ciple: tenet • core of universally denying the real existence of any­
valid philosophical maxims: thing: nihilism . philosophical sys­
philosophia perennis • personal tem centred on human freedom and
philosophy of life : world view, experience: existentialism, human-
Weltanschauung . medieval West­ ism • philosophical study of
ern philosophical and theological sys­ concepts such as time and identity:
tem: scholasticism • philosophical metaphysics . philosophical study
procedure of questioning in pretended of the nature of knowledge: episte-
ignorance: Socratic i rony . supposed mology . Kant's absolute moral obli-
ultimate cause of all events: Fi rst gation: categorical i m perative e ex­
Cause . philosophy of law: jurispru­ pected superman of Nietzschean
dence . explanation of phenomena philosophy: O bermensch
• adjectives:
by the purpose they serve: teleology
phosphorus
• theory that free will does not exist:
phoric, phosphorous
determinism . theory that moral
photocopier • powder used in
truths exist independently of any
knowledge of them: objectivism photocopiers: toner
. theory that concepts of knowledge photog raph . early photograph
and morality are shaped by the soci­ using a silvered plate:
ety in which they are found: relativ­ . publicity photograph of actors in a
ism • theory that an action must be film scene: stil l • magazine item of
263 phrase I picture

photographs with linking text: physics . physics of biological phe­

photoessay . news communication nomena: biophysics • physics of the
by photographs: photojournalism earth and its structure: geophysics
• photograph taken through a micro­ • electron physics: electronics
scope: micrograph, photomicrograph . physics of heat and other forms of
• photograph with two semi­ energy: thermodynamics • low­

superimposed images giving a '3-D' ef­ temperature physics: cryogenics

fect: anaglyph • photographic image • exertion of force: work • area in
with lights and shades reversed: nega­ which a force is effective: field • dis­
tive • photographic print made by crete amount of energy etc. : q uantum
direct application of the negative: (pl. quanta) • heat required for
contact print . photograph printed change of state but not of tempera­
to a larger size: blow-up, enlarge­ ture: latent heat . subatomic unit of

ment . printed monochrome photo­

matter: particle . action of atomic

• photograph
and subatomic particles upon each
graph: half-tone
printed for projection: slide, trans­ other: interaction . dependence of
various physical phenomena on the
parency, dia positive . microphoto­
motion of the observer and the thing
graph no larger than a fullpoint:
•
• flat
observed: relativity single theory
microdot sheet of film contain­
for SUbatomic particle interactions:
ing microphotographs: microfiche
•
• denoting
g rand u n ified theory theory ac­
a photograph recording ac­
counting for two or more of the four
tual events: documentary . denoting
interactions: un ified fi eld theory
a photograph taken without the sub­
. theory that random phenomena are
ject's knowledge: candid • denoting a
in fact rule-bound: chaos theory
•
photograph taken against the light:
hypothesized four-dimensional fu­
contre-jour • device measuring the
sion of space and time: space-time
•
light available for photography: ex­ imagined distortion of space-time
posure meter, l ight meter . denoting enabling astronauts to breach the
an undeveloped image: latent • make
laws of physics: space wa rp
exposed film show a visible image: de­
piano • piano with horizontal
velop . room for developing photo­
graphs: darkroom • coloured light
strings: g rand piano • piano with
for darkroom use: safelight • clarity
vertical strings: upright . mechan­
ical piano: player-piano, pianola™
of detail shown by a photograph: reso­
• piano with modified tunings etc. for
lution . looking good when photo­
• session for
performing a particular piece: pre­
graphed: photogenic
pared piano • denoting a piano with
publicity photbgraphs: photocall,
crossing strings: overstrung • pad si­
photo opportunity
lencing a piano string: damper • pin
phrase • adjective: phrasal . key by which a piano string is tuned:
phrase: motto, watchword • stock wrest pin • mechanism allowing the
phrase: tag • phrase whose meaning hammer to return: escapement
is not deducible from those of its com­ • piano-player: pianist • art of piano­
ponent words: idiom . expression of playing: pian ism
a whole phrase as a single word: pickle . mustard vegetable pickle:
holophrasis • symbol standing for a piccalilli . spicy mixed pickle: chut­
phrase: logogram, logograph ney
physical • combining form: picture . p icture in a book: illust­
physico- (e.g. physico-chemical) ration, plate • picture of a person:
picture I pillar 264

portrait . artist's picture of himself from the observer: background

or herself: self-portrait . wall por­ • bright area of a picture: highlight
trait poster: pin-up • small picture • position taken by the living subject

set inside a larger one: inset • pic­ . of a picture: pose • representation of

ture etc. that can be printed onto an­ a word by pictures of objects whose
other surface by heat pressure: trans­ names make its syllables: rebus
fer • picture of Death leading all to • picture mount: matt • ornamental

the grave: dance of death, danse ma­ wooden strip for picture hooks: pic­
cabre • picture venerated in the ture rail . trim a picture's edges:
Eastern Church: icon • set of 14 pic­ crop
tures depicting Christ's journey to pie • pie thrown in slapstick comedy:
Calvary: Stations of the Cross • pic­ custard pie • small pie: pasty, patty

ture of an indoors scene: interior • pastry folded round a sweet filling:

• picture of an outdoors scene: exter­ turnover • small open pastry case
ior • picture portraying everyday with a savoury filling: vol-a u-vent
life: genre scene • picture of rural piece • piece left over: remainder,
life: pastoral • picture of the sea: remnant
seascape • picture of arranged ob­ piety • excessive piety: pietism
jects: stil l life • satirical picture: cari­
cature, cartoon • mental picture: pig . adjective: porcine • female pig:
• male • castrated
image • picture obtained by a cam­
sow pig: boar
male pig: hog • young female pig: gilt
era, telescope, mirror, etc.: image
• give birth to piglets: pig, farrow
• picture made by attaching items to
• piglets
• outline
born at a birth: litter, farrow
collage
• smallest runt • pig
the canvas: picture:
• picture
piglet in a litter:
silhouette
• pig's
made of small
raised for food: porker grunt:
• fruit
pieces of coloured stone or glass: mo­
oink
saic • such a piece:
of forest trees as pig food:
• waste
tessera (pl. tes­
mast food mixed with water
• meat
serae) . denoting a detailed and ob­
as pig food: swil l of a pig: pork
j ective picture: photoreal ist • clarity
• skin of a pork joint, roasted until
of a picture: definition, focus • delib­
crisp:crackling • crisp pieces of pork
erate slight blurring of an image: soft
fat:scratchings . pig intestines used
focus • range of tones in a picture: as food: chitterl ings • loaf of chopped
contrast • picture of a face built up pork offal: haslet • pig's feet used as
from standard elements: identikit"l1oI food: trotters • pig fat used in cook­
• picture of someone's face composed ing: lard • place where pigs live: pig­
from photographs of others: photofit sty, piggery
• young
. this built up on a computer screen:
• manipulation
pigeon unfledged pigeon:
videofit
• pigeon
of a digitized
squab
•
carrying written
image processing
• pigeon
image: gradual
messages: carrier pigeon
change of an image by computerized
• laser­
able to find its way home from great
techniques: morphing
distances: homer, homing pigeon
generated three-dimensional image:
pigment • dark body pigment: mel-
hologram . picture in the tones of
•
one colour only: monochrome sim­ anin
plified picture used to represent a pill • pill dissolving in the mouth:
word in certain ancient writing sys­ lozenge . pill's outer cover: capsule
tems: g lyph, pictograph • part of a pillar • combining form: styl- • rect­
picture nearer the observer: fore­ angular engaged pillar: pilaster • up­
g round . part of a picture further right stone erected in prehistoric
265 p i l l ow I place

times: men h i r . prehistoric circle of pipe' . long-stemmed clay pipe:

stone or wooden pillars: henge churchwarden . Amerindian peace
• classical pillar carved to resemble a pipe: calumet . Turkish tobacco
man: telamon • classical pillar pipe: chibouk • pipe
in which the
carved to resemble a woman: caryatid smoke is passed through water: hoo­
. Amerindian carved pillar: totem kah, narghile, water pipe . pipe for
pole . prehistoric ring of pillars: marijuana:chillum
• row
• pirate flag:
henge of pilars round a court­ p i rate Jolly Roger
yard or portico: peristyle • early
. device on this: skull and cross­
Christian saint living on the top of a bones
pilar: styl ite • denoting a pillar pro­
• beat
jecting from a wall: engaged • denot­
pistol someone with a pistol
butt: pistol-wh ip
ing a building having four pillars:
tetrastyle pit . farm storage pit: silo . pit for

• long
sewage: cesspit
pil low thick pillow: bolster
• correct
• aircraft
pitch musical pitch: inton­
pilot pilot for test runs:
• correctly true • co­
• Japanese
test pilot suicide pilot:
ation pitched:

kamikaze . pilot's unaccompanied

incidence in pitch: unison • above
•
• interactive
flight: solo training en­
true pitch: sharp below true pitch:
flat • musician's constant slight
vironment for pilots: fl ight simulator
• pitch
• denoting automatic piloting devices:
pitch oscillation: vibrato a
string by pressing it: stop • adjust a
f1y-by-wire
musical instrument to the desired
pin • split pin with openable ends:
pitch: tune . lower a pipe 's pitch by
•
cotter pin . wooden pin fastening
plugging its end: stop pitch range
timbers: treenail, trenail • support­
of a voice or musical composition: tes­
ing pin: trun nion
situra . phenomenon causing pitch­
pipe' • branched pipe: man ifold change in passing noises: Doppler
. adjustable tuning pipe: pitch-pipe effect . slow pitch-distortion of re­
• chief supply pipe: main . pipe con­ corded sound: wow • fast pitch­
necting a temporary water tap: stand­ distortion of recorded sound: flutter
pipe • pipe whose contents move up­
pity . arousing pity: pathetic, p it­
• pipe
• quality
wards: riser carrying
eous, pitiable. pitifu l arous­
rainwater from the roof: down pipe,
ing pity: pathos
fall-pipe • pipe taking excrement and
waste water down the side of a build­ pivot . pivot on a rudder: pintle
ing: soil stack . pipe taking used . pivot on a large gun: trunnion
water from s llks etc. to the sewer: place . combining forms: top-,
waste pipe • underground pipe for -orium (e.g. auditorium), -ory (e.g. dor­
excrement and waste water: sewer mitory) • place of origin: provenance
• suction device clearing blocked • place where something happens: lo­
pipes: plunger • bent section in a cale, location • place where some­
waste pipe: trap . curve near the top thing is: locality, site . place one is
of a waste pipe: trap . joint or coup­ going to: destination . places of tour­
ling for pipes: u n ion . long flexible istic interest: sights • visit such
wire for unblocking pipes: plumber's places: Sig htsee . safe place: haven,
snake • knocking noise in a water sanctuary • secluded place: nook, re­
supply pipe: water hammer • oil or treat . most distant place: ultima
gas store at the end of a pipeline: ter­ Th ule • place name: toponym . find
m i nal the place of: locate • take the place
plagiarism I plant 266

of: supersede, supplant . list of planet: satellite • cavity on the sur­

places: gazetteer • 'feel' of a place: face of a planet: crater • study of life­
genius loci • in its place: in situ forms on other planets: exobiology
• make change places: transpose
planning . detailed planning of a
. place beside: juxtapose . place on
complex operation: logistics . plan­
top of: su perimpose
ning method that evaluates a complex
plagi arism . literary work made set of alternatives: critica l path an­
from quotations of other authors: alysis
cento
plant • combining forms: phyto-,
plague •
swelling symptomatic of -phyte (e.g. saprophyte) . plants of a
bubonic plague: bubo region or period: flora • simple aqua­
plain • tundra • plain
Arctic plain: tic plant: alga • simple plant growing
in Russia: steppe • plain in South on stone and trees: l ichen . plant-like
Africa: veldt • grassy plain in warm organism parasitic upon living or de­
countries : savannah caying matter: fu ngus • plant living
plainsong . (sign showing) note(s)
for one year only: annual • plant liv­
ing for two years only: biennial
to be sung to a syllable: neume
• plant living for three or more years:
• scale used in plainsong: tone
perennial . plant flowering or crop­
plan . design plan:blueprint . se­ ping more than once a year: remon­
cret plan: intrigue, plot • crafty plan:
tant • plant growing in or on water:
• make
• plant
gambit, ploy, stratagem hydrophyte storing water in
crafty plans: scheme • contingency
its leaves or stem: succulent • plant
plan: fai l-safe, fallback • timed plan
living on decayed matter: saprophyte
for a series of events: timetable • de­
. plant growing in damp conditions:
• plant
tailed strategy for sporting or busi­
hygrophyte growing in dry
ness success: game plan . carefully
conditions: xerophyte . plant grow­
planned sequence of actions or events:
ing on another plant: epiphyte
set piece • outline plan of a work of • plant growing inside another:
fiction: scenario • planned ultimate
endophyte • plant growing along the
fallback: pis aller • denoting long­
ground or clinging to vertical sup­
term planning: strategic • denoting
ports: vine • plant growing on rock:
short-term planning: tactical • plan
l ithophyte • bushlike plant: shrub
in advance: premeditate • frustrate
• young plant raised fom a seed: seed­
someone's intentions: thwart
ling . piece cut from a plant for
planet • tiny planetesimal
planet: propagation: cutting • shoot inserted
. large low-density planet: gas giant into another plant: graft • plant
• planet orbiting the sun: major shoot for grafting: scion • sideshoot
planet, primary planet • planets etc. coming up from the roots of a plant:
orbiting the sun: solar system • de­ sucker • offspring of plants of differ­
noting a planet orbiting closer to the ent species: crossbreed, hybrid
sun than the earth does: inferior • de­ • plant having green leaves all year:
noting a planet orbiting further from evergreen . denoting a plant losing
the sun than the earth does: su perior its leaves each autumn: deciduous
• side of a planet nearest its primary • denoting a plant dying down to the
star: days ide • side of a planet away ground after flowering: herbaceous
from its primary star: nightside • denoting a plant native to a region:
• bright spot on a planet: facula endemic • denoting a plant able to
• natural or artificial object orbiting a live outdoors al year: hardy • denot-
267 plant I plastic
................ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ing a plant able to live outdoors except unnaturally fast: force • accustom
during frost: half-hardy • denoting a plants to harsh conditions: harden,
plant needing little water: xerophil­ harden off • establish a plant in a
ous • denoting a plant easily harmed new habitat: natu ralize • relocate a
by extreme weather: tender . denot­ plant: transplant • remove plants to
ing a plant pale through lack of light: allow others room to grow: thin, th in
etiolated • denoting a plant with out • remains o f prehistoric plants
multicoloured leaves: variegated found in rock: fossil • place where
• denoting a pot plant whose roots can plants are grown for study: botanic
• place
' garden where young plants
expand no further: p otbou nd , . plant
bearing clusters of flowers: flori bunda are grown: nursery • glazed building
• flowerless plant with delicate leaves: for raising plants: greenhouse, hot­
fern • plant producing hemp and a house • glass-lidded area with low
psychotropic drug: ca nnabis, Indian walls to shelter young plants: cold
•
hemp, marijuana • tapioca plant: frame glass container for raising

cassava, manioc • plant cats like to plants: terrarium • glass container

smell: catmi nt, catn i p . plant with for water plants:aquarium • growing
medicinal or culinary uses: herb
plants without soil: hyd roponics
•
. feeding on plants: phtyophagous
growing plants ploughed under:
• animal feeding on plants:
• plant<s
green manure swollen
herbi­
undergrown food store: bulb, corm vore • small bug parasitic on plants:
aphid • poisonous t o plants: phyto­
• plant's horizontal underground
toxic • plant out seedlings: p rick out
rhizome _ part
• label
stem: of a plant
• plant
attached to a plant: tally
crown
•
around ground level:
• shoot
droop and shrivel as a sickly plant:
haulm
wilt, wither • repository of dried
stalk: extending from
a plant at ground level: ru nner • slen­
plants: herbari um, hortus siccus
• study of plants: bota ny • chemistry
der twining extension of a plant stem:

of plants: phytochemistry • study of

tendril, tentacle . use by green
plants of sunlight energy: photosyn­
plant diseases: phytopathology
thesis • green pigment in plants, en­
abling photosynthesis: chlorophyll plaster • plaster of lime, cement,
. fluid circulating in a plant: sap and gravel: roug hcast . fine plaster:
. plant's loss of water vapour: tran­ stucco • top coat of plaster: set
spiration . female reproductive cell • decorative plasterwork: pargeti ng
in plants: egg, ovum • asexual repro­ • plaster painted to imitate stone:
ductive unit of the lower plants: spore scagliola . hard white plaster for
• plant's beginning to grow: germin­ sculpture or bone setting: plaster of
ation • plant growth in relation to Paris • gypsum for sculpture or
• roughen
•
gravity: geotropism plant's turn­ painting: gesso a plaster
ing towards light: phototropism surface to aid adhesion: key . thin
• plant's turning towards a source of strip of wood as a base for plaster: lath
• plasterer's board: hawk • plas­
heat: thermotropism . plant's turn­
ing in response to touch: thig motrop­ terer's smoothing tool: fl oat

ism • variety of plant developed by plastic • plastic-coated cloth:

breeding: strain . (of a plant) grow American cloth • plastic used as
too fast: bolt, shoot • denoting a glazing: Perspex™ • plastic used for
plant needing a larger pot: pot-bound gramophone records: vinyl • plastic
• press a plant's roots into soil: heel in used for packing: expanded polystyr­
• make a plant grow out o f season or ene • plastic used in paints: acrylic,
plastic surgery I pleasure 268 .

vinyl • thin and narrow strip of plas­ tion of a play: scene • address to the
tic: slat • overlay with plastic: audience at the start of a play: pro­
laminate logue . address to the audience at
plastic surgery • combining form: the end of a play: epilogue • play's
-plasty . plastic surgery on the ears : story-line: plot • turn (a story) into a
otoplasty • plastic surgery on the play: dramatize • crucial moment in
nose: rh inoplasty . plastic surgery a play: catastrophe • contrived reso­
on the penis: phalloplasty • sucking lution of this, as by divine interven­
away of excess fat: li posuction tion: deus ex mach ina • startling
coup de theatre (pl.
•
moment in a play:
plate
coups de theatre) • principal charac­
plate strengthening a beam
or joint: fish • beam or plate distrib­
ter in a play: protagon ist . second­
uting weight onto a wall: template
ary role of a pert young woman: sou­
•
• performance
platform podium,
small platform: brette instruction
rostrum . low platform in a room: printed in a script: stage direction
dais • narrow platform for fashion • person who writes plays: d ramatist,
• art
models: catwalk, runway . platform playwright of play-writing:
for an execution: scaffold • platform d ramatu rgy • person instructing the
for election speeches: hustings • dis­ actors in a play: director • person re­
play platform on a lorry: float sponsible for a play's staging: stage
play • plays in general: drama manager • lighting, sound, or scen­
. play with a happy ending: comedy ery used in a play: effects • offstage
• play with grim humour: black com­ sounds as part of the performance:
edy • play with a sad ending: tra­ noises off . scenery and properties
gedy . play intended to cause laugh­ used in a play: mise en scene
ter: com edy • broadly comic play: • music composed for a play: score
farce • short comic play: sketch , skit .. see also drama
. short play presented to open an en­
please . eager to please: com plai­
curtain-raiser • play
sant • excessively eager to please:
tertainment:

servile • denoting pleasant appear­

satirizing a particular social group:
comedy of manners . ltalian trad­
ance and manner: personable
itional comedy with stock characters:
commedia dell'arte • sensational or pleasure • pleasure-loving: hedon­
horrific play: G rand Guignol, istic • a life of pleasure: la dolce vita
melodrama • history play: costume • pleasure gained from the contem­
d rama . play with singing and dan­ plation of others' misfortunes:
cing: musical, opera . play on Schadenfreude • pleasure derived
Christ's birth: nativity play from the suffering of others: Roman
• medieval play portraying scenes holiday • sexual pleasure derived
from the life of Christ or the saints: from inflicting pain: algolagnia
miracle play, mystery play . medi­ • sexual pleasure derived from hurt­
eval play featuring personifications of ing others: sadism • sexual pleasure
theological concepts: morality play derived from hurting oneself: maso­
. 17th-century musical play: masque chism . ethical theory that pleasure
• play for one actor: monodrama is the highest good: hedon ism • per­
• play for two actors: two-hander son devoted to sensual pleasures:
. pay intended to be read rather than debauchee, epicurean, sybarite, vo­
acted: closet drama, closet play luptuary • instinctive psychological
• text of a play: sc ri pt • principal sec­ drive to seek pleasure: pleasure prin­
tion of a play: act • subordinate sec- ciple • rich man persuing a life of
269 p l ot I pole
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

pleasure: playboy • pleasure trip: (pl. same) • Japanese five-line poem

outing . pleasure activity: pastime, of 31 syllables: tanka (pl. same)
recreation • person spoiling others' • poem constructed so that certain let­
pleasure: ki lljoy ters from each line form a word: ac­
plot • crafty machi nation • de­
plot: rostic • poem conveying part of its
noting a crafty plotter: Machiavellian message through its printed appear­
• engage i n devious schemes: wheel ance: concrete poetry . section of a
and deal • plot outline of a work of long poem: canto . lines repeated at
fiction: synopsis regular intervals through a poem: re­
frain
plough . cutting blade on the front
of a plough: coulter . plough's main poet • successful poet at an
cutting blade: plough share, share Eisteddfodd: bard • French medieval
. groove cut by a plough: fu rrow poet: troubadour, trouvere • Scandi­
• bad
• ploughing technique minimizing navian medieval poet: skald
poet: poetaster • poetic technique:
erosion on sloping land: contour
ploughing . strip of land left un­ poetics
ploughed: headland point • highest
acme, apex, point:
plug • single-pin plug used in sound zenith •
nadir • point
lowest point:
equipment: jack plug . 21-pin video at which rays or waves meet: focal
plug: Scart • plug for the vent of a point • tapering to a point: acumin­
cask: spigot, spile • plug for the ate, ap ical • point of contact or inter­
muzzle of a large gun: tampion • plug action: interface • avoid the point:

for a cannon's touch-hole: spike . de­ prevaricate • point implied or in­

pression receiving a plug: socket ferred: subaudition

plum • virus disease of plum trees poison • combining forms: tox-,

and their fruit: plum pox • dried toxico- • adjective: toxic • poison
plum: prune produced by a fungus on peanuts: afl a­
• poison produced by a fungus
•
toxin
pn eumonia pneumonia affecting
on cereals: ergot • poison secreted by
both lungs: double pneumonia
snakes, scorpions, etc.:
• kind of pneumonia spread by water
ve nom
. poison drunk by Socrates: hemlock
droplets: legionna ires' d isease
. poisonous to cells: cytotox ic . poi­
• person
pocket stealing from sonous to plants: phytotoxi c • study
others' pockets: pickpocket of poisons: toxicology . cure for a
poem • traditional poem for young poison: antidote, antitoxin, antivenin
• narrative
•
children: nursery rhyme poker poker-player's stake made
poem of several stanzas:
•
ballad before receiving cards: ante equal
. long poem of heroic deeds: epic
an opponent's bet and demand to see
. short poem in epic style: epyll ion
his cards: see • form of poker in
• poem celebrating a marriage: epi­
which the loser discards an item of
thalamium, prothalamium . poem
clothing: strip poker
about rural life: bucolic, ecl ogue,
• punt quant • strong
georgic, idyll • poem retracting a pole' pole:
former view: palinode • poem lam­ pole for a mast etc.: spar • pole along
enting a person's death: elegy, thren­ the foot of a sail: boom • pole project­
ody . four-line comic poem: clerihew ing the microphone over a film or tele­

• five-line comic poem: l imerick vision camera: boom

• poem of 14 lines: sonnet . Japanese pole2 • around the pole: circumpolar
three-line poem of 17 syllables: haiku . continent around the North Pole:
police I politics 270

Arctic • continent around the South • aspect of this: plank • party spokes­
Pole: Antarctica person putting a favourable gloss
police • area police force : constabu­ I,lpon events: spin doctor • splinter

lary • police group assigned a special group within a political party: fac­
task:squad • police group with high tion, caucus • infiltration of a polit­
mobility: flying squad . police de­ ical party: entryism • party support
partment dealing with political se­ based ' on empathy with its leader:
curity: Special Branch • police personalism, personality cult • sym­

detachment sent to seize specified pathizer with a party's aims: fellow­

persons: snatch squad • person traveller • publication controlled by
trained to act as a policeman in a political party: organ . (of a con­
an emergency: special consta ble stituency political association) choose
• member of a self-appointed citizen as candidate for an election: adopt
group policing its locality: vigilante • (of a constituency political associ­
. policeman's short thick stick: trun­ ation) reject a previously adopted can­
cheon • police patrol car: squad car didate: deselect • politician belong­
• police van for transporting prison­ ing to no party: independent . move
ers: Black Maria • police coordin­ to a rival political group: defect
ation office for investigation of a • political opposition in a one-party
major crime: incident room • police state: d issidence
kit for assembling a likeness of a politician • respected political
wanted person: identikit, photofit leader: statesman • experienced pol­
• document authorizing specified po­ itician: elder statesman . politician
warrant • surprise hos­
lice activity: manipulating his audience's emo­
tile police visit: raid • policeman's tions: demagogue • politician be­
turn of duty: watch • policeman's longing to no party: i ndependent
regular patrol: beat • regular assign­ • denoting a politician's statement
ment of a policeman to a particular concordant with his party's position:
beat: community pOlicing • police on-message • denoting a crafty and
j ob traffic: point d uty
controlling unscrupulous politician: Machiavel­
. lowest police rank: consta ble • of­ lian
ficer in charge of a constabulary:
• officer
chief constable in charge of politics . politics a s influenced by
the Metropolitan Police: chief com­ geographical factors: geopol itics
•
•
missioner international police or­ global balance of political power:
world order • political agenda driven
ganization: I nterpol
by practical needs rather than moral
policy . declared policy: platform,
principles: realpolitik . political co­
position • aspect
of this: plank
alition for a specific purpose: front
. published policy statement: mani­
• political
festo • policy of racial segregation:
action aimed at increasing
power or influence: power pol itics
colour bar . policy of passive resist­
• political mani­
• state policy of
policy statement:
ance: satyagraha
festo • persistent dissemination of
having no dealings with its neigh­
isolationism • reversal of pol­
political propaganda via the media:
bours:
agitprop • make politically aware or
icy: about-face, volte-face, U-tu rn
active: politicize • political system
polish . polishing machine: buffer allowing much personal freedom:
• sheen on polished furniture: patina
open society • political system with
political party . political party's much state control of economic and
declared policy: party line, platform social life: statism • system of polit-
271 politics I pope

ical power-sharing or coexistence: ical awareness: l u m penproletariat

pluralism o discarded political sys­ o renunciation of political interests in
tem: ancien regime 0 political dom­ an area: disengagement 0 not con­
inance: hegemony 0 source of polit­ cerned with politics: a political
0 public poll on some issue of
ical influence: power base poll
o international acceptance of a state current concern: plebiscite, referen­
or its government: recognition o pol­ dum o officer who counts the votes
itical control of dependent countries: cast in a poll: scrutineer 0 officer ad­
colonialism 0 theory that one polit­ ministering a poll and announcing its
ical event causes similar ones else­ result: retu rning offi cer
0 control
0
where: domino theory of a
pollen index of airborne pollen:
state by large interest groups: corpor­ pollen count o study of ancient pol­
atism o political opposition in a one­
len grains: palynology
party dissidence o political
state:
demarche 0 resistance to
pollution o polluting substance:
initiative:
poll utant
political change: immobil ism o advo­
cate of major political change: radi cal polo o polo stick: hammer o session
o politician claiming t o represent the of play: chu kka
interests of ordinary people: populist polymer • enzyme forming poly­
o political enthusiast: actJvist, Young mers: polymerase
0 group
• Polynesian
Turk o f political activists:
Polynesian garland:
cadre o person with moderate polit­
lei
ical views: centrist 0 person favour­
• shallow
leftist 0 person with
pond upland pond filled by
ing socialism:
dew: dew pond
extreme or subversive political views:
Bolshevik, maxi malist, rad ical o ad­ pool • pool-player's stick: cue
vocate of violence to obtain political poor . poor person: pauper . make
objectives: m i l itant o use of violence poor: im poverish
• adjectives:
or intimidation to achieve political
pope papal, pontifical
0 advocate
• polite
aims: terrorism of mili­
form of address to a pope:
tary pressure to obtain international Your Holiness o pope's triple crown:
political objectives: m i l itarist o per­
tiara . pope's short hooded cape:
son advocating state or popular own­ monetta • pope's woollen shoulder
ership of means of production: col­ vestment: pallium • pope's letter to
lectivist 0 person demanding the the Church: encycl ical, brief, bull
return of former national territories: o pope's decision o n a question of
i rredentist o advocate of political in­ canon law: decretal • pope's decision
dependence: national ist o advocate of on a question of doctrine: rescript
impractical policies: im possibil ist . pope's personal edict: motu proprio
o dishonest means of gaining political (pl. motu proprios) 0 pope's special
advantage: g raft 0 dishonest use of permission: indult o pope's freedom
political power: jobbery, sleaze from doctrinal error: papal infallibil­
o abandonment of one's former polit­ ity • pope's ambassador: nu ncio
ical beliefs: apostasy 0 move to a • nuncio sent to a non-Catholic coun­
rival political group: defect 0 whole­ try: pro-nuncio 0 pope's representa­
sale ousting from power of disliked tive: legate o Ie gate with full powers:
elements: purge, repression o re­ legate a latere o pope's administra­
move from the political sphere: depol­ tive staff: Curia • pope's guard:
iticize o the masses having no polit- Swiss g uard • pope's office or tenure
population I postal service 272

of it: papacy • papal court: Holy See • piece of jewellery with a relief por­

• body electing the pope: College of trait: cameo

•
Cardinals . meeting of this: con­ Portuguese Portuguese mon­
clave • treaty between the pope and a arch's son: infante • Portuguese
secular state: concordat • advocate monarch's daughter: infanta • Portu­
of supreme papal authority on ques­ guese noble of the highest rank: gran­
tions of faith and dicipline: ultramon­ '
dee . Portuguese magistrate or
• voluntary
• Portuguese wine
tanist donation by mayor: alcalde
Roman Catholics to papal funds: drunk while new: vinho verde . Por­
Peter's pence tuguese red wine: tinto
population • combining form: Poseidon . Latin name: Neptune
dem(o)- . population count: census . Poseidon's three-pronged spear: tri­
. quantitative data on changing popu­ dent
lation levels: vital statistics • study
position . position relative to a
•
of population statistics: demography
fixed point: bearing apparent
• surplus population: overspill
change in relative position of obj ects
• population improvement by con­
viewed from different points: paral­
trolled breeding: eugenics
lax
• personal
porcelain . porcelain made with
possess ion possession:
• denoting
• useless
bone ash: bone china
chattel possession: white
• possession
very delicate porcelain: eggshell
elephant giving social
• famous type of medieval Chinese
prestige: status sym bol
porcelain: Ming
post • strong post with a pointed
• porcupine's
porcupine sharp hol­
end: stake • defensive wall of wooden
low bristle: quill stakes: stockade • firmly fixed up­
pork • tough outer skin o n a joint of right post: stanchion
pork: rind • pork rind made crisp by
postage stamp • stamp perforated
roasting: crackling perli n . stamp
with a set of initials:
pornography • denoting explicit printed upside down: invert • sheet
pornography: hard, hard-core . de­ of stamps: pane • denoting a stamp
noting inexplicit pornography: soft, intended for general use: defi nitive
soft-core . mildly pornographic talk • denoting stamps lacking perfor­
or publications: smut ations: imperforate . envelope with

• thin
porridge porridge: gruel stamps postmarked on their first day
of issue: first day cover • printed
port' • port open to al traders: free
mark cancelling or substituting for a
port • officials controlling a port:
postage stamp: frank . date stamp
conservancy cancelling a postage stamp: postmark
port' • denoting a port kept for only • small piece of gummed paper for fix­
a few years in cask and then fined: ing stamps in an album: hinge
ruby . denoting a port kept longer • stamp collecting and study: phil­
than usual in the cask: late-bottled ately
• denoting
•
port blended from several
postal service service guaran­
vintages: tawny teeing next-day delivery to anywhere
portrait • small portrait: cameo in the UK: special del ivery • service
• half-length portrait: kit-cat • group offering next-day delivery to most UK
portrait, the subjects appearing to areas: first-class post • service offer­
talk together: conversation piece ing later delivery: second-class post
273 postcard I powe r holder

• service offering proof of posting and . glazed pottery: fa ience . fine Ital­
delivery: recorded del ivery • service ian coloured pottery: maiolica • Eng­
offering recorded delivery and com­ lish pottery imitating this: majolica
pensation for loss: registered post • blue Chinese scene as pottery decor­
. conveyance of mail by air: airmail ation: wi llow patte rn • unglazed
• conveyance of mail by land and sea: brownish-red earthenware: terracotta
surface mail • post office department • denoting pottery made from clay:
holding letters until collected: poste ceramic, earthenware • coloured
restante • numbered box assigned to clay for pottery decoration: Slip
a person using this regularly: post of­ • decorative scratches made through
fice box . fee required to send an slip: sg raffito (pl. sgraffiti) • pottery
item by post: postage • address code decorated with slip: sli pware e shiny
assisting mail sorting: postcode surface on pottery: glaze • second

. person delivering letters: postman layer of glaze: overglaze • iridescent

• shop o r counter conducting postal pottery glaze: lu stre e furnace for
service business: post office • per­ pottery: kiln e bake pottery in a kiln:
son managing a post office: postmas­ fire • protective box for pottery being
ter (fern. postmistress) fired: saggar • pottery fragment:

• postcard
postcard collector: delti­ shard, sherd, potsh erd . this used
as a writing surface: ostracon
ologist
e pouch worn at the front of a
•
pouch
post-mortem doctor conducting
kilt:sporran e kangaroo's pouch:
a post-mortem examination: patholo­
marsu pium
gist . magistrate conducting a post­
mortem judicial inquiry: coroner powder e reduce t o a powder: pul­
verize
posture • cross-legged meditation
posture: lotus position • communi­ power e combining form: dynam(o)­
cation by posture: kinesics (e.g. dynamism) e power of an engine
indicated by the force needed to brake
• baked potato served in its
potato
it: brake horsepower • unlimited
skin: jacket potato • potato in Indian power: carte blanche, omni potence
cuisine: aloo • cooked cabbage and
. absolute power: autocracy, despot­
potato fried up together: bubble and
ism, dictatorship, total itarianism
squeak • potatoes mashed and baked . position of power: ascendancy,
with egg yolk: duchesse potatoes
dominance . power gained through
• dish of sliced potatoes cooked in
status, contacts, etc. : i nfl uence
milk: dauphinQis • store of potatoes
e seize power to which one has no
under straw and earth: clamp • dark right: usurp . obsession with the
shoot-spot on a potato: eye . edible
exercise of power: megalomania
root of the potato plant: tuber . Irish
e transfer of power from central to re­
potato blight: murrain
gional authorities: decentra l ization,
potential . realization o f one's per­ devolution e reservation of all power
sonal potential: self-actual ization to the central authority: direct rule
pottery • adjective: fictile • type of e deprive of power: emasculate, over­
pottery: ware • clay mix for making throw e undermine an established
pottery: pug . form pottery on the power: subvert e state economic and
wheel: throw • unfired pottery: social control: dirigisme
greenware • pottery fired but not power holder . combining form:
glazed: biscuit ware, bisque • por· -crat . person enjoying power be­
ous clay pottery: earthenware cause of his noble birth: aristocrat
 pregnancy

e person deriving power from his pos­ pred ictable • person whose behav­
ition in an organization: bureaucrat iour is unpredictable: loose cannon
• person
• personal
exercising power without
'prefer preference: predi­
lection • political
having any office: eminence grise
or sexual prefer­
• person enjoying power through
ences: orientation
wealth: p lutocrat . group thought to
have a hidden but pervasive control of pregnancy • adjectives: antenata l,

society: the Esta blish ment • group matern ity, prenatal . make preg­
of influential high-ranking persons: nant: im pregnate • become preg-
the hiera rchy . person seeking to in­ nant: conceive • capable of concep­
crease his personal power: empire tion: fertile • incapable of
builder conception: barren, i nfertile, sterile

•
. denoting conception achieved in the
practical dully practical: prosa ic
womb: in utero . denoting concep-
practice • generally accepted prac­ tion achieved in an artificial environ-
tice: orthodoxy ment: in vitro • be pregnant with:

• adjective:
praise laudatory . de­ carry . further conception while
pregnant: superfetation • develop-
serving praise: meritorious . laud­
ment of a fetus within the Fallopian
atory speech or text: encomium, eu­
tube: tubal pregnancy • develop-
logy, pa negyric
ment of a fetus outside the womb: ec-
• woman
prawn . large edible prawn: king topic pregnancy pregnant
prawn for the first time: primigravida (pl.
prayer • prayer said at mealtimes: primigravidae) e woman pregnant for
grace . prayer said for others: inter­ at least the second time: m u ltigravida
cession • RC devotion of repeated • hormone stimulating uterine prep-
Hail Marys: rosary • set of beads aration for pregnancy: progesterone
used with this: rosary • Orthodox de­ . female reproductive cell: egg, ovum
votion of repeated invocation of the • tube conveying the egg to the uterus:
name of Jesus: Jesus Prayer o knot­ Fallopian tube • attachment of the
ted cord used with this: prayer rope egg to the wall of the womb: implant-
• speci?l days of prayer observed in ation , n idation . unborn offspring:
the West: Ember days • season of embryo, fetus • carrying this in the
prayer for the harvest: Rogationtide womb: gestation • body fluid sur­

o times of prayer prescribed in the rounding a fetus: amniotic fl uid

Roman breviary: canonical hours • membrane surrounding a fetus: am­

• practice of prayer leading to a direct niotic membrane, caul . cord con­

apprehension of the divine: mysti­ necting a fetus to the placenta: umbil­
cism • cushion for prayer: hassock, ical cord . nausea during early
kneeler • period of seclusion for pregnancy: morning sickness
prayer: retreat • craving for strange foods during
pregnancy: pica • high blood pres-
preaching • adjective: homiletic
sure in pregnancy: pre-eclampsia
• art
•
of preaching: homi letics
convulsions resulting from this:
precede • thing preceding another, eclampsia . custom in certain cul­
esp. when perceived as influencing it: tures of the husband's taking to his
antecedent • precede in time: ante­ bed during the latter stages of a preg­
date . fallacy that preceding events nancy: couvade . spontaneous ex­
must be the cau se of those that follow pulsion of the foetus early in preg­
them: post hoc ergo p ropter hoc nancy: miscarriage . completion of
275 preh istoric I price
......... ........ .. ........................ . . . . . . . . . ........... .. . . . . . . . . . . ...................................................... ........ .... . . .

the normal length o f pregnancy: term, pressure: trough • area of atmos­

full term • end a pregnancy by arti­ pheric pressure lower than those
ficial means: term inate . medically around it: depression • unstable at­
induced expulsion or destruction of mospheric pressure: turbulence
an unviable foetus: abortion • before . press down firmly: tamp . instru­
the normal end of pregnancy: preterm ment measuring liquid or gas pres­
• diagnostic sampling of amniotic sure: manometer, piezometer • in­
fluid during pregnancy: amn iocen­ strument measuring atmospheric
tesis • child's mental and physical pressure: barometer
• pretended
retardation caused by the mother's
pretend ignorance or
consumption of alcohol during preg­
innocence: disi ngenuousness . pre­
nancy: fetal alcohol syndrome tend to be another person: im person­
• false pregnancy: pseudocyesis ate • person doing this: im postor
. deliberate prevention of pregnancy:
pretty • quaintly pretty: pictur-
birth control, contraception, family
• periodic
planning uterine dis­
esque
charge when pregnancy has not oc­ price • lowest price a t which a n auc­
curred: menstruation tioned item may be sold: reserve
• official
• combining
price price: list price
prehistoric form:
•
•
guaranteed minimum price: sup­
archaeo- prehistoric life form pre­
port price . contractor's estimated
served in rock: fossil . large prehis­
•
price for a job: q uotation . contract­
toric reptile: dinosaur study of the
or's firm price for a specified job: ten­
physical remains of prehistoric civil­
• unvarying •
• use
der price: flat rate as­
izations: archaeology of scien­
tific techniques to date prehistoric re­
sign a price to:valorize • haggle over
a price: chaffer • collaboration of
mains: archaeometry
traders to fix prices: cartel, price ring
• unfair treatment due to
• vendor'S
prejudice
increase to cost price:
prej udice: discrimination mark-up • sum added to a normal
preparation • speak or act without price: premium • offer a higher price
previous preparation: extemporize, than that for which the sale has al­
improvise, ad-lib ready been agreed with another: gaz­
present • call-over of names to es­ ump • over-pricing t o make an art­
tablish who is present: roll-call icle seem superior: p restige prici ng
• item sold at a loss to attract cus­
preserve • preserve b y smoking,
tomers: loss leader • selling at dif­
salting, etc.: cu re
ferent prices to different customers:
press • press to smooth paper or price d iscrimi nation . price reduc­
cloth: calender tion offered to certain categories of
pressure • pressure exerted on a purchaser: concession, discount
physical object: stress • illegal pres­ • printed paper entitling the holder to
sure or constraint: d u ress . obtain­ buy at a reduced price: vo ucher
ing money or property by duress: ex­ • agreement between manufacturer
tortion • duress exerted by threats to and retailer not to discount prices: re­
reveal compromising secrets: black­ tail price maintenance, resale price
ma i l • political pressure applied by maintenance • market-dominant
deliberate environmental damage: trader whose prices are shadowed by
ecoterrorism • elongated region of the competition: price leader . low
high atmospheric pressure: ridge pricing to force competitors out of the
• elongated region of low atmospheric market: predatory pricing • reduce a
pride I printing 276

posted price: mark down • sensitive priest: cu rate • curate's job: cu racy
to price changes: elastic • denoting • priest's liturgical attendant: aco-
an irreducible price: net • denoting a · Iyte, server • rule by priests: hieroc­
sharply increased price: inflated racy • derivation and transmission
• denoting a price so high as to dis­ of a priest's spiritual authority from
courage purchase: prohibitive • table that given to the apostles: apostolic
of prices: tariff • figure indicating the succession Io see also Ch urch of
average position of selected prices: England, Roman Catholic Church
• set
index . government intervention to principle of principles guiding
keep prices down: price control or summarizing an activity: theory
•
• principle
government intervention to keep that if anything can go
prices up: price support • system
wrong it will: Mu rphy's law, sod's
•
linking wage etc. rises to price rises: law principle that employees are al­
indexation • general rise in prices: ways promoted beyond their abilities:
inflation • general reduction in Peter principle . principle that work
prices: deflation expands to fil the time available:
pride • pride leading to one's down­ Parkinson's law • adhering rigidly
fall: hu bris • arrogantly self­ to principle, regardless of practical­
righteous person: prig • solemnly ities: doctrinaire • having strong
'self-important: pompous moral principles: high-m i nded . re­
jection of all religious and moral prin­
priest • combining form: hiero­ ciples: nihilism
• adjectives: clerical, hieratic, sacer­
•
dotal • chief priest: hierarch • high­ printer printer printing a line a t a

ranking priest: pontifex • priest pre­ time: line printer • printer using
siding over a cathedral chapter: dean
heated pins: thermal pri nter
• printer character disk: daisy wheel
• his residence: deanery • priest on a
• grid
cathdral chapter: canon • priest in of dots forming printer charac­

charge of cathedral music: precentor ters: dot matrix . printer mode giv­

• priest's pastoral responsibility: cure

ing quick but poorly finished printout:

• sacramental admission of sins to a draft . number of characters per

• priest's
priest: confession sacra­
inch: pitch
mental forgiveness of confessed sins: printing • printing giving raised let­
absolution • priest performing the tering: die-stam ping • blurred piece
Eucharist: celebrant • ancient Celtic of printing: mackle • unwanted

priest: Druid . Buddhist priest in transference of ink from one sheet to

China or Japan: bonze . title of a the next: set-off • printing error:

French abbot or (as a courtesy) of any mispri nt, l iteral, typo . add printing
French clergyman: abbe • Orthodox instructions to a manuscript: mark up
priest in Greece: pope, papas • type set u p t o print a sheet: forme
• Orthodox priest in Russia: pope • container for loose metal printing
• denoting a monastic priest: regular type: case • denoting a letter not a
• denoting a non-monastic priest: capital: lower-case • denoting a cap­
secular • make someone a priest: or­ ital letter: upper-case • assemble
dain • stiff white collar fastened at type for printing: compose . com­
the back, worn by some clergy: cler­ position using newly cast type: hot
ical collar, dog collar • priest's metal • layout of lines of type to give
robes: vestments • priest's liturgical straight margins: justification
dress:canon icals • priest's square li­ • exact alignment of printed elements:
turgical hat: biretta • assistant register • white space between lines
277 prison I problem

of type: lead • dots to guide the eye: send down • keep in prison: detain
leaders • arrange pages for printing • imprisonment t o prevent further of­
in correct sequence: im pose • fully fences: preventive detention • im­
finished page for photosetting: prisonment alone: sol itary confine­
camera-ready copy • roll of paper ment • imprisoned person: in mate

for continuous printing: web • single • imprisonment with hard labour:

piece of paper for printing: sheet penal servitude • release from
. sheet folded into pages: gathering, prison: d ischarge • study of prison
signature . vertical division o f a management: penology • release on
printed page: column • arrangement promise of good behaviour: parole
of material on a page: layout . speci­ • conditional early release: release on

men layout: mock-up • estimate the licence • wartime imprisonment of

pages a printed text will fil: ca st off resident aliens: internment • con­

• short line at the top of a page or col­ finement to one's home: house arrest
umn: widow • opening line of a para­ • confinement to a distant part of
graph set at the foot of a page or col­ one's country: internal exi le • deten­

umn: orphan • trial printing for tion allegedly to safeguard the de­
corrections: p roof, pull • proof in­ tainee: protective cu stody
corporating previous corrections: prisoner • prisoner who has won
revise • printed monochrome photo­ privileges by good behaviour: trusty
graph: half-tone • final adjustments . prisoner's room: cell . money paid
before printing: makeready • illus­ to secure the release of a prisoner
tration without half-tones: line block awaiting trial: bail
• computer-generated
• in
camera-ready
private private: in camera
copy: desktop publishing • printing . denoting one's private life: per­
from a flat surface: planogra phy
sonal
• printing of a single item from a
privilege • exclusive privilege: pre­
larger publication: p re-print, offprint
• prisoner
• number of copies printed at one
rogative who has won

time: ru n, print run • aesthetics of privileges by good behaviour: trusty

printing: typogra phy � see also type­ prize . large cash prize: jackpot
face • prize money in a horse race: stakes
•
• adjective:
prize given to the worst contestant:
prison custod ial . cen­
booby prize, wooden spoon • prize
tre housing young persons in need of
awarded to the ship making the fast­
custodial care,; commun ity home
est eastward commercial crossing of
. prison for criminals aged 14-20:
young offender institution • prison
the Atlantic:Blue Riband . reward
given to a near-winner:consolation
with few restrictions: open prison
• secret dungeon: oubliette • Ger­
prize, highly commended, honour­
man prison camp: stalag • German
able mention, proxime accessit
• cumulative carry-over of unwon
prison camp for officers: oflag • So­
prizes to the next event: rollover
viet labour prison: gulag • decom­

missioned ship used a s a prison: hulk probe • probing instrument: sonde

• person i n charge o f a prison: gov­ problem • unexpected problem:
ernor • prison guard: warder snag . problem-solving by infor-
. cleric serving a prison: chaplain mal discussion: brainstorm ing
• place in custody pending trial: re­ • problem-solving b y application of
mand • place used for this: remand logic: vertical thinking • problem­
centre • send to prison: comm it, solving by an indirect and seemingly
procedure I program 278

illogical approach: lateral thinking stri pping • easy or dishonest profits:

. problem-solving as a managerial pickings • profits gained from prosti-
role: trouble-shooti ng • problem­ . tution: immoral earnings . tax on
solving by random trial and error: excessive profits: windfa ll tax • per-
heuristic . clue to a problem 's solu­ son pursuing large profits by legally
tion: lead . place where problems marginal means: profiteer • finan­
regularly occur: trouble spot • fresh cier making hostile takeover bids
approach to a problem: in itiative with a view to resale: corporate
proced u re . established course of raider • selling off shares while their
procedure: order • procedural rule: value is high: profit-taking • pursuit
standing order of profit: commercialism . produ­
• combining
cing much profit: lucrative . situ­
process form: -osis
ation offering no profit: dead loss
(e.g. metamorphosis) . not processed:
raw prog ram . start a program's oper­
procession • costumed procession: ation: run . program instructions:
pageant • outdoor procession: caval­ code . self-operating program with
cade • solemn procession: cortege reasoning capacity: knowbot • pro­
•
producing
gram for accounting: spreadsheet
combining forms:
• program searching the World Wide
-facient (e.g. abortifacient), -fic (e.g.
Web: crawler • program devised to
pacific), -gen (e.g. carci nogen), -genic
(e.g. pathogenic) meet a particular user's needs: appli-
cation, appl ication program • pro-
prod uct • incidental product:
gram interfacing between user and
by-product, spin-off • product
operating system: shell, shell pro-
manufactured for a retailer and sold
gram . program recording restricted
•
under his name: own brand, own­
information: sn iffer program per-
label • product name registered by
forming a routine function: utility
•
the manufacturer: proprietary name,
program program controlling a
• pro-
proprietary term . denoting a prod­
peripheral device: manager
uct closely imitating a branded one
gram enabling the rearrangement of
but sold under a different name: gen­
editor
•
online text: . program giving
eric version of a product: model
form letters individual names and ad-
. request the return of a product for
dresses: mail merge • program pro-
modification: recal l
viding addresses, diary engagements,
profess ional • young urban profes­ etc. : personal information manager
sional: yuppie • young black urban • program arranging tasks in an ap­
professional: buppie • work in a pro­
propriate sequence: scheduler • pro­
fession: p ractise • person working in
gram written in high-level language:
a profession: practitioner • below
source program . program convert-
professional standards: u n profes­ ing a high-level-language program
sional • remove from membership of into machine code and executing it:
• program
a professional body: strike off
interpreter converting
professor • professor's position: assembly language into machine code:
chair assembler, compiler • program con-
profit • profit made on investments: necting two items of hard- or software:
return • profit from the sale of prop­ interface • program deleting un-
erty or investments: capital gain wanted data: garbage collector • set

• selling off the assets of a purchased of related programs: suite • set of in­
company for quick profit: asset- structions used several times within a
279 programme I proof

program: procedure, subprogram, ach ieve . enemy to progress: reac­

subroutine • unit o f which programs tionary • enemy to technical pro­
are composed: module . subprogram gress: Ludd ite • block to progress:
able to construct other subprograms: obstacle • situation permitting no
generator . denoting a program re­ progress: dead lock, stalemate, sta­
sponding to user input: i nteractive sis
• denoting a program that a computer prohibition . temporary prohib­
can run: executa ble • denoting a ition: moratorium . official prohib­
program compatible with many com­ ition on trade: embargo
• an
• path
puters: cross-platform exten­
projectile described by a
sion to this providing multimedia
projectile: trajectory
facilities: hypermedia • secret
projector • projector giving images
program instructions causing damage
• simultan­
if activated: logiC bomb of opaque objects: epidiascope . de­
vice steadying the film as it passes the
eous execution of several pro­
lens: gate • adjust film passing the
grams: mu lti processing, mu ltitask­
ing . simultaneous execution of dif­
gate: rack
ferent parts of the same program: promise • solemn promise: oath,
pipelining . small addition to a pro­ pledge, vow • promise to do some­
gram: patch • system of symbols for thing: undertaking • promise to do
program-writing: languag e . end a something, often at a fixed time: en-
program's operation: exit • convert a gagement • promise to perform
program into a machine-code: com­ another's obligation: guaranty
pile • program's fall-back option: de­ . promise to replace or repair defect­
fault • repeated sequence of pro­ ive goods: guarantee, warranty
grammed instructions: loop • single • promise money on another's suc­
instruction expanding into a set: cessful completion of a charitable
macro • program variable activating event: sponsor • go back on a prom­
a certain function: switch . list of ise: renege, welsh
commands to be expressed in machine prone to • combining form: -acious
code: sou rce code • re-express data (e.g. audacious), -philiac (e.g. haemo­
for use with a different program or philiac)
• correct
system: convert pronunciation pronunci­
prog ramme • programme with ation, or its study: orthoepy . stand­
times assigned to each event: sched­ ard British English pronunciation: re­
ule ceived pron unciation . pich change

programm i ng language . pro­

as an aspect of pronunciation: inton­
gramming language consisting of bin­
ation
ary or hexadecimal instructions: ma­ propaganda • political propaganda
chine code, machine language disseminated in literature etc.: ag it­
• denoting a programming language prop
that is not machine-dependent: high­ prope l ler • air or water current be­
level • denoting a programming lan­ hind a propeller: sli pstream . ship's
guage that is close to machine code: secondary propeller used in manoeuv­
low-level ring: thruster • propeller blade:
progress . make progress without va ne
effort: coast . make better progress proof •providing proof: probative
than expected: overachieve • make • prove the truth of: demo nstrate
poorer progress than expected: under- • prove to be wrong: refute
prope rty I prot e i n 280 ti i

property • ideas a s property: intel­ lady) • tenant in current occupation:

lectual p roperty . property in build­ sitting tenant • tenancy for a fixed
ings and land: real property, realty - period: term of years • denoting a
• property other than buildings or fixed-term tenancy: shorthold • per­
land: movables, personal property, son living on income from property:
persona lty • inherited property: rentier • unlawful occupant of a
patrimony • inspect property as a po­ building or land: squatter • terms

tential lessor or purchaser: view under which real property is held:

. sale of property: d isposal . person tenure . absolute and permanent
selling his or her property to another: tenure: freehold • tenure for a term
vendor • conclude a property sale: of years: leasehold • person taking
complete . legal document transfer­ out a lease: lessee . person granting
ring ownership of property: convey­ a lease: lessor • return of property to
ance • right to ownership of prop­ the lessor at termination of lease: re­
• summary
erty: title of title version
documentation: abstract of title prophet • adjective: mantic
• right of exclusive use of property on • prophet of doom:
completion of sale: vacant posses­ • prophet of doom who is ignored:
sion • charge upon property: encum­ Cassandra
brance • transfer of property: devo- proportion • in proportion: com-
lution • effect such a transfer: mensurate, pro rata • proportional
devolve • legal arrangement relation: ratio
•
whereby property is nominally owned
prose prose writing undertaken
by one person for the benefit of others:
principally for aesthetic effect: belles­
trust . leasing of a property back to
lettres
its vendor: leaseback • use in turn
prostate gland • inflammation of
of a property by several joint owners:
•
• value
the prostate: prostatitis enzyme
time-sharing of a mortgaged
found in the blood of men with pros-
property after deduction of charges
•
tate cancer: prostate-specific anti-
against it: equ ity collapse of prop­
gen
erty values due to expected area re­
development: planning blight . ar­ prostitute . prostitute seeking cli-
rangement for the inheritance of ents in the street:streetwalker
• prostitutes' manager: pimp . in-
property over several generations: en­
•
tail government's right to seize pri­ come from prostitution: immoral
earnings • person obtaining prosti­
vate property for state use: eminent
domain • seize property: confiscate, tutes for others: procu rer, pandar
•
expropriate • seize property for the slow driving in search of prostitutes:

repayment of a debt: distrain, seq ues­

kerb-crawling
ter • repossess a mortgaged property protection • combining form: para­
upon failure of payments: foreclose (e.g. parasol) . protective measure
. enter another's property without taken in advance: precaution
permission: trespass • take un­ • (place of) protection offered to the
authorized possession of another's weak, destitute, or insane: asyl um
premises: squat • expel someone prote i n • bloodprotein transporting
from a property: evict • company oxygen: haemoglobin • protein
selling and renting out properties: es­ found in the blood of a diseased per-
tate age ncy • property owner giving son: paraprotein • protein present in
lets to tenants: landlord (fern. land- cheese: casein . fungus-derived pro-
281 protest I psychology

tein: mycoprotein • malnutrition tion to a given stimulus: instinct

caused by protein deficiency: kwashi­ • seemingly random suggestion of one
orkor idea by another: free association
protest • protest by refusal to eat: • unconscious transfer of one's own
hunger strike • protest by ignoring desires or emotions onto another: pro­
certain laws: civil disobedience jection • offsetting of a psychological
• protest by refusal to leave: occupa­ difficulty by developing in another
tion, sit-in • person refusing direction: compensation • person

co-operation as a protest: refu sen i k much concerned with his own

• reproachful verbal protest: remon­ thoughts and feelings: introvert • un­

strance selfconscious, outgoing person: extra­

Protestant • member of a dissent­ vert • person's true but concealed
ing Protestant Church: Nonconform­ self: i n ner child • excessive interest
ist • Protestant church government in one's appearance or abilities: nar­
by ministers and elders: Presbyter­ cissism • psychologically induced
ianism . district so governed: pres­ refusal or inability to communicate:
bytery • Protestant minister's house: autism • psychologically induced in­
manse ability to make decisions: abulia
• psychologically induced desire to
Prove nce . adjective: Provem;:al
exh ibitionism
•
,
display one's genitals:
prune dish of prunes wrapped in
• psychologically induced refusal to
bacon and served on toast: devils on
eat: anorexia nervosa • psychologic­
horesback
ally induced desire to overeat: bulimia
• Prussan
• either
Prussian aristocrat: Jun­ nervosa o r both o f the pre­
•
ker ceding: eati ng disorder psycho­
psalm • psalm book: psalter logically induced interest in faeces
• psalm-singing: psalmody and defecation: coproph ilia • psycho­
psychiatry • psychiatric therapy logically induced fear: phobia • ob­
that seeks to cure an undesirable sessive desire to set fire to things:
habit by associating it with an un­ pyromania • paranoid attitude based
pleasant experience: aversion ther­ on the assumption of others' hostility:
apy • phobia cure by gradual expos­ siege mentality • fixation with a sin­
ure to its cause: systematic gle idea: obsession . loss of a sense
desensitization of personal identity, thought to be
psychoanalysi:; • person under­ caused by inability to socialize: alien­
going psychoanalysis: analysand ation • aggressive behaviour mask­
. release of repressed emotions by ing feelings of inadequacy: i nferiority
discovery of their cause: catharsis complex . arrogant behaviour mask­
. psychoanalytic test o f describing ing feelings of inadequacy: su perior­
inkblots: Rorschach test ity complex • trust or affection dir­
psychology • imagined continuous ected towards a captor by his victims:
flow of a person's thoughts: stream of Stockholm syndrome • psychologic­

consciousness • below the thresh­ ally induced obsession with personal

old of consciousness: subliminal power: megalomania • psychological

. group o f repressed ideas: com plex state of impaired reason and memory:
. refuse to allow into consciousness: dementia • meaningless repetition of
inhi bit, repress, suppress • verbal another's acts: echopraxia • mean­

thought: inner speech • innate urge ingless repetition of another's words:

to attain a goal: drive • innate reac- echola lia • delusions of self-
importance or of persecution: para­ personal role: identity crisis • psy- '
noia, persecution complex • psycho­ chological interactions between mem-
logical state of sloth and despondency: bers of a group: group dynamics
depression • apathy induced by pro­ • struggle for psychological domin­
longed dependency on state benefits: ance: war of nerves, power play
dependency culture . psychologic­ • psychological treatment: thera py
ally induced refusal to speak: mutism • giving of psychological advice:
. psychologically induced use of ob­ counsel ling • therapy aimed at neur­
scene language: coprolalia • psycho­ otic behaviour rather than its cause:
logically induced meaningless speech: behavioural therapy • therapy simu­
paraphasia • psychologically in­ lating the trauma of being born: re­
duced desire to steal: kle ptomania birthing . therapeutic enactment of
• psychological disturbance from ex­ various social roles: role playing
• therapy associating undesirable be­
posure to battle fatigue,
warfare:
combat fatigue, shel l-shock . de­ haviour with pain etc,: aversion ther­
apy • psychological system positing
noting a physical illness caused or en­
a constant interaction between paren­
hanced by psychological factors: psy­
• life
chosomatic instinct in tal, adult, and childish personality
• study
• death
Freudian psychology: Eros traits: transactional analysis
of phenomena unexpained by ortho­
instinct in Freudian psychology:
• conscious
Thanatos personality
dox psychology: parapsychology
factor in Freudian psychology: ego public house • public house not
• Freudian self-critical personality under brewery control: free house
factor: s uperego • Freudian instinct­ . person in charge of this: landlord,
ive and largely subconscious person­ landlady • public house under brew­
ality factor: id • desire o f the i d to ery control: tied house • person in
avoid pain and seek pleasure: pleas­ charge of this: manager, te nant
ure prinCiple . ego's control of the id • period when drink prices are re­
to meet social norms: reality principle duced: happy hour • moment at
• young child's alleged desire for its which bar sales must cease: time
parent of the opposite sex: Oed ipus • period allowed after closing time for
complex • masculine part of a consumption of previously purchased
woman's personality in Jungian liquor: drinking-up time . period
psychology: animus . feminine part after closing time when 'private'
of a man's personality in Jungian drinking takes place behind locked
psychology: anima . aspect of the doors: lock-in • permission for a pub­
personality presented to others: per­ lic house to stay open longer than
• bar
• relational
sona aspect of human ac­ usual: extension customer's
running account: score • pub bar of­
tivity in Jungian psychology: eros
• primitive mental image said by fering basic comforts: public bar
• pub bar offering superior accommo­
Jungian psychology to be inherited
from prehistoric man: archetype dation, and charging higher prices:

• shared stock of such images: collect­ lounge bar, saloon bar, snug . fix­

ive unconscious • innate drive for ture for inverted spirit bottles: gantry
• brew temporarily available: g uest
self-destruction: death instinct . in­
nate drive for self-preservation: l ife in­
beer
stinct • rerouting o f basic drives into publicity • publicity booklet: bro­
more socially acceptable activities: chure • publicity material: literature
sublimation • uncertainty as to one's • publicity to trigger public debate:
283 publishing I pulley

consciousness-raising • person fruit:ro ly-poly • suet pudding with

gaining publicity for clients: publicist currants: spotted dick • stewed fruit
• avoidance of pUblicity: low profi le in a bread case: charlotte • soft sum­
� see also a dvertising mer fruits in a bread case: summer
pudding • sponge base with a sweet
publishing . initial payment to an
topping: flan • Italian dessert of
author on signing a contract: advance
• publishing
sponge soaked in spirits and coffee:
undertaken at the
tiramisu • Russian Easter dessert:
author's expense: va nity publishing
pashka . sweet batter baked with a
• publication using personal com­
fruit filling: clafoutis • chestnut pre­
puters and printers: desktop publish­
served in sugar: ma rron g lace
• sponge-cased
ing . publisher's preferred form of
custard: charlotte
house style
russe • custard topped with caramel­
presentation and layout:
. publisher's address details or brand
ized sugar: creme brCllee (PI cremes
name: im print . author's text as sub­
brOh3es) . egg custard topped with
mitted to a publisher: manuscript
caramel: creme caramel (pl. cremes
• employee
• cold
commissioning and super­
caramels) pudding of milk and
vising proj ects: editor • employee
flavoured cornflour: blancmange
• choux
examining manuscripts for style and
pastry filled with cream: pro­
consistency: copy editor . • commis­
fiterole • thin pastry baked round a
sioning and production o fa book for
fruit filling: strudel . light beaten
subsequent sale to a publisher: pack­ dessert: wh ip . pudding of flavoured
•
aging . copy of a book made avail­
whipped cream: syllabub cold pud­
able before publication date: advance ding with whipped cream and eggs:
• part
•
copy of a book published sep­ parfait cold pudding of sponge cake
arately:fascicle, insta lment, offprint, and fruit topped with layers of jelly,
preprint • exclusive right to publish custard and cream: trifle • beaten
a book: copyright • breach of copy­ eggs, sugar, and flavourings: flum­
right: piracy • unique number code mery • sweet of whipped cream and
•
assigned to each book published: egg-white: mousse Greek sweet of
International Standard Book Num­ sesame flour and honey: halva
ber • short description o f a book's • Greek sweet of honey-soaked pastry
• almond­
contents, for publicity use: blurb with nuts: baklava
• sum paid to the author for each copy flavoured cream: frangipane • sweet­
sold: royalty • reprint with editorial ened milk curds: junket • small curd
intervention: edition • reprint with tart: maid of honour . cold pureed
little or no editorial intervention: im­ fruit with cream: fool • meringue
pression • book achieving huge filled with fruit and whipped cream:
sales: bestse ller, blockbuster • sell pavlova • pudding of bread, j am, and
off remaining copies of an book meringue: queen of puddings
cheaply: remainder • designating a . frozen dome-shaped dessert: bombe
book still available from its publisher: • ice cream served with fruit etc. in a
in print . publisher's list of books tall glass:Knickerbocker Glo ry, par­
still in print: backl ist � see also fait, sundae . dish of ice cream,
book peaches, and liqueur: peach Melba,

pudding • fruit pudding steamed in peche Melba • sweetmeat eaten at

•
a cloth: duff steamed pudding of the end of a meal: bonne bouche

suet and flour: suet pudding • suet pul ley • ropes and pulleys for lifting
pudding rolled with layers of jam or heavy objects: tackle • cased set of
pulp I puzzle 284

pulleys: block • grooved wheel in a punished for another's faults: scape­

pulley block: sheave goat, whipping boy • study of pun­
pulp • marc
pulp of pressed grapes: . ishment: penology . place to which
• pulp of pressed apples: pomace minor offenders must report regu­
•
• combining form: sphygmo­
larly: attendance centre custodial
pulse
•
centrll for young offenders: commu­
instrument recording the pulse:
nity home • harsh custodial regime
sphygmograph
imagined to have a deterrent effect:
•
.. see
pump pour liquid into a pump be­ short sharp shock also sen­
fore use: prime tence
•
pun ishment . combining form: pupa butterfly or moth pupa:
pen(o)- • adjectives: disciplinary, ch rysalis . pupa's silky case: co­
penal, pun itive . subject to punish­ coon
ment: penalize • punishment as­
pupil . former pupil of a school or
signed: se ntence . denoting a pun­
university: alumnus (fem. alumna: pl.
ishment intended to discourage
alumni) . debar a pupil from his
•
further crime: deterrent, exemplary
school: expel teacher's periodic
• punishment seen as society's re­
asessment of and comments on a pu­
venge on the criminal: retributive
pil's progress: report
punishment . unavoidable punish­
•
ment: nemesis • threatened punish­ pu ppet puppet on strings: mario­
ment: sa nction . denoting punish­ nette
ment appropriate to the crime: purchase • purchase motivated
condign • deserved punishment: ret­ solely by point-of-sale pUblicity: im­
ribution • court order giving no pun­ pu lse buying • instalment purchase
ishment unless the offence is re­ with immediate use: hire purchase
peated: conditional discharge . exclusive right to purchase within a
• school punishment of being kept in: stated period: option • state's legally
detention • military punishment of enforced purchase: compu lsory pur­
doing dril carrying full kit: pack drill chase • advancement of purchaser's
• punishment o f heavy manual work: rights: consumerism • purchasers'
hard labour . punishment of doing refusal to buy: consumer resista nce
unpaid work for the community: com­ • investigation of purchasers' tastes

mun ity service . punishment by in­ and opinions: consumer research

flicting bodily pain: corporal punish­ purification • purification of the
ment • punishment of caning the emotions through drama etc. : cathar­
soles of the feet: basti nado • punish­ sis • purify by boiling off: disti l
ment of being sent away: banishment, pu rpose . purpose for which some­
exile • wooden frame with holes for
thing exists:raison d'etre
head and hands: pil lory • wooden
pus • combining
form: py- • adjec­
frame with holes for the hands and
feet: stocks • punishment of execu­
tive: purulent . pus-filed pimple or
• blood
tion: death pena lty • denoting such a
blister: pustule poisoning
caused by pus: pyaemia • create pus:
punishment: capital • execution by a
mob: lynching • unconditional re­ fester, suppurate
mission of punishment: free pardon push • push forward: propel • push

• cancellation or postponement of roughly: jostle

punishment: reprieve • freedom puzzle • picture cut into interlock­
from punishment: impun ity . escap­ ing pieces: jigsaw • plastic cube com­
ing punishment: scot-free • person posed of movable · multicoloured
285 puzzle I puzzle

squares: Rubie's cube • Chinese geo­ • puzzle to find from clues provided
metrical puzzle: tangram • grid of words fitting into a framework of
letters containing words written in squares: crossword • puzzle to find a
any direction: word search • word series of words giving the same letter
puzzle in which certain letters in each sequence when read across or down:
line form a name or message: acrostic word sq uare
·............................ ...................................................................................................................

Qq
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . . • • . . . . • • . . • • . . • • • • • . • . • • . . . • • . . • . • . . . . . • • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Quaker • Quaker assembly for wor­ question • adjective:

i nterrogative
ship: meeting • difficult question: conundrum . set
of written questions: qu estionnaire
quality . combining forms: -ence
• set of questions and answers used as
(e.g. im pertinence), -ency (e.g. effi­
a means of instruction: catechism
ciency) , -ship (e.g. friendship) . adjec­
tive: qual itative • indefinable quality:
. denoting a question suggesting the
answer required: leading . denoting
je ne sais quoi . distinctive or awe­
• as­
a question asked for effect, and not ex­
inspiring quality: mystique
pecting a reply: rhetorical . question
sessed by qUality: qualitative . denot­
an agent about his or her completed
ing the best quality: first class, first
misson: debrief . long and severe
rate, prime . denoting poor quality:
session of questioning: grilling, inter­
ersatz, second class, second rate
rogation, third degree
• place
• long
quarantine in quarantine:
queue traffic queue: tailback
isolate
quick • quick
exped- and efficient:
•
quark categories of quark: colour, itious • quick and careless: perfunc­
flavour, strangeness tory . over-hasty: preci pitate
q uarter • quarter of a circle or quiet • quiet period: lull
•
sphere: quadrant
quinine South American tree
queen . adjectives: royal, regal yielding quinine: chinchona
 Rr
ra bbit . female rabbit: doe . male overtake the rider in front: pursuit
rabbit: buck • young rabbit: kitten • cross-country bicycle race: cyclo­
• rabbit's short tail: scut • rabbit's cross • main bunch of cyclists in a
underground dwelling: burrow race: peloton • cycle racing team as­
• interconnecting series of burrows: sistant: soigneur . j ersey given to a
warren • rabbit cage: hutch • in­ stage winner in a cycle race: yellow
flammation of a rabbit's ear: canker je rsey . racing dog: greyhound,
. disease fatal to rabbits: myxoma­ whippet • starting compartment in a
tosis • polecat used to chase rabbits: greyhound race: trap . horse race
ferret • stew or boil rabbit: jug with no jumps: flat race • horse race

•
over natural obstacles: steep lechase,
ra bies suffering from rabies:
point-to-point • starting-compart­
rabid
ment in a horse race: stall • barrier
race' • short fast race: spri nt . pre­ raised at the start of a horse race:
liminary races: heats • race session: starting gate • horse race win by
meet, meeting • race in which each less than a horse's head's length:
section is contested by a participant short head • horse-race prize
from each team: relay • test of com­ money: stakes . horse-race prize
petitors' speed over a set distance: consisting of all the competitors'
time trial • denoting a race for all: stakes: sweepstake • denoting a race
open • programme for a race meet­ for horses that have not won before:
ing: card, racecard • competitor's maiden • steeplechase organizing
starting place: mark . end of a race body: National H u nt
Comm ittee
with leaders almost level: ph oto fin­ • motor race over rough terrain: ra l ly­
ish • end of a race with level leaders: cross • short motor race testing ac­
dead heat • withdraw from a race celeration: drag race . long distance
before its start: scratch • leave a race motor race over public roads: rally
before its finish: retire • contestant • best position at the start of a motor
thought to have -little chance of suc­ race: pole position . flag signalling
cess: outsider • contestant leading at the end of a motor race: chequered
the start of a race: pacemaker, pace­ flag • motor cycle racing: speedway
setter • denoting a contestant finish­ • motor cycle cross-country race:
ing a race in the first three: placed motocross • motor cycle race over
. short stick or tube passed between rough ground: scramble • cinder
members of a relay team: baton track for motor cycle races: d i rt track
• watch for timing races: stopwatch . 26-mile running race: marathon
• boat race whose participants each • race following a trail of torn-up
use a pair of oars: scu lls • boat race paper: paperchase • running race
on a course round obstacles: slalom across rough and unfamiliar terrain:
• set of boat races: regatta • racing orienteering . running race includ­
camel: dromedary • track cycle race ing hurdles and water jumps: steeple­
with a staggered start and attempts to chase • ski race down a winding
race I radio 288

course: slalom • swimming race re­ dow • aircraft designed to evade

quiring several strokes: medley • set radar detection: stea lth plane
of swimming races: gala
rad i ation . penetrating electromag­
race' • person of mixed race: half­ netic radiation of shorter wavelength
breed, half-caste • person with one than X-rays: gamma rad iation . re-
white and one black parent: mu latto gion. of intense radiation high above
• person with one Spanish and one the earth: Van Al len belt • discharge
American Indian parent: mestizo of radiation: emission • discharge of
(fern. mestiza) • semi-autonomous radiation through gradual nuclear
area for members of a particular race: '
dissolution: radioactive decay
• policy
•
homeland of common public emitting ionizing radiation: rad io­
I
provision for all races: integration
active . caused by ionizing radi-
• policy o f separate public provision
ation: radiogenic . denoting pene­
•
• r
for each race: segregation racial
trating radiation: hard denoting
• advo­
prej udice: racism, racialism
radiation with :
litt e penetrating :
•
cate of the supremacy of a particular
race: supremacist . different treat­
power: soft denotmg electromag-
netic radiation with a wavelength just
I'
ment for persons of different races:
infrared
•
greater than that of red light:
d iscrimination
•
deliberately favour­
denoting electromagnetic radiation
able treatment of those thought to be
with a wavelength shorter than that of
discriminated against: positive dis­
violet light but longer than that of
crimination, reve rse discri m ination
X-rays: ultraviolet • instruments
racetrack • cycle racing track: measuring radiation: dosimeter, radi-
•
velodrome . cinder track for motor
ometer instrument
cycle races: d i rt track • strip of track
changes in infrared radiation:
for one competitor: lane • sharp
thermograph . device generating an
double bend in motor race track: chi­ intense beam of electromagnetic radi-
cane • final stretch of a racetrack:
ation: laser • break up radiation into
home straight • condition of a horse­
high and low densities: d iffract . ex-
race track: going . frame for jump­
pose to radiation: irradiate . level of
ing over: hurdle . strip o f material
ionizing radiation: dos- ,
• win­
exposure to
broken by the winner: tape
age • amount of ionizing radiation
"
dose • device measuring
ner's ceremonial circuit of the track:
absorbed:
lap of honour . ancient Greek or
this: dosimeter, fi l m badge . largest .
Roman course for horse and chariot
radiation dose that can be taken with­
races: h ippodrome . trackside area
out harm: tolerance dose • illness
not open to the general public: enclos­
resulting from exposure to ionizing

l
ure . trackside enclosure where com­
petitors assemble: paddock radiation: radiation sickness
radar . series of radar signals emit­ rad io • early type of radio: crystal
ted as a navigational guide: beam set • tuning wire in this: cat's whis­
• reflected radar beam: echo . locate ker • �
app ratus trans �itting
and track a target by radar: lock on to ment readmgs by radIO: telemeter
• electromagnetic wave used in radar: • combined radio and gramophone: \
microwave • device strengthening radiogram • combined radio,
this: maser . radar establishment phone, and tape deck: music centre
tracking missiles, satellites, etc.: • radio that can transmit and receive: I
tracking station • metal foil released transceiver • device recelVmg a II
to evade radar detection: chaff, win- radio signal and automatically trans- �
289 radio I railway

mitting another one: transponder Mayday • amateur radio operator:

.device detecting radio emissions ham
•
from the sky: radio telescope .ter­
radioactivity atmospheric radio­
restrial radio establishment tracking activity after a nuclear explosion: fall­
• time
missiles, satellites, etc_: earth station, out needed for radioactivity to
• radio
• not
tracking station device de­ halve: half-l ife subject to radio­
tecting moving objects: radar • series active decay: stable • radioactive
of radio signals emitted as a naviga­ form of an element: isotope • med­
tional guide: beam • small radio de­ ical use of radioactive substances:
vice alerting its wearer by beeping nuclear medicine • radioactive sub­
when it has received a message: pager stance whose passage though the body
• system of interconnected transmit­ is monitored for diagnostic purposes:
ters: network • alter a radio signal to tracer • instrument for measuring
make it incomprehensible: scramble radioactivity: Geiger cou nter • de­
.adjust a receiver to the frequency of vice for handling radioactive mater­
the desired signal: tune • radio unit ial: glovebox .lose radioactivity:
detecting and preamplifying the de­ decay • remove radioactivity from:
sired signal: tuner - single-rod radio decontaminate .free from radio­
aerial: monopole • set of earphones activity: clean
• small
• inflatable
and microphone: headset raft raft for use in ship­
cathode display as tunin g indicator: wreck: l ife raft
magic eye • radio
•
wave of constant
rai lway railway line leading to­
amplitude: continuous wave .alter
wards a major city: u p line .railway
a radio wave's amplitude or fre­
down
• distance
line leading from a major city:
modulate
• railway
quency: be­
line with a central toothed
•
tween successive crests of a radio or
rail: rack rai lway underground
sound wave: wavelen gth .radio fre­
railway in London:Under­ tube,
quencies for local communication:
g round .underground railway in
• radio
Paris: metro • underground railway
Citizen's Band wave above 1
km long: long wave • radio wave be­
in Rome: metropol itana .under­
tween 0.1 and 1 km long: med i u m
ground railway in New York: subway
• radio
• wheelless railway system: maglev
wave wave between 0.01 and
•
• railway
0.1 km long: short wave radio wave
system with a single track
between 0.001 and 0.3 m long: micro­ from which the train is suspended:
• range
• short
wave of wavelengths between monorail track beside a rail­
•
two given limits: band, waveband way line: siding short branch line:
• transverse
.deflection of radio waves passing spur beam supporting
• nail
from one medium to another: refrac­ railway track: sleeper fasten­
tion • reflected radio beam: echo ing the rail to the sleeper: spike
• imaging of internal organs by high­ .plate joining two sections of rail:
frequency radio waves: magnetic res­ fishplate • stones forming the bed of
onance imaging • radio wave trans­ a railway track: ballast • this with
mitted or received: Signal the track upon it: permanent way
• unwanted signals impairing recep­ • distance between track rails: gauge
tion: interference • deliberate cre­ .earth piled up to carry a railway
ation of this: jamming • signal's track: embankment • series of
strength relative to interference arches supporting a railway track:
around it: signal-to-noise ratio viaduct • water tunnel under a rail­
• international radio distress signal: way track: cu lvert • onward slope of
rain I razor 290

a railway track: g rad ient, incline rally • rally of Scouts and/or Guides:
• area of adjustable intersecting track: jamboree
points • points designed to derail ve­ ra ndom • denoting music allowing
hicles coming the wrong way: catch for some random elements in its per­
points • barrier at the end of a rail­ formance: aleatoric
way track: buffers • signal for the
ra nk . ranking by status: hierarchy
next section of track: home signal
• signal giving advance warning: dis­
g
. of hi her rank: superior . of lower
rank: su bordinate . priority ac­
tant signal . explosive warning de­
corded to persons of different rank:
• raise
vice set on the track: detonator
precedence to a higher
promote • degrade to a lower
. railway track and associated equip­
rank:
ment: trackwork • person building or
rank: demote, relegate • titled per­
son: aristocrat • person belonging to
maintaining railway tracks: navvy,
platelayer • tracks ide building from
neither the royalty nor the aristoc­
which points, signals, etc. are con­
racy: commoner
trolled: signal box . m inor railway
•
station: halt • station with extensive ra pid combining form: tachy­
• rapid
parking: parkway • station informa­ heartbeat due to excitement,

tion board or screen: ind icator . sta­ fever, etc. : tachycardia

tion that is a major transport inter­ rash • rose-coloured rash: roseola
change: railhead • station serving • itching red rash caused by food al­
several routes: i nterchange lergies: hives, nettle rash, urticaria
• safekeeping for luggage at a station: • rash round the waist or head, with
left luggage • official in charge of a extreme nerve pain: shingles, herpes
railway station: stationmaster zoster
• point where routes merge or cross: Rastafa rian • Rastafarian hair­
junction • rolling-stock maintenance style with hair in tight braids: dread­
shed with a turntable: roundhouse locks • Rastafarian's vegetarian
. point where vehicles etc. cross rail­ food:ital • Rastafarian name for God:
way tracks: level crossing . former Jah • contemptuous Rastafarian
famous railway guide: Bradshaw term for white society and culture:
� see also train Babylon
ra i n . combining form: pluvi(o)­ rat • adjective: murine • male rat:
• adjective: pluvial . light fine rain: buck • young pup
rat:
drizzle • chemically polluted rain: rates • reduce or remove rates: de­
acid rai n • rainfall reaching the rate
• combining
ground through trees etc.: throughfall rather form: -ish (e.g.
• rainwater not absorbed b y the earth:
biggish)
run-off • rain cloud: nimbus • sud­
ratio • ratio of items to a given area:
den violent rainstorm: cloudburst,
•
deluge • rainy season in southern
dens ity ratio in which one term in-

• map
Asia: monsoon line joining
creases as the other decreases: in-
points of equal rainfall: isohyet
verse ratio
• spraying chemicals into a cloud to ration • free from rationing restric­
produce rain: seeding . period with tions: deration
little or no rain: drought • not raven • adjective: corvine
• adjective:
washed away by rainfall: rainfast ray radial
ra in bow • band of colours seen in razor . leather strip for sharpening
the rainbow: spectrum razors: strop
291 read I record player

read • that can be read: legible record • combining form: -gram

• read carefully: peruse, pore over • systematic record: log • record of a
• read casually: browse • read patch­ person's education and career: cu rric­
ily: dip • inability to read due to ig­ ulum vitae (pl. curricula vitae) • elec­
norance: ill iteracy • inability to read trically traced record of a heartbeat:
due to brain damage: alexia, word electrocardiogram • record of hours
blind ness • difficulty with reading worked: time sheet • record of a
due to brain dysfunction: dyslexia business meeting: mi nutes • record
. scarcely able t o read and write: of a learned society's meetings: mem­
semi-literate • unable to read or oirs, proceedi ngs, transactions . re­
write: i l l iterate . reading words by cord of tasks completed or in pro­
their general appearance: look-and­ gress: worksheet • early Exchequer
say • reading words by the sounds record: pipe rol l . paperwork re­
their letters phonics
express:
quired for official records: documen­
• set
. reader's cubicle in a library: ca rrel
tati on of records, papers, etc. on
• reading stand: lecte rn
a particular topic: dossier • collec­
ready • ready if required: on alert, tion of documents or records: arch ive,
on standby • release from a state of registry • period before written re­
readiness: stand down cords: prehistory � see also arch ive
• make
•
reality more concrete or
recorder' combining form: -graph
reify • avoidance of unpleasant
•
real:
device recording the distance trav­
realities: escapism
elled and speeds achieved by a motor
real tennis • court's winning open­ vehicle: tachograph
ing: hazard • built projection in the
recorder' • recorder mouthpiece:
court: tambour .junction between
floor and side walls of the court: nick fipple
. courtside spectators' gallery: de­ record ing • denoting a recording
dans made at a public performance: l ive
reason • adjective:
rational . rea­ • component transferring electrical
soning system: dialectic . science of signals to the recording medium:
reasoning: logic . reasoning from head • continuous sequence re­
general to particular: ded uction corded at one time: take • record a
• reasoning from particular to gen­ television programme for later view­
eral: ind uction . faulty reasoning, or ing: ti me-shift • general sound qual­
a belief based on it: fa llacy • showing ity of a recording: production
faulty reasoning: misguided . at­ . laser-read disk of digital informa­
tractive but fallacious reasoning: tion: com pact disk • section of a re­
soph ism • pretended reason: pre­ cording containing a single item:
•
text track recording's protective cover:
recent . combining form: neo­ sleeve • information sheet inside a
• child recently born: neonate • re­ recording's case: i nlay • framed disc
cent beginner: neophyte awarded to artists of a high-selling re­
recipient . combining form: -ee cording: gold disc, silver disc, plat­
(e.g. payee) inum d isc . take a recording off the
• combining form:
reciproca l inter­ market: de lete
(e.g. interaction) record player • hard point placed
recommend • recommend pub- in the record groove: styl us • holder
licly: endorse for the stylus: cartridge . revolving
recru itment I relationship 292

disc upon which a record is placed: re galia • monarch's short staff:

turntable • base for the turntable: sceptre • monarch's globe sur-
deck .. see also gramophone mounted by a cross: orb
rec ruitment . former services' re­ re gion . nearby region: vicin ity
cruitment unit, employing force and . region offering government incen­
trickery: pressgang • entice senior tives t� incoming businesses: devel­
employees away from other com­ opment area . region observing a
panies: head h u nt common time: time zone . semi­
autonomous area for members of a
•
•
rectum combining form: proct(o)­ particular people: homeland re­
• inflammation of the rectum: gion suffering extreme drought and
proctitis • instrument for inspecting erosion: dustbowl
the rectum: proctoscope • study of
re gi stration plate • specially pur­
the anus and rectum: proctology
chased vehicle registration plates that
• solid medication inserted to dissolve
contain the owner's initials etc.: van­
in the rectum: suppo sitory . liquid
ity plates
or gas introduced medicinally into the
rectum: enema re g ret . regret and wish undone:
rue . feeling no regret: im penitent
red . combining forms: erythr(o)-,
re gulate . low dam in a river to
rhod(o)- (e.g. rododendron, literally 'red
•
tree ), rub(i)- • brilliant red: ve rm il­
regulate its flow: we ir device regu­

ion • red blood cell: erythrocyte

lating fluid flow: valve
. red·faced: ru bicund • red­ re ign • adjective: reg nal • period

blindness: da lton ism, protanopia between two reigns: interreg num

•
reef circular coral reef or group of rehearsal . rehearsal taken with­
out stops: run-through • rehearsal to
islands: atoll . low reef or sandbank:
•
cay reef enclosing a lagoon: barrier check lighting and other effects: tech­
nical rehearsal • final rehearsal:
reef
dress rehearsal
referee • referee 's assistant indicat·
rejection • contemptuous rejection:
ing when the ball is out of play: lines­
spurning . formal rejection: renun­
man, to uch judge
ciation
•
• related
refi nement excessive refinement: rel ated through a common
precios ity ancestor: cognate . related through
refrigerator • refrigerator com­ a common male ancestor:ag nate
partment for fruit and vegetables: • related by blood: consangui neous,
crisper • rid a refrigerator of excess kin • related at a distance of x gener-
ice: defrost ations: x times removed . related
through marriage or adoption: af­
refugee • state protection offered to fined . (of words) related by having a
a political refugee: asylum • place to common source: cognate
detain a refugee while asylum appli­
relationship • harmonious rela­
cations are considered: detenti on
tionship between persons: ra pport
centre
• interactive relationship between
refuse • refuse to do business with: things: correlation • establishment
boycott . refuse to give: with hold of a close relationship based on shared
• refuse to socialize with: ostracize experiences or feelings: bo nding
• abrupt refusal or rejection: rebuff . establishment o f harmonious inter-
293 relative I remove

national relations: rapprochement .religious instruction by question

• romantic or sexual relationship: af­ and answer: catechism • person re­
fair • casual romantic relationship: ceiving religious instruction: cat­
dalliance • brief and unpremeditated echumen • secret religious rites:
sexual relationship: fling • romantic mysteries • secret mystical know­
relationship preceding marriage: ledge: gnosis • person rejecting
courtship • secret sexual relation­ standard religious beliefs: freethinker
ship: liaison • person with whom one • person rejecting all religious and
has an established romantic or sexual moral principles: nihilist • new­
relationship: significant other • per­ comer to a religion: neophyte • fol­

son having no established romantic or low the rules of a religion: practise

sexual relationship: single • unable • affirm one's religious belief: con­
to cope with normal social relation­ fess, profess • religious veneration:
ships: dysfunctional cult • animal or natural object be­

•
lieved to have spiritual powers: totem
•
relative closest relative: next of
•
pole on which these are hung or de­
•
kin person related to another by
•
picted: totem pole annual religious
•
birth: blood relation person related
celebration: feast religious rever­
•
to another by marriage: inlaw
ence: piety excessive piety: religi­
relative density .'apparatus osity • disrespectful of religion: im­
measuring a liquid's relative density: pious, profane • disrespectful
hydrometer treatment of a religious item or place:
•
•
sacrilege irreligious talk: blas­
relic
•
container ;or relics: reliquary
• taking
phemy, profanity distributor of
•
of relics to another place:
religious literature: colporteur de­
translation
ception intended to foster religious be­
religion . combining form: religio­ lief: pious fraud • purge a religious
• religion based on reason: natural re­ narrative of fanciful elements: de­
ligion .system of religious belief: mythologize • study of religions hav­
creed, doctrine, dogma, faith • reli­ ing gods: theology • not religious:
gious belief diverging from those gen­ secular � see also god, theology
erally accepted: heresy, heterodoxy
remark
• inflexible
.abrupt remark: interjec-
adherence to religious
tion .remark intended to provoke
•
dogma: fundamentalism .change of
anger: taunt contemptuous remark:
one's religious beliefs: conversion
' sneer .mocking remark: jeer, jibe,
•
.desertion or abandonment
lampoon, taunt oblique remark: in­
•
tem of religious belief: apostasy
• subdivision
nuendo, insinuation trite remark:
•
of religious groups:
•
bromide, platitude witty remark:
•
schism schismatic group: sect
• amalgamation
bon mot, mot, epigram witty re­
of various religions:
•
mark that occurs to one too late:
syncretism person maintaining his
esprit de I'escalier
religion in the face of threats: confes­
sor • openly profess one's religious remedy .remedy for al problems:
faith: witness • person vowed to re­ panacea
ligious service: votary • person trav­ remove • combining form: dis- e.g.
elling to holy places: pilgrim • person disbud, un- (e.g. unman ) • remove
sent to make religious converts: mis­ completely: eliminate • remove from
sionary, missioner • person shifting a dangerous place: evacuate • person
his religious allegiance: proselyte so moved: evacuee • remove an item
remote I reputation 294 i
••••••• 0.0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• �

from a museum etc. collection: deac­ reporter • newspaper reporter:

cession .remove the bowels of: dis­ journal ist, correspondent • inex­
embowel, eviscerate perienced newspaper reporter: cub
• reporter
remote • remote area: ultima Thule engaged by a newspaper on
a part-time basis: stri nger • news­
renounce .renounce the throne: pap�r's reporter of artistic perform-
abdicate • person who renounces his ances: critic .newspaper's featured
• reporter's
faith: renegade contributor: colum nist
rent .rent paid by the householder official accreditation: press card
to the landowner: ground rent .re­ • arranged meeting with reporters:
duced rent paid during non­ press conference • person supply­
occupancy: retai ner .excessive rent: ing a reporter with inside informa- .
rack-rent • nominal rent: pepper­ tion: source
corn rent • person living on rental reproduction .combining forms:·
income: rentier gon- (e.g. gonad) .adjective: genera­
repair .repair made to an item in tive • age at which reproduction be­
use: running repair • shoe-repairer: comes possible: puberty .reprodu-"
cobbler • keep in good repair: main­ cing by means of eggs: ovi parous �
tain • inspect and repair if neces­ • reproducing live offspring: vivipar- �

sary: overhaul ous • reproducing by giving birth;

• re-run
from eggs hatched within the body: (
• between \
repetition o f film o f the
ovovIviparous breeding
crucial moments of a sporting event,
closely related individuals: inbreed-�
often in slow motion: action re play
• repetition
ing .external reproductive
genitals • female external
of words or ideas in in­
•
• male
verted order: chiasmus muscle

penis, testicles • gland producingJr

vulva external
strain caused by frequent repetition of

• tube
a movement: repetitive strain injury
ova: ovary conveying the
replacement • temporary replace­ ovum to the uterus: Fallopian tub�
ment for a doctor, clergyman, etc . : • gland releasing a fluid component 01�
locum • replacement by a better semen: prostate • gland
item: upgrade • woman bearing chil­ sperm: testis • introduction
dren for an infertile woman: su rro­ semen to the vagina other than by
gate ual intercourse: artificial
ation • reproductive cell:
reply .sharp reply:
•
retort, ri poste
• witty reply, or conversation consist­ organ producing gametes:
•
ing of them: repartee witty retort .keeping an egg warm:
that comes to mind after the chance to .self-reproduction of genetic
make it has gone: re plication • denoting asexual
ial:
vegetative • incapable
esprit de I'escalier
• person replying: respondent production:

• report
reproduction: sterile ,
• combining
report of a praiseworthy
•
act: citation government report reptile
with proposals for public discussion: he rpet(o)-, -saur, -saurus

j
prehistoric reptile: dinosaur, saurial'
•
g reen paper .government report
glass container for keeping smai
•
with proposals for legislation: wh ite
paper .official report: return .re­ reptiles:terrarium study of reptile1·
herpetology �
port giving the writer's considered
opinions: position paper • prepare a reputation .reputation gained
detailed report: write u p ability or achievement: stature, sta
295 request I result

tus • public destruction of a person's sponsibility: disclaimer .person re­

reputation: humiliation • malicious sponsible for another: sponsor
destruction of a person's reputation: • take on excessive responsibilities:
character assassination, whispering overextend oneself
• short •
campaign rest rest: respite midday
request • formal request: petition rest taken in hot countries: siesta
require • whenever required: on restaurant • simple restaurant:
demand cafe, coffee shop, bistro, brasserie
resin .amber rubbed on stringed­ • self-service restaurant: cafeteria
instrument bows: rosin .synthetic • staff restaurant: canteen • restaur­

resin used to make synthetic textile ant selling cooked food to be eaten
fibres: polyester • synthetic resin elsewhere: takeaway • restaurant
used in paints and adhesives: polyur­ specializing in roasts: rotisserie
ethane • flexible synthetic resin • restaurant where meat is carved
used in packaging: polythene under the customer's direction: car­
• pancake
• resistance to pressure: com­
very restaurant: creperie
resist
• resistance to
.pizza restaurant: pizzeria .small
tave rna • small
pressive strength
tension: tensile strength • resistance
Greek restaurant:
Italian restaurant: trattoria • place

at a restaurant: cover • res­

generated when one surface brushes
.designed for
setting
past another: friction
taurant charge for bread, laundry, etc.:
•
minimum air-resistance: stream l i ned
• that cannot be resisted: inexo rable
cover charge restaurant's list of
•
• abandonment of resistance: capitu­
available dishes: menu dish avail­
able on a particular day: plat du jour
lation
•
(pl. plats du jour) .limited menu
resort resort having a medicinal
spa • spa
served at a fixed overall price: ta ble
• menu
mineral spring: or seaside d' hote with items priced sep­
•
resort: watering place arately: a la carte style of restaur­
resource .shared resource: pool ant service in which a customer's
• careful use of resources: thrift plate is filled by waiters at the table:
respect • combining
silver service • restaurant owner:
• restaurant's
form: -wise
(e.g. pricewise) • admiring respect: restaurateur senior
prestige • given as a mark of respect: cook: chef • restaurant's junior cook:
hono rific .respect due to family or commis • bag for restaurant cus­
fatherland: piet� s tomer to take home uneaten food:

•
doggy bag
respectable slightly disreput­
able:raffish, rakish • shabby and dis­ restraint .linked metal rings se­
reputable: seedy • untidy and dis­ curing the wrists or ankles: shackles
reputable persons: ragtag and .wrist shackles: manacles • ankle
bobta il shackles: fetters • hold down
someone's arms and legs: pinion
response .automatic response: i n­
stinct, reflex action .reported reac­ restrictions • free from restric­
tion to a new product, proposal, etc.: tions: decontrol
feedback • unenthusiastic or hostile
result .possible result: eventual ity
• • anticlimactic
reaction: negative feedback final result:upshot
responsibility .area of responsi- outcome: non-event • able to pro­
bility: province .shared responsi­ duce the desired result: efficacio us
bility: partnership • denial of re- .aimed a t practical results rather
retaliation I rice 296

than theoretical purity: pragmatic easily understood from the context: el­
.achieving poor results: unproduct­ lipsis • personification of an abstract
ive • achieving no results: non­ concept: proso popoeia .opening a
productive • based on actual results: new sentence by repeating the last
ex post facto word of the preceding one:
retaliation • combining form: anadiplosis • opening a series of
counter (e.g. counter-attack) senteFlces with the same word: ana ph­
ora .substitution of an attribute for
retirement • denoting a person
the thing possessing it: metonymy
who has retired from the office cited:
• deliberate litotes,
emeritus
meiosis • use of more words than is
retort • witty retort that comes to
necessary to convey the bare mean­
mind after the chance to make it has
ing: pleonasm, redu ndancy
gone: esprit de I'escalier
rheumatism • rheumatism of the
• return t o fashion o r suc­
•
return
joints: rheumatoid arthritis steroid
cess: comeback
used to treat rheumatism: hydrocor­
revenge .act of revenge: reprisal, tisone
retal iation
rhinoceros • young rhinoceros:
reversal .combining forms: dis-
calf
(e.g. disaffir m), un- (e.g. untie)
revolution • incitement to rebel­ rhyme • rhyme between final
lion: sedition .revolutionary upris­ stressed syllables: masculine rhyme
ing: i n surrection • sudden seizure of • rhyme between final unstressed syl­
power: coup, coup d'etat (pl. coups lables: feminine rhyme .rhyme in­
d'etat), putsch • dissatisfied and re­ volving midline words: internal
bellious person: malcontent • person rhyme • partial rhyme between
taking active part in a revolution: in­ words with different consonants:
surgent • opposition to revolutionar­ para rhyme .near rhyme between
ies: cou nter-insurgency words having similar consonant or
vowel sounds, but not both: asson­
reward • reward offered to encour­
ance .false rhyme between words
age greater effort: incentive .reward
that look but do not sound the same:
offered for capturing or killing a
eye-rhyme, im perfect rhyme • game
wanted person or animal: bounty
of inventing successive lines of rhym­
rhetori c • words addressed to an ab- ing verse: cra m bo �see also verse
• numbers
sent person or thing: apostrophe
• application of one word to two rhythm indicating the
•
others: zeugma use of apparent rhythm of a musical score: time sig­
contradictions: oxymoron .pictur­ nature • emphasized beat: down beat
esque comparison: simile • pictur­ .unemphasized beat: u pbeat .dis­
esque description in which the object placement of the beat: syncopation
described is said to be the thing it re­ rib • adjective: costal • between the
sembles: meta phor • construction ribs: intercostal • unattached rib:
lacking its expected grammatical se­ false rib, floating rib
quence: a nacolouthon • introduc­
ribbon .ribbons on a hat: cockade
tion of an irrelevant topic: digression
• device of mentioning a subject by rice • rice in the husk: paddy • rice
saying one is not going to mention it: field: paddy • Italian rice dish: ris­
apophasis • ingenious figure of otto • Spanish rice dish with chicken
conceit • omission of words
speech: and seafood: paella • Middle Eastern
297 rid I river

rice dish with spices and vegetables: tral 0 right side of a ship as seen by
pilaf one facing its prow: starboard
0 projecting
0
rid get rid of by passing on: off­ rim rim: flange
load ring oadjective: annular oring for
0 denoting
the leash on a dog's collar: terret
ridge materials shaped
o leather ring for Scout's neckerchief:
into ridges and grooves: corrugated
woggle o finger ring having a seal in­
onatural ridge from each side of
stead of a stone: signet ri ng oring
which water drains into a different
worn to keep a more valuable one
0
river system: watershed
from slipping: keeper plain ring
rifle olight automatic rifle: carbine worn in a pierced ear to prevent its
oback part o f a rifle barrel: breech closing up: keeper, sleeper 0 ring in­
osliding element of a rifle's breech: serted in the lip: labret 0 ring of
bolt 0 rear end of a rifle: butt olean muscle: sphincter oring of light
rifles together with their butts on the round the sun or moon: au reole, cor­
ground: pile arms orifle range: butts ona 0 coloured ring seen in the cross­
omound for a target in a rifle range: section of a tree trunk, representing a
butt �see also g u n year's growth: annual ring, tree ri ng
right' .rights thought t o b e pos­
ringing opersistent ringing sound
heard in one or both ears: t i n n itus
sessed by anyone: hu man rig hts
orights to political and social freedom ringworm 0 technical term: tinea
and equality: civil rights, civil l iberty pedis
oprinciple that al persons have equal riot 0 steal goods during a riot: loot
rights: egalita rianism 0 exclusive risk 0 risk inherent in a particular
right: p rerogative 0 denoting a right activity: occupational haza rd 0 will­
established by long use: prescriptive ing to take risks: venturesome 0 de­
oby right: de jure 0 having a right: liberate risk-taking: adventurism,
eligible 0 right to enjoy daylight in bri n kmanship ofunding for risky
one's windows, unobstructed by sub­ projects: venture capital operson at
sequent building: ancient lights risk: marked man 0 health or envir­
oright to cross another person's land: onmental risk posed by microbio­
easem ent oanother's right to cross logical experimentation: biohazard
one's land: servitude 0 exclusive o put at risk: imperil 0 put to exces­
right to publish or use artistic mater­ sive risk: overexpose
ial: copyright oright to reject a de­ ritual 0 admission ritual: i n itiation
cision made by others: veto 0 right to o ritual marking a new stage in life:
speak or collaborate with whoever one rite of passage 0 secret ritual: mys­
wishes: free association 0 right to teries 0 ritual pouring of liquid: li­
express one's opinions: free speech bation
0
ofirstborn child's right of succession:
primogenitu re 0 right to vote: fran­
rival use of various ploys to gain
psychological advantage over one's ri­
chise olegal transfer o f a right: as­
sign ment 0 person to whom a right
vals: gamesmanship
river ocombining form: f1uvio- oad­
is legally transferred: assign, as­
signee 0 refrain from exercising a
jectives: fl uvial , fl uviatile, potam ic,
riverine 0 ice river: glacier 0 river
right: waive
flowing into a larger one: tributary
right' 0 combining forms: dextro­ oplace where a river begins: sou rce
(e.g. dextrorotatory) 0 adjective: dex- otributary joining a river close to its
river bank I road 298
.................................... ............................................................................................................
,

source: headwater • small island in a dead end • narrow section of road

river: ait, eyot, holm • shallow river causing congestion: bottleneck
crossing: ford • low dam in a river to • road avoiding a congested area: by­
regulate its flow: wei r • deep river pass, relief road • bypass encircling
gorge: canyon • straight stretch of a town:orbital road, ring road .road
river: reach • river's winding curve:
,'�
for motor vehicles: carriageway,
meander • horseshoe-shaped bend in
I
motorway .motorway's tarmacked
a river's course: oxbow .new chan­ edge: hard shou lder, shoulder
nel made for a river: cut .junction of • French motorway: autoroute I,;
two rivers: confl uence • area of • motorway in German-speaking
rough water caused by meeting cur­ countries: autoba hn • Italian motor­
rents: rip • stretch of fast shallow way: autostrada .motorway in
water: rapids, white water .triangu­ Spanish-speaking countries: auto-
• road I
lar area, with many streams, at a
•
pista with a single expanse of
• •
river's mouth: delta wide area of tarmac: single carriageway two-
tidal water at a river's mouth: estuary
• sand
way traffic on a single carriageway:
• strip
etc_ deposited on a river bed:
•
contraflow of land between
silt clean out a river bed: dredge
• animals
paired carriageways: central reserva­
living in a river bed: in­
•
tion .road so divided: dual carriage­
fauna floating beam restricting ac­
way • grass at the edge of a road:
cess to a river: boom • dry river bed:
verge .point where roads merge or
cross: ju nction • multilevel junction
wadi .sudden river flood: spate
.flood moving down-river: freshet
• high
with connecting slip roads: cloverleaf
junction, interchange • bridge for
wave moving up a river at the
• steps
spring tide: bore, eagre lead­
one road to cross another: flyover, i.
overpass • road passing under an-
ing down to a river in India: ghat
•
• rounded open
instrument measuring rivers' rise
fl uviometer • officials con­
other: u nderpass
and fall:
conservancy • river­
space where several roads meet: cir-
cus • roadside barrier preventing ac-
trolling a river:

cidents: crash barrier • road hump

side scavenger: mudlark .mapping
of rivers: hydrography • study of
to limit speed: sleeping policeman,
rivers: potamology
speed bump, speed hump
river bank • adjective: riparia n side camera photographing speeding ,
• path along a river bank: towpath vehicles: speed camera • charge
road .major cross-country road: using a stretch of road: tol l •
trunk road • scenic coast road: cor­ side stopping area: lay-by .roadside
niche • urban seaside road: esplan­ establishment selling fuel etc,: filling
ade, promenade • road along high station, service station, petrol sta- tl
ground: ridgeway • raised road tion .roadside establishment offer-
across wet ground: causeway .pri­ ing parking, refuelling, and restaur-
vate road leading up to a house: drive ant facilities: service area, services �
• drive passing a house in a curve: • belt of land alongside a major road: :

sweep • access road: service road corridor • building along the sides of ;
• road entering or leaving a dual car­ a road: ribbon devel opment • rise in
riageway: slip road • slip road for a a road's surface towards the centre, to
vehicle out of control: escape road assist drainage: camber • rise in a I

.road tunnel: u nderpass .road on road's surface at one side, to assist �I

which no stopping is permitted: clear­ cornering: bank .create even slopes
way • road with no exit: cul-de-sac, for roadbuilding: g rade • steepness '
�.�.� robbery I rocket
........................................................................................................................................ .

of a road: g radient, incline .small lifelike robots: animatronics .con·

marker projecting slightly from the vert a production line to robotic oper­
road surface: stud .raised strip al· ation: robotize
tering tyre noise when crossed: rum­
ble stri p • metal grid over a pit in a
rock .combining forms: l ith o-,
petro-, -l ite (e.g. chrysolite) .forma·
tion of rocks: petrogenesis • large
road: cattle g rid .sharp bend on a

smooth rock: bou lder • pointed rock:

road: dogleg, hairpin bend .reflect·
ing road marker: Cats eye • section
needle • natural column of rock:
stack • rock visible above the sur·
of road marked off for a file of traffic:
• place
• solid
lane where a road divides:
• road
face: outcrop rock under
loose deposits: bedrock • rocks de·
fork junction marked with yel·
low hatching: box junction .earth
posited by a glacier: moraine .steep
piled up to carry a road:embankment
rockface: crag, p recipice .ridge of
rock in the sea: reef • rock layer:
.water tunnel under a road: culvert
• rubble for road foundations: ballast,

hardcore • sand and gravel for road

stratum .curvature o f rock strata:
fold .stratified rock sample gained
by a hollow drill: core • break in a
foundations: hoggin .smooth flat

• crack m a
stone formerly used to surface roads: .
• mixture
rock formation: fa ult
• denoting
cobble of pitch with sand
rockface: fissure
• denoting
or gravel, used for surfacing'roads: as­
•
unquarried rock: living
phalt stones of graded sizes, laid as
• mixture
rock changed by heat or pressure:
•
a road surface: macadam
metamorphic denoting rock
•
of pitch with stones or slag, used for
•
formed from lava: igneous loose
surfacing roads: tarmac give a road
pieces of rock on a hillside: sc� ee
• mass
a smooth firm surface: make up,
metal, pave • top layer of a road sur·
of snow, ice, and rocks movmg
avalanche • plant
weari ng course • hole in a road
down a mountain:
face:
surface: pothole • designer of roads,
growing on rock: lithop hyte .re·
mains of prehistoric plants or animals
foss i l • prehistoric
bridges, etc.: civil engineer .motor
found in rock:
petroglyph • study of
vehicle clearing roads of snow: snow­
plough • overcrowding of roads: con­
rock carving:

gestion • charging to use roads at

rocks: lithology, petrology .dating

• official
of rocks: geochronology
busy times: road pricing
rules for road users: Highway Code rocket .rocket putting a spacecraft
.children's rules for crossing a road: into orbit: launcher, launch vehicle
kerb drill • small rocket fired for counter­
pressure: retrorocket, retroengine
• diameter
robbery .robbery by breaking a
of a rocket: calibre
•
shop window: smash-a nd-grab
engined rocket section jettisoned
.robbery by driving into a shop win·
ram-raid • robbery at gunpoint:
after use: stage .first stage of a
rocket: booster • projection improv·
dow:
hold-up • open robbery when law
ing stability: fi n • rocket's curving

• support for a
and order breaks down: looting, plun­
course: trajectory
der, pillage .plundering and de·
space rocket before take·off: gantry
struction of a captured town: sack
.. see also
.surface for rocket launching: pad,
platform • supply line between gan·
.attack and rob: mug

try and rocket: umbilical • shoulder·

theft
robot • technique of making and op· held rocket launcher: bazooka
erating mechanical robots: robotics • piece of solid rocket fuel: g ra i n • reo
• technique of making and operating agent in a rocket engine: propellant
rod I roof 300

• propulsive force of a rocket engine: this: legionary • company com­

thrust .firing of a rocket engine: mander in the Roman army: centur­
burn � see also spacecraft ion .Roman military unit of 6 cen·
rod • rod used for hand spinning: turies: cohort • summary collection
distaff .rod turning roasting meat: of Roman law: Digest • first day of a
spit • rod strengthening a framework Roman month: calends .mid point
etc.: strut • rod said to indicate of a Roman month: ides • ninth day
underground water by twitching: before this: nones
•
•
dowsin g rod bundle of rods with Roman Catholic head of the RC
an axe, carried before Roman magis· church: pope • senior RC priest who
trates: fasces elects the pope: cardinal .priest in
role • lead • small char­
chief role: charge of an RC church or religious
acter role: cameo • silent role: institution: rector .RC parish
walking-on part, wa lk-on .perform priest's house: presbytery 0 RC

two roles: double priest's cassock: soutane .RC priest

roll .roll up and secure: furl deputizing for a bishop: vicar • skull·

• combining form:
cap worn by certain RC clergymen:
zucchetto • training college for RC
Roman Romano-
.Roman circular auditorium: amphi­
theatre • fighter i n the amphitheatre:
priests:
sem inary .RC priest's book
•
for daily prayers: breviary .RC
gladiator mock sea battle staged in
prayers commemorating the Incarna·
•
a Roman amphitheatre or artificial
• awning
tion: angelus official teaching of
lake: naumachia sheltering
•
the RC Church: magisterium .RC
an amphitheatre: velarium Roman
• Roman
doctrine that the Mother of God was
oblong auditorium: circus
conceived without sin: Immaculate
course for horse and chariot races:
Conception .RC Church's statement
hippodrome .Roman square: fo rum
that a book is doctrinally unobjection·
(pl. fora) .Roman country house:
villa • Roman underfloor heating sys·
able: nihil obstat .RC Church's au­

tem: hypocaust • Greek and Roman

thorization to print a religious book:
imprimatur .RC religious society:
• voluntary
storage jar with two handles and a
sodal ity donation by
pointed base: amphora .either of
Roman Catholics to papal funds:
•
two chief officials of the Roman repub·
consul • official attending upon
Peter's pence denoting a day on
lic:
• Roman
which meat may not be eaten: maigre
these: Hctor magistrate
with absolute power: dictator • bun­ roof • roof formed by arches: vault
dle of rods carried before a Roman .roof with four sloping sides: man­
magistrate: fasces 0 Roman em· sard roof • roof sloping at the ends
peror's bodyguard: praetorian guard as well as the sides: hip roof, hipped
• Roman official interpreting omens: roof .part of a roof overhanging the
augur, haruspex • great public sacri· walls: eaves • ornament at the apex
fice at Rome: hecatomb • Roman of a roof: finial .supporting frame­
household gods: lares and penates work for a roof: truss • upright post
• clan at ancient Rome: gens (pl. gen­ supporting the apex of a roof:king
tes) .commoner at ancient Rome: post • beam at the apex of a roof:
plebeian • Roman citizen's formal ridge piece • upright post support-
overgarment: toga • processional re­ ing the midpoint of a roof's slope:
turn of a victorious Roman general queen post • roof timber running to­
and his troops: triumph • Roman wards the apex: rafter • horizontal

army division: legion .member of roof timber: purlin • horizontal beam

301 room I rope

connecting trusses or rafters: tie coats and baggage: cloakroom

beam .steepness of a roof: pitch .room for disused items:
lumber
• roof covering of straw or reeds: room • roomfor sunbathing: solar­
thatch • metal clip supporting roof ium • room where actors or sports
glass or slates: tingle .felt or board­ players change: dressing room
ing between rafters and slates: sark­ • church robing room: vestry • room

ing • make roof-coverings overlap equipped for broadcasting, filming or

downwards: weather • board used sound recording: studio .room
for roof work: crawlboard • roof­ strengthened against fire or theft:
building and the materials used: roof­ strongroom .denoting a room dir­
ing • sharp edge between two sides of ectly connected to another: en su ite
a roof: h i p, ridge • drainage slope • denoting a room running the whole
where roofs meet: valley • drainage length of a building: through .denot­
hole for a flat roof: scupper .orna­ ing a room with bespoke matching
ment at the apex of a roof: fi nial units: fitted • partitioned section of a
• small glazed structure at the top o f a room: cubicle • set of rooms: su ite
roof: lantern • wall filling the end of root . combiningform: rhiz- . adjec-
a pitched roof: gable • room in the tive: radical .principal root: taproot
roof space: attic, garret, loft • roof • thick part of an underground root:
space used for storage: loft tuber • rootlike stem growing along
room • small room leading into a or under the ground: rhizome
• adjective:
more important one: antechamber,
ante-room, lobby, vestibule • open­
rope fu nicular (often

sided room: log gia • room used for

formal or public events: hall, cham­
ber .large reception room in a pub­
lic building: stateroom .large hotel
room for meetings or parties: fu nction
room, reception room .relaxation
room in school or college: com mon
room • communal room i n a n insti­
tution: day room • room with com­
fortable furnishings: drawing room,
loun ge, parlour • dwelling-house
room suitable for receiving guests : re­
ception room • well-appointed bed­
room for a house's chief occupants:
master bedroom • hotel bedroom
with several beds: roomfamily
.large communal bedroom: dorm i­
tory .private or secret room: cl oset,
den .woman's private room: bou­
doir • room of prisoner, monk, or
nun: cell • room in the roof space:
attic, garret, loft • storage room for
food, crockery, etc.: larder, pantry
.large underground storeroom: vault
• room housing a washing machine,
freezer, etc.: util ity room
used of things (e.g. a mountain railway)
formerly operated by ropes) • ship's
heavy rope for mooring etc.: cable,
hawser • shore rope used to pull a
ship along: warp • rope to raise a sail
or flag: halyard, lanyard .ropes to
support masts or control sails: rigging
• rope at a sail's lower corner: sheet
.rope supporting a mast: shroud,
stay • securing rope fixed to the
ground: g uy, guyrope .diver's sig­
nal rope: l ifeline • rope restricting an
animal's movement: tether • rope
round a horse's head: halter .rope
tying a horse's legs together: hobble
• rope for a lasso: lariat • rope for
hanging someone: halter • rescue or
safety rope: lifeline .rope beside a
ship's gangway or ladder: man rope
.rope used to climb a ship's rigging:
ratline • light rope for pulling a heav­
ier rope: heavin g l i n e .ropes and
pulleys for lifting heavy objects:
tackle, block and tackle • strong
nylon-cased rubber band: bungee
• secure a moving rope round a pin,
• room for cleat, etc.: belay .arrange a rope in
rosary I rugby 302

loose coils: flake • denoting a rope rowing • light rowing boat for a sin­
pulled tight: taut • denoting a rope gle oarsman: scull, skiff .pair of
not pulled tight: slack • loop of rope: oars for this: scu lls • racing boat's
bight • interweave two ropes: spl ice covered front end: canvas • steers­
• knot joining two ropes: bend • bind man in a rowing boat: cox, coxswain
a rope-end to prevent fraying: whip • oarsman next t o the cox: stroke

• descend a rock face using a double • seat for an oarsman: thwart

rope coiled round the body: abseil • oarsman's footrest: stretcher .sup­

• metal pin slowing a n abseiler's rope: port for rowing boat's oar: rowlock
descendeur • crosspiece through a • pin against which the oar is turned:
rope eye: toggle • curve formed by a thole, thole pin • turn a raised
rope suspended at both ends: caten­ oarblade parallel to the water: feather
ary • revolving cylinder for winding • circle of disturbed water from each
in rope: capstan, winch, windlass stroke: puddle • make a bad rowing
• T-piece for attaching a rope: cleat stroke: catch a crab • pull oars into
• strand of a rope: ply • tool for sep­ the boat: ship oars

•
arating rope strands: marlinspike
polite form of address to a
• fibres used to make ropes: hemp,
royalty
royal person: .polite
jute • place where ropes are made:
Your Highness
form of address to female royalty:
ropewal k • fibre from old rope: ma'am .female attendant upon fe­
oakum male royalty: maid of honour
rosary • small rosary with 55 beads: • money voted annually by parliament
chaplet • bead at which the Lord's to the royal family: Civil List .male
Prayer must be said: paternoster assistant to a member of the royal
family: equerry
rose .rose grower: rosarian .dec-
oration resembling a rose: rosette rub • combining form: tribo- .wear
• rosette on a hat: coc kade away by rubbing: abrade • become

• electric
• combining • that
worn through rubbing: fray
rot form: sapr-
charge generated by friction: tribo­
can be rotted: putrescible .rapidly
electricity
spreading form of timber rot: dry rot
• rot affecting damp timber: wet rot rubber • become brittle and inelas­
• rotting process: putrefaction tic: perish
• plant living on rotting matter: rudeness • blatant or insolent
saprophyte • organism feeding on rudeness: effrontery
• rotten­
•
rotting matter: saprotroph
rug Greek traditional rug: flokati
• flat-woven
smelling: putrid
Turkish rug: kilim
•
• temporary
rotation combining form: gyro­ rugby control o f the
•
(e.g. gyrosc o pe) ball: possession attempt to bring
route • alternative route: diversion down the player in possession: tackle
• deviation from a direct route: detour • touch ground behind the goal line
• fixed route followed b y a milkman with the ball: touch down • this

etc.:
ro und .route over a mountain: achieved behind the opposition's goal
pass, gap .planned route: itinerary line: try • kick made after position-
• prescribed route for foreign aircraft ing the ball: place kick, set kick
through a nation's airspace: a i r cor­ .kick given to a dropped ball: punt
ridor, a irway • sharp bend on a route: • set kick awarded after a foul: free
dogleg • person directing the route kick • indentation made to indicate
to be taken: n avigator the place for this: mark • feigned
303 rule I ruler

pass or kick: dummy okick made by women: gynaecocracy, matriarchy

dropping the ball onto the boot: drop oharsh rule: des potism, oppression,
kick 0 goal scored from this: drop tyranny
0
goal osuccessful kick at goal after a
0 interlocked
rule' general rule:guideline, pre­
0 principle 0 rules
try: conversion ar­
cept basic rule:
rangement of opposing forwards:
scrum 0 serum
for social behaviour: etiquette, proto­
0
ordered by the ref­
col procedural rules for formal oc­
0 denoting
eree: set scrum oloose serum with
casions: protocol a rule
the ball on the ground: ruck oloose
that must be obeyed: strict .denot­
serum with the ball off the ground:
ing someone who follows or enforces
0 situation
maul orugby team's forwards: pack
rules exactly: strict where
oarea beyond the pitch side lines:
• return
few rules are observed: rough and
touch to play of a ball in
tumble 0 rules of boxing: Queens­
touch:th row-in oforwards' queue at berry Rules 0 set of rules to be fol­
a throw-in: li ne-out orugby lines­ lowed in making a calculation or fol­
man: touch judge oextra playing lowing a process of logic: algorithm
time after an injury: injury time .rules for the grammatical arrange­
oorder a player to leave the field:
0 side
ment of words in a language: syntax
send off part of the playing oofficial rules for road users: High­
area: wing 0 match that is part of a way Code .rule book of the Su­
series between two national teams: preme Court: White Book oofficial
test match, Test ensuring that rules are kept: referee,
rule' ocombining forms: -archy, umpire oexemption from a rule: dis­
-cracy 0 adjective: hegemonic 0 re­ pensation oadvocate of strict adher­
gional self-government home rule ence to the rules: purist ostating or
orule by those showing ability: merit­ enforcing rules: prescri ptive odone
ocracy 0 rule by persons of indiffer­ according to the rules: clean 0 situ­
ent ability: mediocracy orule by a ation with no clear rules: grey area
select few: oligarchy • rule by a god orefrain from enforcing a rule: waive
or gods: thearchy orule by the oagainst the rules: irregular oab­
masses: mo bocracy, ochlocracy sence of rule or control: anarchy
• rule by men: patriarchy, ruler ocombining forms: -arch (e.g.
phallocracy 0 rule by the nobility: heresiarch), -crat osingle absolute
aristocracy 0 rule by the old: geron­ ruler: autocrat, despot, dictator, po­
tocracy 0 rule exercised by the whole tentate 0 hereditary ruler: monarch,
population: de'1ocracy orule by dynast 0 generations of a ruling fam­
priests: h ierocracy 0 rule by reli­ ily: dynasty 0 harsh and oppressive
gious officials: theocracy • rule by ruler: despot, tyrant oruler of an
the rich: p lutocracy orule by a sin­ empire: emperor (fern. empress)
gle person: autarchy, autocracy, des­ odenoting a ruler whose title derives
potism, dictatorship, mona rchy, from descent: legitimate o former
monocracy 0 rule by a sovereign: ruler of the central Andes: I nca 0 for­
monarchy 0 rule by a sovereign mer emperor of Austria or Germany:
bound by the laws of the land: consti­ kaiser 0 ruler of ancient Egypt: phar­
tutional monarchy orule by a sover­ aoh 0 former viceroy of Egypt: khe­
eign not bound by law: absolute mon­ dive oformer ruler of Ethiopia:
archy 0 rule by technical experts: negus oformer chief magistrate at
technocracy orule by two separate Genoa and Venice: doge 0 Nazi ruler
authorities: dyarchy orule by of Germany: fUhrer 0 Nazi district
ruler I rust 304

governor: gauleiter .former Indian fu n run • at running speed:

ity etc.:
rulers: maharaja, raja (fern. rani), at the double • run away wildly: bolt
na bob, nizam • former ruler o f Iran: • sharp metal point in the sole of a
shah • Islamic rulers: ayatollah, ca­ Funner's shoe: spike
liph, emir, hakim, sheik, sultan
rune • runic alphabet: futh orc
• Fascist ruler of Italy: duce • for
mer Japanese rulers: mikado, sho­ running .combining form: -drome
gun, tenno • Ottoman rulers: aga, (e.g. j}alindrome), -dromous (e.g. ca­
bey, khedive, pasha, sultan .former tadromous) .runner responsible for
ruler of Russia: tsar, tsarina • Span­ the last leg in a relay race: anchor­
ish military or political leader: cau­ man • varied training for distance
dillo .Spanish or Portuguese mon­ runners: fartlek
arch's son: infante • Spanish or rush • panicked rush of a number of
Portuguese monarch's daughter: in­ animals: stampede
fanta • senior magistrate in ancient
• combining
• former
Russian form: Russo-
• Russian
Sparta: ephor ruler of
Tibet: Dalai Lama • person holding
administrative division:
ob­
last • Russian alphabet:
Cyrillic
power during the ruler's absence or
•
.former Russian aristocrat: boyar
• Russian
incapacity: regent ceremony of
astronaut: cosmonaut
• Russian beer: kvass • Russian open
crowning a ruler:
coronation
• ruler's spouse: consort • ruler's
carriage: droshky - Russian three-
horse carriage: troika • Russian cav-
order having the force of law: decree
.ruler's arbitrary command: diktat
alryman: cossack .Russian citadel:
kremlin • Russian Easter dessert:
.oriental ruler's command: firman
• remove a ruler from power: depose
pashka .one of a set of Russian ba-
•
bushka dolls: matryoshka • title of
removal of a ruler by his senior offi­
•
the Russian emperors: tsar • title of a
cials: palace revol ution ruling

Russian empress: tsarina • tsar's eld-

group following a coup d'etat: junta
• group of advisers to a ruler: cama­
rilla • oppressed by those in power:
est son: tsarevich .tsar's
tsarevna • brimless Russian fur hat:
downtrodden • person out of favour
shapka • organized massacre of
with those in power, whose existence
un person • ab­
Jews in 19th-c. Russia: pogrom
is ignored or denied:
.Russian guitar: bala laika .oppon­
sence of any rules or ruler: anarchy
• advocate
ent of the Communists during the
Wh ite Russian • Russian
of this as a political sys­
Civil War:
blin (pl. blini) • lower cham­
tem: anarchist
•
pancake:
ru ler2 ruler used for calculations:
ber of the Russian parliament: Duma
• wealthy
sl ide rule Russian peasant: kulak
rum .rum diluted with water, for­ • Russian plain: steppe • Russian
merly served to sailors: g rog rural summer residence: dacha
rumour • false, often malicious, ru­ .Russian beetroot soup: bortsch
mour: canard • deliberate spreading • Russian spirit made from rye,
of malicious rumours to discredit a wheat, or potatoes: vodka .Russian
person: whispering campaign tea urn:samovar .Russian knotted
.source of rumours: bush te legraph, whip: knout • Russian wolfhound:
g rapevine borzoi • old Russian woman: ba­
• slow run: jog • short fast run:
run bushka
sprint .uncompetitive run for char- rust • adjective: ferruginous
 5s
sabotage • sabotage committed for safety • safety switch in a locomo­
ecological reasons: ecotage tive cab that cuts the engine unless

• fibres
constantly depressed by the driver:
• safety
sack used to make sacks:
• sacking
dead man's handle mechan­
hemp, jute fabric made
ism activated by machine failure etc.:
•
from these: hessian
fai l-safe buoyancy aid for a person
sacrament .purification and ad­ in the water: lifebelt, lifebuoy, l ife
mission to the Church: baptism jacket, l ife ring • rescue or safety
• solemn renewal of baptismal vows: rope: lifeline • bag inside a motor ve­
confi rmation • absolution for con­ hicle that inflates on impact: air bag
fessed sins: confession, penitence, • deposit items for safe keeping:
reconciliation • sacramental com­ lodge
• sail-driven
memoration of the Last Supper: Eu­
sailing wheeled ve­
sand yacht • high-masted sail­
charist, Holy Commun ion, Lord's
• setting 'apart
hicle:
Supper, Mass of
ing ship: tall ship .large merchant
• sailing
clergy: ordination, con secration
• exchange of marriage vows: mar­
sailing ship: windjammer
ship's stern deck: poop • mast aft of
riage, matri mony • liturgical anoint­
the mainmast: mizzen • mast's cross­
ing: unction • Christian ceremonies
bar: yard • rope below this: foot rope
• diagonal mast spar: sprit • pivoted
over a dying person: last rites

sacred • combining form: hiero­ pole attached to the bottom of a sail:

• sacred literature: hierology • inter­ boom • ropes to support masts or
preter of sacred mysteries: hiero­ control sails: rigging • ropes sup­
phant • misuse of sacred things: porting a mast: shrouds • rope to
sacrilege raise a sail: halya rd, lanyard • rope
sacrifice • great public sacrifice in at a sail's lower corner: sheet • rope
ancient Greece or Rome: hecatomb used to climb a ship's rigging: ratl ine
• sacrifice in which the whole offering • wooden block grooved for a sail
is burnt: holocaust rope: deadeye • large three-cornered
racing sail: spinnaker • equip a boat
•
with sails and ropes: rig • sail round:
saddle saddle allowing the rider's

circum navigate • sail's lower cor­

legs to be both on the same side of the

ner: clew • (of a sail) be filled with

horse: side-saddle .second saddle

wind: draw • spread sails: make sail

on a horse or motorcycle: pillion
• saddle's
• adjust a sail to the wind: trim • re­
projecting front: pommel
.loop suspended from the saddle to
stirrup • this
duce sail size: reef, shorten sail,
strike sail, take in sail • take down a
support the rider's foot:

sail: strike • roll up a sail: furl • un­

loop when made of metal: sti rru p iron
• strap suspending the stirrup: stirru p
fasten a sail: unbend • denoting a
leather
wind in the direction travelled: fa­
safe • safe place: haven, sanctuary vourable • sail directly before the
• deposit for safe keeping: consign wind: run, scud • steer closer to the
sailor I sale 306

wind: luff • change course by turning turn of duty: watch • sailor's short
across the wind: tack • change watch: dog watch • sailor's turn at
course by swinging the boom across a the helm: trick • sailor's work song:
favourable wind: gybe • change shanty • sea robber: pirate • person
course by swinging the boom across without seagoing skills: landlubber
an adverse wind: go a bout .denot­ saint .combining form: hagi(o)­
•
ing a sailing vessel kept in port by ad­
• zigzag
of saints: hagiolatry,
veneration
verse winds: windbound hierolatry .account of a saint's life:
course necessitated by adverse wind hagiography .light round a saint's
or current: traverse .lack of suffi­ head: halo, nimbus • pointed halo:
cient wind to control the boat: sta ll ma ndorla, vesica • declare a dead
• device towed astern t o lessen lee­ person to be in a state of bliss (the first
way: sea anchor • sailing boat's lift­ stage in canonization): beatify .title
able keel: daggerboard bestowed upon a beatified person:
sailor • adjective:
nautical .ordin­ venerable .declare a person to be a
ary sailor: rating • sailor steering the saint: canon ize • person arguing for
vessel: helmsman • steersman with a saint's canonization: postulator
• person arguing against a saint's can­
local knowledge bringing a ship into
harbour etc.: pilot .ship's officer in onization: devil's advocate .part of
charge of accounts and cabin service: a saint's body or personal property

•
purser ship's officer in charge of preserved for veneration: rel ic .feast
of the saint after whom one is named:
• general
equipment and crew: boatswai n
• ship's officer i n charge o f naviga­ name day feast commem­

tion: sailing master .ship's officer orating al Christian saints: All

responsible for steering and signals:
Saints', All Hallows
quartermaster • ship's clergyman: salad • salad of apples, celery, and
cha plain • officer in charge of a ship: walnuts in mayonnaise: Waldorf
captain • captain of a merchant ship: salad • salad of chopped raw cab­
master • officer second to the cap­ bage, carrot, etc.: coleslaw • salad of
tain: first mate • sailor's bag: ditty diced cooked vegetables in mayon­
bag • sailor's ability to keep his bal­ naise: Russian salad • sauce for a
ance and resist seasickness: sea legs salad: dreSSing • salad dressing of
• sailor's canvas bed: hammock oil and vinegar: French dreSSing, vin-
• dried bread formerly eaten by aig rette .this with seasoned egg
sailors: hard tack, ship's biscuit yolks: mayonnaise • salad dressing
• sailor's certificate of competence: of mayonnaise with ketchUp and gher-
ticket • sailor's dance: horn pipe kins: Thousand Island dressing
• deficiency disease formerly suffered sale • bulk sale to retailers: whole-
by scurvy
sailors: • sailor's im­ sale • sale of items to end-users: re­
agined heaven: F iddler's Green tai l • sale by mail order or telephone:
• sailor's short overcoat: pea coat, direct marketi ng .sale of cheap
pea jacket, pilot jacket • punish a second-hand items: jumble sale
sailor by dragging him beneath the • sale of a cheaper and purchase of a
ship: keelhaul .rum diluted with more expensive item: trade-up • pro-
water; formerly served to sailors: motion and sale of goods and services:
grog • sailor's skills: seamanship marketing • assessment of an item's
.sailor's tool for unravelling rope: sales potential: market research
marlinspike .sailor's time off spent • point at which goods are sold: outlet
ashore: l iberty, shore leave • sailor's • put an article into the market:
307 salmon I sauce

launch, release • items offered for sand • windblown sand: spindrift

sale: wares • item outselling its com­ .loose wet sand sucking in objects
petitors: market leader • item sold at placed upon it: qu icksand .mound
a loss to attract trade: loss-leader of sand: dune • area of shifting
• imperfect item sold off cheaply: re­ dunes: erg • ridge of sand in the sea:
ject, second • fit for sale: merchant­ reef .low reef or sandbank: cay
able • period for which an item re­ .clean by pressurized sand: sand­
mains merchantable: shelf-life blast
.conclude a property sale: complete sandal .light sandal secured by a
•making sales by unsolicited tele­ strap between the toes: fli pflop
phone calls: cold-calling, telema rket­ • such a strap: thong
• statutory
• perfume
ing, telesales interval for
sandalwood made from
the purchaser to change his mind:
.. see
sandalwood: chypre
•
coolin g-off pe riod also sel l
sandwich
• female
sandwich without a top
salmon salmon: hen layer of bread:
open sandwich
• male salmon: cock • young salmon: • small open sandwich: canape • buf­
fi ngerling, fry, parr, smolt • salmon fet of open sandwiches: smorgasbord
•
in its second year: grilse .Scandi­
satellite Soviet artificial satellite:
navian dish of dry-cured salmon:
sputnik .large satellite used as a
gravlax
base for manned space operations:
salt • adjective: saline • salty water: space station • satellite relaying or
brine .denoting the taste of such reflecting communications signals:
water: brackish • denoting food pre­ commun ications satell ite .satellite
served in brine: corned .evapor­ orbiting so as to seem in a fixed pos­
ation pools for sea salt: saltern .re­ ition: geostationary satellite • satel­
move salt from water: desalinate lite in an orbit synchronous with the

• deferential
earth's rotation: geosynchronous
satell ite • ground observation by sat­
salute salute: obei­
sance • dropping to one knee: genu­
ellite: remote sen sing .establish­
flection .lying flat on one's face:
ment monitoring satellite movements:
•
prostration
tracking station earth station's
salvage • salvage items from rub­ communications link to a satellite:
bish heaps and dustbins: tot uplink • satellite's communications
same • combining forms: homo-, link with earth: downlink
taut(o)- .denoting the same age or satire • satirical picture: caricature,
time: coetaneoas, coeval , contem­ cartoon
porary • denoting the same extent or satisfaction • self-satisfaction:
meaning: coterminous • denoting
com placency, hubris, smug ness
• satisfy to the full:
the same kind: homogeneous .hav­ sate, satiate
• that cannot be satisfied: i n satiable
ing the same meaning: synonymous
• denoting the same shape: congruent

• denoting the same size: commen­

sauce .sauce in which food is
marinade • sauce for a salad:
surate • saying the same thing twice,
soaked:
dressing .thick sauce into which
but in different words: tautology
food is dipped: dip .thicken a sauce
samurai .samurai's code of hon­ by boiling: reduce .reduced sauce:
our: bush ido • samurai's sword: jus • sauce thickener: l iaison
katana • ritual suicide required of • sauteed chopped vegetables for
dishonoured samurai: hara-kiri sauces: m irepoix • fine vegetable or
saucepan I Scandinavian 308

fruit puree: coulis (pl. same) .sauce savi ngs • savings through in-
base of butter and flour: roux • sauce creased output: economy of scale
of flour, butter, and milk: white sauce • savings though diversification of
• fishsauce of butter, eggs, and vin· output: economy of scope
•
egar: hollandaise sauce .meat
saw coarse wood-saw: ri psaw
• fine
sauce of savoury jelly: tracklement
• sauce
saw for ornamental work: fret­
• fine-bladed
of butter with parsley and
saw machine saw: jig­
• frame
lemon juice: maitre d'hotel butter
• cheese·flavoured white sauce: mor­
saw saw with a fine-toothed
blade: hacksaw • power saw with an
nay sauce .onion·flavoured white
sauce: sauce soubise • sauce of milk
endless serrated steel belt: band saw
• power
and herbs: bechamel sauce • sauce
saw with an endless toothed
chain: chainsaw .power saw with a
with egg yolks and tarragon: Bearn­
aise sauce • sauce o f tomatoes, gar·
rotating toothed disc: circular saw
• saw with a thin blade stretched in a
lic, and olive oil: sauce provengale frame: frame saw • small saw with a
.potato sauce of white wine and on· tenon saw • projecting
• Chinese
strong back:
ions: Iyonnaise sauce point on a saw: tooth • adjust a saw's
sauce with sugar and vinegar or teeth: set • sawn slit: kerf • frame
lemon: sweet and sour sauce • Chi· holding wood to be sawn: horse, saw­
nese and Japanese sauce of fermented
i ng horse • guide for angled sawing:
•
soya beans: soy southern French mitre box • person who saws for a
sauce of red chillies, garlic, and bread­
•
living: sawyer
crumbs: rou ille Indian sauce of
spices and turmeric: cu rry .Italian saying .wise saying: adage, aphor-

pasta sauces: carbonara, marinara , ism, apophthegm, epigram, golden

• Italian
rule, gnome, maxi m, proverb, saw
• trite saying: brom ide, cli che, pl ati-
pesto sauce of garlic, ca­
pers, anchovies, and oil: salsa verde
• Mexican sauce of onion, garlic, cori­
tude, tru ism �see also remark
ander, and peppers: salsa verde scale • adjective: squamous .scale
• sauce of pureed rasberries and icing for child intelligence: Bi net·Simon
sugar: Melba sauce scale .scale for earthquake inten-
sities: Richter scale • scale for gen­
saucepan .double saucepan for
eral movements of prices etc.: i ndex
• movable scale giving subdivisions:
custards etc.: bain-marie
sausage • continuous coiled saus­ vernier, vernier sca le • scale for
age: C u mberland sausage • large wind velocities: Beaufort scale
smoked sausage made of various .mark out the degrees on a scale:
meats: bologna, polony • seasoned cal ibrate, graduate • relating to a
smoked pork sausage: saveloy • sea­ twelve-tone musical scale: chromatic
soned smoked beef and pork sausage: • relating to an eight-tone musical
frankfu rter • small thin sausage: scale: diatonic
cocktail sausage • small thin spicy scales • astrological term: Libra
scandal • seeking and publication
sausage: chipolata .German pork
sausage: bratwurst • Italian pep­
of scandal about celebrities: muckrak-
• deliberate
pered pork and beef sausage: pepper­
oni • Italian garlic sausage: salami ing spreading of scandal
• spiced Italian pork sausage: morta­
to damage a person's reputation:
della • Spanish spicy pork sausage: character assassination, scurril ity
chorizo • sausage baked in Yorkshire Scandinavian • Scandinavian god­
pudding: toad in the hole dess of destiny: Norn • Scandinavian
309 scar I school
••..••••••..•••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..••••••••••. . . • • . • • • • • . . • . . • . .••••. ••••• . . ••••••••••..•••..•.•••••••

medieval poet: skald • Scandinavian school • school funded and con·

dish of dry·cured salmon: gravlax trolled by the state: state school
•
scar • scar on a healed wound: cica­ school for children with physical, in·
trix (pl. cicatrices) tellectual, or behavioural difficulties:
• school
•
special school offering in·
schedule allotted place in a sched-
tensive preparation for examinations:
• school
ule: slot
cram mer where young
scenery • combining form: -scape women are taught social graces:
(e.g. landscape) .scenery and prop· fi nishing school , charm school
erties used in a production: decor • school run by nuns:
• scenery, furniture, and properties
convent, con­
vent school • institution offering
needed for a particular scene: set evening classes: night school • en·
• piece of two·dimensional scenery trance examination for public schools:
projecting from the wings: flat, cou­
• painted
Common Entrance .reduction in
l isse cloth hung at the back
• arced
fees. offered to outstanding Common
of a stage: backdrop cloth at Entrance candidates: bursary, exhib­
•
the back of the stage: cyclorama
• gauze
ition, scholarship state school reo
cloth opaque until lit from be·
•
ceiving national funding and free of
hind: scrim dismantle theatre scen·
• area
local authority control: grant main­
• state
ery: strike where scenery is
tai ned school school partially
built and painted: scene s h'op .on­
controlled and funded by a reli·
stage item other than scenery and fur·
gious denomination: vOlu ntary-a ided
•
niture: property, prop
school state school established by
scent • scented lotion for use after a religious denomination but now
shaving: aftershave • dried petals funded and controlled by the local au·
used for scent: pot-pourri • oil from thority: voluntary-mai nta i ned school
flowers etc. used in scent· making: • state school for children aged 5 1 1 :
attar • perforated container for primary school • state school for
sweet·smelling substances: pomander children aged 5 7: i nfant school
scholarshi p • adjective: academic • state school for children aged 5 9:
• academic scholarship offered by fi rst school • state school for chilo
a school or college: exhibition dren aged 7 1 1 : junior school • state

• scholar proficient in several discip· school for children aged 9 13: middle
lines: polym ath, polyhistor • great school • state school for children
scholar: savant • group of scholars aged 1 1 18: secondary school, senior
with shared viewpoints: school school • state school for children
school • adjective: sCholastic aged 13 18: upper school • school in
• school at which one was educated: which the pupils live during term·
alma mater • denoting schools re­ time: boarding school, res idential
ceiving state funding: maintained school • school from which the pu·
• denoting schools receiving no state pils return home each night: day
funding: independent • school for school • selective state secondary
very young children: kindergarten, school: grammar school • secondary
nursery, nursery school, playschool school providing facilities for local
• privatelY'run fee·paying school: pri­ adults: commun ity college .non·
vate school • privately-run fee· selective secondary school: com pre­
paying school for pupils aged 7 13: hensive • secondary school in cer·
preparatory school • privately-run tain European countries: gymnasium
fee-paying secondary school: public • school day running from early
science I Scottish 310
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

morning to early afternoon: continen­ one end: bu rette o narrow glass tube
tal day o unit of tuition time: lesson, attached to a bulb: pipette o glass
period o pupil group: class, form, tube closed at one end: test tube
set, stream 0 class for children in o narrow-necked glass container:
their first year of schooling: reception flask o lipped cylindrical glass con-
class o school's short mid-term holi­ tainer: beaker o shallow dish for cul-
day: half term, exeat o absence from ture ,development: petri dish 0 bell-
school without permission: truancy shaped bell jar glass cover:
o school celebration with speeches, o hand-held crushing implement: pes-
prize-glvrng, etc.: speech day tle 0 strong dish for this: mortar
o school day devoted to athletics: o small gas burner: Bunsen burner
sports day 0 school punishment of o container for items to be heated
being kept in: detention 0 school fiercely:crucible 0 ventilated enclos­
pupil with disciplinary duties: moni­ ure: fume cupboard o weighing ap­
tor, prefect 0 short experience o f em­ paratus: balance 0 closed chamber

ployment arranged for school-Ieavers: with sealed-in gloves: glovebox

work experience o former pupil of a scissors 0 tailor's serrated scissors:
school: alumnus (fern. alumna: pl. pinking shears
alumni) 0 school financial manager:
score 0 even score at the end of a
bursar o relaxation room at a school:
com mon room 0 teachers' common
game: draw
scorpion 0 poison secreted by scor­
room: staffroom o residential unit at
a boarding school: house 0 woman in pions: venom
charge of domestic arrangements at a Scottish 0 Scottish accent: brogue
boarding school: matron 0 boarding o Scottish bagpipe music for war or
school hospital: sanatorium o cur­ lamentation: pibroch 0 Scottish

rent official name for an approved beret: bonnet, tam-o'-sha nter 0 Scot­
school: community home 0 (of a tish broadsword: claymore 0 Scottish
state school) withdraw from local au­ word for church: kirk 0 Scottish cor­
thority control: opt out 0 state­ oner and public prosecutor: procur­
funded place at an independent ator fi scal 0 Scottish dagger: dirk,
school: assisted place 0 region from skean o fast Scottish dance: reel
which a school's pupils come: catch­ o slow Scottish dance: strathspey
ment area o list of pupils attending a o vigorous Scottish dance: Highland
school: rol l 0 debar a pupil from at­ fl ing o Scottish term for an English
tending school: expel person: Sassenach 0 group of inter­

0
related Scottish families: clan
• small Scottish farm: croft 0 Scot­
science science of the physical

0 Scottish
world: natural science o science of
tish fishing boat: coble
0 Scot­
communications and automatic con­
0
term for a flat: tenement
tish funeral song: coronach • Scot­
trol systems: cybernetics science
used in criminal investigations: foren­
0 practical
tish game of sliding stones across ice:
curling 0 Scottish traditional harp:
sics applications o f scien­
0 exces­
clarsach 0 Scottish word for a steep
tific discoveries: technology
hill: brae 0 Scottish minister's house:
sive faith in the capacities of science:

manse 0 Scottish hut: bothy 0 title

scientism .denoting events beyond
of a judge in Scotland: sheriff • Scot­
the scope of science: paranormal

scientific equipment o tube of tish lake: loch 0 Scottish land agent:

very fine bore: capillary tube 0 nar­ factor 0 Scottish landowner: laird
row graduated glass tube with a tap at .Scottish term for long ago: lang
311 Scout I sea

syne _ Scottish mayor: provost ter • denoting a VDU giving a very

• river estuary in Scotland: fi rth clear image: high resolution
• Scottish schoolmaster: dominie
• Scottish
screw .screw with a cross-shaped
word for a narrow sea chan­
Phill ips screw™ • screw with a
•
slot:
nel: kyle Scottish fortified settle­
•
hexagonal slot: Allen screw™
• spiral ridge round a screw: thread,
ment: dun Scottish sheepdog: collie
• Scottish social gathering: cei lidh screw th read • dowel set in a hole for
•
the screw to grip: wall plug • insert a
Scottish female spirit whose wailing
portends death: banshee • Scottish screw flush with the surface: coun­
sport of throwing a large pole:
tossing
the caber • Scottish water spirit: kel­
tersink
• person
pie • Scottish word for a stream: script with a script remind­

burn • students' elected representa­ ing actors of their lines: prom pter
• device displaying a speaker's or
tive in Scottish universities: rector
• Scottish
actor's script onto a clear glass screen
prehistoric stone tower:
invisible to the audience: autocue
broch .defensive tower on the Scot­
tish Marches: peel, pele tower scriptures • Buddhist scriptures:
.tight-fitting tartan trousers: trews Tripitaka .Hindu scriptures: Veda
• glen • broad moun­
Scottish valley: • Islamic scriptures: Kora n • Sikh
tain valley: strath • mountainous scriptures: Adi Granth, Granth,
part of Scotland: Highlands • Scot­ Gra nth Sahib .Zoroastrian scrip­
tish chicken and leek soup: cock­ tures: Avesta
a-Ieekie • Scottish soup of meat and sculpture .prehistoric rock carv­
vegetables with pearl barley: Scotch ing:petroglyph .ancient Greek fe­
broth .Scottish dish of boiled cab­ male statue: kore (pl. korai) • ancient
bage and potatoes: colcannon • Scot­ Greek male statue: kouros (pl. kouroi)
tish dish of boiled offal and oatmeal:
• soft
.sculpture of the subject's head and
haggis Scottish cheese:
crowdie • Scottish term for a turnip:
shoulders: bust .sculptor's prelim­
maq uette • gypsum for
neep • Scottish spirit distilled from
inary model:
• raised carving:
malted grain: whisky • Scottish term
SCUlpture: gesso
relief .shallow carving: bas-relief
• moderately deep carving:
for a last drink: deoch an doris
• place
mezzo­
where alcohol is sold illegally: relievo .deep carving: high relief
• denoting free-standing sculpture: i n
shebeen .leather strap formerly
used to punish Scottish schoolchil­ t h e round
dren: tawse � see also Highlands
scurvy .adjective: scorbutic
• Scout
sea • adjectives: marine, maritime,
Scout .junior Scout:
Cub
aged 16-20: Venture Scout • Scout
na utical .supposed original single
sea: Panthalassa • denoting the sea
rally: jamboree .loop for a Scout's
neckerchief: woggle
adjacent to a nation's coasts: inshore
screen .sliding screen in a Japan­ • coastal seas asserted to be under
ese house: sh oj i • screen in an Indian state control: territorial waters • sea
house concealing women from view: beyond this: high seas, i nte rnational
purdah • elongated VDU screen waters • denoting the open sea: pela­
showing a full page of text: fu ll-page gic • sea under a single country's
display • tiny illuminated dot on a jurisdiction: mare clausum (pl. maria
VDU screen: pixel • grid of dots on a clausa) e sea open to all: mare
VDU screen: dot matrix • pattern of liberum (pl. maria libera) .deep sea
scanning lines on a VDU screen: ras- inlet: g u lf • narrow sea passage:
seal I secret 312

channel, neck, sou nd, strait .area season .combiningform: -tide (e.g.
of sea surrounded by ice: polynya yuletide)
.shallow sea round a land mass: con­
seat .long seat for several persons:
• high-backed
tinental shelf .sloping seabed be­
yond this: continental slope • nar­
bench wooden bench:
settle .church low-backed wooden
row region of especially deep sea:
trench, ocean trench • area of shal­
bench: pew .long upholstered

• ridge of rock,
bench:· banquette .low backless up­
low water: shoal holstered seat: ottoman, pouffe • ve­
coral, or sand in the sea: reef, shoal
• salt
hicle seat with a rounded back:
water separated from the sea by bucket seat • vehicle seat with a flat
a reef: lagoon • area of rough water back: bench seat • padded back or
caused by meeting currents: rip side of a vehicle seat: squab • person
• windblown spray: scud • sea mist: showing others to their seats: usher
• animals
• reel
fret and plants living on
epi benthos • animals liv­
seat belt locking under im­
the seabed:
ing in the seabed: infauna • use of
pact pressure: inertia reel
sea water for health treatment: thalas­ seaweed • combining form: phyco­
sothera py .display tank for under­ .large brown seaweed: kel p .coarse
sea life: oceanarium • measurement brown seaweed: wrack • Japanese ed­
of sea depths: bathymetry • mapping ible seaweed: nori • study of seaweed:
of seas: hydrography .change in phycology
world sea levels: eustasy • equator­ second • combining forms:
ial sea with sudden calms: doldru m s deuter(o)- (e.g. Deuteronomy, literally
• diver's enclosed vessel for deep-sea the 'second law), meta- (e.g. metalan­
observations: bathysca phe, bathy­ guage), sub- (e.g. sublet) • second
sphere .unit of speed at sea: knot signature: countersignature
• person unfamiliar with the sea:
secret .combining form: crypto­
• secret
landl ubber, landsman .denoting a
(e.g. cryptogram) and dishon­
•
state without direct sea access: land­
� see
est: u nderhand secret information
locked also navigation
of national importance: official secret
seal • young seal: pup • seal fat: • denoting information which may be
blubbe r • seals' breeding ground: divulged only to certain persons: re-
rookery stricted • declare information an of-
ficial secret: classify • background
seaplane .large seaplane: flying
investigation of those to have access to
boat
official secrets: positive vetting, se-
search .long or arduous search: curity check • secret told on trust:
quest • hopeless search: wild goose confidence • secret known to many:
chase • search thoroughly: scour, open secret • release of secret infor­
sweep • search disruptively: ran­ mation: disclosure .person within
sack, rifle, riffle, root, rummage an organization who betrays its se­
• remove a person's clothes and crets: mole • threat to disclose com­
search him or her: stri p-search promising secrets in order to force a
• search the seashore for articles of person to do as one wishes: blackmail
value: beachcomb .search for min­ • secret trade in items not officially
eral deposits: prospect • search a available: black market • secret or­
river etc. bed with grapnels or nets: ganization working to frustrate or
drag • search for underground water overthrow the regime: u nderground
with a V-shaped stick: dowse • secret opposition organization in an
313 secreta ry I sell

occupied country: resistance • per­ a fruitseed: endocarp • seed's begin­

son about whom little is known: dark ning to grow: germination • young
horse • secret plan: conspiracy plant raised from a seed: seedling
• belief that an event results from a seeming • combining form: quasi­
seizure • seizure of a debtor's prop­
conspiracy: conspiracy theory
• house at a secret location: safe
• hoard • gain
erty: d istraint, sequestration . seiz­
house secret stock:
secret access or control: i nfi Itrate • in
ure after legal infringement: im­
poundment
secret: sub rosa
• combining form: • self­
•
self aut(o)-
secretary secretary dealing with
government: autonomy, autarchy
• self-examination:
confidential work: private secretary
introspection
secret societies • 18th-c. mys­ • self-sufficiency: autarky • attaching
tical society: Rosicrucians • inter­ great importance to oneself: egocen­
national secret society for mutual as­ tric, egoistiC • excessive talking or
sistance: Freemasonry • Protestant thinking about oneself: egotism • ex­
Afrikaner secret society: treme egotism: egomania
• cheerily
Broederbond . nationalist Chinese
self-confident self-
secret society in 19th century: Boxers
• Chinese
confident: jaunty
secret criminal gang: tong,
• Neapolitan
triad branch of the self-control . lacking self-control:
•
Mafia: Camorra Sicilian secret intemperate
criminal and political organization: selfish . obstinately selfish: self­
Mafia • US branch of the Mafia: Cosa willed • unselfish concern for the
Nostra . Cosa Nostra boss: capo, good of others: altruism
godfather • US secret society pro­ sell • selling by unsolicited promo­
•
moting White supremacy: Klu Klux tional mailings: direct mail selling
Klan . formally admit someone to a by sending out unsolicited items and
secret society: in itiate • secret polit­ then demanding payment if they are
• selling
ical group: cabal not returned: inertia selling
security • security given for a loan: through a hierarchy of agents: pyra­
collateral • person held as a security: mid selling • manufacturer's direct
hostage sale to the public: direct marketing
• accumulated
. put a new product on sale: launch
layer of
• vend • sell goods
sediment
•
sell small items:
sediment: deposit sediment pro­
• sedi­
by association (e.g. inscribed sweat­
duced by erosion: detritus
shirts at a pop concert): merchand ize
ment deposited by a glacier:
• sell
moraine
all available stock: sell out
. sediment deposited o n a river bed:
• sell
• sediment
more items than are available:
deposited at a river
oversel l • sell one's stock, premises,
silt
mouth:
etc.: sell up • sell illegal drugs: ped­
delta
see • ability to see: sight • that can . person doing this: peddler
transparent • (of a
die
be seen through:
. sell from house to house: peddle
• sell
corner etc.) difficult to see round:
. person doing this: ped lar
abroad: export • sell items at cheap
blind
seed • adjective: seminal • edible rates to be rid of them: sell off • sell
seed of a pea-type plant: pulse goods abroad at a giveaway price, to
• seed's outer covering: hull • prickly maintain their home price: dump
seed case: bur . elongated seed case: . low pricing t o force competitors out
pod • seed scar: hilum • covering of of the market: predatory pricing
seller I sentimentality 314

• miscellaneous items sold as a unit: sense • common sense: mother wit,

job lot • rate at which stocks are sold nous • supposed intuitive faculty:
and replaced: turnover • depletion of sixth sense .stimulation of a sense
stocks due to demand: downturn impression away from the point
.frequent repurchase encouraged by stimulated: synaesthesia .form of
production of new models, use of non­ sensory perception: modality • de­

durable materials, etc_:

plan ned obso­ prived of all senses: insensate, in­
lescence � see also market, sale, sensible, insentient
seller, trade sentence' . sentence containing
seller • combining form: -monger every letter of the alphabet: pangram
• travelling salesman:
commercial .sentence that tails off uncompleted:
traveller, representative • person a posiopesis • sentence consisting of
selling from door to door: hawker, only one clause: simple sentence
huckster, pedlar • person selling • sentence composed of several simple

fruit etc. in a street market: coster­ sentences: com pound sentence

monger, h uckster • person selling .sentence containing one or more
supplies for boats and ships: chandler subordinate clauses: complex sen­
• salesman's unsolicited visit: cold tence • part of a sentence that
call • salesman's persuasive patter: contains the verb: predicate • ar­

rangement of words to make a correct

•
pitch .subtly persuasive sales tech­
• aggressive sales
nique: soft sell sentence: syntax create a syntactic­
ally correct sentence: construct
• analyse
technique: hard sell .former seller
of quack medicines etc. at fairs: the syntax of a sentence:
mountebank � see also market, sale, construe, parse
sel l, trade sentence' • pronounce a judicial
•
• adjective:
sentence: condemn sentence of
semen seminal, s perm­
atic • male sex cell in semen: sperm supervision in the community: proba­
tion • sum of money to be paid as a
• demand
(pl. same), spermatozoon (pl. sperm­
punishment: fi ne a sum of
atozoa) .count of spermatozoa in a
money as surety for good behaviour:
measure of semen: sperm count
• deficiency
bind over .prison sentence to be
of sperm cells in semen:
served only upon re-offending: sus­
oligospermia .natural ejection of
pended sentence .reduction of a
semen: ejaculation, emission
• erotic
prison sentence for good behaviour:
dream causing an involuntary
•
remission .denoting a prison sen­
ejaculation: wet dream introduc­
tence to be served simultaneously
• facts
tion of semen into the vagina other
with another: concurrent pre­
than by sexual intercourse: artificial
• person
sented to encourage lenient senten­
insemination providing
• place
cing: mitigation .reduction of a ju­
semen for this: donor where
dicial sentence upon appeal:
• denoting
semen is stored until needed for arti­
commutation a sentence
ficial insemination: sperm bank
that has not been legally authorized:
send • send on: forward extrajudicia l .list of offences with
senior citizen • adjective: elderly sentences currently deemed appropri­
• state allowance paid to the elderly: ate: tariff .free from a sentence: par­
old age pension .former National don � see also punishment
Savings certificate available only to sentimentality • sentimentality in
pensioners: g ranny bond � see also music or art: kitsch, schmaltz .tear­
old age fully sentimental: maudlin, mawkish
315 sentry I sewing

sentry • sentry's call for the pass­ • set o f simiar items:

group • batch
word: challenge of goods: consignment
separate • separate and distinct: settlement • use of a third party to
discrete • separate on grounds of negotiate a settlement: conciliation
sex, race, or religion: segregate • recourse to a third party who adjudi­
sequence • in unbroken sequence: cates a settlement: a rbitration
consecutive • in proper sequence: settler • early pioneer • in­
settler:
seriatim .sequence with gradual coming settler: immigrant .person
change of items: continuum leaving his own country to settle else­
series • interconnected series: con­ where: emig rant, emigre
catenation .repeated series: cycle seven .combining forms: hept(a)­
• related series of artworks: cycle (e.g. heptagon), sept(i)- • adjective:
• series of events, each triggered by its septenary • athletic contest with
predecessor: chain reaction • series seven events for all competitors: hept­
of shops, hotels, etc. owned by one ath lon .seven-sided figure: hepta­
company: chain gon • solid figure with seven faces:
sermon • collection o f sermons: ho­ heptahedron • group of seven: hep­
mil iary • biblical etc. passage upon tad, septenary • ensemble of seven

•
which a sermon is preached: text musicians, or music for them: septet
.. see also p reach ing • one of seven offspring born at a
• having
•
birth: septuplet seven
septuple • verse-line of seven
servant chief servant in a large
parts:
feet: heptameter • occurring every,
household: major-domo, steward
• chief female servant:
housekeeper
• chief male servant: butler • ser­
or lasting for, seven years: septennial
.seven-hundredth anniversary: sept­
vant's distinctive uniform: l ivery
.liveried servant: footman, flun key,
centenary
lackey • military officer's servant: seventy • person in his seventies:
batman • man's personal ser­ septuagena rian
vant: valet • Cambridge college ser­
vant: gyp • Oxford college servant:
severe .make less severe: mitigate,
scout • female cleaner: char, char­
palliate
woman • domestic helper provided sewing .rough sewing with large
by a local authority: home help stitches: tacking • sewing together of
.junior public-school boy who acts as assorted cloth fragments: patchwork
servant to a senior boy: fag .Indian • sew over a raw edge of cloth: over­
servant operating a large ceiling fan: cast, overlock, oversew • sewing

punkah wa llah making a decorative grid across the

• showing
cloth: quilting .sewing gathering
servi lity servility: obse­
material into small tight pleats:
• parallel
quious .make a calculated display
of servility: fawn
smocking elastic
threadwork used in smocking:
• paste
shirr
•
sesame made from sesame woman skilled at sewing:
tah ini • sweet
needle­
seeds: made from ses­
woman, seamstress, sempstress
• small case for sewing items: house­
ame seeds: halva
set • set of items fitting inside each wife, lady's companion, necessaire
other: nest • set of items following .container for sewing items: work­
each other in a fixed order: sequence basket, workbox • finger-protector
• set of related items: com pendium worn when sewing: thimble .shop
sewage I sexual activity 316

selling sewing requisites: haber­ sire excited and gratified in many

dasher • items used in sewing: no­ ways: polymorphous perversity
tions • abnormal sexual activity: paraphilia
sewage . liquid sewage: effl uent • socially unacceptable sexual activ­
• pipe for the removal of sewage: ity: perversion .. point in adoles­
sewer • place where sewage is cence 9-t which sexual activity become
treated:sewage fa rm, sewage works possible: puberty • age at which vol­
. pit for sewage:cesspit, cesspool, untary sexual activity becomes legal:
septic tank • excrement in a septic age of consent • point in middle age
tank: septage • sewer system and its at which sexual activity declines: cli­
maintenance: sewerage macteric • female animal's period of

•
sexual receptivity: heat, oestrus,
animal or plant having both
• female
sex
season animal's period of
male and female sexual character­
•
• of,
sexual inactivity: dioestrus deer's
istics: hermaphrodite or appear­
annual period of sexual activity: rut
ing to belong to, either sex:
• libido • act hinting
androgy­
nous, e picene • for persons of either sexual desire:
• intended to
• for, or consisting of,
sex: u n isex sexual interest: pass

persons of either sex: mixed • person arouse sexual desire: provocative, tit­
illating • deliberately provoke sexual
E!motionally and physiologically desir­
ing to belong to the opposite sex: desire with no intention of satisfying
transsexual • person deriving pleas­ it: tease • address a person in order
ure from dressing in clothes appropri­ to offer or request sexual favours: ac­
ate to the opposite sex:transvestite cost, proposition . entice into sex­
• external sexual organs: genitals ual activity: seduce • casual ac­
o male reproductive fluid: semen quaintance made for sexual purposes:
. remove the testicles of a male ani­ pickup • adult voluntarily partici­
mal: castrate, geld, neuter . remove pating in sexual activity: consenting
the ovaries of a female animal: spay, adult • person paid for sexual fa­
neuter vours: prostitute • right of a feudal

• adjectives: car­
lord to sexual intercourse with a vas­
sexual activity
nal, venereal • avoiding sexual activ­ sal's bride: droit du seigneur . mar­
riage partners' right to mutual sexual
ity:
• sexual
celibate, chaste, continent
• person who has never experienced relations: conjugal rights
sexual virgin • indul­
intercourse: intercourse as the completion of mar­
ging in all sexual activity: pansexual riage: consummation . have sexual
. evocative o f sexual activity: sug­ relations only with one's partner: be
gestive • sexual activity with pre­ faithfu l • be unfaithful to an estab­
cautions against Aids: safe sex • de­ lished sexual partner: cheat • en-

noting sexual activity performed gaging in casual sexual relationships:

without a condom: unprotected promiscuous, phi landeri ng • sexual
.. sexual activity regarded as a source activity between those too closely re-
of power: sexual politics • criminal lated to marry: i ncest • sexual inter­
exploitation of sexuality: vice • per­ course between a married person and
son easily shocked by mention of sex­ someone not their spouse: adultery
ual matters: prude • unhealthy inter­ • sexual activity between three per­
est in sexual matters: prurience sons: troilism • older woman's youth­
• liberalization
of western society's at­ ful male lover: gigolo • feign sexual
titude towards sexual activity: sexual interest: fli rt • flirtatious woman: co­
revolution • generalized sexual de- quette • arousing sexual desire:
317 sexual activity I shadow

erotic • item of clothing etc. as object .person who is sexually attracted to­
of desire: fetish 0 sexual activity pre­ wards children: paedophile • sexual
ceding intercourse: fo replay 0 sexual activity between a boy and a man:
stimulation by touching or caressing: pederasty • boy kept for sexual pur­
petti ng o this stopping just short of poses: catamite .person engaging in
intercourse: heavy petting o mutual anal intercourse: sodomite .sexu­
oral genital stimulation: soixante­ ally unfulfilled: frustrated • sexually
neuf • stimulation of the female geni­ unresponsive: frigid, cold .denoting
tals by tongue or lips: cunnilingus a man unable to achieve erection or
• sensitive to sexual stimulation: er­ orgasm: im pote nt • containing expli­
ogenous, erotogenic • swelling cit descriptions etc. of sexual activity:
caused by sexual stimulation: tumes­ adult, hard-core • strong sexual de­
cence • excessive sexual desire: sire: lust • insatiable sexual appetite
erotomania o moments of intense in women: nymphomania .insati­
genital pleasure: climax, able sexual appetite in men: lechery,
satyriasis • drug, food, or drink
orgasm
o sexual pleasure from inflicting or
suffering pain: o sexual thought to stimulate sexual desire:
•
algolagnia
pleasure from hurting others: sadism a phrodisiac drink thought to
stimulate sexual desire: phi ltre .sex­
.sexual pleasure from watching the
ual intercourse: coition, coitus
•
sexual activities of others: voyeurism
• sexual
sexual intercourse with premature
pleasure from watching urin­
• sexual
withdrawal of the penis: coitus inter­
0 sexual
ation: urolagnia, urophilia
ruptus, onanism inter­
pleasure from one's own pain or hu­
• sexual
course prolonged by avoidance of
• sex­
miliation: masochism
ej aculation: coitus reservatus
pleasure from rubbing one's clothed
ual intercourse with corpses: necro­
0 crime
body against someone in a crowd: frot­
•
phi lia of forcing another to
tage being tied up for sexual pleas­
bondage • whipping for sexual
have sexual intercourse with oneself:
0
ure:
fla gellation • sexual stimu­
ra pe done or happening after sex­
•
pleasure:
ual intercourse: post-co ita l device
lation of one's own body: auto­
eroticism • manual stimulation of
worn by a woman to make sexual
intercourse impossible: chastity belt
the genitals: masturbation, onanism
• oral stimulation o f the penis: fellatio
o injection of semen into the vagina

• sexual
other than by sexual intercourse: arti­
pleasure obtained via com­
• printed
ficial i nsem ination o study of human
sexual activity: sexology 0 study of
puter technology: cybersex
sexual love: erotology 0 Hindu trea­
or visual material aimed at erotic
stimulation: pornography .denot­
tise on sexual technique: Kama Sutra
ing mildly pornographic material:
o Ie gal term for sexual intercourse:
racy, titi llating • sexual activity that .disease con­
• person
carnal knowledge
is disapproved of: deviance tracted through sexual activity: ven­
who is sexually attracted to members ereal disease o crime motivated by
of his or her own sex: homosexual sexual jealousy:
crime passionnel (pl.
• person who is sexually attracted to crimes passionnels) � see also contra­
members of the opposite sex: hetero­ ception, homosexual ity, relationship
sexual o person who is sexually at­
shade .canvas sunshade over a
tracted to members of either sex:
•
shopfront etc_: awning
ambisexual, bisexual person hav­
ing a sexual relationship with some­ shadow 0 observer's shadow pro­
one much younger: cradle snatcher jected onto clouds: Brocke n spectre
shake I share 318

• shadow's pale edge: penumbra .lu­ chased: scrip .list of an investor's

minous halo round a shadow on fog: shares: portfolio • shares etc. owned:
anthelion holding .company capital derived
shake • shaking caused by an im­ from shares: share capital • part of
pact: shock company profits distributed to share­
holde.r;s: dividend • this paid on less
shape • combining/arms: morph(o)­
than a full year's trading: interim divi­
(e.g. morphology), -form (e. g. ver mi­
dend .declare or pay no dividend:
form), -morphic, -oid (e.g. rhomboid)
pass .certificate entitling a share­
.dark shape on a light background:
silhouette • taking human shape: a n­
holder to a dividend: dividend war­
•
thropomorphic • ability to regain
rant ratio of dividend to current
share price: dividend yield • ratio of
shape after distortion: elasticity

• share
dividend to total company profits:
• denoting
share yielding variable divi­
ordinary share • ordinary
dividend cover shares
dends:
shares of a company: equ ity • share
purchased when a dividend is about to
be paid: cum dividend • company's
yielding a fixed dividend: prefere nce
offer of cut-price shares to current
share .British government irre­
shareholders: rights issue, scrip
deemable fixed-interest securities:
• British government re­
issue .opportunity to buy shares at
.consols
a favourable price: share option .op-
deemable fixed-interest securities:
gilts • government-issued bonds etc.:
tion that may itself be bought and
sold: traded option • company cre­
government paper .shares offering
a guaranteed dividend: gi lts • apply
ated to control others, whose shares it
holds: holding company • share-
to purchase shares: su bscribe .de­
buying company selling to the public
noting shares traded on a stock ex­
• denoting
shares in its whole portfolio: i nvest-
•
change: l isted, quoted
ment trust, unit trust raw material
shares considered a safe investment:
• denoting
as an object of speculation: commod-
• company's
bl ue-chip a share issue at­
ity issue of shares to pay
• buy-out
tracting more purchasers than can be
• denoting
off debts: reca pitalization
satisfied: oversu bscri bed
of one company by another: takeover
• denoting
a share issue where some stock re­
a takeover resisted by its
• company's
mains unplaced: undersu bscribed
• institution
victim: hostile repur-
• pur-
undertaking to buy up
such stock: underwrite r .price of a chase of its own shares: buy-i n
chase of the majority of a company's
•
share when issued: nominal value,
•
par current price o f a share t o a n shares: buyout this effected on bor-
investor: offer price • current resale rowed capital: leveraged buyout
price of a share from an investor: bid • buyout effected to force a buy-in:
price • shares promising increased greenmail .right to have first re-
value rather than high income: fusal on shares: p re-emptive
growth stock • share of little current • offer shares for sale for the first
worth, bought in hope of an improve­ time:float, go public. issue • find a
ment: penny share, recovery stock place • buy back al
buyer for shares:
• high-profit, high-risk securities: shares in public hands: go private
junk bonds • shares bought now but • remove shares from trading: de list

delivered and paid for later: futures, • reduce share values by issuing more
long stock • option to buy later at a without increasing assets: dilute
price agreed now: put option • pro­ .lottery held to assign oversub-
visional certificate of shares pur- scribed shares: ballot • value of a .'
319 share I shell

share at the end of a day's trading: Hang Seng index � see also invest­
closing price • rise in share values: ment, stock exchange
rally • sudden collapse of the value of
• combining
• denoting a market
sharp form: oxy-
•
shares: crash
with faling prices: soft, weak • steep
defi n ition
sharpness of a picture:
• mental sharpness: acuity • sharp

• sharpen with a
rise in share values followed by a col­
• denoting
projection: snag
lapse: bubble shares hav­
• denoting
whetstone: hone
ing a steady price: firm a
market with steady prices: hard shed • shed moult
feathers or fur:
• speculator who sells shares in an­ • shed slough
an outer skin or shel :
ticipation of a price fall: bear • shedding its leaves annually: de­

• speculator who buys shares in an­ ciduous

ticipation of a price rise: bull . denot­ sheep • adjective: ovine • female
ing shares sold for a later delivery sheep: ewe • male sheep: ram, tup
date: s hort • selling off shares while • young sheep: lamb • castrated male
their price is high: profit-taking sheep: wether • wether leading the
. speculator who buys new share flock: bellwether • sheep that has
issues for a quick resale: stag been shorn once: shearling • sheep
• group of speculators buying shares in its second year: teg • group of
individually with a view to, later con­ sheep: flock • sheep's divided foot:
certed action: con cert party • unob­ cloven hoof • sheep's mammary
trusive share purchase through nom­ gland: udder • sheep's woolly coat:
inees: warehousing • speculator who fleece • greasy substance on this:
benefits from currency disparities by suint • sheep's matted wool: dag
buying shares in one country and sell­ • total wool sheared from a flock in
ing them in another: arbitrageur one season: cli p • sheep disease of
• possession o f the majority of a the central nervous system: scrapie
company's shares: controlling inter­ • sheep disease ulcerating hoofs and
est • holding giving this: golden mouths: foot and mouth disease
share • hostile attempt to purchase a • bacterial disease of sheep hoofs: foot
controlling interest: raid • attempt at rot • sheep disease affecting the skin
this by early morning buying: dawn and lungs:anthrax • inflammation of
raid • share trading on the basis of the udder:garget • cut off a sheep's
privileged information:insider deal­ winter coat: shear • immerse sheep
ing • sale ofdisposalshares: in medicaments: dip . shelter for
• share market:- stock exchange, sheep: fold • sheepmuttonmeat:
stock market • person buying and • g razier • person in
sheep-rearer:
selling shares for himself: dealer charge of sheep: shepherd . land on
. agent for the sale and purchase of which sheep are pastured: sheepwalk
shares: broker, stockbroker • fee . (of a dog) chase and attack sheep:
charged for such work: brokerage worry
• official
• sheet
controlling a company's in­
vestments: fund manager . figure in­ sheet for a corpse: shroud
. light metal-coated sheet retaining
dicating the average position of se­
•
heat: space blanket
lected shares: index general index
of American share prices: Dow Jones shell' . combining forms: concho-
index • general index of Japanese • study of mollusc shells: conchology
share prices: Nikkei i ndex • general • tortoise's hard shell: carapace
index of Hong Kong share prices: • seashell that may be blown like a
shell I ship 320

trumpet: conch • carved o r coloured with two files of oarsmen on each side:
decoration of shells: scri mshaw bireme • ancient warship with three
banks of oars: trireme • water craft
shell" . shell emitting smoke etc. so
that its course may be traced: having little displacement at speed:
skimmer • group of ships: fleet, flo­
trace r
. fragments of an exploding artillery
shell: shrapnel tilla • group of ships travelling to·
gether: convoy • narrow but deep
shellfish . shellfish that attaches it-
formation of ships: col u m n . ship
destroyed at sea: wreck • denoting a
self to rocks: limpet
shelter • camouflaged shelter for ship with hull openings allowing ve­
birdwatchers etc. : hide • shelter for a hicles to drive on and off: rol l-on roll­
car, having a roof but no walls: car­ off • plank giving access t o a ship:
port • shelter for cattle: byre gangplank . rope beside a ship's
• ground depression used as a shelter gangway or ladder: man rope • ship's
from gunfire: foxhole • shelter for pointed front: bow, prow • spar run­
sheep: fold • reinforced underground ning out from a ship's bow: bowsprit
shelter: bunker . ship's rounded rear: stern . rail
shepherd . adjective: bucolic . de­ round this: taffra il • on the side of a
noting a shepherd constantly moving ship: abeam • denoting the front of a
to fresh pasture: nomadic ship: fore • denoting the rear of a

• pale
ship: aft, astern . left side of a ship
sherry dry
sherry: fi no
as seen by one facing its prow: port
e very dry sherry: manzanilla . dark
• right side of a ship as seen by one
medium-sweet sherry:
• distant
oloroso
• large sherry glass: schooner
facing its prow: starboard
part of the visible sea: offing • side of
shield • shield bearing a coat of a ship sheltered from the wind: lee,
• side
arms: escutcheon . knob in the cen­ leeward of a ship exposed to
tre of a shield: boss, umbo . Roman the wind: windward • on the outside
legionaries' roof of linked shields: tes­
of an ship: outboard . from a ship
tudo • shield against X-rays worn by into the water: overboard , overside
doctors etc. : apron
. lookout post atop the mast: crow's­
shine • soft shine: lustre • shining nest . ship's temporary mast: j u ry
in the dark: l u minous • having no mast . lights showing a ship's pos­
shine: matt ition: navigation lights, ru nning
• adjective:
ship marine, maritime lig hts, Sidelig hts . small boat car·
. ship design: naval architecture ried on a ship: jolly boat • small

• ship carrying goods: fre ig hter crane for lowering a ship's boat: davit
. freighter working to no fixed route: • strong crane with a pivoted arm:
tramp • ship transporting coal: col­ derrick • line painted on a ship's side
lier • ship equipped to carry liquids to show permitted submersion levels:
in bulk: tanker . ship providing a load line, Plimsoll line • ship's side
regular service between two points: above water: freeboard • top of this:
ferry . luxurious passenger ship: gunwale • gunwale hole to let off
liner • ship equipped to remove deck water: scupper, scuttle • main
mines: m i nesweeper . old ship part of a ship, without superstructure
stripped of fittings: hulk • sailing or fittings: hull • lowest internal por­
ship with banks of oars: galley tion of the hull: bilges . lengthwise
• Spanish sailing ship: galleon • ship beam at the base of the hull: keel
built by Noah: ark • ancient warship • structure fastening floor timbers to
321 s h i p I ship

the keel: keelson 0 chief timber etc. stem o rate o f headway required for
in the bow: stem 0 curved transverse a ship to answer the helm: steerage
strut rising from the keel:
rib way 0 ship's backward motion:
o section-divider in a ship's hull: bulk­ sternway 0 direction taken by a ship:
head 0 area between these: compart­ course • ship's d eviation from
ment o forward part of a ship below course due to wind or current: d rift
decks: forecastle, fo'c'sle 0 ship's o ship's record book: journal, log
cargo area: hold 0 packing to steady o list of members of a ship's company:
a ship's cargo: d unnage o part of a m u ster roll o list of a ship's cargo:
ship built above the hull: superstruc­ bill of lading o list of a ship's passen­
ture 0 ship's kitchen: galley 0 pri­ gers, crew, and cargo: man ifest
vate room on a ship: cabin 0 superior o clergyman serving a ship: chaplain
cabin: stateroom • bed on a ship: • person attending to passengers'
berth, hammock • ship's stern deck: needs: steward 0 person hiding on a
afterdeck, poop, quarterdeck ship in order to travel without paying:
o opening in a ship's deck: hatch stowaway 0 maximum width of a
o raised border round a hatch: coam­ ship: beam . depth of water needed
ing 0 soft stone for cleaning the deck: by a ship: draught 0 trail of dis­
holystone . stairs between a ship's turbed water left behind a moving
decks: companionway 0 ship's small ship: wake, wash 0 passable by ships
window: porthole 0 porthole's pro­ and boats: navigable 0 audible warn­
tective cover: dead light 0 ship's lean­ ing to ships in fog: foghorn 0 weight
ing from the vertical: heel, l i st of a ship 's cargo: deadweight 0 place
o heavy material placed in a ship's allotted to a ship in a dock etc.: berth
bilges to give stability:ballast . (of a • ship's thick mooring rope: cable,

ship) rock from front to back pitch hawser o short thick post to which
o (of a ship) rock from side to side: rol l berthed ship is tied: bollard 0 move a
o (of a ship) twist from side t o side: ship by pulling on its anchor: ked ge
yaw o (of a ship) halt: come to o (of o move a ship by pulling on a rope at­
a ship) fil with water and sink: warp ., go or
tached to the shore:
founder 0 gyroscopic device redu­ place on board a ship:
embark o leave
cing a ship's rolling: stabilizer or remove from a ship: d i sembark
o housing for a ship's compass: bin­ o secure a ship to an anchor or land:
nacle . device to keep the compass moor 0 unmoor a ship: cast off
level: gimbal o deflection of a ship's o sheltered anchorage: roa d s 0 place
compass by iron fn the ship: deviation where ships may moor and load or un­
o neutralize a ship's magnetic field: load:
dock, q uay, wharf (pl. wharves)
degauss 0 device for taking bearings o unload a ship: discharge 0 wharf
of a distant object: pelorus 0 duty­ owner or manager: wharfinger
room for those in charge of a ship: o worker loading and unloading ships:
bridge 0 ship's steering wheel: helm, stevedore 0 place where a ship may
wheel 0 vertically hinged flap for be boarded: jetty, landing stage
steering: rudder o ship's secondary o pad hung over the side as a ship ap­
propeller used in manoeuvring: proaches the dockside: fender 0 pre­

thruster o large stern or side wheel pare a ship for its return journey:
propelling a sh ip: paddle wheel turn round 0 dealer in ship's sup­
o direct the steering of a ship: con plies: chandler, ship chandler
o ship's forward motion: headway o place where ships are built or re­
o make headway against the current: paired: dockyard 0 for
shipwreck I shooting 322

building and repairing ships: ship­ shock • shock that may cause last­
yard • make a ship operational: com­ ing psychological harm: trauma
mission • take a ship out of service: • electric shocks administered to treat
decommission, lay up o hire a ship mental illness: electroconvulsive
for a trip: charter .journey by ship, therapy • shockingly sensational:
or the right to make it: passage l u rid � shock into inactivity: stun
• ship's scheduled voyage: sailing shoe • shoe with perforated decor­
• official record o f a ship's journey: ation: b rogue • shoes with very thick
log • prize awarded to the ship mak­ soles: platforms • shoe with a thick
ing the fastest eastward commercial wooden sole: clog • baby's soft shoe:
crossing of the Atlantic: Blue Riband bootee • woman's light low-cut shoe:
.nausea caused by a ship's motion: court shoe .light canvas shoe with
seasickness • illegally seize control a plaited fibre sole: espadrille • light
of a ship: h ijack _ destruction of a rubber-soled canvas shoe: plimso"
ship at sea: shipwreck • decorate a � shoe with a turned-up sole: mocca­

ship with flags overall: d ress • ship's sin • rubber overshoe: galosh
registration abroad to avoid stringent • shoe's underside: sole • upper

regulations: flag of conven ience front part of a shoe: vamp • shoe's re­
� see also boat, sai ling inforced front: toecap 0 back part of
a shoe: counter • leather rim round a
•
shoe: welt • small tube at the end of a
shipwreck deliberately sink a
•
shoelace: aglet, tag • strip of leather
ship: scupper, scuttle denoting a
in
ship in danger of sinking or wreck:
distress • shipwrecked person: cast­
etc. under the laces of a shoe: tongue
• heavy
away • throw from a ship: jettison
nail strengthening a sole:
• sharp
•
hobnail metal point in the
• metal
cargo thrown overboard from a ship
sole of a runner's shoe: spike
to lighten it in a storm: jetsam
� cargo
plate on a tap-dancer's shoe: tap
•
washed overboard from a ship:
•
ballet shoes with strengthened toes:
•
flotsam cargo thrown overboard poi nte shoes thin high heel on a
from a ship but marked with buoys woman's shoe: stiletto • extra inner
etc. for later recovery: lagan • recov­ sole: i nsole, sock • curved instru­
ery of a disabled ship or its cargo: sal­ ment easing in the heel: shoehorn
vage • recovery of a wrecked or • block to keep a shoe in shape: shoe
abandoned ship: salvage • float used tree • shoe-repair shop: heel bar
to raise sunken ships: caisson • shoe-mender: cobbler • shoe­

• slope
shipyard on which a ship is maker's shaped block: last

built:shipway, slipway .ship's ex­ shoot • shoot growing from a plant's

tensive overhaul: refit • frame sup­ roots etc.: sucker • shoot prepared
porting a ship out of water: crad le, for planting or grafting: scion, s l i p
stocks • turn a ship on its side for • climbing plant's shoot used t o gain

cleaning: careen • make a ship support: tendril

watertight by sealing seams in the shooting • person skilled at shoot­
hull: caulk • shellfish attaching itself ing: marksman • member of a shoot­
to a ship's hull: barnacle • frame­ ing party: gun • shooting at an arti­
work suspended by ropes, for working ficial target: target practice • mound
on a ship's side: crad le .chair sus­ for a target in a shooting range: butt
pended by ropes, for working on a • thrown shooting target: clay pigeon
ship's side: boatswai n's chair . float • dog trained to fetch shot game: re­

a ship for the first time: launch triever, gun dog • shoot at from a
323 shop I shutter
.
••••••• u . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .. . . . ••••• • ••• • • • ••••••• • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •••••••••••••• • ••••••••• •••••••• • • • •••• • •••••••••••••••• • • ••• • • • • • •••••• • • •

hiding place: snipe � see also hu nt­ a comprehensive stock: one-stop

ing • denoting a shop where customers
• row
•
serve themselves: self-service
shop selling alcoholic drinks
•
shop
of shops: parade covered walk with
for consumption elsewhere: off­
•
shops along each side: arcade, gal­
shop selling fancy cakes
• enclosed
licence
• shop
leria pedestrianized
and pastries: patisserie sell­
shopping area: mall . look a t shop­
ing chocolates and sweets: confection­
window displays with no intention of
ery . shop selling men's clothing:
outfitter • shop selling fabrics: dra­
buying: window-shop . name board
above a shop's window: fascia • sub­
pery . shop selling fish: fishmonger
• shop selling flowers: florist • shop
let space within a large shop: conces­
• voucher
• shop selling
sion offered by a shop for
selling food: grocer
credit note . display
returned goods:
• shop
cooked food for consumption else­
takeaway • shop selling for­
bin in a shop: du m p bin
where:
eign foods: delicatessen • shop sell­
supervisor: floor manager, shop­
walker • person handling money in a
ing fruit: fruiterer • shop selling fruit
shop: cashier • stealing from a shop
and vegetables: gree ngrocer • shop
• shop selling
while pretending to be a customer:
• day
selling furs: furrier
• shop sel­
shoplifting on which shops are
hardware: i ronmonger
shut from lunchtime:
ling men's hats: hatter • shop selling
early closing
women's hats: m i ll iner • shop selling
day
shore .adjective: l ittora l • shore be­
magazines and newspapers: news­
agent • shop seliing milk and milk tween high and low water marks: fore­
•
• shop selling per­
shore wood washed up on a sea­
products: dairy
shore: driftwood • tidal movement of
fumes: parfumerie . shop selling
objects along a shoreline: longsh ore
pizzas: pizzeria . shop or counter
drift • abandon on a shore: strand
conducting postal service business:
post office • shop selling dead shorthand . early form of short­
poultry and game: poulterer . shop hand: tachygraphy • word re­
selling sewing requisites: haber­ presented by a single sign in short­
dasher • shop selling smokers' re­ hand: g rammalogue • such a sign:
quisites: tobacconist • shop selling outline
wine: vintner • shop selling writing shout • shout of derision or disap­
and office requisites: stationer proval: catca l l
. smal fashionqble shop: boutique Shrewsbury . member o f Shrews­
. smal general shop in a residential
bury School:
corner shop • shop with
Salopian
street:
shrine • domed Buddhist shrine:
many branches: m u ltiple, multiple
stupa . T ibetan Buddhist shrine:
• tent
store . large shop, each part selling
chorten shrine u sed by the an­
tabernacle • shrine
different things:
department store
cient Israelites:
. large specialized shop: megastore
• wholesale
dedicated to nymphs: nymphaeum
shop not offering credit or
delivery: cash and carry • general shrub • shrub with branches trained
shop established in a remote area: along a wall: espalier . shrubs etc.
trading post • booth selling news­ growing under woodland trees:
papers etc.: kiosk • manufacturer's undergrowth
shop for direct sales: factory shop shutter • shutter with angled slats:
• denoting a small non-residential jalousie . articulated metal shutter:
shop: lock-up • denoting a shop with roller blind
Si berian I Sikh 324

Siberian • Siberian nomad's tent: opia . area visible: field of vision

yurt • seeing everything: panoptic • al­
leged ability to see what others can­
Sicilian . secret criminal and polit­
not: clai rvoyance, second sight
• delusory
ical organization, Sicilian in origin:
sight: hall ucination
Mafia
. drug causing this: hall ucinogen
sickle • adjective: falcate . at first sight: prima facie • sight
sickly • sickly person: valetudinar­ test using rows of letters: Snellen test
ian � see also colour blindness

side . adjective: lateral signal • bell rung as an alarm: toc­

• combin ing
sin . noisy firework used as a dis­
sided forms: -gon,
-gonal • (denoting a) three-sided fig­
tress or warning signal: maroon

ure: triangle, trilatera l • (denoting a)

. light or fire set in a high place to
convey a signal: beacon • bright sig­
four-sided figure: quadri lateral • (de­
nal light shot into the air: flare, Verey
light • international radio distress
noting a) five-sided figure: pentagon,
signal: Mayday • railway signal for
pentagonal . (denoting a) six-sided
figure: hexagon, hexagonal • (denot­
the next section of track: home signal
• railway signal giving advance warn­
ing a) seven-sided figure: heptagon,
ing: distant signal • signal transmit­
heptagonal . (denoting an) eight­
sided figure: octagon, octagonal
• (denoting a) ten-sided figure: deca­
ting several messages simultaneously:
mu ltiplex • signalling system used
gon, decagonal • (denoting a)
by bookmakers' assistants: tick-tack
• signalling system based on flags
twelve-sided figure: dodecagon,
dodecagonal
hand-held in various positions: sema­
siege • naval siege: blockade phore • signalling system based on .
• raise combinations of long and short �
flashes, marks, or sounds: Morse 1
a seige: re lieve
sieve . coarse sieve: riddle
. lamp used for sending Morse code
sight . combining forms: opto-, messages: Aldis lamp . signalling
-opia, -scopy (e.g. m icroscopy) . ad­
jectives: optic, optical , visual • dis­
system based on flashes of reflected
sunlight: hel iography • denoting sig-
tance one can see: eyeshot, visibility
•
nals based on discrete values of a · · t
ability to see (only) distant objects physical quantity: digital • denoting !:
clearly: long sig ht, hypermetropia, signals based on variations in a
hyperopia, presbyopia • inability to ical quantity: analogue •
see distant objects clearly: short quality of incoming electronic signals:
Sight, myopia, near-sig htedness
•
reception
• signature given as
inability to see peripheral objects
clearly: tunnel vision • inability to
signature
memento: autograph • second
ture: countersignature • person
focus on the whole of an object: astig­
matism • perception of depth gained
has written his signature: signatory.
from binocular sight: stereopsis
signee . flourish after a signature: ;
• counterfeit
. measurement of a person's field of
• assessment of
paraph a
vision: perimetry
eyesight and correction of its defects:
forge
optometry • ability to see in the Sikh • Sikh scriptures: Adi

dark: night vision • inability to see Granth, Granth Sahib • Sikh reli··1
in the dark: night blindness, nyctal- gious leader: guru • male Sikh'�
325
headdress: turban • Sikh place of
worship: gurdwara
silence . lapse into silence in the
middle of a sentence etc.: a posiopesis
. Cistercian monk vowed to silence:
Trappist
silk • silk production: sericulture
. denoting silk treated to give a wavy
lustrous finish: moire, moire, watered
� see also fa bric
• preserve in a silo: ensile • fod­
silo
der so preserved: si lage
silver •silver in solid bars: bullion
. silver covered by gold: si lver g i lt
. alloy of gold and silver: electru m
. silver-like alloy of nickel, zinc, and
copper: ni ckel silver, German si lver
• utensils made of silver: plate • fine
silver tray: salver . stamp on silver
attesting purity: hall mark· • person
making silver articles: si lversmith
similar . combining form: homeo-
(e.g. homoeopathy), para- (e.g. para­
medic) • partial similarity: analogy
• simple and superficial: je­
simple
june, Simplistic • (excessively) sim­
plified: schematic • admiration or
imitation of the simple or unsophisti­
cated: prim itivism
sin • denoting sin leading to damna­
tion: deadly • denoting sin depriving
the soul of grace: mortal • denoting
lesser sin: venial • admission of s ins:
confession • person doing this:
penitent • remorse for s ins: contri­
tion . determination to give up sins:
repentance . forgiveness of s ins: re­
mission . first lapse of humankind
into sin: the Fal l • denoting the time
before this: prelapsarian • universal
proneness to sin inherited from this:
original sin . punishment inflicted
for confessed sins: penance • repar­
ation made for sin: atonement, expi­
ation • sacramental forgiveness of
sins: absolution . deliverance from
sin and its consequences: sa lvation
. divine cancellation of sin: justifica-
s ilence I situation
tion • place for expiation of sins after
death: purgatory • eternal punish­
ment of the unrepentant: perdition
sing . entertainment of singing to a
recorded accompaniment: karaoke
. wordless singing exercise: vocalise
• smooth and rounded singing style:
bel ca nto • style of male singing
with frequent use of falsetto: yodel­
ling • sing softly: croon • sing on
one note: intone
singer . singer having a higher fe­
male voice: soprano • singer having
a lower female voice: contralto
• singer having the highest male
voice: alto • singer having the next
highest male voice: tenor • singer
having the next highest male voice:
baritone • singer having the lowest
male voice: bass • castrated male
singer: castrato • boy singer or his
voice: treble • famous female opera
singer: diva, prima donna • tenor
undertaking heroic roles: Helden­
tenor • medieval singer: minstrel
• person teaching opera singers their
music: repelite ur • range of notes a
singer can sing: compass, register
• range within which the majority of
notes in a song fall: tessitura � see
also voice
sing le . combiningforms: hapl- (e.g.
ha plogra phy), mon (o)- (e. g. monaural),
uni- (e.g. uni lateral) • single person
or thing: Singleton
sister . combining form: soror(i)­
• sister sharing only one parent: ha lf­
sister • killing one's sister: sorori­
cide, fratricide
sit • act of sitting with the legs at
right angles to the trunk, one before
and one behind: splits • involving
much sitting: sedentary
situation . combining form: -ery
(e.g. slavery) • current situation:
juncture, state of play, status quo
. current situation o f a political or
six I skin 326

commercial project: status • previ­ slope; snow ca nnon, s now gun . ar­
ous situation: statu s quo ante . con­ tificial ski slope: dry slope . direct
fused situation: imbroglio, mare's route down a slope: fa l l line • cross­
nest . difficult situation: pl ight, country skiing: langlauf • denoting
straits • perplexing situation: di­ skiing away from official runs: off­
lemma, predicament • situation piste • :;kiing with ascents made by
offering no profit: dead loss helicopter: hel i-skiing • sport of
• situation permitting no progress: being dropped by parachute before
deadlock, im passe, l imbo, stalemate skiing; paraskiing • skiing while
• denoting a situation in which what­ pulled by a horse or dog: skijoring
ever is gained by one side is lost by • ski race down a winding course: sla­
the other: zero-sum • in an ex­ lom • denoting a ski slope or resort
tremely- difficult situation: in likely to have snow; snows u re . dis­
extremis • uncomplaining accept­ tance between the highest and lowest
ance of the current situation: quiet­
ism • feeling, when in a new situ­
points in a skiing area: vertical
• padded skiing trousers: salopettes

• denoting the social activities and en­

ation, of having experienced it before:
deja vu tertainment following a day's skiing;
six . combining forms: hexa-, sex­ apres-ski
• • solid
• skid in which the wheels are
six-sided figure: hexagon
skid
figure with six faces: hexahedron
• ensemble of six musicians, or music
separated from the ground by a film of
water: aquaplane • skid turning an
for them; sextet • perception by a
articulated vehicle back on itself:
'sixth sense ' : extrasensory percep­
jackknife
tion
• • un­
skill . combining form: -ship (e.g.
seamanship) • intuitive skill; apti­
size relative size: proportion

tude, gift, talent • practical skill:

usually small size; dwarfism
sixty • denoting a sixtieth anniver­
know-how . amateur dabbler in
sary: diamond . person in his six­ some skill: dilettante • beginner in a
• person
ties: sexagenarian skill: neophyte highly
skating . choreographed ice skat­ skilled in a particular field: expert,
ing: ice dancing • area of ice made specialist, virtuoso • person pre­
or prepared for skating: rink tending to have a skill: charlatan
• skater's jump with a turn in the air: . denoting a middle skill level: i nter­
l utz • movement making a pattern on mediate . lacking skill: i nept . dis­
the ice: fig u re play of skill, or opportunity for it:
skeleton •internal skeleton: endo­ showpiece • field in which skill is
• external
skeleton skeleton; exo­ shown: speciality, sphere
skeleton • study of the skeleton; skin • combining forms: derm-,
osteology dermat(0)- • adjective: cuta neous
ski • single ski for both feet: • outer skin: epiderm is • inner skin:
monoski • ski bicycle: ski-bob • ski derm is • skin on the top and back of

lift pulling skiers up slopes: drag lift the head: scalp . animal's skin: pelt
• cabin on a suspended ski lift: gon­ • appearance of facial skin; complex­

dola • ski slope with compacted ion • small depression in the skin:
snow: piste, run . easy ski slope: dimple . fold of loose skin at the
nursery slope • machine making ar­ throat: dewlap • torn skin at a fin­
tificial snow and blowing it onto a ski gernail root: hangnail • dead skin at
327
the base of a nail: cuticle • dead skin
in the hair: dand ruff, scurf
• through the skin: percutaneous
• under the skin: subcutaneous
• beneath the skin: hypodermic, sub­
cutaneous . oily substance rubbed
into the skin: oi ntment • cosmetic
making the skin firm and smooth:
toner . substance applied to the skin
to make it look healthy: conditioner
• substance that softens the skin:
emoll ient • skin pigment assisting
suntan: melanin • tumour of
melanin-forming cells: melanoma
. lack of skin pigmentation: albinism
• small surface opening on the skin:
pore _ open sore on the skin: ulcer
• patch of hard skin: callus, callos ity
• small hard benign skin growth: wart
. skin bubble filled with serum: blis­
ter • pus-filled blister: pustule • pit­
ted mark on the skin: pock, pock­
mark • blemish on the skin: naevus,
macu la, stigma • skin blemish pres­
ent from birth: birthmark • small
dark blemish on the skin: mole
• pale streaks on the skin due to previ­
ous stretching: stretch marks • dark
skin patches in the aged: lentigo, liver
spot, senile maculation • removal of
skin blemishes by electric heat: elec­
trolysis • stone used to remove hard
skin: pumice stone • blue-tinged
skin due to poor circulation: cyanosis
• red swollen mark left by a blow:
weal , welt • reddtmed skin area: rash
. reddening of the skin from irrita­
tion: erythema • inflammation from
skin rubbing on skin: intertrig o
. yellowing o f the skin: jaund ice
• browning of the skin from exposure
to sunlight: su ntan • skin inflamma­
tion or peeling from overexposure to
sunlight: sunburn • reddening of the
skin from exposure to wind: wind­
burn • deep reddening of the skin
from bacterial infection: erysipelas
. pimply state of the skin with hairs
erect: gooseflesh, goose pimples
skin I skin
• thick-skinned mammal: pachyderm
• discoloration of the skin after bleed­
ing: ecchymosis . study and treat­
ment of skin diseases: dermatology
• skin disease of adolescents, with
black pustules: acne • raised red
patch on the skin: naevus • tropical
skin rash: prickly heat • tropical
skin disease leaving deep ulcers: yaws
• skin disease with large red patches
and fever: erysipelas, St Anthony's
fire c skin rash of purple spots: pur­
pura • skin disease with red itchy
scaly patches: psoriasis • severe
skin disease, causing deformity: lep­
rosy • swollen red and sore skin, due
to irritation: dermatitis • severe itch­
ing of the skin: prurigo, pruritus
. contagious skin disease with circu­
lar itchy patches: ringworm • conta­
gious skin disease with small red
itchy spots: sca bies • itching blisters
on the skin: eczema • ulcerous skin
disease: lupus . skin disease of hairy
and woolly animals: mange • area of
hard skin on a toe: corn • horny
growth on the skin: keratosis • skin
mark left by a healed wound: scar
• extreme dryness of the skin: xero­
derma • skin ointment: balm, bal­
sam, salve . cream protecting the
skin from sunburn: sunblock • cos­
metic removing dead skin cells: exfoli­
ant • cosmetic improving facial ski.n:
face mask, face pack • paste of full­
er's earth to do this: mud pack • ap­
paratus with lamps for tanning the
skin: sunbed • strip off the skin: flay,
flense • natural shedding of a skin:
ecdysis • make shallow incisions in
the skin: scari fy . mark the skin
with an indelible design: tattoo
. surgical removal of outer layers of
skin: dermabrasion • shedding of a
skin: slough, ecdysis • chemical
process converting an animal skin to
leather: tanning . tanned animal
skin: hide • tough outer skin of pork,
cheese, or fruit: rind
skittles I slow
skittles . flat wooden disk thrown
in skittles: cheese
skull • combining forms: cephal-,
cranio- . adjective: cephalic, cranial
. skull as a symbol of mortality:
death's head • front part of the
skull: sinciput • back part of the
skull: occi put • part of the skull con­
taining the brain: cranium • trans­
verse suture of the skull: coronal su­
ture • skull cavity connecting with
the nasal cavities: sinus • space be­
tween the parts of an infant's skull:
fontanelle . skin across the top and
back of the skull: scalp • scientific
study of skull sizes and shapes: crani­
ology . such study, supposedly indi­
cating character and mental ability:
phrenology • bore a hole in the skull
for surgical purposes: trepan, tre­
phine
•
skullcap skullcap worn by certain
Roman Catholic clergymen: zuc­
chetto • skullcap worn by male
Orthodox Jews: yarmulke
sky •
sky with rows of small clouds:
• denoting
mackerel sky a sky
covered with grey cloud: overcast
• brightness of the night sky over
built-up areas: skyglow
• slang used by a particular
slang
group: argot
slat • angled slat: louvre
slave • adjective: servile • release
from slavery: emancipate, manumit
• emancipated slave: freedman
sledge • horse-drawn sledge: sleigh
• lightracing sledge: l uge • mechan­
ically steered racing sledge: bob­
sleigh • sloping track for tobog­
ganing: run
sleep . combining forms: hypn-,
narc-, somn- • short light sleep:
doze, nap • sleep taken in the hot
part of the day: siesta • sleep lasting
through the winter: h i bernation
• sleep lasting through the summer:
aestivation • sleep with dreaming
328
and eye movements: paradoxical
sleep, rapid-eye-movement sleep
• shallow sleep induced by surgical
anaesthesia: twi l ight sleep . denot­
ing sleep that is easily disturbed: light
• denoting sleep not easily disturbed:
deep, heavy, sound • inability to
sleep: insomnia . period of keeping
awake during sleeptime: vigil • in­
clined to sleep: drowsy, somnolent
• tendency to fall asleep in relaxing
surroundings: narcolepsy • sleep
longer than intended: oversleep
. causing sleep: somniferous, som­
nolent, soporific • drug inducing
sleep: narcotic, sedative . learning
while asleep: hypnopaedia . (seem­
ingly) in a deep sleep: dormant
• sleepwalking: somnambu lance,
noctambulism . sleeplike state in
which the subject obeys instructions:
hypnosis
sleeping sickness . African fly
causing sleeping sickness: tsetse
slice . thin slice: sl iver
slip of the tongue • slip
of the
tongue thought to reveal the speaker's
true thoughts: Freudian slip
slogan • repeated slogan: mantra
slope . combining form: clin-
• downward • up­
slope: decl ivity
ward slope: acclivity • steep slope:
scarp • steep slope at the end of a
plateau: escarpment, shoulder . on- ·
ward slope of a road etc_: gradient
• side slope of a road: camber . slope
of a stage or auditorium: rake . de­
noting a slope that is almost vertical:
sheer • steepness of a slope: gradi­
ent, pitch • create an even slope by
earthmoving: grade • skier's diag­
onal route across sloping ground: tra­
• instrument
verse measuring a
slope's steepness: gradiometer . sur-
veyor's instrument for
slopes: clinometer
slow • combining form: brady- I
• Chinese system of slow exercises: 1
329 slum I snow
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t'ai chi ch'uan . slowness of move­ less fuel must be used: smokeless
ment observed in sufferers from zone
• person who smokes con­
Parkinson's disease: bradykinesia
• slow-motion rerun of film showing a
smoking
tinuously: chai n-smoker • involun­
key moment of a sporting contest: ac­
tary inhaling of others' smoke: pas­
tion replay sive smoking, secondary smoking
slum • slum occupied by foreigners: • area in which smoking is forbidden:
ghetto no-smoking zone
small . combining forms: micro­ smuggling • smuggled goods or
(e.g. microscope), m i n i- (e.g. miniskirt), trade in them: contraband • govern­
nano- (e.g. nanotechnology) , -cle (e.g. ment agency examining travellers'
icicle) , -ee (e.g. bootee) , -ette (e.g. kit­ luggage for contraband: Customs
chenette), -let (e.g. booklet), -ule (e.g. snail • edible snail: escargot
• smallest
snake • adjectives: anguine, colu-
globule) possible: mar­

• snake
ginal, minimal, minimum, mi nuscule
brine, serpentine that
. extremely small: infi n itesimal . ri­
crushes it.s prey: constrictor . Brit­
diculously small: derisory, paltry
ish poisonous snake: adder, viper
• venomous
. small amount: modicum, scintil la,
hooded snake: cobra
• snake's poison: venom • antidote to
smidgen, soupc;on, vestig� . small
• snake's
person: dwarf, manikin, midget,
t.his: serum, antivenin
pygmy
venom-injecting tooth: fang
• adjectives; olfactory (sense
• snooker-player's
smell snooker stick:
•
of smelf) , fetid or meph itic or ran k
(foul smelf), osmic (either) • pleasant
cue cue support: rest . long stick

smell: aroma • characteristic smell:

to support the cue: bridge, jigger
• stroke made with an inclined cue:
savour • characteristic smell of wine
masse • stroke in which the cue
or perfume: bouquet • sharp but

• strong un­
slips: miscue . frame used to pos­
ition balls: triangle • ball struck by
pleasant smell: ta ng
pleasant smell: fetor, reek, stench
• unpleasant and harmful smell: efflu­
the cue: cue ball . revolving motion
imparted to the ball: spin • backspin
vium • unpleasant smell of a person's
given to the ball: screw • sidespin
unwashed body: body odour • emit­
given to the ball: side • ball at which
ting a smell: odoriferous, odorous
the cue ball is aimed: object ball
• stroke in which the cue ball hits two
. omitting a sharp smell: pungent

others: ca nnon • brush past another

. omitting an unpleasant smell: pu­
trid, rank • granules burnt to make a
• thin stick
ball: kiss .pouch into which the ball
is stuck: pocket • strike a ball into a
sweet smell: incense
burnt to do this joss stick • sub­
pocket: pot • single game at snooker:
• successful
stance removing smells: deodorant
• loss of the sense of smell: anosmia
frame turn at play:
break • potting all remaining balls in
smile • affected smile: simper one break: clearance • impossibility
. contemptuous smile: sneer . smug of directly hitting any legal ball:
smile: smirk . fixed grin: rictus snooker • score-keeper: marker
smoke • smoke mixed with fo g: snow • swirling windborne snow:
smog •
cloud of smoke diffused to flu rry . severe snowstorm: blizzard
conceal military activity: smoke­ • dense blizzard impairing vision:
screen • projectile supplying this: white-out • snow heaped up by the
smoke bomb • district where smoke- wind: d rift • snow-covered landscape:
soak I society 330

snowscape . mass of snow, ice, and kick awarded after the ball has been
rocks moving down a mountain: ava­ kicked over the goal line: goal kick
lanche • snow on the upper part of a • area beyond the pitch side lines:
glacier: firn, nive • altitude at which touch . return to play of a ball in
snow is found: snowl ine • device for touch: throw-in • extra playing time
walking on snow: snowshoe • motor after . an injury: inj u ry time . tied
vehicle for travelling over snow: score resolved by penalty kicks: pen­
snowmobile . motor vehicle clear­ alty shoot-out
• socially correct: comme iI
ing roads of snow: snowplough social
• machine making artificial snow and faut • social rules or custom: eti­
blowing it onto a ski slope: snow can­ quette • social blunder: gaffe, faux
non, snow gun pas • socially inept: gauche • de­
soak • soak thoroughly in a liquid: noting a socially confident person: af­
impreg nate, saturate, souse, steep fa b le, a mixer, outgoing, suave • so­
• soften by soaking in a liquid: ma­ cial skills: savoir-fai re • social

cerate climber: arriviste, parvenu . socially

•
• adjective:
outgoing person: social
•
soap saponaceous
• aerated mousse • ren­ prestige: cachet person who has re­
parvenu • gain­
soap gel:
cently gained this:
dered fat used to make soap: ta llow
• area
ing social status: upward ly mobile
• losing
soccer marked out before the social status: declasse
• people of good social standing: gen­
goal: penalty area, penalty box
• point within this from which pen­ try • cut off from one's social origins:
alty kicks are taken: penalty spot
• side
deracinated, deracine
• social
wing
part of the playing area:
• temporary control of the ball: pos­
social work worker's pro­
•
session • attempt to kick the ball
j ects: caseload denoting a
community-based social worker: de­
• person
when an opponent has it: tackle
tached requiring or receiv­
. propel the ball by successive small
•
ing the attention of a social worker: '
• record
kicks: d ribble denoting passing
case of such a person's situ­
play where each participant kicks the
• passing
ation and treatment: case history
• discussion
ball once: one-touch play
of such a person and his
between two one-two
participants:
• feigned
treatment: case conference
dummy . shot
pass or kick:
made with the head: header _ pre­ socialist • socialist advocating
vent the ball entering one's own goal: gradual change: Fabian
save • goal scored by knocking the society . combining form: socio- �
ball into one's team's net: own goal (e.g. socioeconomic)
• kick made after positioning the ball: dominated society: matriarchy
place kick, set kick . kick made be­ • male-dominated society: patriarchy

fore the ball has touched the ground: • denoting a society having few moral
volley . line of defenders forming a restrictions: permissive . group
barrier to the ball: wall . foul delib­ thought to have a hidden but perva-
erately committed for strategic sive control of society: the Establish- i
reasons: professional foul • order a ment • concern for the problems and
player to leave the field: send off injustices of society: social con- ,

. card shown to a player being sent science • social and moral

red card • kick made with un­
off: tions of society: mores . lack of I:
bent legs: scissor kick . set kick these: anomie • persuade or compel .
awarded after a foul: free kick . set someone to accept the prevailing so- 1 .
331 sociology I solitude

cial conventions: social ize • opposed ily crumbled: friable • denoting a soil
to the norms of society: antisocial deficient in lime: sour • artificial
.person failing or refusing to con­ bank of soil: berm .large defensive
form to those norms: d ropout, misfit bank of ea rthwork
soil: • spade­
• exclude from society: ostracize depth of soil: spit • permanently

• person ostracized by society: out­ frozen layer of soil: permafrost • fer­

cast, outsider, pariah • person avoid­ tile upper layer of soil: topsoil .or­
ing society: recluse • eccentric mi­ ganic content of soil: humus .soil
nority: I unatic fri nge • inner enricher of decaying leaves etc.:
insecurity resulting from a change of mulch . fine sand or clay deposited
social role: identity crisis • advice by running water: silt • soil additive
and assistance given to disadvantaged improving cropping: ferti lizer .soil
members of society: social work • so­ overlying some underground feature:
ciety based upon getting and spend­ overburden .drain through soil:
ing: consumer society • essential leach • science of soil management:
structure of society:fa bric .alleged agronomy • study of soils: pedology,
implicit agreement to surrender cer­ soil science • growing plants with­
tain individual freedoms in return for out soil: hydroponics

• mechanical
corporate benefits: social contract solar system model
.uprooted from one's soc ial environ­ of the solar system: orrery
• study
• fix
ment: deracine of human so­
ciety: sociology solder by soldering: braze

• combining form:
soldier .experienced soldier: vet­
• soldier
sociology socio-
eran trained to carry out
(e.g. sociolinguistics)
raids:commando .soldier trained
sock • thick sock with a sole: sli pper marine • soldier with
to serve at sea:
sock • collective term for socks and parachuting skils: pa ratrooper • sol­
stockings: hosiery • trade term for dier enlisting with any force that will
socks and stockings: hose • elastic pay him: mercena ry, soldier of for­
strap holding stockings up: garter, tune .private in an artilery regi­
suspender ment: gunner .private in a cavalry
• sofa
sofa with arms and back curv­ regiment: trooper .private in an en­
ing outwards: chesterfield • sofa gineer regiment: sa pper • member of
open at one end: chaise longue the reserve forces: reservist • mem­
.long sofa without back or arms: ber of an unofficial military unit: ir­
divan regular • soldier's canvas bag: kitbag
• soldier's
• soften
water bottle: canteen
• soldier's
soften by soaking: macer­ cooking and eating uten­
ate sils: mess kit � see also troops
soil • combining form: pedo- sole of the foot . adjectives: plan­
•
.heavy soil used for brick-making:
• fertile
ta r, volar walking on the soles:
clay soil of clay and sand:
plantigrade
loam .rich black soil: chern ozem
• rich soil deposit left by flood water: sol icitor .solicitor authorized to

al luvium .soft loose soil: mould administer oaths: commissioner for

• acidic woodland soil: podzol • soil
oaths .forbid a solicitor to practise:
• prepared
of acid bogs: peat surface strike off the rol l
soil: tilth • denoting easily workable solitude • person living i n solitude:
soil: light • denoting soil that is eas- hermit
solution sound
solution . denoting a solution that
cannot be strengthened further: satur­
ated • weaken a solution by adding
further liquid: dil ute
solve • able to be solved: soluble
solvent . universal solvent sought
• strong
by alchemists: al kahest
solvent attacking most substances:
aqua reg ia
• combining
somewhat form: sub­
(e.g. subarctic)
son . adjective: filial
song • song in traditional popular
style: folk song • song of established
popularity: standard • simple song:
air • accompanied song in an opera
etc. : aria . song to send a child to
sleep: lul laby • gondolier's song: bar­
carole • sailors' work song: shanty
• song of praise or triumph: paean
• Renaissance secular part-song: mad­
rigal . German art-song: l ied (pl.
lieder) • improvised West Indian song
on a topical theme: calypso • words
for a song: lyrics
soot • adjective: fuliginous
• open sore on an internal or
sore
external body surface: ulcer • sore
on bedridden person: bedsore,
decubitus ulcer
sorrow . adjective: dolorous
sort • combining form: -er (e.g. new­
comer) . sort by quality: g rade, tri­
age
soul . transmigration of the soul:
metempsychosis
sound . combining forms: audio,
phon( 0 ) -, sono-, -phony _ adjectives:
acoustic, sonic • sound of frequen­
cies that humans cannot hear: ultra­
sound, infrasound • pleasant sound:
euphony • unpleasant sound: cac­
ophony • sweet-sounding: mellifl u­
ent, mell ifl uous, mell ow, melodious
• brief high sound: peep • continu­
ous low sound: drone . sound con­
taining many frequencies of equal in-
332
tensity: white noise • artifically
generated sound for use in a perform­
ance: sou nd effect • clarity of sound:
definition, focus • height of sound:
pitch . strength of sound: volume
• quality o f sound: timbre . denoting
sound below the required pitch: flat
. denoting sound above the required
pitch: sharp . denoting sound mech­
anically captured, generated, or repro­
duced: audio . denoting electronic­
ally produced sound: rad iophonic
• sound pattern derived from dur­
ations, not pitches: rhythm . sound
pattern derived from pitched dur­
ations: tu ne • device converting
sound waves into electrical signals:
microphone • room equipped for
sound recording: studio • denoting
sound recorded and reproduced via a
single channel: monophonic, mon­
aural • denoting sound recorded and
reproduced via several channels:
stereophonic • denoting sound re­
corded and reproduced via two separ-
ate channels: binaural • denoting
sound recorded and reproduced via
four separate channels: quadra­
• signal
phonic distinction in a
stereophonic system: separation
• combination of several sound chan-
nels: mixing . stereophonic repro­
duction system with speakers all
round the listener: surrou nd sound
• device converting electrical signals
into sound waves: speaker . crack­
ling or hissing noises in a speaker:
static • denoting mechanically cap­
tured or reproduced sound and vision:
audio-visual . strip at the edge of a
film on which the sound is recorded:
soundtrack • prinlitive sound re­
corder and player: phonograph
. quality sound reproduction: high
fidel ity • slow pitch-distortion of
recorded sound: wow . fast pitch­
distortion of recorded sound: flutter
• device analysing sound into its fre­
quency components: sound spectro-
333
graph • device balancing various
sound frequencies: graphic equalizer
• device suppressing unwanted sound
waves : filter . range of sound inten­
sities a particular system can repro­
duce: dynamic range • free-standing
components of a sound-reproduction
system: separates • turntable and
pickup mechanism: deck • vertical
arrangement of sound-reproduction
• transfer
units: stack recorded
sound from one medium to another:
d u b . muffle a sound source: damp
. make impervious to sound: insulate
� device blanking out unwanted
sound: insulator, sound conditioner
• board
placed to reflect sound:
sounding board . unit of sound
strength: decibel • vocal sound made
with obstructed breath: consonant
• vocal sound made with unob­
structed breath: vowel • sound made
by the close conjunction of two
vowels: diphthong • name for the in­
definite sound often made by English
vowels: schwa . make an 'h' sound:
aspi rate • study of vocal sounds:
phonetics • visual record of sound:
sonogram • buoy equipped to detect
underwater sound: so no buoy • de­
vice detecting underwater objects by
reflected sound pulses: sonar . lumi­
nescence excited by the passage of
sound: sono l u m i nescence . making
a rich or resonant sound: sonorous
• study of sound: acoustics
soup • clear soup: consomme
• cold consomme: madrilene • thick
soup: potage • meat or vegetable
soup thickened with cereals: broth
. rich shellfish soup: bisque . spicy
meat soup: m u l ligatawny • chilled
soup of potatoes, leeks, and cream:
vichysoisse . liquid used as a base
for soups: stock • concentrated
stock: fumet . large covered dish for
serving soup: tureen
source • drawing upon many
sources: eclectic
soup I South American
south • adjectives: austral, merid-
ional
South Africa • South African bar­
becue: braai • open bush in South Af­
rica: bundu, bushveld . South Afri­
can native club: kierie, knobkerrie
• South African term for a ford: drift
• open grassland in South Africa: veld
. small hill on the veld: kopje
• South African term for the rural
hinterland: backveld • South Afri­
can identity document: Book of Life
• strips of dried and salted meat as
eaten in South Africa: biltong
• South African miners' dance: gum­
boot dance • South African term for
a wooded ravine: kloof • South Afri­
can native spear: assegai • back­
woods town in South Africa: dorp
• South African traditional healer:
inyanga, sangoma • South African
whip: sjambok • veranda in South
Africa: stoep • traditional South Af­
rican village: kraal • South African
wagon encampment: laager • South
African of Dutch origin: Afri kaner,
Boer • Protestant Afrikaner secret
society: Broederbond • Afrikaner
term for an English-speaker: rooinek
. reactionary white South African:
verkrampte • progressive white
South African: verligte • former
South African policy of racial segre­
gation: apartheid, colour ba r � see
also apartheid
South American • South Ameri­
can cloak having a hole for the head:
poncho • South American cowboy:
• South
gaucho American dance
music with elements of jazz and rock:
salsa • fast South American dance:
paso doble . lively South American
dance: tango • South American dis­
sident who disappears: desaparacido
• South
American magistrate or
• South American
mayor: alcalde
grassy plain: pampas • South
American tree yielding quinine:
sovereign I spacecraft 334 '

chinchona • Spanish conqueror of or national elected council: soviet

South America: conqu istador • artistic norms promulgated under
socialist realism • Soviet
• adjective:
Stalinism:
sovereign regal . po­
economic imperialism: Finlandiza­
• economic
lite form of address to a sovereign:
Your Majesty • sovereign's state in­
tion and political reform
under Gorbachov: perestro i ka
•
signia: rega lia . sovereign's orna­
• sovereign's
open government policy of
• diplomatic
mental staff: sceptre
Gorbachov: glasnost
ceremonial chair: throne . sover­
and propaganda offensive between the
eign's period of rule: reign . sover­
West and the Soviet bloc: cold war
•
eign's representative in a Common­
study of Soviet politics: Kremlin­
ology • Soviet artificial satellite:
wealth country: Governor, Governor
General • sovereign's representative
sputnik � see also comm u n ism
viceroy (fern. vicereine)
soya • soya bean curd: tofu
in a colony:
• sovereign's representative in a
county: Lord Lieutenant • theory spa • room at a spa where the waters
that sovereignty is granted by God, are dispensed: pump room
not by the monarch's subjects: divine space • adjective: celestial . space
right of kings • person claiming a occupied by something: vol ume
right to the throne: pretender • per­ • space entirely devoid of matter: va-
son having control during a sover­ cuum • surrounding area a person
eign's minority, absence, or iless: re­ likes to keep empty: personal space
gent, protecto r • persons attending a • space
sovereign: court, su ite • sword car­
having more than three di­
mensions: hyperspace, space-ti me
ried before the sovereign on state oc­ • space having more than four dimen­
casions: sword of state • denoting sions: superspace . expedition into
accommodation in the sovereign's space: mission • international
gift: g race and favou r • killing a sov­ petition to explore space: space race �
ereign: regicide • small particles distributed through- *
Soviet •
out space: cosmic dust . dust cloud �I
• supposed
Soviet polite form of ad­
dress: tova rish • Soviet youth organ­ in outer space: nebula
ization: Komsomol, Young Pioneers non-luminous material in space: dark
_ atomic
• Soviet collective farm: kolkhoz matter nucleus travelling
•
through space at high speed: cosmic
• region
Soviet worker achieving exceptional
output: Stakhanovite • Soviet party ray in space having an in­
official: comm i ssar tense gravitational field: black hole
•
. Soviet secret
police: KG B imagined boundary around this:
• hypothetical
. their Moscow head­
• Soviet forced
quarters: Lubyanka event horizon expand­
labour camp: gulag • Soviet Jew not ing celestial object: white
hole
• creature from outer space:alien,
allowed to go to Israel: refu sen i k
extraterrestrial, little g reen man
• study of life forms in space: exobiol­
. founder-member o f the Soviet com­
Bolshevik •
ogy • chemistry of space: astro­
munist party: Social
Democrat opposed to the Bolsheviks:
Menshevik • Leninist system of cen­ chemistry
tral Party control: democratic cen­ spacecraft • small spacecraft:
tralism • influential Party members space capsule • small spacecraft for ,
holding key posts: nomen klatu ra moon landings: lunar module . un­
. head of a pre-1946 government de­ manned exploratory spacecraft: probe
partment: com missar • Soviet ad­ • spacecraft capable of several jour­
ministrative division: oblast • local neys: shuttle • aliens' spacecraft: f1y-
335
ing saucer • spacecraft manufacture
and technology: aerospace • official
unveiling of a new spacecraft: roll-out
• support for an unlaunched space­
• area
craft: gantry on which a
rocket or spacecraft stands for launch­
ing: launch pad • base from which
spacecraft are launched: spaceport
• send a spacecraft on its course:
launch • successful launch: b last-off,
l ift-off . spacecraft launch for a spe­
cified destination: shot • first-stage
rocket of a spacecraft: booster
• speed at which a spacecraft over­
comes gravity: escape velocity
• rocket putting a spacecraft into
orbit: launcher, launch vehicle
• spacecraft's door: hatch • space­
crail's window: viewport • space­
craft's flat array of solar cells: paddle
• spacecraft's telecommunications
link with earth: down l i n k • self­
contained unit in a spacecraft: mod­
ule, pod . weak gravity in a space­
craft: microgravity • spacecraft's
repeated elliptical course: orbit . put
a spacecraft into orbit or trajectory:
inject, insert • alteration of a space­
craft's course made by means of the
gravitational pull of a celestial body:
swingby • spacecraft's secondary en­
gine for orbit adjustments: thru ster
.j oin in space with another space­
craft: dock . activities performed in
space outside the spacecraft: extra­
vehicular activiti es, space wal k
• detachable module carrying fuel and
supplies: service module . manned
spacecraft's control compartment:
command module . person travel­
ling in a spacecraft : astronaut
. astronaut's pressurized suit: G-suit
• Russian astronaut: cosmonaut
• scans of a planet's surface conducted
from space: remote sensing . space­
craft's return to the earth's atmos­
phere: re-e ntry • spacecraft's self­
destructive landing: hard landing
• spacecraft's landing causing little
spacecraft I Spanish
damage: soft landing • spacecraft's
landing contact with earth: touch­
down • spacecraft's landing on
water: splashdown � see also rocket
• top of a spade blade where
spade
the foot is placed: tramp
Spanish • combining form:
H ispano- • Spanish politeform of ad­
dress to a married woman: senora
• Spanish polite form of address to a
man: senor • Spanish polite form of
address to a young woman: senorita
• Spanish military or political leader:
caudillo • Spanish monarch's son: in­
fante • Spanish monarch's daughter:
i nfanta • Spanish noble of the high­
est rank: g randee • Spanish gentle­
man: hidalgo • Spanish magistrate
or mayor: alcalde • Spanish­
American day labourer: peon
• Spanish conqueror of Mexico or
Peru: conquistador • Spanish sail­
ing ship: galleon • palace in Moorish
Spain: alcazar • Spanish landed es­
tate: hacienda • Spanish irrigation
device of buckets on a wheel: noria
• lively Spanish dance: bolero
• Spanish solo dance: cachucha
• Spanish courtship dance: fa ndan­
go • Spanish dance with castanets:
flamenco • Spanish light opera: zar­
zuela • Spanish game played with
basketlike rackets: pelota • Spanish
woman's lacy headscarf: mantilla
• Spanish savoury snack: tapas
. chilled Spanish vegetable soup: gaz­
pacho • Spanish dish of seafood in a
rich sauce: zarzuela • Spanish rice
dish with chicken and seafood: paella
• Spanish spicy pork sausage: chorizo
• Spanish spicy stew: olio, olla pod­
rida • Spanish drink of red wine with
lemonade, fruit, and spices: sangria
• Spanish red wine: tinto • Spanish
blending system for sherry and ma­
deira: soiera • legendary Spanish se­
ducer: Don Juan . Spanish festival:
fiesta • Spanish bullfighter on foot:
span ner 336

torero • Spanish mounted bull­ spectacles • spectacles supported

fighter: toreador • Spanish bull­ by a nose clip: pince-nez • close­
fighter killing the matador
bul: fitting spectacles with side shields:
. matador's mounted assistant: pica­ goggles • central link between spec­
dor • public burning of a heretic by tacle lenses: bridge • single eyeglass:
the Spanish Inquisition: auto da fa monocle . pair of eyeglasses on a
(pl. autos da fe) • student of Spanish long' handle: lorgnette • spectacles
language and culture: Hispanist with combined lenses to give near and i
far vision: bifocals • spectacles
spanner . cylindrical spanner fit­
box span ner . ad­ whose lenses allow an infinite number
• de- !
ting over the nut:
justable spanner: wrench, monkey of focusing distances: varifocals
wrench noting spectacles without bifocal

• dismantle
lenses: single-vision . lenses placed
spare part a machine
directly on the eye: contact lenses
to supply parts for another: cannibal­
ize speech . combining forms: logo-,

• senior
phono-, -Iogue (e.g. dialogue), -logy,
Sparta magistrate in an­
•
-phasia, -phone . adjectives: l i ngual,
oral • ability to express oneself in
cient Sparta: ephor serf in ancient

• temporary
Sparta: helot
correct speech: oracy
speak • speak at a meeting: contrib­ ability to speak in a language nor­
ute • speak in a slow, dragging way: mally unknown to the speaker: glos­
d rawl • speak fast and unintelligibly: solalia • understand speech from lip
g ibber • speak clearly: enunciate - movements: l i p-read . visual record
• speak at length: expatiate • that of speech: voiceprint • speech sound
cannot be spoken: i neffable • text made with full or partial stoppage of
spoken for copying down: dictation the breath: consonant • speech

speaker • skilled public speaker: sound made without stoppage of the

orator • persuasive and unscrupu­ breath: vowel • smallest unit of
lous orator: demagogue, rabble­ speech sound: phoneme • study and
rouser . speaker's makeshift plat­ classification of speech sounds: phon­
form: soapbox • person speaking on etics • study of phonemes: phonem­
behalf of others: deputy, re presenta­ ics • inability to express speech due
tive, spokesperson . person who to loss of voice: aphonia • inability to
speaks too much: chatterbox, fl ibber­ express or understand speech due to
tigibbet brain damage: aphasia . endless
speech: logorrhoea • psychologically
speaking . combiningform: -phone
caused meaningless speech: dyslalia,
• practice
(e.g. francophone) . art of public
paraphaSia of clear
speech: elocution • speech with in­
speaking: orato ry, rhetoric . speak­
ing readily or persuasively: articulate,
voluntary sound-repetitions: stam­
• aggressively
fl uent . speaking little: tacitu rn,
terse • style of enunciation: diction mering, stuttering

• long
abusive speech: vil ification, vituper­
• lengthy
spear . light spear: javelin
• three-pronged
ation and aggressive
• bitter
spear: lance spear:
• spear shot at whales: har­
speech: harangue, tirade
trident
poon • spear handle: haft
verbal attack: diatri be, polemiC
• boastful speech: fanfaronade, rodo­

specific g ravity • apparatus meas­ montade • affectedly elaborate

uring a liquid's specific gravity: hy­ speech: euphuism • carefully evasive
drometer speech: equivocation • exaggerated
337 speech I spelling

speech: hyperbole • fast slick sizer imposing speech patterns onto

speech: patter, spiel • speech that musical sounds: vocoder
• combining
sounds impressive but in fact says lit­
• aggressive
speed form: tach­
• speed
tle: rhetoric interrup­
at which an object can defy
• object's
heckling . lengthy
tion of a speech:
gravity: escape velocity
speech saying verbalization,
little:
verbiage, verbosity • speech skil­
maximum possible air speed: terminal
velocity • ratio between a body's
fully crafted to manipulate or mislead:
• meaningless
speed and the speed of sound in the
rhetoric speech:
hocus-pocus • persistent hortatory
surrounding medium: Mach, Mach
• denoting
speech: nagging • persuasive speech:
number a speed less than
that of sound: subsonic • denoting a
eloquence . pompous speech: gran­ speed equal to that of sound: sonic
diloquence, orotundity • speech • denoting a speed greater than that of
full of praise: encom ium, eulogy, sound: supersonic • denoting speeds
panegyric • rambling or indirect close to that of sound: transonic • de­
speech: periphrasis . rambling but noting a speed five times that of
impassioned speech: rant • sanctimo­ sound: hypersonic • strong air re­
nious speech: cant s tediously wordy sistance to vehicles approaching the
speech: prolixity • wordy and evasive speed of sound: sonic barrier, sound
speech: circumlocution • denoting barrier • noise heard when a vehicle
fluent but insincere speech: glib . de­ exceeds the speed of sound: sonic
noting fluent and incessant speech: boom • device indicating a passing
voluble • denoting awkward and vehicle's speed: radar gun . onboard
hesitant speech: stilted • denoting instrument measuring a vehicle's
speech uttered for social rather than speed: speedometer . onboard in­
informative purposes: phatic • exces­ strument measuring an engine's
sive correctness in speech, leading to speed: rev counter, tachometer • in­
error: hypercorrection . loud and strument recording engine speed:
forceful tone of speech: stridency, vo­ tachograph . automatic regulator of
ciferation . form of speech particu­ an engine's speed: governor • com­
lar to one person: idiolect . form of fortable and economical speed for long
speech using many informal terms: distance travel: cruising speed • de­

slang . formal speech: oration noting an area having a speed limit:

• speech made in a church service: restricted . denoting an area having
sermon • actor's speech when alone no speed limit: derestricted • road
on stage: soliloquy • person speak­ hump to limit speed: sleeping police­
ing a certain language: -phone (e_g_ man, speed bump, speed hump
• break
anglophone) • beginning of a speech: the speed limit: speed
• roadside camera photographing
exordium . final part o f a speech:
peroration • deliberately prolonged speeding vehicles: speed camera
• clandestine
• speech's basic
record of speeding ve­
• device
speech: filibuster
message: gist • style of speaking: de­ hicles: speed trap recording

l ivery, locution • choice of words in the distance travelled and speeds

• non-lexical
speaking: parlance achieved by a motor vehicle: tacho­
components of speech: paralanguage
graph
• art of effective speaking or writing: spelling • system of spelling, or its
rhetoric • transmitted by speech: study: orthography • of a letter
oral • verbal emphasis: stress • not included in a spelling but not
using speech: non-verbal • synthe- pronounced: silent
spend I spirits 338

spend 0 spend less: economize, re­ o diagnostic removal of fluid from the
trench lower spine: lumbar puncture
sperm 0 organ producing sperm: spindle 0 spindle for a swinging ob­
testis (pl. testes) o this organ and its ject: g udgeon
system of ducts: testicle o duct con­
veying sperm from the testicle to the
spiral o combining form: helic- (e.g.

0 varicose
urethra: vas deferens helicopter, literally 'spiral-winged)
veins on the spermatic cord: varico­ spiral staircase 0 step in a spiral
cele 0 count of sperm in a measure of staircase: winder o centre post of a
semen: sperm count o deficiency of spiral staircase: newel
sperm cells in semen: oligospermia
spirit o combining form: pneu mat·
sylph 0 evil spirit: caco­
o substance killing sperm: spermi­
o air spirit:
0 imagined
cide
demon evil spirit in­
sphere o quarter of a sphere: quad­ voked to frighten children:bogeyman
rant o female nature spirit: nymph o mis­
spice o spice made from nutmeg: chievous spirit: grem lin, hobgoblin,
mace 0 powdered orange-red spice: imp 0 spirit o f a place: genius (pl.
paprika 0 perforated container for genii), numen (pl. numina) o spirit
aromatic spices: pomander said to take female form to seduce a
spider o large hairy spider: taran­ sleeping man: succubus 0 spirit said
tula 0 venomous American spider: to take male form to seduce a sleeping
black widow 0 spider's organ produ­ woman: incubus o spirit said to rob
cing the thread: spinneret graves: ghoul • spirit in Arab folk­
• adjective: rotary 0 spinning
spin lore: genie (pl. genii) . Jewish ma­
levolent spirit: dybbuk 0 person
sensation: gidd iness, vertigo o spin­
ning device separating substances of posssessed by an evil spirit: demoniac
0 pin
different densities: centrifuge o drive out evil spirits: exorcize
used in spinning: spindle o theological study of the spirit world:
pneu matology o spirit of the age:
spinach o spinach in Greek cuisine:
0 spinach
zeitgeist o spirit of a culture: ethos
spanako in Indian cuisine:
o denoting spiritual guidance: pas­
saag
0 outward
toral
spine curvature of the
kyphosis 0 inward curvature spirits o small measure of spirits:
dram, tot 0 place where spirits are
spine:
of the spine: lordosis o lateral curva­
ture of the spine: scoliosis 0 cartil­ made: distillery o distilling appar­
age displaced in the spine: sli pped atus: sti ll 0 spirit distilled from grape
disc 0 bundle of nerve fibres en­ refuse: grappa, marc 0 Chinese sor-
closed in the spine: spinal cord 0 in­ ghum spirit: mao-tai 0 German

flammation of the spinal cord: myeli­ potato gin: schnapps 0 Greek

tis 0 disease of the spinal cord: aniseed-flavoured spirit: ouzo o Irish

myelopathy 0 congenital exposure of spirit distilled from malted grain:
part of the spinal cord: spina bifida whiskey o Mexican agave spirit: te­
o inflammation of the spinal joints: quila o Middle-Eastern grain spirit:
spondylitis 0 degeneration of the raki o Russian spirit made from rye,
spinal disks: spondylosis 0 thera­ wheat, or potatoes: vod ka 0 Scottish
peutic manipulation of the spinal col­ spirit distilled from malted grain:
umn: chiropractic o denoting the whisky 0 Yugoslavian plum brandy:
brain and spine: cerebrospinal sl ivovitz o denoting undiluted spir-
339 spiritualism I sport
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u •••

its: neat • standard strength of spir­ down a mountain stream: canyoning

its: proof • small measure of spirits: • competitive sport of riding a horse
nip . sweetened drink of spirits: over obstacles in an arena: show­
sling • drink of spirits with hot jumping . sport that involves the
water and sugar: toddy hunting, wounding, or killing of ani­
• sport
• person
spiritualism claiming con­
mals: blood sport of jumping
at a Velcro wal in a Velcro suit: barfly
• sport
tact with the dead: medium . person
receptive to psychic phenomena: per­ jumping of making parachute

• meeting
descents from a fixed point: base
• sport
cipient of persons wishing
to contact the dead: seance • cause a jumping of performing acro­

spirit to appear: raise • substance batic manoevres while in free fall:

said to exude from a medium during a

skydiving . sport of being dropped

• movement
by parachute before skiing or water­
• parachute
trance: ectoplasm of a
table round which a seance is being
skiing: paraskiing sport

• writing
of being pulled by a fast boat: para­
sailing, parasce nding • sport of sail­
conducted: table-turn ing

ing on a board: windsurfing • sport

device for spirit messages: Ouija
board Thl , plan chette . form o f spir­
of being pulled by a fast boat while
itualism practised by certain north
standing on a wide board:
American and north Asian peoples:
shamanism . denoting �vents be­
wakeboarding . sport of shooting

yond the scope of science: paranor­ birds in flight: wing shooti ng . sport
of surfing through the air: skysurfing
• sport
mal, psychic . alleged ability to
of sword fighting: fenci ng
• Scottish
move objects by mental powers: psy­
sport o f throwing a large
• denoting
chokinesis . alleged ability to move
distant objects: telekinesis . denot­
pole: tossing the caber a

ing the use of psychic powers: sport with few restrictions on tech­

psionic nique employed: free, freestyle

• sports coach • person in
• pot
trainer:
spittle for spitting into: spit­ charge of the business affairs of a
• person
toon sports team: manager en­
spleen . combining form: splen­ forcing the rules in a sports match:
• adjective: splenic . abnormal en­ referee, umpire • player's refusal to
largement of the spleen: splenomeg­ accept his ruling: dissent • illegal
aly • inflammation of the spleen: act in a sport: fou l • illegal hamper­
splenitis • surgical removal of the ing of another player: obstruction
spleen: splenectbmy . participants in a sport: field
• player deriving no income from
split . combining form: schiz(o)­
• easily split: fissile, fissionable sport: amateur . player paid to par­
ticipate in sporting events: profes­
• player
. mental ilness popularly called 'split
schizophrenia sional falsely claiming ama­
• group
personality':
teur status: shamateur of
spoon . large spoon with a vertical
clubs competing over a season: league
• disadvantage
handle: ladle . large spoon with an
imposed upon a strong
openwork bowl: slotted spoon competitor: handicap .junior sports
sport . outdoor sport: field sport team: colts • sports team of second­
. sport watched by many: spectator choice players: reserves . leave a
sport • sport that involves touching: player out of a team: rest • player re­
contact sport • unarmed combat placing another in the course of a
sport: j udo, karate . sport of floating team game: substitute . professional
sport I spy 340

player's move to another club: tran s­ sports pitches: groundsman • build- , �

fer • sports team's distinctive uni­ leisure cen-
ing with sports facilities:
form: colours, strip • competitive tre, leisure complex, sports hall
grouping of teams of similar ability: • person financing a sporting event: I,

division • person responsible for as­ promoter • injection of oxygenated

b lood
sembling a sports team: selector blood to enhance athletic perform­
• group of players from whom a team ance: doping
will be chosen: squad • person train­ sprain • slight
ing players: coach • withdraw from
sprain: rick
spray • windblown sea spray: spin­
•
sports fixture before its start: scratch
. sporting competition in which the
drift container with a mechanism
for emitting its contents as a fine pres-
winners proceed to play against other
winners: knock-out, tournament surized spray: ae rosol , atom izer I
• round in this: tie • sporting fixture spread • spread gradually through: 'I r
not part of a larger competition: suffuse I !

•
• adjective:
friendly sporting fixture for indi­
•
spring' ve rnal . trad­
vidual players: singles sporting fix­
itional spring festival: May Day
ture for pairs of players: doubles
• spring' . hot spring: geyser, ther-
•
sporting fixture organized in honour
of a particular player: testimonial mal spring medicinal mineral
• group of major sporting fixtures: spring: spa
grand slam • annual sequence of spring3 • vehicle spring of curved
major events in a particular sport: metal strips: leaf spring • upholstery
tour • sporting tournament in which spring: box spring
each competitor plays in turn against
• moment
spy . spy obtaining an enemy pos­
• spy
every other: ro und robin
ition of trust: mole, plant re­
at which a match must end:
•
time, fu ll
maining inactive while establishing j
•
time result o f a sporting fixture giv­
himself: sleeper gain membership
ing no clear winner: tie, draw of a group to spy on it: infiltrate, pene-
•
. means of deciding this: tiebreak
•
trate spy working simultaneously
overall winner of a sports meeting:

:1
for two intelligence services: double
• spy's
victor ludorum (fern. victrix ludorum)
• paying
agent assumed identity:
audience at a sporting event: cover . spying activity: espionage,
• principal
• government
gate stand at a sporting intel ligence
• tiered
depart-
event: g randstand standing ment organizing spying: secret
area for spectators: terraces . mid­ vice • British intelligence service:
point interval at a sporting event: Secret Intelligence Service, MIS, MI6
half-time • entry to a sporting con­ • Israeli intelligence service: Mossad
test without participating in prelimin· • US intelligence service: Central In­
ary rounds: wi ld card • stage in a telligence Agency • spying to gain
sporting contest: ro und • round im­ company secrets: industrial espion­
mediately preceding the last: semi­ age • secret surveillance of tele­
final • sports ground with spectator phone calls: ta pping • ground obser­
accommodation: stad ium • sports vation by satellite: remote sensing
ground building providing changing • information gathered by spies:
and social facilities: pavi lion . low intell igence • efforts to frustrate
shelter at the side of a sports pitch: spying: counter-espionage, counter­
dugout • equipment required for a intelligence • check for electronic
sport: tackle • person maintaining listening devices: sweep
341 squash I star

squash • squash bat: racket landing • shaft for a staircase: stair­

• racket face on which the loops pro­ well � see also spiral staircase
ject: rough . racket on which the
stake . poker-player's stake made
loops do not project: smooth . junc­
before receiving his cards: a nte
tion between floor and side walls of
the court: nick . strike the ball to stamp • stamps given with pur­
commence play: serve chases for eventual exchange for gifts:
trading stamps � see also postage
squid . squid served as food: cala­
• black
stamp
mari liquid ejected by a
squid: ink standard • adjective:
normative
• standard
squirrel • squirrel's nest: d rey criterion
of categorization:
• standard of comparison: bench­
stabilizer • gyroscopic stabilizer: mark, control, ya rdstick • ethical
gyrostabilizer standards: mora l ity, morals, mores,
stable • boarding stable: livery principles • expected standard:
stable • group of stables, often now norm • below expected standards:
converted into flats: mews • area in a subnormal, unprofessional . follow­
stable for untethered animals: loose ing generaly accepted standards:
box • compartment in a stable: stall orthodox • ordinary decent people:
. stable fodder rack: mange .. . stable moral majority • person with con­
room for storage of harness etc.: tack ventional moral standards: Mrs
room Grundy
staff • beadle's
staff: mace star . combining forms: astr-,
• bishop's crosier • climber's
staff: sider(o)- • adjectives: astra l , sider­
staff: alpenstock . monarch's staff: eal, stellar . system of stars: galaxy
sceptre • shepherd's staff: crook . duster of stars: asterism • band of
. verger's staff: verge • Dionysus' distant stars: Milky Way • named
staff: thyrsus • Hermes' staff: cadu­ group of fixed stars: constel lation
ceus • brightest star in a constellation:
stag • adult alpha • star orbited by another: pri­
• guiding lodestar • star
stag's branching horns:
antlers • season in which stags fight mary star:
each other: rut whose brightness changes: variable
• star
• brownish
star suddenly becoming much
•
stain stain on the paper
brighter: nova star suddenly be­
of a book or engraving: foxing . re­
coming very much brighter and ex­
sistant to staining: stain less
ploding: supernova . large bright
stained g lass . lead strip holding star: g i ant • even bigger star: super­
pieces of stained glass: came g iant . large cool star: red giant
staircase • moving staircase: es­ • small cool star: red dwarf • even

calator . set of stairs: fl ight • part of smaller cool star: brown dwarf
a staircase for the feet: tread • dwarf with occasional bursts of radi­
• tread's rounded edge: nosing . ver­ ation: flare star • small very dense
tical section between treads: riser star: wh ite dwarf • old collapsed star:
• height of this: rise • timber in collapsar • collapsed supernova:
which the sides of the treads are set: neutron star • nebula round an old
stri ng board, stri nger • uprights and star: planetary nebula • star emit­

handrail at the side of a staircase: ting rapid radio and electromagnetic

banister • endpost for this: newel pulses: pulsar . moving tailed star
post . level area at the top of stairs: periodically visible: comet . comet's
star I state 342

tail: coma 0 potential metor: meteor­ astrochemistry 0 study of the move­

oid 0 small incandescent object trav­ ment of the stars as a means of pre­
elling the earth's atmosphere: meteor, dicting the future: astrology 0 table
shooting star .this fallen to earth: giving positions of a star at different
meteorite 0 group of radiant meteors times: ephemeris (pl. e phemerides)
reappearing annually: meteor shower otheory that the galaxies are moving
olarge bright meteor: fi reball 0 star­
'
away from each other: expanding uni-
like object emitting no light: dark star verse theory 0 displacement towards
olarge low-density planet: gas giant longer wavelengths of radiation from
onon-Iuminous nebula: dark nebula, distant galaxies: red sh ift 0 displace­
absorption nebula 0 very large and ment towards shorter wavelengths of
distant celestial object emitting large radiation from distant galaxies: blue
amounts of energy: q uasar 0 align­ shift 0 instrument detecting radio
ment of two stars on the same longi­ emissions from the sky: radio tele­
0 building
0 direction
tude: conj unction of a ce­ scope with a domed ceil- :
ing for displaying images of the stars:
� see
lestial body from an observer:
azi muth 0 measure of a star's bright­ planetari um also planet
ness: magnitude ocelestial body or­ start 0 official start: inauguration
biting a star: planet . sudden explo­ ostart a car from another car's bat­
. sion on a star: flare 0 faint glow seen tery: jum p-start 0 start a car by
around a star: aurora, corona ocone pushing it and then engaging the
of shadow projecting from the side of gears: bump-start, j u m p-start
a celestial body away from the sun: starvation olack of proper or suf­
um bra oapparent twinkling of the ficient food: malnutritio n othin or
stars: scintillation 0 obscuring of a weak through lack of food: emaciated
celestial body by another passing in o undernourishment causing low
front of it: eclipse, occu ltation 0 sci­ weight: marasmus
entific study of the stars and space:
0 study
state o combining forms: -dom (e.g
astronomy of celestial bodies
freedom) , -ency (e.g. presidency) ,
through their radio emissions: radio -mony (e.g. matrimony) , -ness (e.g.
astronomy 0 denoting a n astronom­
emptiness) , -osis (e.g. neurOSiS) , -tude
ical system centred on the sun: hel io­ (e.g. solitude) 0 internationally influ­
centric 0 denoting an astronomical ential state: power, world power
• state
system centred on the earth: geocen­
0 celestial
having predominant inter­
• un-
tric object's repeated ellip­ superpower .
0 small
national influence:
tical course: orbit rocky body aligned state set between hostile
orbiting the sun: asteroid, minor states: buffer state 0 state having
planet, planetoid ostar's measured some control over another: suzerain
brightness: magnitude 0 brightness o state without major ethnic o r cul­
of a celestial body as measured from tural divisions: nation state ostate
the earth: apparent magnitude guaranteeing its citizens' financial
o brightness of a celestial body as and social well-being: welfare state
measured from a fixed distance: abso­ osmall state dependent on foreign
lute magnitude 0 description and capital: banana republic 0 state
mapping of the stars: uranography where everything Utopia
is good:
omeasurement of the positions etc. of ostate where everything is bad: dys­
the stars: astrometry 0 physics of topia 0 state where all have the same
stars and their movements: astro­ rights and duties: pantisocracy ' I
physics 0 chemistry of the stars: ostate ruled by a prince: principality
343 state I statement

. democratic state with an elected • state-provided community services:

head: republic . state controlled by social services • state system of
political police: police state • power care for those in need: welfare state
equilibrium between states: balance . payment made by the state to a cer­
of power • group of states cooperat­ tain category of needy persons: bene­
ing to exert influence: power bloc fit • state payment to the unemployed
• group of states cooperating in war: and individuals on low income: Job
allies • group of states allowing free Seekers' Al lowance . state payment
trade between themselves: customs to a family on low income: family
union • state's right to govern its credit . state payment t o the long­
own affairs: self-determ i nation . de­ term sick i ncapacity benefit • de­
noting a state enjoying this right: sov­ noting a state benefit paid regardless
ereign . one state's interference in of tax contributions: non­
the affairs of another: i ntervention contri butory • booklet of vouchers
. control of another state's territory for a state benefit: order book • state
by continued military presence: occu­ bureaucracy: admin istration,
civil
pation • denoting a state where the service . administrative region of a
powers of constituent parts are vested state: canton • transfer a business to
in a central authority: u nitary • de­ state management: nationalize . re­
noting a state where the (lonstituent turn a state-run concern to the private
parts retain some powers of self­ sector: corporatize, privatize • com­

government: federal, federalist • de­ pany operating in several states:

noting a state demanding complete multinational • state-granted monop­
obedience from its subjects: total itar­ oly over the exploitation of an inven­
ian . denoting a state seeking to con­ tion: patent • holder of this: pa­

trol the economy and social change: tentee • internal to a state: domestic
dirigiste, statist . denoting an inde­ • divide a state into separate units:
pendent state: sovereign . denoting partition • person's home state:
a state not taking sides in a war: neu­ domicile • leave one state and settle
tral • denoting a state without direct in another: emig rate . enter a state
sea access: landlocked • inter­ and settle there: immigrate . send
national acceptance of a state or its back to the state of origin: repatriate
government: recognition • denoting • compulsory enlistment for state ser­
a state giving no support to power vice: conscription • staunch sup­
blocs: non-aligned • mutual toler­ porter of one's own state: patriot
ance between meologically opposed statement • intentionally ambigu-
states: coexistence • state acquisi­ ous statement: weasel words . state­
tion and exploitation of undeveloped ment made ambiguous by its gram­
territory: colonialism • state's eco­ mar: amphibology, amphiboly
nomic domination of another: neo­ • statement used as a basis for reason­
colonialism • state policy based on ing: premise, premiss, thesis
maintenance and use of large military • statement made about all members
forces: militarism . fragment a re­ of the class discussed: universal
gion into mutually hostile states: Bal­ • statement made about some mem­
kanize • state's annual income: rev­ bers of the class discussed: particular
enue • area under a state's • conflicting or evasive statements:
jurisdiction: territory • set of basic tergiversation • published false and
principles and precedents by which a damaging statement:
l i bel . false and
state is governed: constitution damaging oral statement: slander
stationery I steel 344

• false and damaging statement age: median . collection of items

whether published or oral: defam­ under consideration: popu lation
ation • formal statement of a per­ • one of four equal groups to which
son's character and qualifications: items in a set of data may be assigned:
testimonial • seemingly illogical quarti le • one of the hundred equal
statement: paradox • statements groups to which items in a set of data
made in a lawcourt: evidence, testi­ may be' assigned: percentile • person

mony . legal statement made under compiling and analysing statistics: ac­
oath: affidavit, deposition • state­ tuary • study of social statistics as an
ment's general meaning: d rift • state­ index of changing lifestyles:
demog­
ment designed to have a second (usu­ ra phy • specious use of statistics:
ally indecent) meaning: double numbers game
•
•
entendre, double entente state­ statue huge statue: colossus
ment circulated to the media: press . small statue:
release • modifying statement: quali­
figurine, statuette
• classical pillar carved to resemble a
fication • official statement: com­ man: • classical pillar
munique, representation • short of­
telamon
carved to resemble a woman:
ficial statement: bul letin • statement
caryatid
• base for a statue: pedestal, plinth
harming a person's reputation: slur,
• combining
smear • statement denying responsi­ status form: -ate
bility etc. : disclaimer • statement as­
(e. g. doctorate), -dom (e. g. earldom),
sumed, generally believed, or self­
-Ship (e. g. citizenshi p) . relative sta­
• give a spec­
evidently true: axiom • true but trite tus: ran k, ran king

statement: truism • statement saying

ial status: desig nate . fallen in
social status: declasse . rising in so­
the same thing twice: tautology
•
cial status: upwardly mobile
statement presumed true until
proved otherwise: assumption, pre­ status quo • actions designed to
sumption, presupposition . state­ preserve this: holding operation
ment's ability to be checked for truth: steal . steal someone's ideas:
• statement
pla­
•
verifiabil ity expressed in giarize steal from money entrusted
different words: paraphrase . expli­ to one:
express • abbreviated
em bezzle, peculate, defalcate
• open
citly stated: robbery when law and order
version of a statement: precis, sum­ breaks down: looting, plunder, pillage
mary • key extract from a recorded • steal small items from the work­
speech etc.: sound bite • denoting a place: pi lfer . person stealing from
statement having an underlying impli­ others' pockets: pickpocket . person
cation: loaded • denoting a state­ who knowingly buys or stores stolen
•
ment expressed briefly and clearly: goods: receiver person who finds a
• com­
succi nct . person making a sworn buyer for stolen goods: fence
statement: deponent • confirm
pulsive urge to steal, regardless of
a statement: corroborate • withdraw need: kleptomania
a statement: retract, unsay • implied
steam engine • powerful mobile
or understood though unstated: tacit
• reject a statement as false: rebut
steam engine pulling loads or power­
ing equipment: traction engine
stationery • stationery on a long • powerful mobile steam engine pull­
perforated sheet: conti nuous station­ ing a train: steam locom otive
ery • steam-powered roller: steamroller
statistics . life-expectancy statis­ steel • denoting steel with a low
tics: life ta bles • statistically aver- carbon content: mild • coat steel with
345 stepmother I stomach

zinc: ga lva nize • concrete reinforced sword blade: swords tick • metal cap
with steel: ferroconcrete • rolling on the end of a stick: ferrule
• stimulant
mill for steel slabs: strip m i l l
stimulant in coffee: caf­
stepmother . adjective: novercal feine . stimulant in tobacco: nico­
tine
sterilization . female sterilization
by severing the Fallopian tubes: tubal sting . eight-Iegged spider-like crea­
l i gation . male sterilization by sever­ ture with a stinging tail: scorpion
ing the vasa deferentia: vasectomy stoat • stoat's white fur, used on
• remove the sexual organs of: cas­ ceremonial robes: ermine
trate, doctor stock . keep i n stock: carry . accu­
steroid • synthetic steroid hormone mulated reserve of stock: stockpile
taken to improve athletic perform­ • depletion of stock due to demand:
ance: anabolic steroid drawdown . enumeration of stock
held: stocktaking
stethoscope
• stock
. listening t o bodily
sounds with a stethoscope: ausculta­ stock exchange exchange

tion area where shares were formerly

•
traded orally: floor . end of a day's
stew stew cooked in the oven: cas­ close
• beef
stock exchange trading:
• Parisian
serole stew with onions and Bourse
o chill
stock exchange:
beer: carbonnade i-flavoured • US stock exchange: Wa l l Street
stew of minced beef and beans: ch i l l i • radical reform of the British Stock
c o n carne . mutton stew with pota­ Exchange in 1986: big ba ng . denot­
toes and onions: Irish stew 0 meat ing companies whose shares are
stew covered with sliced potato: la n­ traded on a stock exchange: listed
cashire hotpot . highly seasoned • registration of a company so that its
meat stew: ragout . French stew of shares may be traded: q uotation
meat and beans: cassoulet • French • denoting share transactions con­
fish stew: bouil labaisse • spicy Hun­ ducted outside the stock exchange:
garian stew: goulash kerb-market, over-the-cou nter � see
• thin
stick stick with wire bristles also share
for playing drums or cymbals: brush stocking . elastic strap supporting
• stick for prodding cattle: goad a stocking: suspender
• combining
. conductor's stick: baton . small stomach form:
• adjective: • mus­
stick for stirring drinks: swizzle stick gastr( 0)- gastric
. long stout fighting stick: quarter­ cular part of a bird's stomach: gizzard
staff • hooked stick for landing fish: • protruding stomach: paunch
gaff . long stick forked at the top: . complex of nerves at the pit of the
thumb stick . hillwalker's iron­ stomach: solar plexus . liquid pro­
tipped stick: alpenstock . magi­ duced by the stomach to aid digestion:
cian's stick: wand • military officer's gastric j uice . stomach pain: gripe
short stick: swagger stick . stick • inflammation of the stomach: gastri­
steadying a painter's hand: maulstick tis • inflammation of the stomach
o policeman's short thick stick: trun­ and intestines: gastro-enteritis • de­
cheon • relay runner's stick: baton noting the stomach and intestines:
• thin stick burnt to make a sweet gastrOintestinal • instrument for
smell: joss stick • spiked walking seeing inside the stomach: gastro­
stick with an openable seat: shooting scope • surgical removal of the
stick • walking stick containing a stomach: gastrectomy • study of the
stone I storm 346

stomach and intestines and their dis­ of two upright stones and a third
eases: gastroenterology across top: trilithon
their • stone

stone . combining forms: lapid-, coffin: sarcophagus . stone at a

• pile of
lith( 0 )-, -lith • adjectives: lapidary, grave's head: headstone

lithic • magnetic stone: lodestone stones as a landmark: cairn • break

• stone that cuts easily: freestone
stone, into smaller pieces: spall
• rounded stone formerly used to sur­ • shape stone by striking it: knap

face roads: cobble _ mass of loose • person who shapes building stone or
stones on a hillside: scree • loose builds with it: mason, stonemason
beach stone: pebble • small pebbles: • place where stone is extracted:
shingle . precious or semiprecious quarry • crushed stone and gravel
stone: gemstone • undressed build­ used in building: aggregate . stony
ing stone: ru bble • fine-grained waste separated off during smelting:
building stone: freestone . large flat slag • masonry simulating large
piece of stone: slab, flagstone rough blocks: rustication • plaster

• small flat stone slab: tablet • gran­ painted to imitate stone: scagliola
ite paving block: sett • cylindrical . turn to stone: petrify • simple plant
stone forming part of a column: tam­ growing on stone: lichen • grotesque
bour • tapered stone for an arch: stone figure serving as a rainwater
voussoir . stone laid at right angles spout: gargoyle • stone believed by
to a wall: header • stone laid parallel alchemists to turn base metals into
to a wall: stretcher . large stone set gold: philosophers' stone • strap to
in the corner of a wall: cornerstone, hurl stones: Sling • stone formed in
quoin, quoin stone • stone set at the the kidney or bladder: calcu lus
top of a wall: capstone, coping stone • this medical condition: lithiasis
• horizontal decorative band of • surgical removal of a stone: lithot­
masonry: strin g course • large omy • surgical crushing of a stone:
mushroom-shaped stone formerly lithotripsy, lithotrity
•
used to support ricks: staddle stone
•
stone age denoting the earliest
•
undressed stone used as a wall-fill er:
stone age: Palaeolithic denoting
ru bble . inscribed stone commemor­
the middle stone age: Mesolithic
ating a building's erection: founda­
0
. denoting the latest stone age: Neo­
tion stone wall or floor covering of
lithic
small pieces of stone etc. arranged to
make pictures or patterns: mosaic stop . stop temporarily: intermit
• arrangement of these stones: tessel­ • temporary stoppage: abeyance
lation • stone for sharpening metal: e stopping and starting: intermittent
• secret
hone, g rindstone, whetstone, water
stone • stone used as an anchor: kil­
store store: cache, stash
•
lick • stone used to remove hard
funnel-shaped store: hopper . store
for solid fuel:bunker • place for stor­
depository, repository • store
skin: pu mice stone . large standing
age:
stone in a prehistoric monument:
megalith, menhir • single upright
for documents: arch ive

block of stone: monolith . large up­ storm • sudden brief storm: squall
right stone forming part of a struc­ • severe snowstorm with high winds:
ture: orthostat e single stone pillar: blizzard • dense blizzard with radic-
obelisk • prehistoric stone circle: ally reduced visibility: whiteout
henge • prehistoric stone chamber • tropical sea storm: typhoon • still
tomb: dolmen • prehistoric stucture area at the centre of a storm: eye
347 story I stub

story • book-length story: novel stream • small stream: rivulet

• brief evocative account: vignette • strong fast stream: torrent • stream
. complex and rambling narrative: flowing into a larger one: tributary

• wide
saga . story appearing in regular in­
street tree-lined street:
• narrow
stalments: serial . lesson to be
•
boulevard alley in north­
CI
gained from a story: moral story il­
ern England: ginnel street fixtures
lustrating a moral or spiritual truth:
•
such as lamp posts and road signs:
• improvised
parable short moral story, often
fa ble • story
street furniture barrier
with animal characters:
blocking a street: barricade
life: autobiog­
• exercises
of the narrator's past
•
raphy, rem i n i scence story of strength designed to im-
prove strength and appearance: callis­
•
events preceding those already de­
scribed in another story: prequel thenics increase a solution's
strength by removing water: concen­
• person
. story of events following those al­
ready described in another story: se­ trate whose strength is in­

• symbolical
quel story: al legory creased by mechanical implants: cy­
borg . defeat by superior strength:
overpower • big and strong: strap­
. traditional story: fol k tale, legend,
myth • traditional stories of a par­
ticular culture: folklore • story's
ping • strongly made: solid
chief female character: ' heroine stress • hormone secreted in stress­
• story's chief male character: hero ful conditions: adrena l i n , epineph­
• story-teller: narrator • skilled rine • stress-related bowel pain: i rrit­
story-teller: raconteur (fern. racon­ able bowel syndrome
teuse)
strike . sudden strike: walkout,
straight • combining form: ortho­ wildcat stri ke • strike of all workers:
(e.g. orthodontics) general strike • consecutive short
strikes by different sections of the
•
straight line . adjective: recti linear
workforce: rolling stri ke recourse
. supposed straight line connecting
to strikes rather than negotiation: d i r­
•
ancient sites: ley l i n e . straight line
ect action person who continues
joining opposite corners of a straight­
working when others are on strike:
sided figure: diagonal . straight line
blackleg, sca b, strike-breaker
• money
joining the ends of an arc: chord
paid to strikers by their trade
strange • frighteningly strange: union: strike pay .. see also industrial
eerie, uncanny, unearthly relations
stranger • fear of strangers: xeno­ string . strong string made of
phobia twisted strands: twine • bind round

strangle with twine: whip • gardening string:

• decorative
. execute a criminal by
garrotte fillis string-knotting:
macrame • maker of stringed instru­
strangling:

strap • strap to hurl stones: sling

• elastic
ments: luthier . pitch a string by
strap holding u p socks o r
pressing it: stop
suspender
• strip
stockings: . toe-strap on
light sandals: thong strip mown: swathe
• V-shaped
• decoration
straw of plaited straw:
stripe stripe on military

corn dolly . animal's bedding of

uniforms: chevron
straw etc.: l itter • neat cuboid pile of stub • stub of a cigar or cigarette:
baled straw: rick, stack butt
student I study .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . .... . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . ... ..... ........... '

student • student's book giving in­ and watch-making: horology • study �

coursebook,
struction in a subject: of clouds: nephology • study of e,
textbook, workbook � see also pupil codes: cryptography, IT
study • combining
form: -logy • study of coins : num ismatics i 01
•
. topic of study: d iscipline • study of study of communication by body I
movements: kinesics • scientific I
abnormal forms and growths: teratol­
ogy • study of air currents and the stu dy of crime and criminals: crimin- I

movement of objects through them: ology • study of the victims of crime:

aerodynamics • study of air travel: victimology . study of crop circles:
cereology • study of crop produc­
I
aeronautics . study of algae: al­
gology . study o f amphibians: her­ tion: agronomy • study of crystals: I

petology • study of anaesthetics and crystallography • study of Western

their uses: anaesthesiology • study culture: humanities • study of differ­
of animals: zoology • study of ani­ ent cultures: ethnology • study of

mal behaviour: ethology • study of electronic data processing for storage

the physical remains of ancient civil­ and retrieval: information science,
izations: archaeology . study of an­ information technology, informatics
cient plant life: palaeobotany . study of death and dying: thanatol­
. study of animals whose existence is ogy • study of demons: demonology
doubted: cryptozoology • study of . study of disease prevention: pre­
ants: myrmecology • study of the ventive medicine • study of the
anus and rectum: proctology . study causes of diseases : aetiology • study
of the atmosphere: aerology . study of the incidence and control of dis­
of the upper atmosphere: aeronomy eases: epidemiology • study of
. study of atomic nuclei: nuclear causes and effects of disease: path­
physics, nucleonics • study of ology • study of the treatment of dis­
atoms: atom ic physics • study of ease: thera peutics • study and treat­
bacteria: bacte riology • scientific ment of the diseases of children:
study of human or animal behaviour: paediatrics • study of the ear and its
behavioural science • study of the diseases: otology . study of diseases
concept of 'being': ontology • study of the ear and throat: otolaryngology
of birds: ornithology • study of birds' • study of diseases of the ear, nose, I

eggs: oology - study of the blood: and throat: otorhinolaryngology

haematology • study of blood serum: • study of sexually transmitted dis­
serology • study of the body's ability eases: venereology • study of med­
to combat infection: immu nology ical drugs and their action: pharma­
• study of the body by dissection: cology • physical study of the earth
anatomy . study of caves: spele­ and its atmosphere: earth science
ology • study of living cells: cy­ • study of the earth's atmosphere, cli-
tology • study of childbirth: obstet­ mate, and weather: meteorology
rics • study of Chinese culture and . chemical study of the earth: geo­
politics: Si nology • study of church chemistry • study of the surface of
building and decoration: ecclesiology the earth: geomorphology • study
• study of the Church Fathers and of the earth's crust: tecton ics • study
their writings: patristics, patrology of the structure of the earth: geology
• study of chromosomes: cytogenet­ . study of earthquakes: seismology
ics • study of the rights and duties of . study of the interreactions of elem­
citizenship: civics . study of the cli­ ents:chem istry • study of embryos:
mate: climatology • study of clock- em bryology . study of diseases of
349 study I study

the heart: cardiology • study of dis­ pogeny • study of human culture

eases of the joints and muscles: and society: anthropology • study of
rheumatology • study of duty: de­ the use of images in the visual arts:
ontology • study of the earth's mag­ iconography • study of inanimate
netism: geomag netics • study of the natural objects: physical sciences
earth's topography: geomorphol ogy . study of Indian culture: I ndology
• study of earthquakes: seismology • study of resistance to infection: im­
. study of ancient Egyptian culture: munology • study of ancient inscrip­
Egyptology • theological study of tions: epigraphy • study of insects:
the end of the world: eschatology entomology . comparative study of
• study of the interaction of living or­ natural and artificial intelligence: cy­
ganisms and their environment: ecol­ bernetics • study of the interactions
ogy • study of eye diseases: ophthal­ of a group of people: g roup dynamics
mology • study of eye irregularities: • study of Jewish traditional law: Ta l­

orthoptics • study of family trees: mud Torah • philosophical study of

genealogy • medical study of the fe­ the nature of knowledge: epistemol­
male body and its illnesses: gynaecol­ ogy . study of local variants of lan­
ogy • study of fermentation: zym­ guage: dialectology . study of lakes:
urgy • study of ferns: pteridology l imnology . study of language: lin­
• study of fish: ichthyology • • study of gu istics • study o f language as a ser­
flags: vexil lology • study of fluids at ies of interrelated systems: structural
rest: hydrostatics • study of fluid l i n g u istics . study of the history of
forces: hyd rodynamics . study of languages: philology • study of the
fluid mechanics: hyd raul ics . study larynx: laryngology • study of law:
of food and its use: nutrition • study j u risprudence • study of librarian­
of foot ailments: chiropody, podi atry ship: library science • study of life­
• study of the form of words: morph­ forms on other planets or in space:
ology • study of fossils: palaeon­ exobiol ogy • study of liturgies: litur­
tology • study of fossil animals and gics, l iturgiology • study of man­
plants: palaeobiology • study of fos­ kind: anthropology • study of manu­
sil plants: palaeobotany • study of scripts: codicology • study of matter
friction and lubrication: tribology and energy: physics • study of the
• study of fruit: carpology • study of meaning of words: semantics . study
fruit-growing: pomology • study of of mechanical systems that function
engraved gems: glyptog raphy like living organisms: bionics
• study of gfaciers: glaciology • study of medals: n u m i smatics
• study of grape cultivation: viticul­ • study of medicines and their uses:
ture • study of the hair and scalp: pharmacology • study and treat­
trichology . psychological study of ment of mental illness: psychiatry,
handwriting: graphology . s tudy of psychoanalysis, psychopathology
the proportions of the head and face: • study of metals and their puri­
cephalometry • study of hearing and fication: metallurgy • study of the
its defects: audiology • study and mind and its functions: psycho­
treatment of heart diseases: cardi­ logy • study of minerals: mineralogy
ology . study of heat and energy: • study of molluscs: malacology
thermodynamics • study of hered­ • study of mollusc shells: conchology
ity: genetics • study of history­ • study of the getting and spending of
writing: h istori ography • study of money: economics • study of the
the origins of humankind: anthro- moon: selenology • study of moral
study I study 350 j
.............. ........................................................................ .............. ................ ............................ �1

systems: ethics • study of mosses: orthoepy • study of phenomena un­

bryology • study of the mouth and explained by orthodox psychology:
its diseases: stomatology • study of para psychology • study of punish­
muscles: myology • academic study ment and prison management: pen­
of music: m usicology • study of non­ ology • study of relationships within
Western music: ethnomusicology a group of people: sociometry
• study of myths: mythology • study • study of religions having gods: the­
of personal names: onomastics ology • study of religious missions:
• study of place names: toponymy missiology • study of reptiles: her­
. study of the natural world: natural petology • study of rivers: potam­
history . study o f the nervous sys­ ology • study of rocks: lithology, pet-
tem and its disorders: neurology rology • study of a community's
• biological study of the nervous sys­ rubbish: garbology . physical and
tem: neurobiology • scientific and biological study of the sea: oceanog-
technological study of nuclear power: ra phy, oceanology • study of sea­
nucleonics . study of numbers' oc­ weed: phycology • study of seeds:

cult numerology
significance: carpology . study of human sexual
• study of diets and nutrition:dietet­ activity: sexology • study of sexual
ics, nutrition • study of old age: ger­ love: erotology • study of sexually
ontology • study of living organ­ transmitted diseases: venere­
isms: biology, physiology, life ology • study of sight and light: op­
sciences . s tudy of currently living tics • study of the skeleton: oste­
organisms: neontology • study of ology • study of the skin and its dis­
fossil organisms: palaeontology eases: dermatology • study of skul
• study of micro-organisms: m icro­ sizes and shapes: craniology • study
biology • study of the forms of living of human society and social relation­
organisms: morphology • study of ships: social science, sociology
the normal functions of living or­ • study of soils: pedology, soil sci­
ganisms: physiology . study of ence • study of soil management:
chemical processes within living or­ agronomy • study of Soviet politics:
ganisms: biochemistry • study of Kreml inology • study of sound:
organism enivironment relation­ acoustics • study of language
ships: ecology • study of ancient pa­ sounds: phonology • study of vocal
pyri: papyrology • study of para­ sounds: phonetics • study of spell­
sites: parasitology • study of ing: orthography . theological study
phonemes: phonemics • study of of the spirit world: pneumatology
plants: botany . study of plant dis­ • scientific study of the stars and of
eases: p hytopath ology • study of space: astronomy • study of celestial
poisons: toxicology • study of air­ bodies through their radio emissions:
borne pollen etc. as sources of infec­ radio astronomy • study of the phys­
tion: aerobiology • study of pollen ics of stars and their movements:
from archaeological or geological de­ a strophysics • study of the move­
posits:palynology • study of popula­ ment of the stars as a means of pre-
tion statistics: demography • study dicting the future: astrology • study
of postage stamps: p h ilately • study of statistics of births, deaths, and dis-
of primates: primatology • study of ease: demography . study of the
primitive cultures: ethnology stomach and intestines: gastroenter­
• study of projectiles and firearms: ology • study of precious stones:
ballistics . study of pronunciation: gemmology • study of subatomic
351 study I subtraction
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

particles: atomic physics, course of study: d ropout • certificate

microphysics, particle physics of completed studies: diploma, quali­
• study of symbols and their signifi­ fication
•
• stuffing
cance: semiotics study of taste:
aesthetics • study
stuffing dead animals:
•
of teeth: odontol­
a study
taxidermy stuffing made of
ogy of time: horology chopped meat or vegetables: force­
• stuffing
. study of tissue structure: histology meat
•
mixture of finely
study of tissue changes caused by salpicon
histopath ology • study of
chopped ingredients:
•
disease: cotton-like substance for stuffing
trees: dendrology . study of tu­ cushions: kapok
mours: oncology • study of unidenti­
• stupid
fied flying objects: ufology • study of
stupid person: d i mwit,
du nce, du nderhead, ig noramus, nin­
• boorish
the general features of the universe:
•
compoop and stupid:
cosmography study of the origins
• study
l u m pen
of the universe: cosmogony
of the origin and development of the stupor • state of immobility and stu­
universe: cosmology • medical por: catatonia
study of the urinary system: urology style • tlamboyantly confident style:
virology • study of
c study of viruses: panache . following current styles:
visual images: iconograpl1y, icon­ contemporary • in a style typical of
ology . study of volcanoes: volcan­ some past era: period • stylish ele­
ology, vulcanology . study of voting gance: chic • stylish originality: flair
at elections: psephology • study of • stylish vigour: elan
the weather: m eteorology • study of
• subjective
wines: oenology • study of word ori­
subjective impression:

gins: etymology • study of the mean­

perception
ing of words: semantics • study of submarine • submarine seeking
words for closely related concepts: and destroying others: hunter-killer
onomasiology . study of the forms • former German submarine: U-boat

morphology • study of the

of words: • submarine's superstructure: con­
ning tower . tube giving surface
• submarine's
form, meaning, and behaviour of
lexicology • study of efficient views: periscope
• submarine's
words:
work methods: ergonomics, time­ door: hatch emer­
gency dive: crash dive • submarine's
and-motion study • study of ancient
covered dock: pen
writing systems: palaeography
o study of X-rays: radiography subsidy • organization subsidizing
. study of medical applications of an event in return for free publicity:
X-rays: radiology • study of an item sponsor
in its natural environment: fi eld
•
substance . primary substance in
study, field trip, fieldwork study in­
tensely: cram • denoting
matter: element
a course of
substitute . person replacing an­
• person
study designed for practical applica­
•
applied, practical other: stand-in acting
• fraudulently
tions: denoting a
course of study concentrating on the­ for another: proxy

• course
ory: pure of study completed substituted: supposititious

at home: d i stance learn ing, corres­ subtraction • number from which

pondence course . restudy of com­ subtraction is to be made: m i n uend
pleted work before an examination: re­ • number to be subtracted: subtra­
vision • person who has abandoned a hend
success I s u n 352
................................................................................................................................................

success • brilliant success: eclat suitcase • small suitcase: valise

• success
• summary
through notoriety: succes
•
summary of points
reca pitulation • summary
de scan dale success with the
made: of
perceptive few: SUCcE!S
d'estim e
• possibility
past events: retrospect, review
o f success: fighting
chance, sporti ng chance, viability summer • adjective: aestival • tem­

• three successive successes: hat-trick porary resumption of summer wea­

• product achieving enormous com­ ther in the autumn: Indian summer
mercial success: blockbuster • per­ • map line joining points of equivalent
son who gains academic or career suc­ summer temperature: isothere
cess: ach i ever • realization of one's summer house . raised summer
potential: self-actualization • do less house with a view: gazebo, belve-
well than expected: underachieve dere
•
•
sudden sudden and dramatic: gal­ sumo wrestling a push in sumo
vanic wrestling: oshi
suffer • cause t o b e sufered: inflict sun . combining forms: helio-, sol­
sufferer . combining form: -path • adjective:
solar . faint glow seen
(e_g. psychopath) . person enduring round the eclipsed sun: corona • ap­
sufring without complaint: stoic parent circle of light round the sun
caused by atmospheric ice crystals:
halo • dark patch on the sun: sun­
sugar . combining forms: g lyc(o)-,
• adjective:
spot • bright patch on the sun: fac­
sacchar- saccharine

ula • bright spot beside the sun: par-

. light brown cane sugar: demera ra
• sugar
helion • sudden explosion on the
got from cane JUIce:
moscovado • sugar found in carbo­
hydrates: g lucose • sugar found in
sun: flare, solar flare e su 's highest
point in the sky: zenith • structure
used to measure this: gnomon • day
honey and fruits: fructose . moulded
conical mass of sugar: sugar loaf
• finely
in the year at which the sun reaches
granulated white sugar:
caster su gar • sugar-coated: crystal­ its highest or lowest noontide pos-
• faint
• thick paste o f sugar and
ition: solstice reflection of the
l ized
water: fondant • skill of decorating
sun seen at night: gegenschein
• planets etc. orbiting the sun: solar
system • planet directly orbiting the
cakes with sugar paste: sugarcraft
• sugar browned by heat: caramel

• sugar sprinkler: castor • device for

sun: major planet, primary planet
• passage
picking up sugar lumps: tongs • hor­
of a smaller planet across
the face of the sun: transit •
mone regulating the blood sugar level:
• disease
ap� elion
planet's furthest point from the sun:
insulin characterized by ex­
. orbiting planet's
• small
cess sugar in the blood and urine: d ia­
• excessive
pomt to the sun: perihelion
betes mellitus sugar in
rocky body orbiting the su : asteroid,
•
the urine, a symptom of kidney dis­
minor planet, planetoid
I
ease and diabetes: glycosuria
•
an astronomical system centred on
• clockwork
suicide suicide of a victim of an
the sun: heliocentric
incurable disease, using lethal drugs
model of the solar system: orrery,
supplied by a doctor for this purpose:
• suicide
planetari um . revolving
assisted suicide attempted
system displaying on a domed
to gain attention: parasuicide the heavenly bodies in their
suitable � mutualy unsuited: in­ positions: planetarium . contrary
compatible the sun's course: widdershins • sig-
353
naIling system based on flashes of re­
flected sunlight: heliography • panel
absorbing sunlight as a source of en­
ergy: solar panel • device converting
solar radiation into electricity: solar
battery, solar cell • therapeutic use
of sunlight: hel iotherapy • light um­
brella giving shade from the sun:
parasol • decomposing in sunlight:
photodegradable
•
Sunday adjective: domin ical
. keeping Sunday as a day of worship
and rest: Su nday observa nce, Lord's
Day observance • religious educa­
tion class held on Sundays: Sunday
school
sundial • sundial's vane: gnomon
supermarket • very large super­
market: hypermarket • wh,eeled bas­
ket used by supermarket customers:
shopping trol ley • desk where pur­
chases are registered and paid for:
checkout
supervision • daytime supervision
of children or the elderly: day care
• things added as a
supplement
supplement: paral ipomena
supply • supply of persons or equip­
ment for use as needed: pool • obtain
from an outside supplier: outsource
support • upright support: stan­
chion . three-legged support: tripod
• support for an arch etc_ : pier,
squinch • support for a balcony etc.:
cantilever • support framework:
horse • support for a row of books:
bookend • framework with sloping
legs, used to support a table, bier, etc. :
trestle . person giving financial sup­
port: angel, backer, contributor, pat­
ron, sponsor • group of persons
with a common problem or illness,
meeting reb'llarly for mutual help:
support group • attempt to win sup­
port by affability: charm offensive
supportin g • combining form: pro-
(e.g. pro-life)
Sunday I surgery
surface • flat surface: plane • thin
surface layer: fil m , veneer • on the
surface: superficial . insert a screw
etc. flush with the surface: counter­
sink
• lightweight surfboard: Mal­
surfing
ibu . set of surfboards: q u iver . hol­
low formed when a large wave breaks:
pipeline
• surgeon's
surgeon theatre gar­
ment: gown . surgeon's nose and
mouth covering: mask • surgeon's
assistant: dresser
surgery • adjective: operative
• surgery performed on a patient: op­
eration, procedure . minor surgery
not requiring overnight hospitaliza­
tion: day surgery • surgery to im­
prove the appearance: cosmetic sur­
• surgery
ge ry, plastic surgery
using intense cold: cryosurgery
• surgery
using electric heat:
• surgery
electrosurgery using
microscopes: m icrosu rgery . sur­
gery involving transfer of tissue: plas­
• denoting
tic surgery surgery
undertaken at the patient's request:
elective • denoting surgery seeking
the cause of symptoms: exp loratory
. denoting simple surgery not life­
threatening: minor • denoting com­
plex surgery involving risk to life:
m ajor • denoting surgery aiming to
preserve tissue: conservative . de­
noting surgery seeking to remove all
diseased tissue: rad ical • denoting
surgery in which the heart is exposed
and bypassed: open-heart • surgical
installation of artificial body parts:
prosthetics • brain surgery to treat
mental illness: psychosurgery . cor­
neal surgery: ke ratopl asty • surgery
on the nervous system: neurosu rgery
• surgery to construct, repair, or en­
large a penis: phalloplasty • surgical
scraping: curettage • surgical tying:
l igation • tissue etc. inserted into the
body by surgery: i m plant • cloth
surgical appliance I surgical removal 354

covering a patient undergoing sur­ diversion of the smal intestine: enter­

gery: drape .. see also plastic sur­ ostomy • surgical opening into the
gery , stomach: gastrostomy
surgical appliance . hernia sup­ surgical removal • combining
port: truss form: -ectomy (e.g. appendectomy)
surgical cutting • combining • surgical removal of the appendix:
form: -tomy incision
. surgical cut: appendectomy • surgical removal of

• surgical cutting out: resection the bladder or a cyst: cystectomy

• surgically created opening: stoma • surgical removal of a breast: mast­
• surgical cutting of the abdomen: ectomy • surgical removal of a
laparotomy • surgical cutting of the breast lump: lumpectomy • surgical

abdomen for childbirth: Caesarian, removal of the Falopian tubes: sal­

Caesarian section • surgical cutting pingectomy . surgical removal of
of the bladder: cystotomy • surgical the foreskin: circumcision . surgical
cutting of bone: osteotomy • surgi­ removal of the gall bladder:
cal cutting of the brain's white nerve cholecystectomy • surgical removal
fibres: leucotomy • surgical incision of a kidney: nephrectomy . surgical
into the chest wal: thoracotomy removal of the larynx: laryngectomy
• surgical cutting of the cornea: kera­ • surgical removal of a limb: amputa­
totomy . surgical incision into the tion • surgical removal of the liver:
eardrum: myringotomy • surgical hepatectomy • surgical removal of a
incision into the larynx: laryngotomy lobe: lobectomy • surgical removal
. surgical cutting of a nerve: neurot­ of lung scars: decortication • surgi-
omy • surgical cutting of a tendon: cal removal of a lung: pneumonec­
tenotomy • surgical cutting of the tomy • surgical removal of a nerve:
vagina at childbirth: episiotomy neurectomy • surgical removal of
• surgical cutting of the vas deferens: the ovaries: oophorectomy, ovariec­
vasectomy • surgical incision of a tomy, ovariotomy • surgical removal
vein: phlebotomy, venesection of the pancreas: pancreatectomy
• surgical incision of the windpipe: • surgical removal of the penis:
• surgical
tracheotomy penectomy removal of the
surgical instruments • blunt in­ prostate gland: prostatectomy • sur­
strument for exploring a wound: gical removal of upper layers of skin:
probe • surgical knives: lancet, scal­ dermabrasion • surgical removal of
pel • large pincers: forceps . surgi­ part of the skull: craniotomy • sur-
cal saw for the skull: trepan • instru­ gical removal of the spleen: splenec-
ment for withdrawing liquid: trocar tomy • surgical removal of the stom-
. surgical cord: ligature, suture ach: gastrectomy • surgical removal
. steam sterilizer for surgical instru­ of a stone: lithotomy • surgical
ments: autoclave crushing of a stone: lithotri psy, lithot-
surgical opening • combining rity • surgical removal of a testicle:
form: ostomy • surgically made pas­ orchidectomy • surgical removal of
sage: fistula . surgical opening into the tonsils: tonsillectomy • surgical
the colon: colostomy • surgical removal of a tooth: extraction • sur-
opening made in the inner ear to re­ gical destruction of tumours or hair
lieve deafness: fenestration . surgi­ roots by an electric current: electroly-
cal unblocking of the Falopian tubes: sis • surgical removal of a vertebral
salpingostomy • surgical opening disc: discectomy . surgical removal
into the ileum: ileostomy . surgical of the womb: hysterectomy . surgi-
355 surname I swi mming

cal removal of facial wrinkles: face­ material worn t o absorb sweat: sweat­
l ift band • substance applied to prevent
surname . woman' s surname prior or reduce sweat: antiperspirant
• small
to marriage: maiden name . denot­ sweet sweet: d rop, pastille
• mixture
ing a hyphenated surname: double­ of small coloured sweets:
barrel led dolly m ixture . j ellylike translucent
surprise • state of helpless amaze­ sweet: gumdrop • sweet black chewy
ment: stu por substance: liq uorice • sweet almond

surrender • symbol of surrender: paste: marzipan • sweet made of egg

whites and sugar: meringue
• marzipan-based
wh ite flag
• usual
sweets served after
surroundings surround­
a meal: petits fours . flavoured gel­
• nuts
ings: environment
atin cubes: Tu rkish delight
survei llance • detect and remove ground in sugar: p raline • soft mix­
hidden surveillance devices: debug
• subject
ture of sugar, albumin, and gelatin:
•
to covert surveillance: marshmallow crumbly sweet made
watch from sugar, butter, and milk: fudge
survey • survey of enemy resources • sweet of sugar, nuts, and egg-white:
and positions: recon naissance no ugat . flavoured sweet efferves­
• hardened
•
surveying cent powder:sherbet
• exces­
surveymg system
based upon triangles: triangulation sugar syrup: spun sugar
• rotating telescope for measuring an­ sively sweet: cloying, saccharine
gles: theodol ite • instrument for tak­ • sweet-voiced: mellifl uous • artifi­
ing altitudes: sextant • incised sur­ cial sweeteners: aspartame, cycla­
vey mark in a wall etc.: benchmark mate, saccharin, saccharine
• reference point on a small pillar: trig swell • swelling caused by abnormal
point • striped sight-pole: ran ging tissue tumour • pus-filled
growth:
• serum­
pole swelling: abscess, boil
survive • capable of surviving inde­ filled swelling: blister • swelling up:
pendently: viable tumescent • swollen: tumid • swol­
suspense • event full of suspense: len with fluid: engorged • reduction
cliffhanger of swelling: detumescence

suspicious • pathologically suspi­ swi mming • swimming competi­

cious: paranoid tion: gala • prescribed movement in

swallow ;
. sw llow hastily: gulp swimming: stroke • swimming

•
stroke imitating a dog: doggy-paddle
• kick
swamp swamp tree with above-
made with unbent legs: scissor
•
ground roots: mang rove
kick swimming race requiring sev­
swan • female swan: pen • male eral strokes: med ley • swimming
swan: cob • cyg net
young swan: exercises as a cure for arthritis:
. flock of swans in flight: skein hydrotherapy • expert swimmer
. place where swans breed: swannery monitoring others: l ifeguard
• underwater
. catching and marking of swans: swimmer using breath­
• under­
swan-uppi ng ing apparatus: skin diver
sweat • abnormal sweat caused by water swimmer using breathing ap­
illness or medication: diaphoresis paratus and a rubber suit: frogman
• causing sweat: sudorific • secret­ • underwater swimming using an
ing sweat: sudoriferous • strip of aqualung: su b-aq ua • swimmer's
swimming pool I synagogue

foot-extension: fl ipper • swimmer's syllogism . term common to both 'I ,

breathing tube: snorkel • man's premises: middle term . failure of
swimming shorts: trunks • inflated this to include al members of a class
arm-floats for someone learning to in at least one premise: undistributed
swim: water wi ngs middle
swimm ing pool . public open-air symbol • symbol of cowardice:
swimming pool: lido • small cold wh ite feather • identifying symbol
swimming pool at a sauna: plunge used for a company, product, etc.:
pool • water slide at a swimming logo, trade mark • symbol of surren­
pool: fl ume der: wh ite fla g • symbol replacing a
word: logog ra m , logograph . v isual
swing . swing to and fro : oscil late
symbols: imagery . system of mu­
Swiss • Swiss breakfast food of cer- sical or mathematical symbols: nota­
eals, dried fruit, and nuts:
m uesli tion • system of symbols, each re­
• hard Swiss cheese:
Emmental presenting a syllable: syllabary
• pale Swiss cheese with holes: Gruy­ • system of symbols, each of which re­
ere • Swiss mayor: burgomaster presents a word in a certain language:
• Swiss mountaineers' falsetto song: ideog rams • study of symbols and
yodel l i n g • Swiss state: canton their significance: semiotics . narra­
• traditional Swiss wooden house: tive or design whose content is to be
chalet interpreted symbolically: allegory
switch • switch controlling a whole sympathy • feeling of sympathy:
system: master switch • switch oper­ elective affin ity . express sympathy
ated by moving a lever up or down: with: commiserate, condole • insin­
toggle switch . switch operated by cere expression of sympathy: croco­
pushing a sprung lever: tumbler • set dile tears . lack of sympathy or con­
of electrical switches: gang cern: alienation . lacking sympathy:
• switches and fuse boxes where the insensate, i n sensible
electrical supply enters a house: con­ symptom • symptom accompany­
sumer unit • mechanism activating a ing a disease, but not caused by it: epi­
switch at a preset time: timer phenomenon • symptom suggesting
sword • curved sword broadening at a particular treatment: indication
• symptom
the scimitar • short slightly
end: warning against a particu­
lar treatment: contraindication • set
curved sword: cutlass . curved cav­
alry sword: sabre • blunted fencing of symptoms whose joint presence in­
sword: epee • naval sword: cutlass dicates a particular disease: syn­
• denoting
• short sword fixed to the end of a drome a gradually in­

rifle:
bayonet . light sharp-pointed creasing symptom: ingravescent
• sudden
• sword
sword: rapier carried before fierce outbreak of symptoms:
paroxysm, seizure • temporary dis­
the sovereign on state occasions:
• Scottish
appearance of symptoms: remission
•
sword of state broad­
• sword
recurrence of symptoms after appar­
sword: claymore hilt handle:
. knob o n a sword handle: pommel ent recovery: relapse
. cover for a sword blade: scabbard, synagogue . cupboard in a syna­
sheath • sport of sword fighting: fe n­ gogue for scrolls of the Torah: ark
Cing • entertainer passing a sword • synagogue storeroom: gen izah
blade down his or her throat: sword­ • synagogue singer and prayer-leader:
swallower cantor, hazzan
357 syphilis I system

syphilis • syphilitic inflammation of refined sugar: treacle • browned

the brain: paresis syrup: caramel
syringe • insert by syringe: inject system • interconnected system:
syrup • dark syrup from raw sugar: network • switch a system on or off:
molasses • dark syrup from partly power up, power down
Tt
.
table' • table for the chief guests: • private conversation: tete-ii-tete
top table • work table in a laboratory • denoting indecent talk: ri bald, ris-
or workshop: bench • extending que, salacious, sm utty . talk fool-
table with hinged legs: gate leg table ishly or at length: prate, prattle
• folding section of a table: leaf • part
talkative . excessively talkative:
of a table for the most important per­ garrulous, logorrhoeic
• part
•
sons present: head of a table
takeover denoting an unwelcome
for the least important persons pres­
• card
takeover bid: hostile
ent: foot indicating where a
tank • water storage tank: cistern
person should sit at table: place card
• crockery and cutlery for one person . display tank for live fish etc. :
at table: place setting • revolving aquarium
stand on a table: lazy Susan tap • support for the washer: jumper
• sleeve
• table
table' of the elements ar­ round the turning shaft:

ranged to group those of si milar gland

chemical structure: periodic table tape recorder • denoting a re-
• table giving the results of various corder with individually threaded
mathematical calculations: ready reels: open-reel • base for the cap­
reckoner stans: deck • strip at the end of a
tape: leader • cylindrical container
table tennis 0 table tennis bat:
for magnetic tape: reel, spool
•
paddle
• denoting
sealed unit containing tape and
• obliterate
tact a situation requiring
spools: cassette a tape
•
tact: delicate recording: erase combined radio,
tactics • tactical withdrawal enab­ gramophone, and tape deck: music
ling a further advance: reculer pou r centre
•
mieux sauter tapioca plant yielding tapioca:
tail • combining form: caud- • adjec­ cassava, manioc
tive: caudal 0 fox's tail: brush 0 rab­ • tar used to preserve wood: creo­
bit's or deer's tail: scut • solid part of
tar
• distilled
an animal's tail: dock • cut short an
sote tar used for water­
proofing: pitch • tar used on roofs
animal's tail: dock and roads: bitumen • tar mixed with
tailor • adjective: sartorial • tailor's stones for road-making: asphalt
• revolving
serrated scissors: pinking shears target target in a medi­
• try-on of clothes being made: fitting eval tiltyard: quintain • centre of a
take 0 take for one's own use, with­ target: bull's-eye • target's outer­
out permission or illegally: appropri­ most division: outer . disk thrown
ate, m isappropriate up as a shooting target: clay pigeon
• device throwing this: tra p • mark
talk • conference between opposing
sides: parley • conference between aimed at in curling and quoits: tee
colleagues: powwow • polite but un­ taste • adjective: aesthetic, gusta­
necessary conversation: small talk tory • person of refined taste: aes-
359 taxation I tea

thete o having refined taste: d iscrim­ ied by another authority, or the tax so
inating, discerning 0 reflecting the levied: precept o allowances credited
tastes of ordinary people: popu list to taxed income: negative income tax
o characteristic taste: savour 0 pleas­ o tax-free investment scheme: per­
ant to taste: palata ble o having a sonal equ ity plan o liability to a tax:
pleasantly sharp taste: piquant incidence o disclose items liable to
o having a sharp taste: pungent taxation: declare 0 point at which a
o having an unpleasant taste due to tax comes into effect: threshold
decay: rancid � see also bad taste, o class of tax liability, with appropri­
flavour ate documentation: schedule . calcu­
lation of one's own tax liability: self­
0
taxation o adjective:
fiscal . tax­
assessment sum that can be
ation of expenditure: i n d i rect taxation
against tax liability: tax credit o re­
o tax on goods entering a town: octroi
mission of tax due: relief o govern­
o tax on local households: council
tax 0 taxation o f imports: protection­
ment department assessing and col­
Inland Revenue 0 area
ism 0 tax on a particular class of im­
lecting taxes:

ports or exports: tariff 0 taxation of

officer of this: inspector of taxes
• form filled in for assessment of tax:
income: direct taxation o tax etc. re­
tax retu rn o Inland Revenue code re­
moved from gross pay: ded uction
presenting the tax-free part of an em­
0
o this system of tax collectiop by em­
pay as you earn 0 tax on
ployee's income: tax code avoid­
ployers:
ance of tax liability by legal means:
0 avoidance
company profits: corporation tax
tax avoidance of tax li­
o tax on excessive profits: windfall tax
ability by dishonest means : tax eva­
0 financial
o tax on goods imported or exported:
sion arrangement minim­
duty o tax on legal documents:
0 tax
lZlng tax liability: tax shelter
stamp duty on profits from sale
o person living abroad to avoid tax:
of property or investments: capital tax exile 0 place where taxes are low:
gains tax 0 tax on property or money tax haven o economic activity con­
acquired by gift or inheritance:
inher­
itance tax 0 tax on sales of certain
ducted on a cash basis to evade tax:
0
goods: excise duty 0 supplementary
black economy group payments
made to casual workers, enabling the
tax: levy, supertax, surtax 0 tax on individual to evade tax: the lump
the value added to an item at each o foreign diplomats' immunity t o local
stage of its production: va lue added taxation: diplomatic i m m u nity o for­
tax 0 tax paid to keep a vehicle on the mer tax of l O % payable to the Church:
0 former
public roads: road .fu nd tax, road tax tithe tax levied upon every
o before deduction of tax: g ross adult: poll tax
0
o after deduction of tax: net o denot­
ing taxation levied at reduced rates on taxi taxi that must be ordered in
advance: min icab o passenger in a
0
below-average incomes: degressive
taxi: fare signal a taxi to stop: hail
o denoting taxation levied at premium
o place where taxis wait for hire: ra nk,
rates on below-average incomes: re­
gressive o denoting taxation levied
stand
at premium rates on above-average ill­ tea 0 tea made from unfermented
comes: prog ressive o denoting tax­ leaves: green tea 0 tea made from fer­
ation levied at a fixed rate per unit: mented leaves: black tea o herb tea:
specific 0 impose a tax: levy 0 defla­ tisane 0 gain flavour from the tea
tionary effect of progressive taxation: leaves: brew, d raw, mash • become
fiscal drag o order for a tax to be lev- bitter through prolonged brewing:
teacher I telephone 360

stew • perforated hollow metal combining electronics and mechanics:

sphere to hold tea leaves: tea bal l mechatronics • technology of tran­
. tin holding tea:tea caddy . cover sistor and microchip circuits: elec­
keeping the teapot hot: cosy • Euro­ tronics • technology of robot design
pean plant used to make tea: chamo­ robotics • using advanced
use:
mile . Indian name for tea boiled technology: hig h-tech . forefront of
with milk, sugar, and cardamoms: technological development: leading
chai • Japanese ritual of serving and edge ' • technological jargon: tech no­
drinking tea: tea ceremony • orna­ babble, technospeak • person devis­
mental mat for an afternoon tea plate: ing and implementing a new techno­
doily logical device: imagineer . fear of

• teacher
technology: cyberphobia
teacher engaged to give a
few lessons at each of several schools: telephone • combining form: tele­
peripatetic . teacher working with (e.g. telemarketing) . public tele­
individuals or small groups: tutor phone activated by coins: payphone,
. teacher temporarily substituting for coi n box • public telephone acti­
another: supply teacher . teacher of vated by a plastic card: cardphone
laboratory etc. techniques: demon­ • telephone providing visual as well
strator • private teacher: tutor, as aural contact: videophone • tele­ I
coach • watch out for the teacher's phone at the door of a block of flats:
approach: keep cave • institution entryphone • subsidiary telephone:
training teachers: college of educa­ extension • cordless telephone using I
tion cellular radio: cellphone, mobile,
mobile phone • put into telephone
teaching • adjective: didactic, contact: connect, put through
• waiting to be connected: on hold
pedagogic . art of teaching: peda­
gogy • tuition given, often in public, • telephone speaker and microphone
by a visiting expert to a group of ad­ arranged to be held to the head: hand­
• telephone
vanced students: master class . dis­ set speaker and micro­
paraging term for conventional teach­ phone arranged to fit over the head:
• support
ing methods: chalk and talk . foreign headset for a telephone
•
language teaching using only the lan­ cradle, hook
• teach­
handset: device pre­
guage taught: d i rect method venting the caller hearing one's re­
ing method proceeding by short self­ marks: mute button . main line of a
tested steps: programmed learning telephone system: trunk line • tele­
. person who has taught himself: phone connection with an external ex­
autodidact change: outside line . telephone line
teapot • teapot cover: cosy shared by two subscribers: party line
• direct
• adjective:
lachrymal • prone
telephone line for emergency
tear use:hotline . telephone link for a
computer: modem • temporary tele­
to, or inducing, tears: lachrymose
• gland
• place
producing tears: lacrimal
phone connection: patch
gland
where telephone calls are connected:
technology • combining form: exchange • manual exchange:
techno- . technology for manipulat­ switchboard • switchboard connect­
ing atoms and molecules: nanotech­ ing in-house extensions to each other
nology • technology of distance com­ and to outside lines: private branch
munication by radio or wire: exchange . line connecting two pri­
telecommunications . technology vate branch exchanges: tie line . tele-
361 telephone I television
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

phone system expressing dialled fig­ lines: linesman . person working at

ures by a series of electronic pulses: a telephone switchboard: operator
• telephone
•
pulse dial l i n g system ex­
pressing dialled figures by pitched
telescope telescope operating in

• denoting
space by remote control: space tele­
• building
tones: tone dialling a tele­
scope housing a large
phone with number buttons that gen­
telescope: observatory
erate pitched tones: touch-tone
• area served by a single cellphone television • combining form: tele­
transmitter: cell • copy the security (e.g. telecine) • television channel
codes of a mobile phone: clone one must pay a special fee to receive:
. change the security codes of a stolen pay channel, pay television • televi­
mobile phone: rechip • denoting a sion service transmitted by wire:
telephone needing no wired connec­ cable television • television infor­
• numbers
tion: cord less, mobile mation service displaying computer
data received by telephone: viewdata
• denoting
dialled to reach a telephone exchange:
• book
a television system in
code listing telephone sub­
which video signals are transmitted
scribers and their numbers: tele­
• telephone
by wire to a restricted set of monitors:
phone directory service
closed-circuit . television set throw­
giving this information: directory en­
ing its image onto a large screen: pro­
jection television • tiny illuminated
q uiries . denoting a telephone num­
ber not made publicly - available:
• tape
area on a television screen: pixel
ex-directory machine record­
. juxtaposition of light and shade on a
• clarity
ing incoming telephone messages: an­
television screen: contrast
swering machine, answerphone
• central
of detail on a television screen: defin­
telephone facility storing
• call
ition, resolution . faint secondary
callers' messages: voicemail
image on a television screen: ghost
• white
linking several telephones: confer­
• conference
spots on a television screen:
•
ence call call providing
•
snow irregular movement in lines
visual links: videoconference de­
on a television screen: strobing . re­
noting a call paid for by the recipient:
mote television controls: handset
reverse-charge . enclosure giving
. free a television of unwanted mag­
•
privacy for telephone calls: booth
• similar
netism: degauss damage to a tele­
facility provided by an
• secret
vision screen from long use: burn-in
• caption
agency: answeri ng service at the foot of a television pic­
• giving
surveillance of telephone calls:ta p­ ture: subtitle a good impres­
•
ping, telephone ta pping, wire tap­ sion on television: telegenic stage
ping • make a telephone call unintel­ manager of a television production:
ligible by electronic alteration: floor manager • person introducing
scramble • making sales by unsoli­ and playing music videos on televi­
cited telephone calls: telemarketing, sion: video jockey • television
telesales • ordering goods b y tele­ broadcaster's prompt card: cue card
phone: teleshopping • message initi­ • pole projecting the microphone over
ated by telephone but delivered in a television camera: boom • studio
written form: telemessage • tele­ screen showing input to a particular
communications service using tele­ camera: monitor . televised studio
printers: telex • telecommunications competition: game show . long tele­
service using document scanning: fax vision programme raising money for
• denoting a telephone line in use: en­ charity: telethon • sample episode of
gaged • person repairing telephone a projected television series broadcast
temper I tendon 362

to test audience reaction: pilot " re­ about either of the poles: frigid zone
cord a television programme for later • map line joining points of equivalent
viewing: time-shift • resolve a televi­ winter temperature: isocheim • map
sion image into pixels for digital use: line joining points of equivalent sum­
pixelate . computer chip blocking mer temperature: isothere • gradual
violent or sexually explicit material: increase in worldwide temperatures:
V-chip • text and graphic informa­ global vyarming
• temple
tion broadcast by television: teletext
• still picture broadcast outside pro­
temple of all the gods: pan­
gramme hours for tuning purposes: theon . classical temple with a sin­

• television broadcast of a gle row of columns:monopteros

• denoting
test card
cinema film: telecine such a temple:periptera l
• temper
. temple's built-up entrance: propy­
temper metal or glass by
laeum . front vestibule of a classical
temple: pronaos • inner chamber of
heating and cooling: anneal
temperament • denoting a gloomy a classical temple: cella, naos • ma­
temperament: saturnine • denoting a sonry platform on which a temple is
•
changeable temperament: mercu ria l , built: stereobate monumental gate­
volatile way to an ancient Egyptian temple:
temperature • lowest theoretically pylon . temple precinct: temenos
possible temperature: absolute zero (pl. temenoi) • Hindu or Buddhist
• temperature at which dew begins to tower temple: pagoda . outer cham­
form: dew point . temperature scale ber of the Jewish temple: holy place
in which water boils at 100°: Celsius, • inner chamber of the Jewish temple:
centigrade • temperature scale in holy of holies, sanctum sa nctorum
which water boils at 212°: Fah ren heit
• combining form: •
• high bodily temperature with
ten dec- denot­

•
ing a number system based on ten:
shivering and headache: fever ex­
decima l , denary . period of ten
decade • occurring every, or
cessively low body temperature : hypo­
•
years:
thermia denoting creatures main­
lasting for, ten years: decen nial
• plane figure with ten sides: decagon
taining a constant body temperature:
• denoting creatures
• solid figure with ten faces : decahe­
warm-blooded
whose body temperature varies with
d ron • athletic contest with ten
that of their surroundings: cold­
blooded • cooling effect of the wind events for all competitors: decathlon
upon air temperature: c h i l l factor, • Ten Commandments: Decalogue

•
• money
wind-ch ill factor denoting wine at tenant paid to the landlord
room temperature: chambre • in­ by an incoming tenant: key money
strument measuring temperature:
•
. landlord's expulsion of a tenant:
thermometer instrument record­ eviction
ing temperature variations: ther­
mograph • device regulating tem­ tendon • tendon attaching the calf
perature: thermostat • system con· muscles to the heel: Ach i l l es' tendon
trolling temperature, humidity, etc. in­ • tendon at the back of the knee: ham­
side a building: air conditioning strin g • inflammation of a tendon:
• device activated by temperature ten dinitis • inflammation of the
changes: thermostat • hot zone elbow tendons: tennis el bow • in­

centred on the equator: torrid zone flammation of the wrist tendons: teno­
• moderate zone north and south of synovitis • surgical cutting of a ten­
this: temperate zone . cold zone don: tenotomy
363 tendency I test
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 00 ••

tendency • tendency to do some­ shrine used by the ancient Israelites:

thing: penchant ta bernacle • nomad's tent in Mongo·
tennis • tennis scaled down for chil­ lia, Siberia, and Turkey: yurt . tent's
dren: short tennis • period of infor­ over-cover: flysheet • waterproof

mal play: knock-up . tennis bat: floor-sheet: groundsheet • rope

racket • racket face on which the steadying a tent: g uy rope . disman­

loops proj ect: rou gh • racket face on tle a tent: strike
which the loops do not project: tenth • combining form: deci· (e.g.
smooth • strike the ball to com­ decilitre)
• player
• national
mence play: serve who must
•
return the served ball: receiver su­
territory policy of regain­
ing former territories: revanchism, i r­
•
perior competitor in a tournament:
• • score
redentism seizure of territory to
seed score of zero: love of
•
add to one's own: an nexation
40 all: deuce next point after this:
advantage • play for game victory: terrorism • Basque separatist ter­
game point • group of games count­ rorist organization: Eta • Irish na­
ing as a unit towards a match: set tionalist terrorist organization: Irish
• play for set victory: set point • play Republican Army • Islamic funda­
for match v ictory: match point mentalist terrorists: Muslim Brother­
• match for two players: singles hood • Islamic fundamentalist Pales­
. match for four player,s: doubles tinian terrorists: Hamas • terrorism
• stroke played after the ball has associated with the drugs trade:
bounced: g roundstroke • stroke narcoterrorism
• conclusive
played before the ball has bounced:
volley • stroke played with the palm
test test: acid test
• random test: spot check • test of
towards the opponent: forehand
• stroke
actors or musicians applying for
played with the palm towards
audition • testing of cosmetics
•
work:
oneself: backhand revolving mo­
on rabbits: Draize testing • test of an
tion imparted to the ball: spin . glan­
item in its intended environment:
cing stroke giving the ball spin: slice field test, field trial • test of metal or
•
ore for purity: assay • test of a per­
consecutive series of strokes: ra lly
• illegal service: fa ult 0 two consecu­
son's potential for various kinds of
tive instances of th is: double fault
• overstepping the base line: foot fault
training or employment: a ptitude test
• developer's
• obstruction of ball or player: let
own test of a new prod­

• court
uct before it is submitted to beta test­
between service line and net:
.. see.also
ing: alpha test . test of a new prod­
forecourt real tennis
independent
uct requested from
tension • abnormally tense or anx­ experts before it is put into mass pro­
ious: neurotic • tension experienced duction: beta test • testing of produc­
by certain women immediately before t ion samples to ensure maintenance
menstruation: premenstrual syn­ of standards: quality control • test of
drome • drug reducing tension:
• reduction
a student's understanding of a text:
•
sedative of international comprehen sion
• reduce a
test of state-school
tens ion: detente situ­ pupils in core subjects: sta ndard as­
•
ation's tension: de·escalate, defuse sessment task comprehension test
tent • oblong tent: ridge tent . large of replacing missing words: cloze test
tent for social or commercial func­ • test of a substance's strength by ap­
tions: marquee • Native American plying it to living cells or tissues:
tent: lodge, teepee, wigwam • tent bioassay
testicle I theatre 364

testicle . combining form: orchi- ing: lacuna • textual mark indicating

• having only one testicle: monorchid corruption: obelus • collection of
• failure of a testicle to enter the scro­ texts: corpus, sourcebook . mark
tum: cry ptorchidism • inflammation indicating a textual insertion: caret
of the testicles: orchitis • surgical re­ • revised edition of a text: recension

moval of a testicle: orch idectomy • ancient textual commentator: scho­

• skin pouch containing the testicles: Iiast . detailed comparison of texts:

scrotum . lamb's testicles as food: collation • denoting a text edited
lamb's fry from several sources: critical . denot­

• text
ing an edition using material from
• meld
text of a play, film, or broad­
• original
several sources: variorum of
cast: script version of a
• preliminary
several texts: conflation,
harmony
text: u rtext version of
•
. relationship between texts: i nter­
a text: d raft text circulated for read­
• text
textual ity . diagram showing the
ing or signature: round robin
supposed relationship between vari­
• par­
expressed in different words: para­
phrase • author's unpublished text:
ous versions of a text: stemma
allel presentation of several versions
• this
manuscript . computer manipula­
• at­
of a text: synopsis using six
versions: hexapla • list of words in a
tion of texts: text processing

• ex­
tempts to ascertain a text's original
text: concordance, glossary
wording: textual criti cism . denoting planation of a text:commenta ry, exe­
a text whose authorship is thought to
gesis, gloss . analysis of a text's
be wrongly assigned: apocryphal, meaning: expl ication, hermeneutics
• text's basic message: g i st • textual
pseudepigraphal . text in its
author's own handwriting: auto­
• text
interpretation denying any fixed
graph, holograph on a single
deconstruction • insoluble
• text
meaning:
• prepare a
topic: m onograph composed of textual problem: crux
quotations from other authors: cento text for publication: edit . shorten a
• text in rhyme or metre:
verse • text
text whilst retaining its content: con­
• text
not in rhyme or metre: prose dense • edit or abridge a text: cut
• legal
systematically omitting one or more right to control the publication
• test
letters of the alphabet: lipogram of a text: copyright of a stu­
• text full of praise: encom i u m , dent's understanding of a text: com·
eulogy, panegyric • aggressive or prehension • translation of a text to
argumentative text: polemic • au­ help understanding: crib • portion of
thoritative text: locus classicus (pl. text having a wider margin: indent,
loci classici) • unprepared text set for indentation
u n seen • opening words
• combining
translation:
of a text: incipit • closing words of a
that side form: trans­
text: explicit • extract from a text:
(e.g. transalpine)
go bbet, passage, pericope • text theatre • variety theatre:
music
spoken for copying down: dictation hall . opera theatre:opera house
• introduction of errors into a text: . theatre doorman: commissionaire
corruption • insertion of extra mat­ . theatre's general manager: intend­
ter into a text: interpolation • inser­ ant _ theatre's literary manager:
tion of further matter between the dramaturge • part of a theatre used
lines of a text: interl ineation . cor­ by the audience: front of house
rection of textual errors: emendation • part of a theatre where the audience
• piece of text repeated elsewhere: sits during the performance: auditor­
doublet • point where text is miss- ium, house • part of a theatre where
365 theft I therapy
.... . . . ... . . .. . . . ... . . . . ... .. ... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . ........... ............ ... ... . ........... .. . . ...........

costumes are made or stored: ward­ bezzlement, peculation • person

robe • part of a theatre used as dress­ who knowingly accepts stolen goods:
ing rooms etc. : backsta ge . theatre receiver • round up and steal live­
entrance hall: foyer • part of a the­ stock:rustle � see also robbery
•
atre where scenery is prepared: scene
shop • part of a theatre where tickets
theme recurrent theme: leitmotif,

are sold: box office • area for the or­

motif, motive . underlying theme:

chestra: pit • person checking tickets

su btext

at the auditorium entrance: usher theology . theology based on ob­

(fern. usherette) • seating on the floor served facts and experiences: natural
• theology
of a theatre: stalls • seating beneath theology based on a bal­
the lowest balcony: pit . lowest bal­ anced opposition of good and evil:
dualism • theology based on the pro­
cony in a theatre: dress ci rcle . mid­
dIe balcony in a theatre: upper circle gressive abandonment of inadequate

• highest balcony in a theatre: gallery

concepts:apophaticism, via negativa
_
• separate
theologyof Christ: Ch ristology
• theology of the Holy Spirit: pneuma­
section of the auditorium

tology • theology of the Virgin Mary:

for a few spectators: box . door be­
tween auditorium and backstage:
pass door • arch at the front of the Mariology . theological system

proscenium _ fireproof pro­ based on two opposing forces: dualism

•
stage:
theological basis o f church organiza­
•
scenium curtain: safety curtain
_
tion: ecclesiology theological doc­
stage projecting into the auditor­
trine that the future is foreordained:
• unscriptural
ium: apron, thrust stage . at or to­
predestination doc­
wards the front of the stage: down­
• at
trine held to derive from apostolic
•
stage or towards the rear of the
teaching: tradition medieval West­
stage: upstage . side of the stage to
prompt side • side of ern philosophical and theological sys­
• argument
the actor's left:
tem: scholasticism that
the stage to the actor's right: off­
God must exist for ideas about him to
• argu
prom pt side . area a t the side o f a
exist: ontological argument
stage: wings . angle of slope of the
ment for the existence of God based on
stage or a part of the auditorium: rake
• floor-level
perceived order in nature: teleo­
• argument
lights along the stage
front: footlig hts • area above the logical argument for the

stage: fl ies • dismantle a stage set:

existence of God based on the inabil­

strike • area where scenery is built ity of the universe to have created it­

and painted: scene shop • substance

self: cosmological argument
to make a stage mist: dry ice theory • provisional theory: hypoth­
• actors' backstage rest room: green esis • denoting an ingenious but
room • actors' entrance in a theatre, simple theory: elegant . explanation
leading directly backstage: stage of a theory: exposition • theory's

door • maker of theatrical costumes: basic assumptions: first principles

costu mier • theatre sound system • supporter of a theory: advocate, ex­

for hearing-aid users: ind uction loop ponent, proponent, protagonist

• psychological
. denoting a theatre out of use: dark
� see also scenery
therapy therapy
that seeks to cure an undesirable
theft • unauthorized use of another's habit by associating it with an un­
work: piracy . presenting another's pleasant experience: aversion ther­
work as one's own: plagiarism . co­ apy . psychological therapy simulat­
vert theft of entrusted money: em- ing the trauma of being born:
thermometer I three 366

rebirthing cognition • ability to think clearly:

. Chinese system of ther
apy by pricking the skin with needles: lucid ity • inability to think: mental
acupuncture . Japanese system of block • engaged in deep thought:
therapy by applying finger pressure: . pensive • tendency to think in a par­
acupressure, shiatsu • denoting ticular way: thought pattern • al­
therapy applied after successful treat­ leged paranormal ability to communi­
ment of a cancer to suppress second­ cate thoughts: telepathy, thought
ary tumours: adjuvant . therapeutic tranSference • bodily movements or
enactment of various social roles: role posture taken to indicate thoughts
playi ng and feelings: body language . show­
thermometer • thermometer that ing creative thought: inventive, ori­
plots the temperature on a revolving ginal • showing, or capable of, little
graph: thermograph . thermometer thought: shallow • think over care­
for low temperatures: cryometer fully: m u l l over, muse u pon
• thermometer for high temperatures : thousand • combining forms: kilo­
pyromete r • pair o f thermometers (e.g. kilojoule), mill- . thousandth an­
that measure humidity: psychrom­ niversary: millennium, m i l lenary
• combining
eter thousand million
thief • thief gaining access by climb­ form: giga- (e. g. gigabyte)
ing: cat burglar thousand millionth . combining
thin • gracefully thin:
slender, svelte form: nano- (e.g. nanosecond)
• combining
. thin and bony: scrawny . thin and
thousandth form:
• adjective:
haggard: gaunt . thin and unkempt:
mill (i)- (e. g. milli metre)
scraggy • become thin and weak: millesimal
•
waste away
thread spun thread:
yarn . single
thing . thing as perceived by the
stra nd • loosely
phenomenon • thing as con­
length of thread:
coiled length of thread: skein • cylin­
senses:
ceived by the mind: noumenon
drical container for thread: reel,
this side • combining form: cis­ spool
•
(e.g. cisalpine)
threat threat made by a hostile
thoroughbred • thoroughbred military build-up: sabre-rattling
horses: bloodstock • constant threat o f disaster: sword of
thoroughly . combining form: ex­ Damocles • crime of threatening
(e.g. excruciate) and touching a person: assault and
• extortion
• adjective:
thought noetic . con­ battery of money under
•a
centrated thought: meditation threat of revealing incriminating se­

person's ongoing thoughts and reac­ crets: blackmail . person making

tions to events:
interior monolog ue, idle threats: paper tiger . obtain by
stream of consciousness • thinking threats: extort
in which problems are solved by lo­ three . combining forms: ter-, tri-
gical deduction: vertical thinking • adjectives: ternary, treble, triple
• thinking in which problems are • Three Wise Men: Magi • set of
solved by adopting a novel viewpoint: three: triad, trinity, trio • three in

• human
born at � b irth: tri plet • divi� ion into
lateral thinking thought one: triune . one o f three offspring
mechanisms or processes when com­
pared with those of a computer: three: tnc h 0t omy . occurrmg once
wetware . consciousness of one's in, or lasting for, three years: triennial
own thought processes: meta- . three-hundredth anniversary: ter-
367 three-d imensional I tide

centenary, tercentennial, tricenten­ underarm, u nderhand • stick that

ary, tricenten nial • ancient ship with returns to its thrower: boomerang
three banks of oars: trireme . group
thyroid . overactivity of the thyroid
• under­
of three artworks with related themes:
trilogy • ensemble of three musi­
gland: hyperthyroidism
trio • solid
activity of the thyroid gland: hypothy­
roidism • neck swelling caused by an
cians, or music for them:
figure with three faces: trihedron
• painting
enlarged thyroid: gOitre
etc. covering three panels:
triptych • three-dimensional picture Tibet . former ruler of Tibet: Dalai
produced by lasers:hologram • three Lama . lama next in rank to him:
successive successes: hat-trick • in Panchen Lama . honoured Tibetan
three identical copies: in tri plicate Buddhist teacher: Rinpoche . Ti­
. having three parts: tri partite, triple betan Buddhism: Lam aism . Tibetan
• involving three participants: tri lat­ flag or wheel with inscribed prayers:
eral prayer flag, prayer wheel . Tibetan
lama • Tibetan Bud­
• combining
Buddhist monk:
dhist monastery: lamasery • Tibetan
three-dimensional
form: stereo- • drawing of a three­
Buddhist mystic syllable: om . Ti­
dimensional object: stereogram
• mental
betan religious scroll painting: tanka
• Tibetan Buddhist shrine: chorten
perception of three­

. Tibetan ox: yak • Tibetan ritual ex­

dimensionality: stereocognosis
threshold . adjective: liminal posure of the dead: s ky burial
thrift • constant thriftiness: scrimp­ tick • device set to tick at a preset
ing rate: metronome
• adjective:
•
throat gular, jugular ticket
• throat • throat
ticket valid for an outward
•
armour: gorget journey only: single ticket valid for
membrane folds making voice sounds: re­
• muscular
an outward and return journey:
vocal cord s passage con­ turn • cheap same-day return: day
taining the vocal cords: larynx, voice return • ticket valid for a single jour­
box • inflammation of the vocal
•
ney across several networks or inter­
cords and voice box: laryngitis in­ changes: through tic ket • ticket valid
fection of the throat causing white for a series of successive journeys or
• area
patches and severe itching: thrush
• build-up of mucus in the throat: ca­
events: season ticket ticket
giving unlimited travel for a specified
tarrh . liquid to swill round the period: rover . free tickets distrib­
mouth and throat: gargle, mouth­
•
uted to create or enlarge an audience:
• book • de­
wash swollen .tissue at the back of paper carnet
•
of tickets:
the throat: adenoids clear the noting a ticket usable on any date:
• mark
throat noisily: hawk open a ticket to show it has
through • combining form: dia- (e.g. been used: cancel • person buying
diaphanous) , trans- (e.g. tra nsonic) up admission tickets to resell at in­

• throw
throw close over a surface:
flated prices: tout
skim • throw hard and frequently: tide . tide that rises highest: spring
pelt • throw a baited hook or net: tide •
tide that rises least: neap tide
cast • throw out: eject • denoting a • rising tide: flood tide • faling tide:

throw made with the arm passing ebb tide • denoting a tide that is nei­
above the shoulder: overa rm, over­ ther rising or faling: slack . denot­
hand . denoting a throw made with ing a tide that is out: low . denoting
the arm kept below the shoulder: a tide that is in: high • (of a tide or
tiger I tin 368

floods) t o trap or isolate someone: ma­ • time between midnight and dawn:
roon • times o f high and low tide a t a small hours • ticking device that
particular place: tide table helps musicians keep time: metro­
tiger • female tiger: tigress . young nome • device measuring time: time­
•
tiger: offspring of a male tiger piece . device showing the time by a
shadow from the sun: sundial • sand
cub
and lioness: tigon • offspring of a
male lion and tigress: vessel measuring time: hourglass
• science
ligon
tight • pulled tight: taut
of accurate time measure­
ment: chronometry • study of time:
tightrope . tightrope walker: fu­ horology . mechanism activating a
nambul ist device at a preset time: timer . im­
tights . tights for dancing or gym­ agined device allowing passengers to
nastics: maillot • actor's flesh· travel to the future or the past: time
coloured tights: fleshings • vertical machine • imagined time-space dis­
strip of unravelled fabric in tights: tortion allowing people and objects of
ladder, run one period to be moved to another:
• region
• unglazed
time warp observing a com­
• national
tile ceramic floor tile:
mon time: time zone time
quarry, q uarry tile . curved inter­
locking roof tile: pantile • wooden ex·
set an hour in advance in summer for
daylight saving: summer time . na­
terior tile for roofs and walls: shingle
• thin mortar used i n tiling: grout
tional time set an hour in advance

• cutting
throughout the year for daylight sav­
timber and preparing tim­ ing: standard time, daylight saving
• tiredness
ber:logging . drying out of timber:
• denoting
time felt after a flight
seaso n i n g , treatment across time jet lag • latest
zones:
timber that has not been dried: green
• rapidly
time for completion: deadline . fur­
spreading form of timber ther time granted for completion: ex­
rot: dry rot tension, grace • evade an issue in
time . combining forms: chron(o)-, order to gain time: temporize . law
temp- • adjective: chron ological, setting a time limit for initiating a
temporal . time when a person was prosecution: statute of l i mitations
active: floruit • time allowed for a • item of short-term interest or utility:
fallen boxer to get up: count . time ephemeron (pl. ephemera) • happen­
when everyone must stay indoors: ing at the same time: concu rrent,
curfew • time that cannot be used simultaneous, synchronous . exist­
productively: dead time • time of ex­ ing at the same time: contem pora n­
ceptional prosperity, achievement, eous, contempora ry . for an unlim­
etc. : golden age • time for the opti­ ited time: indefin itely • not lasting
mum psychological effect:
psycho­ for long: temporary, transient, transi­
logical moment • particular time: tory . for the time being: pro tem
epoch, era . point in time: ju ncture . at an inconvenient time: inoppor­
• duration of time: span • amount of tunely • done or happening at an un­
time a person is able to concentrate on suitable time: unti mely • before the
a particular topic: attention span proper time: premature . on time:
• denoting the earliest times: pri­ punctually • unaffected by time:
meval, primord ial • final moments timeless
before an event: cou ntdown • start
• combining form:
time: zero hour • time between start
times over -fold
and finish: d u ration • time between
(e.g. hundredfold)
start and completion: lead time tin • tin-mining district: stannary
369 tip I tonic sol-fah

tip • pool for all tips given in a res­ toast' 0 toast drunk to thE' ruler:
taurant or hotel: tronc loyal toast
tiredness . tiredness and depres­ tobacco • piece of tobacco for chew­
sion occurring after a viral infection: ing: plug, quid • powdered tobacco
chronic fatigue syndrome for sniffing: snuff • tobacco remain­
ing in a pipe: dottle 0 stimulant in
• combining
• dark resin pro­
tissue form: hist­ tobacco: nicoti ne
. firm but flexible connective tissue: duced as tobacco is burnt: tar 0 invol­
cartilage • band of connective tis­ untary inhalation of tobacco smoke by
sue: ligament . mucus-secreting tis­ non-smokers:passive smoking, sec­
sue: mucous membrane • tissue ondary smoking
transferred surgically: g raft . strong
toe o toe bent permanently down­
elastic connective tissue: carti lage
hammer toe • disease caus­
• small
wards:
space in tissue: vacuole gout 0 area of hard skin
• swollen pus-filled tissue: abscess
ing toe pain:
on a toe: corn o fungal condition af­
• abnormal hardening of body tissue: fecting the skin between the toes: ath­
sclerosis • abnormal tissue growth lete's foot • having inturned toes :
caused by cancer: neoplasm • nitro­ pigeon-toed . excessive number of
gen compound in tissue: protein toes: polydactyly 0 denoting animals
• tissue compatibility: histo­ that walk on their toes: d i g itig rade
• thickening
• combining form: com­
compatib i l ity and scar­
together
ring of connective fi brosis
tissue: (e.g. combination) 0 unable to exist or
• inflammation of fibrous tissue: fi bro­
work together: incompatible, incon­
sitis 0 tissue damage from extreme gruous
cold: frostbite o localized tissue
tolerance . mutual tolerance: co­
death and decay: gangrene, necrosis
• wasting away of tissue: atrophy,
existence, pluralism
dystrophy 0 colourless tissue fluid: tomb o adjective: sepulchral " large

lymph • thick liquid produced in in­ and elaborate tomb: mausoleum

0 natural
o rock-cut or built tomb: sepulchre
fected tissue: pus sub­
o ancient Egyptian tomb: mastaba
stance controlling tissue activity: hor­
mone 0 diagnostic examination of
o beehive-shaped Mycenaean tomb:
tholos . inscription on a tomb: epi­
tissue: biopsy o medical imaging of
taph o ancient tomb of three large
tissue: magnetic resonance imaging
stones: cromlech, dolmen " ancient
stone burial chamber: cist • ancient
o imaging of a tissue section:

• tomblike
planigraphy o study of tissue struc­
burial mound: barrow
ture: histology' o study of tissue
monument: cenotaph
• tombstone
changes caused by disease: histo­
pathology tombstone carver:
monu mental mason
o hereditary
g loss(o ) ­
title right to a title etc.:
tongue o combining form:
succession o adjectives: glossal, lingual o area of
toast' • thin crisp toast: Melba toast the tongue sensitive to tastes: taste
o small piece of toast to di.p into sauce bud • inflammation of the tongue:
etc.: si ppet 0 small piece of toast glossitis • speaking with tongues:
served on soup or a salad: crouton glossolalia
o melted cheese on toast: Welsh rare­ tonic sol-fah o first note i n this
bit 0 melted cheese on toast with a system: doh • second note: re
poached egg: buck ra rebit o third note: mi o fourth note: fah
tonsil I tooth 370

• fifth note: soh • sixth note: lah rasp • powered smoothing tool:
• seventh note: ti sander • wood-smoothing tool: plane
• wide • small
•
tons il
spade: shovel narrow
•
inflammation o f the tonsils:
spade for cutting roots: spud small
• threshing
tonsi l l itis . surgical removal of the
curved spade: trowel
flail • denoting an adjustable
tonsils: tonsillectomy
tool:
tool . tool for adjusting wheel nuts: tool: universal • tool's handle: helve
wheel brace • corkscrew-like tool for • nan·ow part attaching the handle to
wood-boring: auger, bradawl, gim let the operational end: shank • tool's
• tool for breaking up hard ground: expanding holder: chuck • cutting or
pickaxe . adze-ended pickaxe: mat­ gripping part of a tool: bit • device
tock . heavy chisel for cutting guiding a tool: j i g _ person making
bricks: bolster • concave-bladed precision machine tools: toolmaker
chisel: gouge • meat chopper:
tooth . combining forms: dent-,
cleaver . rubber blade for cleaning
windows: squeegee • tool for crush­
odont-, -odon (e.g. mastodon) . ad­
jective: dental • child's first teeth:
m i l k teeth • second set of teeth, last­
ing or grinding: pestle . curved cut­
ting tool: hook • powered cutting or
• long­
ing most of adult life: permanent
teeth • narrow-edged tooth used to
shaping tool: machine tool
bladed agricultural cutting tool:
•
cut: incisor . pointed tooth between
scythe short-handled agricultural
the incisors and molars: canine e ca­
cutting tool with a curved blade:
nine tooth in the upper j aw: eye tooth
• broad grinding tooth: molar • ir­
sickle " steel engraving tool: burin,
graver • crowbar for forcing win­
• agricultural
dows: jemmy two­ regular or projecting tooth: snaggle­

•
pronged fork: pitchfork grinding tooth . long pointed tooth protrud­
•
tool: file gripping tools: pi ncers, ing from the mouth: tusk . tooth
• tool
pliers, tongs, tweezers emerging at the back of the jaw during
wisdom tooth • snake's
for
a spanner adulthood:
• cut
gripping nut or bolt:
• hedgecutting tool: slasher • tool for venom-injecting tooth: fang
holding an object firmly: brace, teeth: teethe • rub the teeth together
clamp, vice • iron bar with a flat­ noisily: grind • involuntary grinding
tened end: crowbar . tool for mark­ of the teeth: bruxism • part of a tooth
ing angles: bevel • mixing and embedded in the gum: root • firm

spreading tool: spatula • tool for flesh around a tooth's root: gum
moulding or stamping out metal: die o tooth's first emergence through the
• iool for piercing leather: awl • tool gum: eruption • part of a tooth above
for applying plaster and mortar: the gum: crown • pointed projection
trowel • plaster-smoothing tool: float on the top of a tooth: cusp • hard
• pruning clippers: secateu rs glossy substance covering the crown:
• pruning tool with a sickle-shaped enamel • bony part of a tooth below
blade: billhook • hooked pruning the enamel: dentine • soft tissue in­
tool on a long handle: pruning hook side a tooth: pulp . tooth decay: car­
. tool making seedholes: dibber, dib­ ies • bacterial film on teeth: plaque
ble • tool for separating rope • hard yellowish deposit forming on
strands:marlinspike . tool for shap­ teeth: calculus, scale, tartar • de­
ing metal: swage • tool for shaping cayed area on a tooth: cavity • block
wood: adze • heavy powered tool for this: fi l l • passage through a tooth for
shaping wood, metal, etc.: machine the nerves and blood vessels: root
tool . metal-smoothing tools: fi le, canal • gap between teeth: diastema
371 top I town
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(pl. diastemata) • denoting a tooth from topic to topic: di scurs ive • ir­
wedged between another tooth and the relevant to the topic: extraneous
• caning
jaw: impacted . alloy used to fill torture
amalgam • filling shaped to fit
the soles of the feet:
teeth:
a tooth cavity: inlay • wire device to
basti nado . torture by dripping
• frame
• protective
water: water torture on
straighten teeth: brace
covering for a tooth: cap • artificial
which the victim may be stretched:
rack • device crushing the thumbs:
replacement for the upper part of a thum bscrew
• adjective: • body
tooth: crown . artificial replacement
touch tactile
for a tooth, supported by the teeth on
examination by touch: palpation
• able tangible • that
either side: bridge, bridgework
• shaped
to be touched:
plastic holding false teeth:
•
cannot be touched or felt: i m pa lpa ble
denture, plate dental repair renew­
ing both appearance and function: to urism • tourism intended to in­
restoration • surgical removal of a crease ecological awareness: ecotour­
tooth: extraction . dentistry of chil­ ism • period of maximum tourist ac­
dren: paedodontics • teeth present tivity: high season • period of least
in a mouth: dentition • numerical tourist activity: low season 0 agent

formula expressing this: dental for­ accompanying a tourist group: cour­

mula • position of teeth with closed ier . tourist guide: cicerone (pl. ci­
jaws: occl usion • bad tooth position­ ceroni), dragoman (pl. dragomans)
ing with closed j aws: mal o cclusion to urnament • tournament for
• regularization of the teeth or j aws: medieval knights: joust
•
• combining form:
orthodontics care of the structures
towards ad- (e.g.
surrounding the teeth: periodontics, advection)
•
•
periodonto logy inflammation of
tower airport tower for traffic con·
contro l tower • bell
the tissue around teeth: periodontitis
trol officials:
be lfry, campanile • castle's
. fine thread pulled between the teeth:
• pointed
tower:
central tower: kee p, donjon • tower
dental fl oss piece of wood
or plastic for cleaning between the
above a gate or drawbridge: barbican
•
teeth: tooth pick . compound added
industrial tower to condense steam:
to drinking water to arrest tooth
• person
cooling tower . mosque tower: m i n ­
aret • small tower: tu rret • tower
decay: fl uoride treating and
extracting teeth: dentist • design,
proj ecting from a defensive wall: bas­
tion • Hindu or Buddhist tower tem­
manufacture, and fitting of false teeth:
• person
ple: pagoda • stepped temple tower
prosth odontics who makes
and repairs false teeth: dental tech ni­
. mould made round a person's
in ancient Mesapotamia: ziggurat
• ancient
cian
im pression • study of teeth: Scottish tower: broch
• tower top tapering to a point: spire,
teeth:
odontology • toothed wheel: cog ,
sprocket • toothed proj ection on a steeple
wheel or cylinder: sprocket town • adjective: civic, m u nicipal,
• planned
• top
urban town with large
• town
top of a hill or mountain: sum­
open spaces: garden city
mit
whose inhabitants mostly work else­
topic • text on a single topic: mono­ where: dormitory • deserted town:
graph • general survey of a topic: ghost town • fusion of several towns:
overview, synopsis • related to a conurbation • backwoods town in
particular topic: thematic • depart South Africa: dorp • visual appear­

from the topic: digress • wandering ance of a town: townscape • squalid

town planning I traffic 372
................................................................................................................................................ ;
urban area: s l u m , twilight zone • un­ • trading centre: entrepot • trade
sightly suburban development: sub­ agent abroad: comprador • denoting
topia • public planning and control trade unnoticed by official statistics:
of urban development: town planning grey, informal . denoting the cheap
. list of towns: gazetteer . linkage of end of a trade: down market • denot-

a town with a similar one abroad for ing trade showing no improvement:
social and cultural exchanges etc.: flat . group of countries exercising
twinning • person employed to shout free , trade among themselves: com­
announcements in a town's streets: mon market, customs u n ion, single
town crier market • discouragement of foreign
imports by high tariffs etc.: protec­
tionism • authority to trade with
town planning . official permis­
sion for the erection or alteration of
buildings: planning permission another's goods: franchise . author­

• area
ity to trade at a specified place: con-
cession • trade restrictions imposed
earmarked by planners for a
particular type of development: zone
• redevelopment
upon a foreign country until it
sanctions • of­
of run-down urban
changes its policies:
on trade: em bargo • words
areas: u rban renewal . collapse of
ficial ban
property values due to expected area
redevelopment: planning blight used in a trade etc. : jargon

• public facility offered by a developer trader . combining form: -monger

in return for planning permission: (e. g. fishmonger) . local trader: little
plan ning gain man . trader selling on: middleman
• trader
•
in stolen goods: fence
toy wheeled board like a single
• wheeled
. wholesale trader: merchant . com­
roller skate: skateboa rd
bination of traders to fix prices: car­
board with steering handles: scooter
• pair
tel , price ring
of disks spun on a string: yo-yo
• sprung j umping-stick: pogo stick trade union • senior official of cer­
. toy showing coloured patterns in a tain unions: convener • branch of
tube: kaleidoscope • optical toy pro­ certain unions: chapel • supporter of
ducing a moving picture: thauma­ trade unions: unionist • grant a
trope, zoetrope • stick with curved union workplace negotiation rights:
vanes turning in the wind: wi ndmill recogn ize . withdraw such rights:
. cotton-like substance for stuffing derecog nize . recruit in a work-
soft toys : kapok place: organ ize, union ize • work-

• adjectives:
place where union membership is vol-
• workplace
trade economic, mer­
untary: open shop
cantile . unrestricted trade: free
where employees must j o in a union
market, open market . main item of
trade: sta ple • trade by exchange ra­
within an agreed time: u n ion shop
• workplace
ther than sale: barter • international
where union membership
• denot­
• se­
is compulsory: closed shop
trade by barter: cou ntertrade
ing a workplace with no union pres­
cret trade in items otherwise available
ence, or of work produced there: non­
only from state outlets or not at al:
_
union � see also industrial relations
black m arket, parallel market
•
trad­
ing with immediate payment and de­ tradition traditional beliefs, cus-
• trading
livery: spot market for toms, and stories of a community:
later payment and delivery: futures fo lklore . abandoning tradition: in­
• trade brought by a particular client: novative, radical
cllstom, account • illegal trade: traf­ traffic • excess traffic: congestion
fic • decline in trade: downturn • time of peak traffic: ru sh hour • de-
373 tra i n I transport

noting traffic whose destination lies seats convert into bunks: couchette
beyond its present location: through . large-windowed carriage: observa­
. fixed post used t o prevent traffic ac­ tion car • sideless goods wagon: flat
cess: bollard . deliberate slowing of • fitting on the end of a railway ve­
traffic: traffic calming • right to pro­ hicle to join it to another: coupling
ceed while other traffic must wait: • safety switch i n a locomotive cab
right of way • flashing yellow globe that cuts the engine unless constantly
at either end of a pedestrian road­ depressed by the driver: dead man's
crossing that is not controlled by handle . token given to driver enter­
traffic lights: Belisha beacon • ar­ ing a single-track section: staff � see
rangement for traffic to merge with also rai lway
that on a transverse road: filter • traf­ training • interactive training en­
fic jam affecting several streets: grid­ vironment for pilots: simul ator, fl i g ht
lock • close to traffic: pedestrianize simulator
train . train with two engines at its tram • extending framework con­
front: double header . train driven necting with overhead power lines:
by motors beneath its carriages: mul­ pantog ra ph
• train
• transfer
tiple unit travelling o n a cush­ transfer
• train
of goods giving a
ion of air: hovertra i n with right to use only: ba i l ment _ person
sleeping accommodation: sleeper conferring this limited right: bailor
. train run empty: ghost train . de­ • person receiving this limited right:
noting a train running towards a bailee . person receiving a right or
major city: up • denoting a train run­ property by legal transfer: assign, as­
ning away from a major city: down sig nee . arrive in time for passen­
• denoting a freight train with a fixed gers to transfer to onward transport:
continuous route: me rry-go-round connect
• denoting
•
a train carrying both goods
•
transistor design of devices using
and passengers: mixed train's
transistors: electronics
•
scheduled route across the network:
path . leave a train: disembark translation computer translation:
automatic translation, mach i n e
tra nslation • free translation: para­
. route indicator on a train's front:
headboard • railwayman in charge
of a train: gu ard • vehicles of which
phrase . literal translation: meta­
phrase • unprepared text set for
translation: unseen • person making
a train is composed: stock, rolling
stock • wagons o r carriages coupled
oral translations: i nterpreter
together for a particular service: train
set • movement of rolling stock from transplant • body's hostile reaction
one line to another: shunting • set of to a transplanted organ: rejection
pivoted wheels for rolling stock: bogie • drug given to prevent rejection of a
. projecting rim on wheels of railway transplanted organ: imm unosup­
vehicles: flange • luxury railway car­ pressor
riage: Pullman • railway carriage's transport • transport of goods:
enclosed entrance area: vesti bule freight, haulage • batch of goods
. partitioned section o f a railway car­ transported: shi pment . large flex­
riage: compartment . carriage with ible container for water-transport of
beds: sleeper, sleeping car, sleeping liquids: dracone • transport com­

carriage • sleeping-car bed: berth pany: carrier, haulier, shipper . com­

• Continental sleeping carriage: pany providing scheduled public air
wagon-lit • railway carriage whose transport: airl i ne . right to operate
tra p I t ree
transport services: ca botage • agent
arranging sea transport: shipbro ker
• involving several kinds of transport:
intermodal • chart showing times
of transport services: timetable
• source of transport travelling regu­
larly between two points: shuttle
• high-speed urban public passenger
transport: rapid transit • denoting a
transport service going right to one's
final destination: through • money
paid to use public transport: fare
• point where several transport ser­
vices meet: interchange . end of a
transport rou te: terminus • extra ve­
hicle put in service when the regular
provision is insufficient: relief
trap • animal
trap using a noose:
snare • trap closing sharply when
entered or trodden upon: spring trap
. large spring trap formerly set to
catch poachers: ma ntrap
• trapdoor giving access to
trapdoor
drains etc_: manhole
travel • that can be travelled over:
navigable • travel through an area
on the way to somewhere else: transit
• travel regularly from home to work:
comm ute . travel a route regularly
for commercial purposes: ply • travel
by soliciting lifts: h itch-h ike • travel
carrying one's belongings in a ruck­
sack: backpack • travel without a
fixed destination: roam • plan and
direct the route of travel: navigate
• short distance to travel: short haul
. persistent desire t o travel: wander­
lust . travel agency specializing in
cheap flights: bucket shop • area
ticket giving unlimited travel for a
specified period: rover • instrument
measuring miles travelled: milometer
• traveller's
traveller
public ac­
count of his experiences: travelogue
tray . fine silver tray: salver
treason • charge with treason: im­
peach
374
treat • treat with excessive kind­
ness: coddle, spoil . treat cruelly or
unfairly: mistreat • treat roughly:
manhandle . repeated cruel and un­
just treatment: persecution
treatment • course of treatment:
therapy
treaty • treaty between the pope and
a secular state: concordat • draft or I,
amendment to a treaty: protocol 1
• formal acceptance of a treaty: ac­
cession • formal rejection of a
treaty: denunciation • active treaty
enforcement by a third party: peace­
keeping
tree • combining forms: arbor-, t
dendr-, silv(i)- . adjectives: arboreal ,
dendroid • young tree: sapling • de- I.
noting a tree that sheds its leaves an­
nually: decid uous • type of tree that
retains its leaves: evergreen • type of
tree having cones as fruit: con ifer
• tree with branches trained along a
wall: espalier . tree with top and
branches cut off: pollard • tree grow­
ing erect to ful height: standard
. small group of trees: copse, grove,
spinney, stand . dense group of
trees: thicket . copse on a steep hill­
side: hanger • wind-stunted trees
high on a mountain: krummholz
. stunted trees and shrubs: scrub
• point beyond which no trees grow:
treeli ne • upper part of a tree: crown
• top branches of a group of trees:
canopy • tree's hard inner wood:
heartwood • tree's soft outer wood:
sa pwood • coloured ring seen in the
cross-section of a tree trunk, re­
presenting a year's growth: a n n ual
ring, growth ring, tree ring . dating
technique derived from these: dendro­
• tree
chronology trunk's outer
covering: bark • cut end of a felled
tree: kerf • fruit of forest trees as ani­
mal food: mast • sticky substance ex-
uded by certain trees: gum, resin
• rough protuberance from a tree
375 trellis I truth

trunk: gnarl, knag • abnormal • easily tricked: naive • trick some­

growth on a tree trunk: gall • simple one into doing something: beguile
• three-in-one: •
plant growing on trees: lichen . culti­
Trinity triune indi­
vation of trees: arboriculture, for­
estry, silviculture • botanical garden
vidual member of the Trinity: hypos­

devoted to trees: arboretum • place

tasis . denoting the shared essence
of members of the Trinity: consub­
•
where young trees are grown: nursery stantial
• entwine tree branches: pleach • cut
assertion that the three
members of the Trinity are separate
back a tree for poles: coppice . cut gods: tritheism • person claiming to
down a tree: fell • cut made round a believe in God but denying the exist­
tree-trunk: g i rdle . person pruning ence of the Trinity: Unitarian
older trees: tree surgeon . person
trip . pleasure trip: outing
felling trees: l u m berj ack e label at­
tached to a tree: tally • bushes etc. trivial e trivial remark: brom ide
• conversational exchange of trivial­
growing round a tree: underg rowth
. study of trees: dendrology . dia­
ities: small ta lk . anticlimax result­
ing from an unexpected mention of
gram laid out like a tree: dendro­
gram trivialities: bathos
• troops
• trellis
troops in permanent mili­
• extra
along which the
tary employment: reg ulars
branches of fruit trees are trained: es­
• trellis climbing
forces kept for emergency use: re­
• member
palier carrying
serves of such a force: re­
• troops
plants over a garden path or arbour:
servist not part of an estab­
pergola
lished force: irregulars, guerri llas
trial . trial invalidated by a legal • troops stationed in a town or fort:
technicality: mistrial • trial held for garrison • troops trained to serve on
publicity purposes: show trial • hand land or sea: marines • troops trained
over to a foreign state a person ac­ in parachuting: paratroops • place

cused of commiting a crime there: where troops are post,

stationed:
extradite • mock trial as an academic posting, garrison • troops' living ac­
legal exercise: moot • trial run of an commodation: barracks, b i llet, quar­
idea, policy, etc. to gauge public reac­ ters . arrangement of troops: array,
tion: ballon d 'essai, trial balloon formation . narrow but deep forma­
� see also lawcourt tion of troops: colu m n . line of
troops drawn up abreast: ran k • gath­
trial and error • trial-and-error
ering of troops for inspection etc. :
method of solving problems:
,
heuris­
muster . draw up troops in parade
d ress • position troops
tic
formation:
triangle • triangle with three equal deploy • equip troops with
for battle:
sides: equilateral tria ngle • denoting motor vehicles: motorize • long leave
a triangle with two equal sides: isos­ granted to troops: furlough � see also
celes • denoting a triangle with un­ soldier
equal sides: scalene • longest side of trust • adjective: fi d uciary • person
a right-angled triangle: hypotenuse administering a trust: trustee • inno­
. surveying system based on meas­ cently trustful: naive, unsuspecting
ured triangles: triangulation
truth . true but trite statement: tru­
trick . legal or financial trickery: ism • appearance of truth: verisimili­
chicanery • deliberate deception of a tude • allegedly or seemingly true:
trusting person: confidence trick ostensible • guarantee the truth of:
tube I turpentine 376 ,

warrant . prove the truth of: demon­ enemy's defences: sap • tunnel­
strate . deny the truth of: contro­ building by digging a trench and roof­
vert ing it over: cut-and-cover
tube . tube conveying liquid from a ,.turbine . combining form: turbo­
higher to a lower vessel by atmos­ . turbine powered by an engine's ex­
pheric pressure: siphon . very thin haust gases: tubocharger • turbine
tube: capil lary • thin tube inserted blade: vane
• noise
into a vein or body cavity: cannula
. thin tube inserted into the urethra:
turkey made by a turkey:

catheter • insertion of a tube into the

gobble . fleshy lobe hanging from a

intubation • glass tube with a

turkey's neck: wattle
body:
closed end used in laboratory experi­ Turkish • combining form: Turco­
ments: test tube • tube with mirrors (e.g. Turco-Soviet) . Turkish admin- il
to see over or round an obstacle: peri­ istrative district: vilayet • flat-woven :.l
scope . tube giving the image in a Turkish carpet: kilim • Turkish •. �

television or computer: cathode ray mixed hors d'oeuvre: mezes . Turk. " r
tube • made of tubular sections, each ish dish of stuffed aubergines: Imam �
fitting inside the last: telescopic Bayi ldi • Turkish dish of spiced �.:
tumour • combining forms: onco-, lamb: doner kebab • Turkish dish
• denoting
-oma a tumour that does dried cracked wheat: bulgar
not seriously threaten health: benign . Turkish robe open at the front: dol­

• benign
man . long Turkish tobacco pipe:
chibouk • Turkish summer house:
tumour of fatty tissue:
lipoma . denoting a tumour that
spreads out of control and returns kiosk . Turkish shared taxi: dolmus
after treatment: malig nant . malig­ . Turkish nomad's tent: yurt . for·

carcinoma • ma­ mer title of a Turkish district gov·

• former
nant skin tumour:
ernor: bey title of a Turkish ,
•
lignant tumour of the bone marrow:
•
myeloma tumour of melanin­ senior officer: pasha member of the

forming cells: melanoma . malig­ Turkish sultan's former guard: janiS-

nant tumour of connective tissue: sar· sary
coma • slow-growing malignant turn . combining forms: trop- (e.g.
facial tumour: rodent ulcer • malig­ tropism), -tropic (e.g.
nant tumour of the testis: tera­ . turn assigned in rotation:
tocarcinoma • causing tumours: tu rn • complete turn of a vehicle in a
oncogenic - surgical destruction of confined space by moving backwards
'
tumours by an electric current: elec­ and forwards: three-point turn
trolysis • study and treatment of tu­ • complete turn of a vehicle in a single
mours: oncology � see also cancer arc: U-turn . race with constant
tune . simple tune: air • easily turns: slalom • pass round in turn:
rotate • sudden or unexpected
t
memorable tune: jingle • tune of es­
tablished popularity: standard • mu­ quirk • full of twists and turns:
sical embellishment to a note in a ous • crucial turning point: Rubi·
tune: ornament • reworking of a con, watershed • turning force:
complete tune: va riation . tune frag­ torque . turn into bone: ossify
ment constantly repeated: osti nato . turn into stone: petrify • turn from
• section of a tune regularly repeated: its course: deflect • turn violently:
refrai n slew
tunnel . road o r pedestrian tunnel: turpentine • adjective: terebinth· ,
underpass • tunnel dug under an ine
377 turtle I tyre

turtle • turtles' breeding ground: bilateral • aircraft having two sets of

rookery wings: biplane • athletic contest
twelve • combining
form: dodeca- with two events for all competitors: bi­
• adjectives: duodecimal, duodenary athlon . ensemble of two musicians,
• twelve-sided figure: dodecagon or music for them: duet • painting
. twelve-tone musical system: seria l­ etc. covering two panels: di ptych
ism, dodeca phony • ancient warship with two files of
•
• adjective:
oarsmen on each side: bireme oc­
twenty vigesimal . set
curring every two months: bi monthly
of twenty: score (pl. same)
. occurring once in, or (of a plant)
twice . combining forms: bi-, di­ lasting for, two years:biennial • two­
(e.g. dioxide) . occurring twice a hundredth anniversary: bicentenary,
month: bimonthly . occurring twice bicenten nial . cut in two: bisect
a year: biannual, semi-annual
type . combining form: -ery (e.g.
twilight . adjective: crepuscular g reenery)
twins • denoting twins joined at typeface • font
• denoting
set of printing type:
birth: Siamese twins de­ . upright typeface: roman . sloping
veloped from the same ovum: identi­ typeface: italic . slight stroke at the
cal, mon ozygotic, monozygous serif • serif­
• denoting
end of a printed letter:
non-identical twins: sans se rif • thick­
• astrological
less typeface:
dizygotic, d izygous
' looking typeface: bold • typeface imi­
term:Gemini tating handwriting: script • German
twist . sudden sharp twist: wrench traditional typeface: Fraktur • Eng­

. (of a ship or aircraft) twist from side lish equivalent: black letter
to side: yaw • twist unnaturally: con­ typewriting • moving
tort • be twisted by heat or damp:
part of type­
writer for positioning paper: carriage
• • type­
distort, warp typewriter roller: platen
twitch . uncontrolled facial twitch: writer key giving capital letters: shift
tic key • typewriter key giving a new
two . combining forms: bi-, di-, line: carriage return • typewriter

du(o)- • adjectives: binary, double, key giving free movement of paper:

dual . division into two categories: carriage release . standard English­
dichotomy • (of a legislative body) language keyboard layout: querty
having two chambers: bicameral • type using all fingers and without
. for two ears: binaural . for two looking at the keys: to uch-type
eyes: binocu lar • two-faced: duplici­ tyre • tyre with diagonal cords:
tous • animal having two feet: biped cross-ply • tyre with cords at right­
• in, or able to speak, two languages: angles to the circumference: rad ial
bilingual • ability to be in two places • tyre's reinforced inner edge that
simultaneously: bi location . having grips the rim of the wheel: bead
two names or terms: binomial . in­ • thick moulded part of a tyre: tread
volving two participants: bi lateral, bi­ • sipe . inflat­
groove in a tyre tread:
partisan, bi partite • having two inner tube
able tube inside a tyre:
parts: bina ry, bi pa rtite, dual • thing • worn tyre given a new tread: re­
having two parts: dyad • two-sided: mould, retread
Uu
ulcer • denoting an ulcer slow to understand • easy to understand:
heal: i n d olent perspicuous, user-friendly • imme­

diate understanding not needing ra­

umbrella . light umbrella giving
shade from the sun: parasol tional thought: i ntuition . hard to

•
understand: enigmatic, enigmatica l ,
unarmed combat sports giving obscure • impossible t o understand:
skil in unarmed combat: martial impe netrable, inaccessible, inde­
arts cipherable, ind igestible • make hard
uncle • adjective: avu ncular . child to understand: obfuscate

• perceptive
of one's uncle or aunt: cousin understanding under­
unconsciousness • semi­ standing:inSight, penetration • sym­
conscious state: stupor . long period pathetic understanding: empathy
of deep unconsciousness: coma • informal diplomatic understanding
• temporary loss of consciousness: between two nations: entente cordi­
blackout • state of unconsciousness ale
• deliberate
with bodily rigidity: catalepsy, cata­
•
understatement
tonia unconsciousness from a blow
• knock
understatement: l itotes
to the head: concussion un­
conscious: stun underwater 0 sealed underwater
• underwater
• unconventional
chamber: caisson wall
unconventional
•
reaching to the surface to provide a
•
person: eccentric deliberately un­
dry area: coffer, cofferdam divers'
conventional person: enfant terrible
•
underwater vessel open at the bottom
(pl. enfants terribles) shock the staid
and filled with air: d iving bell
•
by unconventional behaviour: epater
submarine-like vessel for deep
les bourgeois
underwater exploration: bathy­
under . combiningforms: hypo- (e.g. scaphe
•
hypodermic), infra- (e.g. infra-red),
sub- (e.g. sub-zero) underworld denoting the under­
•
•
world: chthonian, chthonic god of
underground underground cem­
catacomb • underground com­
the Classical underworld: Hades,
• his
etery:
bunker • underground
Pl uto consort: Persephone
• river
mand centre:
• under­
bordering the Classical under­
• ferryman
railway in London: tube
world:
Styx of the Styx:
ground railway in Paris: metro
• underground
C�ron
railway in Rome:
metropolitana • underground rail­ unemployment • unemployment

way in the USA: subway due to change of job: frictional un-

• unemployment
• undermine
employment due to
undermine a fortifica-
industrial reorganization: structural
tion by tunnelling beneath it: sap
• undermine
unemployment
an organization by es­
tablishing agents within it: i nfiltrate uniform • uniform for a specified
• such an agent: mole purpose: order • uniform of a par-
379 union I university

ticular regiment: regimentals . or­ universe: big bang • theory that the
dinary uniform:undress . loose universe is supported by constant cre­
drab uniform: fatig ues • uniform for ation of matter: steady state • study

formal but not ceremonial occasions: of the general features of the universe:
service d ress . officer's uniform for cosmography • study of the origins
formal dinners: mess kit • tight of the universe: cosmogony • study

jacket for this: mess jacket, monkey of the origin and development of the
jacket • tight dress trousers: overalls universe: cosmology
• adjective:
. close-fitting short coat: tunic . sol­ university
dier's peaked cap: forage cap • mili­
academic
. university a t which one was edu­
tary badge: insignia (pl. same) . or­ cated:alma mater • university enrol­
• first-year
namental shoulderpiece on a uniform matricu lation
•
ment:
jacket: epaulette coloured patch of university student: freshman . uni­
cloth indicating regiment: flash
• V-shaped
versity student who has not yet taken
stripe on the arm of a uni­ his first degree: undergraduate . de­
form: chevron, stri pe • cord holding noting a university member below the
a whistle etc. : lanyard • ornamental grade of master: in statu pupil lari
fastening: frog • belt worn by certain • grant financing university study:
army officers, with a strap over the bursary . partial remission of fees
shoulder: Sam B rowne • military of­ awarded to a promising undergradu­
ficer's short stick: swagger stick ate: exhibition, scholars h i p . such
• military boot reaching . to the knee: undergraduate: exhi bitioner, scholar
jackboot • herald's emblazoned coat: • undergraduate having neither a
taba rd . jester's outfit: motley scholarship nor exhibition: com­
. non-uniform clothes: plain clothes, moner • university student in his or
civvies, m ufti her final year: fi nalist, schoolsman
union • enforced union of Austria • denoting a student examined, but
with Germany in 1938: Ansch luss not taught by, a university: external
• denoting
• independent
a student taught and exam­
unit unit: mod ule
• single
ined by a university: internal . for­
o r indivisible unit: monad mer university alumnus
student:
United States . Texan hat: stet­ (fern. alumna; pl. alumni) • denoting
son • New York underground rail­ university teaching given to non­
way: subway . New York stock ex­ members: extra m u ral • introductory
change: Wa l l Str�et • general index university course: foundation course
of New York share prices: Dow Jones • university class for a small group:
index sem inar • long university essay: dis­
sertation, thesis • level of merit
unity • pursuit of unity between all
gained in a university examination:
• university
Christian churches: ecumenism
class, honou rs aca­
universe • combining form: cosmo- demic award: degree • university de­
. adjective: cosm ic . the universe be­ gree with the highest honours in two
yond the earth's atmosphere: outer subjects or examinations: double first
space, deep space • the universe . degree with gradings for ability:
viewed as an ordered system: cosmos honours degree . degree without
• belief that God made the universe: honours: pass degree • degree cere­
creationism • scientific elaboration mony: graduation • person about to
of this: creation science • explosion receive a degree: g raduand . person
of dense matter said to have begun the who has received a degree: g raduate
.........................................................................................................................................

. person holding a first degree: bach­ up • combining form: ana- (e.g. anad-
elor • person holding a more ad­ romous) • straight up: vertical
• person
vanced degree: master hold­
Up �,)ft . combining form: epi- (e. g.
ing the highest degree: doctor
• university
epigraphy)
i
robes: academicals
. dark clothes worn with university upper • combining form: over- (e.g.
robes: su bfusc • title of the head of over,coat)
• turn
certain univers ities: chancel lor, rec­ upside down
•
upside down:
tor senior university administra·
• university
i nvert
• modify
tor: registrar official
uranium uranium increas·
carrying official insignia on ceremo·
nial occasions: beadle, bedel, bedell ing its explosive power: d
e n ri h
• university disciplinary official: urge • sudden urge to act: i mpulse
proctor • students' elected represen· . urge to peform an unwise action:
tative in Scottish universities: rector cacoethes
• chief university teacher: professor
• university • perman­
urine . combining form: uro- (e.g.
urogenital) • horse and cattle urine:
teacher: don
ent employment as a university
•
stale . urine-creating gland: kidney
•
teacher: ten u re meeting of univer­
system conducting urine from kid­
u rinary tract • bodily
sity senior members: congregation
• meeting
ney to urethra:
bladder • duct by
of university graduates:
sac holding urine:
co nvocation . university teaching
• university
which urine passes from the kidney to
•
department: facu lty
the bladder: ureter duct by which
teachers' relaxation room: senior
•
urine is discharged from the bladder:
urethra • inflammation of the ur­
common room head o f a university
•
urethritis • tube inserted into
faculty:dean extended leave
ethra:
granted to a university teacher: sab­
the body for draining off urine: cath­
• painful
batical . university extramural tu·
ition: extension • university finance
eter urination: dysuria I
• involuntary
• university site and
urination: enuresis
• inability to control urination: incon­
office: chest
• university ac­
tinence • production of exceptionally
buildings: campus
commodation block: hall of residence
small amounts of urine: oliguria . ex·
. university dining hall: refectory
• university
cessive urine production: diuresis
• production
holiday: vacation
• group
of much dilute urine:
of prestigious US universities:
Ivy League • arrive at university:
polyu ria . presence of blood in the
• excessive ke­
come up • leave university: go down
urine: haematuria

• expel from university: send down

tones in the urine: ketonuria . drug

• recruiting
increasing urination: d i u retic . drug
agents' tour of univer­
decreasing urination: antid i u retic
• study
sities: m i l k round . period of student
and treatment of the urinary
antics to raise money for charities:
system: urology
rag � see also academic, Cam bridge,
college, Oxford use • available for use: at one's dis- ,

• unorthodox
posa l , free • easy to use:
friend ly, user-oriented • hard to
unorthodox person:

user-hostile • items or persons kepI

maverick
• make
• to be used
unsuitable or declare un­ for later use: reserve
suitable: disqual ify once and thrown away: disposablE
• excessive use: overkill • earmar�
unusual . unusual or unexpected I
act or event: abe rration an item for specific use: reserVE
381 usefu l I uterus

• make the best possible use of: opti­ • inflammation of the uterus: metritis
mize • periodic uterine bleeding: menstru­
• abnormal
• very
useful godsend ation, period uterine
metrorrhagia • diagnostic
useful thing:
• useful in real circumstances: prac­
bleeding:
sampling of fluid from a pregnant
•
tical
uterus: amniocentesis specimen
user . combining form: -ist (e.g. taken from the cervix to detect cancer:
• vacuuming
motorist) cervical smear the
uterus • combining forms: uterus as a means of abortion: va­
hyster(o)-, uter(o)- • adjective: uter­ cuum aspiration • surgical scraping
ine . within the uterus: intraute rine of the uterus: d ilatation and cu ret­
• neck of the uterus: cervix • en­ tage • surgical removal of the
trance to the cervix: os • uterine uterus: hysterectomy • hormone
organ nourishing the fetus: placenta stimulating uterine preparation for
. attachment of the egg to the uterus pregnancy: progesterone • hormone

wall: implantation • mucous mem­ stimulating uterine contractions and

brane lining the uterus: endometri u m milk secretion: oxytocin
Vv
vaccine • supplementary dose of glen ' • valley in Wales: cwm • steep
vaccine: booster . treat with vac­ valley in northern ghyll
England:
cine: inocu late, vaccinate • narrow rift
valley with steep sides:
•
vacuum denoting a barometer va lley . deep river gorge: canyon,
ravine . mountain valley: gorge
•
using a vacuum box to measure at­
mospheric pressure: aneroid short valley in southern England:
combe • steep narrow valley in Dor­
•
vagina . combining form: colp­
• sensitive
set or the Isle of Wight: chine steep
area at the top of the va­
narrow valley in northern England:
• steep
gina: cl itoris . sensitive area inside
G spot • area surround­
clough narrow valley in
the vagina:
North America: g ulch . narrow
gorge or pass: defile • wooded valley:
ing the outer end of the vagina: vulva
• membrane
dene • small wooded valley: dell
partially blocking the en­
trance of a virgin's vagina: hymen
• painful spasmodic contraction of the value . value stated on an item of
vagina: vaginismus • inflammation currency: face value • item's value
of the vagina: vaginitis • infection of in an owner's accounts: book value
the vagina causing white patches and • item's value if sold: market value,
severe itching: thrush . whitish dis­ street value . cost to replace an item:
charge from the vagina: leucorrhoea, replacement value • increase in
vagi nosis • vaginal discharge at the value: appreciation . decrease in
onset of labour or menstruation: value: depreCiation . loss of value
show • vaginal ulcer: enanthema due to wear and tear: depreciation
• medical examination of the vagina: . estimation of an item's value: valu­
colposcopy • vaginal plug absorb­ ation • assign a value t o : valorize
ing menstrual blood: tampon . de­ • former system defining a currency's
vice inserted in the vagina: pessary gold standard
•
value in terms of gold:
•
solid medication inserted to dissolve amount by which the value of an
in the vagina: pessa ry, suppository
•
item is increased at each stage in its
•
surgical cutting of the vagina to ease
• excision
production: value added reduce
childbirth: episiotomy of write
the nominal value of stock held:
the clitoris and stitching together of
down • proportionate to value: ad
the vulva: infibulation valorem
• vagrant
•
vagrant who searches
value added tax denoting liable
beaches for objects of value: beach­
items that are not in fact .taxed: zero­
comber
rated
• vague
•
vague and unworldly: fey
•
valve air valve on a carburettor: '

choke • automatic water refill valve:

vague feeling of unease: malaise
valid • make valid: ratify • end of ballcock . externally operated valve
validity: expiry regulating flow through a pipe: stop­
valley • valley in northern England: cock • valve preventing reverse flow:
dale . valley in Scotland or Ireland: check valve
383 variety I Venice

variety • variety of plant or animal hicle o r cart: float • unpowered ve­

developed by breeding: strain hicle towed by another: trailer . light
varnish • hard Asian vehicle drawn by one or more
• group
black o r coloured
varnish: japan • clear natural var­ persons: rickshaw of ve­
nish: lacquer • very hard varnish: hicles travelling convoy
together:
yacht varnish . hard resin used to • vehicle' s chassis • ve­
base frame:
make varnish: rosin . resin flakes hicle's outer shell: body, bodywork,
used to make varnish: shellac . oil coachwork • outer structure added
used in mixing varnish: turpentine to improve aerodynamics: fairing
• springs
• tall
etc. supporting a vehicle:
• distance
vase vase with a stem and
suspension between a ve­
base: urn
wheel­
• Vatican
hicle's front and rear axles:
•
Vatican agreement with base hub
.. see
axle Wheel-mounting:
•
another state: con cordat also alignment of a vehicle' s wheels:
pope tracking • decorative cover for wheel
vault • rounded roofing vault: dome nuts: h u b cap . vehicle part proj ect­
• vault forming a half cylinder: barrel ing over a wheel: wing • partial va­
vault • pair of intersecting barrel­ cuum in the wake of a moving vehicle:
vaults: groin vault • ornament cover­ sli pstream • distance a vehicle can
ing converging vaulting: boss travel without refuelling: range o list

• short vaulting rib: lierne • of passengers or parcels carried on a

veal • constricted cage in which waybi l l . vehicle's intrinsic
vehicle:
calves are reared for veal: crate weightdead load • weight of people
•
or goods in a vehicle: live load
• weighing
vegetable fibrous element in ve­
•
apparatus for vehicles:
• complete
getables: ro ughage aperitif of
weighbridge turn of a ve­
mixed raw vegetables: crudites
• cream
hicle in a confined space by moving
of liquidized vegetables:
• vegetables
backwards and forwards: three-point
• complete
puree minced for stuff­
•
turn turn of a vehicle in a
ing: forcemeat dish of mixed
single arc: U-tu rn . device immobil­
chopped vegetables: macedoine
• dish of mixed cold vegetables: salad
izing an illegally parked vehicle:

• dish
wheel clamp
of mixed fried vegetables: rata­
tou ille • garnish of mixed vegetables: veil . Muslim woman ' s veil: yash­
jardiniere • dish of sliced vege­ mak
tables cooked in milk: dauphinois Ve lcro • sport of jumping at a Velcro
• sauteed chopped vegetables: wall in a Velcro suit: barfly jumping
• disease caused by lack of
•
mirepoix venereal disease disease with
fresh fruit and vegetables: scu rvy inflammatory discharge from the ur­
vegetarian • strict vegetarian who ethra or vagina: gono rrhoea • dis­
avoids al animal products: vegan ease attacking the bones, muscles, and
. vegetarian also consuming milk brain: syphilis • disease with painful
products: lacto-vegetarian 0 person genital blisters: genital herpes
consuming eggs, milk, and vegetables: • painless genital ulcer: chancre
lacto-ovo-vegetarian Venice . former ruler of Venice:
vehicle • vehicle that can operate on Doge • small Venetian passenger
land or water: amphibian . amphib­ boat:gondola • operator of this: gon­
ian travelling on a cushion of air: dolier • song of Venetian gondoliers:
hovercraft • vehicle with a flat load­ barcarole • Venetian water bus:
carrying area: flatbed • small ve- va poretto
ventriloquist I victory 384
.............................................................................................. ..................................................

ventriloquist • ventriloquist's doll: lines: tetra stich • group of verse

dummy lines forming a metrical unit: stanza,
• style
Venus • Greek name: Aphrodite strophe, verse of rhyme with
, several repeated syllables: echo verse
• continuation
verb . recite the forms of an inflect­ of the sense beyond the
•
ing verb: conj ugate . denoting a
line-end: enjambement denoting
verb taking a direct object: transitive
• denoting
verse. having a pause at each line-end:
a verb not taking a direct
end-stopped . stress in a line of
• theory
object: intransitive verse: ictus and practice of
verdict • verdict agreed by al versification: prosody � see also
jurors: unanimous verdict • verdict poem, rhyme
• weighted
agreed by all but one or two jurors:
• verdict
vertical line establish­
plumb line • weight
majority verd ict that the ac­
ing verticality:
cused is not guilty: acquittal .jury's
on a plumb line: bob, plumb, plumb
comment added to its verdict: rider
• denoting
bob, plummet
a verdict against the
weight of evidence: perverse • denot­ vestments • small square litur­
ing a verdict reached on unreliable gical hat worn by RC clergy: biretta
evidence: u nsafe, unsatisfactory • skullcap worn by RC clergy: zuc-

• denoting a verdict reached without a chetto • strips of white cloth worn at

jury: summary • coroner's jury ver­ the neck: Geneva bands • woollen
dict on a suspicious death:
open ver­ shoulder vestment worn by the pope
dict • annul a legal decision: over­ and RC archbishops: pallium . long
turn, set aside garment of black or red cloth worn

vermin • rid of vermin: disi nfest

under other vestments: cassock
• hip-length vestment of white linen
vermouth • dry vermouth: French worn over a cassock: cotta, surplice
vermouth • sweet vermouth: Ital ian • bishop's long surplice: rochet
vermouth . thick white ankle-length vestment:
verse • easily memorable verse: jin­ alb . linen neck-covering worn with
gle • verse that rhymes but does not the alb: amice • cape-like Eucharis-
scan: doggerel . metrical but un­ tic over-vestment: chasuble • over­

rhymed verse: blank verse • verse vestment for bishops and deacons:
without rhyme or rhythm: free verse dalmatic • subdeacons' short over­
• rhythmic pattern of a piece of verse: vestment: tun icle • vestment's em­
metre, prosody • metrical analysis broidered ornament: orph rey
of verse: scansion • metrical scheme • bishop's pointed liturgical hat: m itre

imitating normal speech: sprung . ribbon for this: infula (pl. infulae)
rhythm • metrical unit in versifica­ • bishop's m itre • bishop's staff:
hat:
tion: foot • verse-line of five feet: crook, crozier, pastoral staff . long
pentameter • verse-line of six feet: liturgical scarf: stole • ornate pro­
hexameter . verse-line of seven feet: cessional cloak: cope
heptameter • verse-line of eleven syl­ vibration • strong vibration: jud­
lables: hendecasyllable • central der
• adjective:
pause in a line of verse: caesura
• half a
viceroy viceregal
• viceroy's
line of verse: hem istich
• four-line
wife, or female viceroy:
stanza: quatrain
• matched pair of verse lines: couplet,
vicereine
distich • group of three rhyming victory • denoting a victory so
lines: tercet • group of four verse costly as to be futile: pyrrhic
385 video I voice

video • video compiled from short virus • virus found in the intestines:
clips from other videos: scratch video enterovirus . virus living on bac­
. video colour substitution system: teria: bacteriophage • group of vir­
chromakey . video display showing uses causing respiratory infections or
light text on a dark ground: reverse meningitis: echoviruses . herpes­
video • showing of a video: screen­ virus harmful to the newborn: cyto­
ing • person introducing and playing megalovirus • herpesvirus
causing
music videos on television: video glandular fever and certain cancers:
jockey • portable video camera and Epstei n-Barr virus • hypothetical

recorder: camcorder . facility ar­ infectious particle postulated as the

resting the image: freeze-frame cause of bovine spongiform encephal­
. numbers on a video image indicat­ itis: virino . the body's hostile reac­
ing time of exposure etc. : time code tion to a harmful virus:immune re­
• place
sponse • protein inhibiting a virus:
interferon • study of viruses: vir­
view giving a good view:
vantage point . giving a wide view:
commanding • all-round view: pan­ ology
orama • extensive view: prospect virtual real ity • simulated se­
• side view: profile • apparent quence of aerial views: fly-through
change of an object's position when • simulated sequence of ground-level
viewed from different points: paral­ views : walk-th rough • simulation of
lax physical attributes: force feedback
• apparent
•
participation in distant
• person
vigour stylish vigour: elan . lack
events: telepresence ex­
of vigour: i nanition
cybe rnaut
•
periencing virtual reality:
Viking Viking warship: longship, • device for manipulating virtual real­
dragon ship ity images: datag love
village . village whose inhabitants visit . day for public visits to an in­
mostly work dormitory
elsewhere: stitution etc.:open day . salesman's
• small ham­
village without a church: unsolicited visit:cold call . visited
let • annual village festival: feast by few: secl uded
• open grassy area in a village: g reen
vocabulary • adjective: lexical
vine • cultivation of vines: viticul­ • total vocabulary of a language: lexis
ture . place where vines are grown: • vocabulary of a language or topic:
vineyard • insect killing vine leaves: lexicon • vocabulary of a trade or
phylloxera profession: terminology
vinegar • adjective: acetic voice • adjective: vocal • throat

violence • situation bringing a high membrane folds making voice sounds:

•
•
risk of violence: flash point wan­ vocal cords muscular passage con­
taining the vocal cords : larynx, voice
•
tonly violent: vicious
• part
box inflammation of the vocal
violin holding the fingerboard:
laryngitis • notes
• ornamental
cords or voice box:
neck inlay on the back
purfle • screw on a violin
a particular voice can sing: com pass,
or belly:
range • section of a voice's range:
bow: nut � see also musical instru­
register • voice's higher register:
ment head voice • voice's lower register:
virgin • astrological term: virgo chest voice • unnaturally high voice
• membrane partially blocking the en­ obtained by constricting the vocal
trance of a virgin's vagina: hymen chords: falsetto . pitch range of a
. virgin birth: parthenogenesis voice: compass, gamut, tessitu ra
volcano I vote 386

• denoting a light singing voice: lyric straw poll • vote assessed from the
• denoting a strong singing voice: dra­ volume of shouts for and against:
matic, heroic • vocalization inter· voice vote • overwhelming vocal
mediate between speech and song: support: acclamation . (of a pro·
Sprechgesang, Sprechstimme posal) receive a majority vote: be car­
• variation in­
o f the speaking voice: ried . largest share of the votes cast:
flection, intonation, lilt, modulation majority, simple majority • share
• in a soft voice: sotto voce . lack of cont a ining more than half the votes
vocal variation: monotone • enter· cast: absolute majority • overwhelm­
tainer seeming to make his or her ing majority of votes: land sl ide • de­
voice come from a dummy: ventri lo­ noting a decision supported by all
q uist • funnel·shaped device amplify· votes cast:unani mous . occasion or
ing the voice: megaphone � see also place of voting:poll . right to vote:
singer suffrage, franchise • right of all to
volcano • volcano's pointed peak: vote: un iversal suffrage • person
cone • volcano's hollow mouth: having the right to vote: elector
crater • volcanic vent for sulphurous • person empowered to vote for an­
gases: fumarole • volcanic vent for other: proxy . list of electors: elect­
sulphurous gases, steam, and hot oral rol l • subgroup of electors acting
mud: solfatara • large volcanic for the larger body: electoral college
crater: caldera • volcano's ejection of • elector not giving regular support to
lava etc.: eru ption • volcanic phe· any party: floating voter • building
nomena: volcanism • denoting a vol· used for voting: pol ling station
cano that is erupting, or has done so • poll
•
number of votes cast:
within historical times: active de· • chairman's vote to decide a tied poll:
• positive
noting a volcano that is expected to casti ng vote vote in the
• positive
erupt again, though it has not done so House of Commons: aye
within historical times: dormant
• denoting
vote in the House of Lords: content
a volcano that is not ex· . positive vote in a church or univer·
• negative
pected to erupt again: extinct . mol· sity assembly: placet vote
• nega·
ten material ejected by a volcano: lava
• rock
in the House of Commons: no
fragments ejected by a volcano:
tephra • solidified lava in a volcano's
tive vote in the House of Lords: non­
content • negative vote in a church
top: plug . rock formed by solidify·
or university assembly: non placet
• vote
ing lava froth : pum ice . exception·
given to exclude a candidate:
• vote
ally large ocean wave caused by an
blackba l l proportional in
earthquake or volcanic eruption: tidal
wave, tsunami • study of volcanoes:
power to the number of persons its
caster represents: block vote . sys­
vo lcanology, vulcanology
tern where each voter has as many
vomit . desire to vomit: nausea
• drug
votes as there are candidates: cumu­
• voting
inducing vomiting: emetic
• drug
lative voting strategy aimed
preventing vomiting: anti­
at defeating an otherwise strong can·
emetic didate or party: tactical voting
voodoo loa (pl. same)
. voodoo god: • mark a voting paper incorrectly:
• voodoo charm: g ris-gris (pl. same) spoil • give the right to vote: enfran­
vote • national vote on an important chise • deliberately refrain from vot· ;
question: plebiscite, referendum ing: abstain • study of voting pat·

. parliamentary vote: d ivision . in· terns: psephology � see also

formal vote taken to gauge opinion: election, parliament
387 vow I vu lva

vow • done in fulfilment of a vow: vo­ triphthong • indeterminate vowel

tive • person vowed to religious ser­ sound: schwa
votary • offering made to fulfil
•
vice:
voyage pleasure voyage: cruise
a vow: ex-voto
•
• vowel a
vowel with single consist·
Vulcan Greek name: Hephaestus
ent sound: mono phthong • vowel vulva • Hindu vulva symbol re-
starting with one sound that merges presenting divine creativity:yo ni
into another: di phthong • vowel with . outer folds o f the vulva: labia ma­
three successive intermerged sounds: jora • its inner folds: labia minora
Ww
wage • wage based on the number of pinning their arms from behind:
items produced: piecework • wage frogmarch
equality: pa rity • benefit given in
walking . combining form: -grade
• manner gait • walking
addition to a money wage: fri nge
benefit • point on a wage scale:
of walking:

grade, step • working hours paid at

with arms pinned behind: frog march

• im­
. walking as if lame: hobbling . de­
the normal rate: plain time
noting an animal that walks on the
proved rate of pay for work done be­
yond standard hours: overtime sales of its feet: plantigrade . denot­
•
ing an animal that walks on its toes:
extra pay offsetting high regional
• employer's
living costs: weig hting digitigrade
stoppage • walking
J
deduction from wages: walking stick stick with
• note detailing pay and deductions: a handle that makes a seat: shooting
payslip . wage before deduction of stick • walking stick's metal tip: fer- :
tax and stoppages: g ross wage ru le
•
• adjectives: m u ral (of a build­
wage after deduction o f tax a n d stop­
wal l � ,

ing) , parietal (in the body) • wall of a

pages: n et wage, take-home pay
• wage �
body cavity: paries • wall linking a
increase awarded on change of
• tendency
castle' s towers: cu rta in wal l • outer
job grade: in crement for

wall of a castle: bailey • containing

actual wages to outstrip negotiated
levels, due to overtime etc . : wage d rift
• system
wall: reta iner, retaining wa l l , revet­
ment • defensive wall: bu lwark • de-
linking wage rises to price
rises: i ndexation • denoting such
wages: index-l inked fensive wall of wooden stakes: stock- 'J,
ade • flimsy interior wall: partition
. person whose
wages support others in a household:
breadwi nner . list of employees and • building's wall of two layers with a I
their wages: payroll gap between: cavity wal l • sunken
• wagon
perimeter wall: ha-ha . low protect-
ive wall: parapet • watertight wall
wagon for condemned pris­
oners in the French Revolution: tum­
dividing the interior of a ship: bulk­
head • wall supporting structures
bril
wake • signal for waking: reveille above it: bearing wal l , load-bearing
waiter • head waiter: maitre d'hote! wal l • walling of interwoven sticks
(pl. maitres d'h5tel) • wine waiter: covered with mud or clay: wattle and
sommelier . waiter clearing used daub • wall's external angle: quoin
dishes: dilba rrasse ur • continuation o f a wall at right an­
walk • leisurely walk: sau nter gles: return • wall's side surface at a ;
• pleasure walk: ra mble • walk aim­ door or window: reveal • angled re­
lessly: wander • walk arrogantly: veal: embrasure • section of wall be­
strut, swagger . walk dragging the tween openings: pier • clay etc. used
feet: shuffle . walk furtively: sidle to make a wall: daub . layer of ce­
. walk through water: paddle, wade ment etc. on a wall surface: pargeting,
• force someone to walk forward while rendering • cement rendering with
389 wa l l I war
................. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ................. . . . . . . .

pebbles: pebble-dash • coat a wall wallpaper • wallpaper made of

with planking: clad • cladding with uncoloured strong embossed paper:
each plank overlapping that below: Anag lypta ™ . wallpaper made of
shiplap • mortar between bricks in a powdered wool or cloth: flock paper
wall: pointi ng • denoting a wall built • person putting up wallpaper: paper­
without mortar: dry, dry-sto ne • un­ hanger
dressed stone used as a wall-filler: wa lrus
•
. walrus's long projecting
rubble brick or stone laid at right tooth: tusk
•
•
angles to a wall: header brick or
wandering wandering aimlessly:
stone laid parallel to a wall: stretcher
• horizontal
erratic, meanderi n g , roam i n g , roving
•
decorative band o f bricks
stri ng course • stone
wandering in search of adventure:
•
or masonry:
errant wandering in search of
set at the top of a wall: capstone, cop­
itinerant • homeless wanderer:
ing stone • course of rounded bricks
trade:

at the top of a wall: coping • decora­

tramp, vaga bond, vagrant
war • adjective: martia l . war pur­
tive parapet atop a wall: castellation,
• row
sued without restraint: tota l war
• war
crenellation of spikes or
involving fighting: action, hot
war, shooti ng war • state of hostility
broken glass set on a wall's top:
•
without fighting: cold war • war be­
cheval-de-frise proj ecting bricks at

• war be­
the end of a wall, allowing for its con­
•
tween gods: theomachy
tinuation: tooth i n g waterproof
tween many important nations: world
war • denoting a war between cit­
layer near the foot of a w3'll: damp
course, damp-proof course • lowest
izens of one state: civi l , i n ternecine
•
part of a wall: footings, foundations
• beam
denoting a war damaging to both
or plate distributing weight
template • projecting
sides: internecine . denoting a war
onto a wall:
• but­
involving the spreading of germs:
support for a wall: buttress
chemical . denoting a war waged
tress shaped like half an arch: flying
buttress • prop u p a wall w i t h heavy
without nuclear weapons: conven­
•
timbers etc.: shore up • heavy metal
tional, l i m ited stage in a war w ith
little belligerent activity: phoney war,
•
ball swung at a wall to demolish it:
wrecking ball • ornamental wall tab­
sitzkrieg stage in a war when nu­

let: plaque • shallow recess in a wall:

clear weapons might be employed: nu­
•
niche • scribblings on a wall: g raffiti
clear threshold person favouring
recourse to war: hawk, wa rmonger
• belligerent
. recess in a wall: alcove, n iche
• groove
jingoist . per­ patriot:
cut into a wall for piping etc.:
•
son opposing recourse to war: dove
• person
chase gun aperture in a wall: port
• ornamental
refusing to participate in
• denoting
woo den strip for picture pacifist
•
war: a state not
hooks: picture ra il wall covering of entering a war: neutral . denoting a
small pieces of stone etc. arranged to place undefended in wartime: open
make pictures or patterns: mosaic • announce the start of hostilities: de­
. lower part of an interior wall: dado clare war • person or state engaged
• wooden panelling covering the lower in war: com batant • nation or per­
half of an interior wall: wa i n scot, son engaged in warfare: belligerent
wainscoting • board at the base of an • group of states cooperating in war:
interior wall: skirting board • verti­ allies • put forces on a war footing:
cal timber to which laths and plaster­ mobilize . training of civilians for
board are nailed: stud • thin strip of home defence: civil defence • ar­
wood as a base for wall plaster: lath rangements for mutual support
ward I washing 390 ,I

against aggressors: collective secur­ wardrobe • antique wardrobe in an

ity • aggression
unprovoked attack: ornate style: armoire
• response to aggression: counter­
attack, cou nteroffensive • making
warship . large warship: capital
ship . largest warship: battleship
• heavy
friends with the enemy: fraternization
• traitorous
battleship with large guns:
cooperation with the dreadnought . smaller and faster
•
enemy: colla boration investigation warship: cruiser • smaller and faster I

• smaller
of a hostile reconnaissance
area: warship: destroyer and
• position forces for war: deploy faster warship: frigate • admiral's
• battle area: front • ditch dug for ship: flagship . small naval patrol
battlefield shelter: trench • foray into boat: vedette . warship with an air­
enemy territory: mission, raid, sortie craft runway: aircraft carrier • war­
• denoting forces on one's own side: ship's proj ecting gun platform: spon­
friendly • accidental killing of one's son • warship's revolving armoured
own forces: fratricide, friendly fire gun emplacement: turret • common
• incidental destruction of civilians or room for a warship's senior officers:
their property: coll ateral damage ward room • common room for a war­
• proportion of fatalities on each side: ship' s junior officers: gunroom
kill ratio • persons placed by a target • German torpedo boat: E-boat . pri-
to deter attack:human shield . area vately owned armed ship licensed to
not liable to attack: safe a rea attack enemy craft: privateer • pri-
• belligerent's unethical act: war vateer's government licence: letters j
crime • belligerent's right to use neu­ of marque • merchant ship with hid- j
tral property for payment: angary den weapons: Q-ship • simultaneous
• goods taken from a defeated enemy: fire from all the guns on one side of a
loot • nervous breakdown resultant warship: broadside • Viking war­
from war experiences: battle fatigue, ship: longship, d ragon ship . an­
combat fatigue, shel l-shock • men cient Greek or Roman warship with
killed in the Great War: lost gener­ several banks of oars: gal ley . galley
ation • wartime imprisonment of with three banks of oars: trireme
resident aliens: i nternment . person • galley's sharp point for piercing
forced by war to abandon his home­ other ships: ram � see also submar-
I
land: disp laced person, refugee ine
• agreement to suspend hostilities for wart • contagious wart on the sole of
a stated period: armistice, ceasefi re, the foot: verruca
• establishment
truce . payment demanded from a
washing where .
defeated adversary: indemnity, repar­
ation • simulated military conflict:
clothes are washed and ironed:
• place
war game • war game played on
laundry with coin-operated
washing machines: launderette,
maps: kriegspiel . money freed for
washeteria . revolving part of a
• washing
positive uses when military spending
washing machine: drum
is curtailed: peace d ividend � see
machine with separate drums for
also attack, battle, mil itary, weapon
washing and twin-tub
spin-drying:
ward • ward for patients not staying • machine pressing wet laundry: man-

in hospital overnight: day ward gle . alkaline washing solution: lye

• ward for patients with infectious or • fluorescent substance added to
contagious diseases: isolation ward washing powder: optical brightener
• room off a ward, with a few beds: • clothes that have been, or need to be,
side ward washed: laundry
391 wasp I wate r

wasp • adjective:
vespine • fertile careful watch: vigilant • watch out
female wasp: queen . sterile wasp for the teacher's approach: keep cave
performing basic tasks: worker water . combining forms: aqu-,
. large kind of wasp: hornet
hydr- . adjectives: aquatic, aqueous
waste • liquid waste:
effl uent . re­ • water droplets appearing on sur­
move impurities:
refine • dump faces as air cools: conde nsation
waste illegally: fly-tip • refilling of . water droplets forming on grass
excavations with waste material: overnight: dew • temperature at
landfi ll . search through waste ma­ dew point • water
which this begins :
terial for reusable items: scavenge held in rock or soil: g roundwater
• convert waste into reusable mater • water from a melting glacier:
ial: recycle • wasting away of an meltwater • salty water: brine • de­

organ or tissue: dystrophy • waste­ noting the taste of such water: brack­
fully extravagant: prodigal, profl igate ish • water scented by rose petals:
. waste recklessly: squander . pre­ rose water • waste water from wash­
venting waste: economical, effi cient, ing: g rey water . waste water etc.
frugal from lavatories: black water • flow of
water: current • rush of water: flash
watch' • very accurate watch:
• watch
. circular movement of water: eddy
chronometer for timing
. denoting water containing no nat­
races etc_ : stopwatch . qenoting a
ural salt:
fresh . denoting static
stagnant • denoting water la­
watch dial with moving hands: ana­
logue • denoting a watch dial with a
water:
thering easily: soft • denoting water
lathering with difficulty: hard • skim
changing numerical display: digital
• watch
over water: plane, aquaplane • lie
mechanism: movement
• second hand moving round the main
about in mud or water: wallow
dial:sweep second hand . chain for
a watch: fob • pocket for a watch: fob
. fetch water from a source: d raw
. search for water with a twitching
. pocket watch with an opaque cover
rod: divine, dowse . person doing
dowser, water diviner • find the
over the face: h u nter . pocket watch
this:
depth of water: sound • supply water
having a small window in this cover:
half-hunter • set a watch to the same
for agricultural purposes: irrigate
time as another: synchron ize
• watchmaker's
. terminate a water supply: cut off
magnifying glass:
. rid of water: d rain . operated by
loupe
water: hydraulic . preventing the
watch' • constant watch: surveil­ passage of water: watertight • mix­
lance • naval watch between mid­ ing with water: hyd rophilic . repel­
night and 4 a.m.: middle watch ling water: hydrophobic . person in­
. naval watch between 4 and 8 a.m.: stalling and repairing water piping
morning watch . naval watch be­ and equipment:
plumber • water
tween 8 a.m. and 12.30 p.m.: forenoon wheel with buckets: noria • deposit
watch • naval watch between 12.30 formed by hard water: fu r • white de­
p.m. and 4 p. m.: afternoon watch posit from evaporated hard water:
. naval watch between 4 and 6 p. m.: sca le . volume of water normally
first dog watch • naval watch be­ filing the space occupied by a floating
tween 6 and 8 p.m.: last dog watch object: d isplacement • ground level
• naval watch between 8 p.m. and mid­ at which water is always present:
night: first watch . person keeping water level, water ta ble . level nor­
watch: lookout, observer • keeping mally reached by water and the mark
water-carrier I wealth 392

it leaves: waterl ine • saturated with water mill • mill driven by tidal
water: waterlogged • temporary ver­ flow: tide m i l l
•
tical water pipe with a tap:standpipe waterproof waterproof layer i n a
. pipe or channel for water: conduit damp course • seal with water­
• channel for water to escape: sluice,
wall:
proof material: caulk
sluiceway • sliding gate controlling
wave • large wave: sea • exception­
a flow of water: slu ice, slu ice gate
• water
earthquake or volcano: tidal wave,
ally large ocean wave caused by an
tunnel under a road or rail­

• long
way: cu lvert . perforated device pro­
ducing a water spray: rose • crowd­
tsu nami curving wave:
comber . long wave moving steadily
shorewards: roller • wave that curls
control device ejecting a powerful jet
of water: water cannon . large con­
over and dissolves into foam: breaker
• slow waves that do not break: swe ll
tainer heating water for drinks: urn
• desert
• high
place with water: oasis
• natural
wave running u p a river a t high
• wave's
ridge from each side of
tide: bore foamy top: crest
which water drains into a different spin­
•
. spray blown from wave tops:
river system: watershed region drift • low water between two waves:
supplying a reservoir etc. with water: trough • wavelike effect produced by
catchment area • decrease in a res­ stadium crowd movements: Mexican
ervoir's water stocks: drawdown wave
• weighted line finding the depth of
way . combining form: -wise (e.g.
water: p l u m b line . weight on a
otherwise) . way a thing operates:
plumb line: bob, plumb, plumb bob,
plummet • device determining water
mode
wax • combining form: cero- . wax
depth by sound waves : echo sounder
• hard
mixture for brass-rubbing: heelball
• method
fruitskin used as a water con­
• water
of engraving using a waxed
tainer: gourd barrel: butt
• small organisms floating in water:
plate: cerography
plankton • small organisms swim­ weak . weak spot: Ach i l les' heel
ming in water: nekton • bridge • acute state of weakness caused by
carrying water across a valley: aque­ injury; emotional stress, etc. : shock
duct . large lake for water supply: • minor weakness of character: foible
reservoir . water-supply for a fire . weak and unsteady: groggy . fee­
hose: hydrant _ series of processes by ble and namby-pamby
effeminate:
which water circulates between sea, • become weak: languish • become

air, and land: water cycle • medical weak and emaciated: waste away
treatment by water: hydropathy, wealth . general wealth: affl uence,
hydrotherapy • irrational fear of prosperity • wealth or its pursuit
water: hydrophobia • compound seen as a corrupting influence: Mam­
added to drinking water to arrest mon, materialism • source of wealth:
tooth decay: fl uoride . chemical de­ bonanza, golden goose • display of
composition by water: hydrolysis wealth by an expensive lifestyle: con­
. loss or removal of water: dehydra­ spicuous consumption _ fabulous
tion place of great wealth: EI Dorado, Gol­
conda • wealthy and influential per­
• astrological
son: pl utocrat • tasteless person who
water-carrier term:
aquarius
has recently become wealthy: nou­
waterfall . waterfall in northern veau riche, parvenu, upstart
England: force _ wealthy wastrel: rake • total money
393 weapon I weight

and property owned by a dead person: EI Nino .trapping of the sun's

estate • official examination of fi­ warmth in the lower atmosphere:
nancial circumstances: means test greenhouse effect • gradual in­
weapon • weapons generally: arma­ crease in worldwide temperatures:
ments 0 weapons worn at a person's global warming .absence of protec­
side: side arms .weapon's handle: tion from bad weather: exposure
helve • denoting an attack weapon: .low-pressure weather system: cyc­
offensive • denoting weapons used lone, low • high-pressure weather
against enemy forces in battle: tac­ system: anticyclone, high .elong­
tical • denoting weapons used over a ated region of high pressure: ridge
wider area of hostilities: theatre • de • elongated region of low pressure:
noting weapons used against enemy trough • area of pressure lower than
home targets: strategic • denoting those around it: depression • un­

weapons harming persons rather than stable atmospheric pressure: turbu­

buildings: antipersonnel • denoting lence • proportion of moisture pres­
weapons designed to pierce armour: ent in the atmosphere: humidi ty
antitank • blade fixed to a rifle muz­ • forward edge of an advancing mass
zle: bayonet .metal guard over the of warm or cold air: front • science of
knuckles: knuckleduster .combined weather forecasting: meteorology
spear and battleaxe: halberd .forked • line on a weather map linking places
stick with elastic to hurl stones: cata­ with the same atmospheric pressure:
pult, slingshot .long stout stick isobar .line on a weather map link­
quarterstaff • short thick stick ing places with the same temperature:
cudgel .strap to hurl stones: sling isotherm • balloon-borne radio
• short truncheon: life preserver transmitter sending weather informa­
.tube down which a dart is blown: tion: radiosonde
blowpipe • competitive development
and stockpiling of weapons: arms weaving .weaving machine: loom
race • weapons stockpiling to dis­ • threads running lengthways in
courage deterrence
aggressors: weaving: weft, woof • threads run­
• weapon store: armoury, arsenal ning crossways in weaving: warp
.place where weapons are made: ar­ • cylinder holding a weaver's thread:
senal • reduction in a state's weap­ bobbin .double-ended bobbin used
onry: disarmament • disarmament on a mechanical loom: shuttle
by international agreement: arms • weaver's comb separating threads:
control reed • threads left in the loom after
wear .gradual.wearing down: attri­ weaving: thrum
tion, erosion • wear down by surface wedge • adjective: cuneate .denot­
scraping: scuff ing ancient wedge-shaped writing: cu­
weather • state of the weather: con­ neiform • wedge immobilizing a
ditions .fine weather in late au­ wheel, or supporting a beached boat:
tumn: Indian summer, St Luke's sum­ chock
mer • period of unusually hot
week .adjective: hebdomadal
weather: heatwave .denoting wea­
ther appropriate to the time of year: weight • falling weight of a piledriv­
seasonable • denoting weather ing machine: ram • weighing appar­
without extremes: mild • denoting atus with a long calibrated arm: steel­
hot and humid weather: sultry .oc­ yard • weighing apparatus for
casional Pacific weather phenomenon: vehicles: weighbridge • overall
weightlifting I whip 394

weight: gross weight • weight with­ wet • wet

and soft: soggy • wet

out packaging: net weight • insuffi­ through: sodden, sopping • make

cient weight: short weight • ve­ thoroughly wet: soak
hicle's unladen weight: dead load,
wetland .denoting wetlands adja­
tare weight • weight of a vehicle's
cent to watercourses: riparian
burden: live load
whale .whale fat: blubber .waxy
weightlifting .long metal bar on
substances found in certain whales:
which the weights are placed: barbell
ambergris, spermaceti • spear shot
• short bar with weights at each end:
harpoon
at whales:
dumb-bell • lift using the hands and
forearms only: curl • quick lift by wheat • kind of wheat used for
straightening arms and legs: jerk pasta: durum • whole grains of
.quick lift from the floor to over the wheat including the husk: whole­
head: snatch • lift made from a wheat • wheat husk: chaff • wheat �

standing position: dead lift embryos used as food: wheatgerm

• flour made from wheat with some of
weld • weld made at a number of
points: spot weld
the germ removed: wheatmeal
wheel • heavy wheel used as a regu­
well' • combining form: eu- (e.g. eu­
lator: flywheel • powered wheel of a �
phoria)
locomotive: drivi ng wheel • unpow- ,
wei" • well in which the water rises ered wheel of a locomotive: trailing j.
by natural pressure through a bore­ wheel • spinning self-balancing
hole: artesian well �see also oil well wheel: gyroscope • small wheel
Welsh • adjectives: Cambrian, Cym­ fixed to furniture: castor • wheel
ric • Welsh round wickerwork boat: having a grooved pulley
rim:
coracle • Welsh valley: cwm • toothed wheel: sprocket, spur
• Welsh competition for poets and mu­ wheel • large vertical wheel
sicians: eisteddfod (pl. eisteddfods or carrying passengers at fairground:
eisteddfoddau) • Welsh language: Ferris wheel • wheel shaft:
Cymric • Welsh-speakers' term for .central part of a wheel: hub, nave ·'1
Wales: Cymru • Welsh gypsies' secret • outer edge of a wheel: rim _ bar or �
language: She Ita • Welsh spi.ced rod connecting the hub and rim:
mead: metheglin • Welsh megalithic spoke • outer rim of a spoked wheel:
tomb: cromlech, dolmen _ Welsh Na­ felloe .projecting point on a wheel:
tionalist Party: Plaid Cymru • Welsh sprocket, tooth • projecting rim on
poet: bard • council of Welsh bards: wheels of railway vehicles: flange
Gorsedd • Welsh poetry improvised • continuous articulated metal band
to a traditional harp melody: penill­ round the wheels of a heavy vehicle:
ion track • tool for adjusting wheel nuts:
west • adjective: occidental wheel brace • alignment of a ve-
hicle's wheels: tracking • wedge pre-
West In dian • West Indian
venting a wheel moving: chock
backward-bending dance: limbo
• member of a West Indian criminal whip • whip with knotted cords: cat-

gang: Yardie • West Indian magic: o'-nine-tails .rhinoceros-hide whip:

obeah, voodoo • West Indian popu­ sjambok • whip's part: lash,
lar music with a strong secondary • whip's handle: stock • person

beat: reggae • West Indian song im­ whipping himself or others: flagel-
provised 011 a topical theme: calypso lant
395 whirl I wind

whirl • whirling column of air: tor­ nuncupative • carry out the terms of
nado, whirlwind • whirling dervish: a will: execute • person appointed to
sufi • whirling mass: vortex • whirl­ do this: executor (fem. executrix), per­
ing water: whirlpool sonal representative • thing given
whisky • unblended whisky: single in a will: legacy • transfer of assets
by will: disposition • give personal
malt
property in a will: bequeath • give
whistle • shrill whistle expressing
real estate in a will: devise • give
derision: catcall • whistle expressing
funding in a will: endow • estate set­
sexual admiration: wolf whistle
tled upon the testator's widow: join­
.cord holding a whistle: lanyard
ture • gift made in a will: bequest,
white .combining forms: leuc-, legacy • supplement to a will: codi­
leuk(o)- (e_g. leukaemia) • greyish or cil • person receiving a gift from a
yellowish white: off-white • white will: beneficiary .legal authentica­
blood cell: leucocyte • white-skinned tion of a will: probate • estate left
person: Caucasian .person or ani­ when all charges and bequests have
mal having white skin and hair due to been paid: residue • in closest pos­
a pigment defect: albino sible fulfilment of testamentary inten­
whole • combining form: holo- (e.g. tions: cy-pres
holograph) • unite to form a whole: whirlwind • small land whirlwind:
coalesce .forming a consistent dust devil • rotating column of water
whole: coherent formed by a whirlwind: waterspout
wicked • notably wicked: infamous willow • willow cropped for basket­
widow .widow deriving a title or making: osier • flower of the willow
property from her late husband: dow­ tree: catkin .flexible willow· shoot:
ager • black clothes worn by a widow withy • willow twigs plaited to make
in mourning: widow's weeds • prop­ furniture: wicker, wickerwork
erty left to a widow by her late
win • win by the length of a horse.
husband's dower, jointure
will:
boat, etc.: length • horserace win by
• widow's house so left: dower house
the length of the horse's head: head
wife • adjective: uxoria I • wife who • horserace win by less than a horse's
stays at home to care for the house head's length: short head • denoting
and children: housewife • subservi­ a win of several lengths: easy
ent behaviour towards one's wife:
Win chester • member of Winches­
uxoriousness • killing a wife: uxori­
ter College: Wykehamist
cide
wig • small wig .covering a bald spot:
wind .combining form: anemo­
• wind blowing from in front: head­
toupee • genital wig: merkin
wind • wind blowing from behind:
will' • adjectives:
volitional, volun­ tailwind • wind blowing landwards:
tary • willpower, or its exercise: vol­ sea breeze .denoting a wind blow­
ition .done of free will: voluntary ing away from the land: offshore
.whether one wishes it or not: willy­ • small whirlwind: dust devil
nilly, volens nolens • storm with violent winds: hurricane
will> • adjective:
testamentary • violent rotating wind: tornado,
.person making testator
a will: whirlwind .sudden wind with driv­
.woman making a will: testatrix (pl. ing rain: squall • brief burst of wind:
testatrices) .not having made a will: gust • constant wind in a certain dir­
intestate • denoting a verbal will: ection: trade wind • warm wind
�.��.�.��.�� � ����
.. .. ..................................................................................................... ��� �
blowing north off the Alps: fohn pane window: picture window .nar­
• equatorial region of the Atlantic row window with a pointed top: lancet
Ocean with uncertain winds: dol­ .projecting window: bay window,
drums • hot Egyptian wind: kham­ bow window .window in a roof or
sin • westerly air current encircling ceiling: skylight • window projecting.
the globe: jet stream • seasonal wind from a sloping roof: dormer, dormer
in India: monsoon • hot wind blow· window • window in the side of a
ing north across the Mediterranean: ship : porthole • small window over a
sirocco .Mediterranean dry north· door etc.: fanlight • spacecraft's win­
westerly wind: meltemi .cold wind dow: viewport • beam between door
blowing down the Rhone: mistral and fanlight: transom • small
• sound of the wind in trees: sough above a main window: top light
• against upwind • with
the wind: • support across the top of a window: '

the downwind
wind: • revolving lintel • window's jamb, sidepost:
pointer showing wind direction: wea­ • vertical window bar: mullion,
thercock, weathervane • airfield • horizontal window bar: transom-
flexible cylinder showing wind direc· • slab at the foot of a window: sill,

tion and force: drogue, sleeve, wind­ • frame holding window glass:,
sock • instrument for measuring sash • glazing
with two spaced panes
wind speed: anemometer • instru· of glass: double glazing .paste fix­
ment for measuring and recording ing window glass: putty • counterbal­

wind speed: anemograph • scale for ance to a sash window: sash weight
wind velocities: Beaufort scale • test • small diamond-shaped pane of
area where wind effects may be simu­ window-glass: quarry .ornamental �
lated and studied:wind tunnel • cool­ stonework subdividing a window: tra-
ing effect of wind: chill factor, wind cery • inside face of a window frame:
chill .shelter from the wind: lee scuncheon .wall's side surface be­
• thing giving shelter from the wind: side a window: reveal • angled
windbreak • fruit blown down by the veal: embrasure .window catch:
wind: windfall .windblown spray, snib • solid inner or outer cover for a'
sand, etc.: spindrift • reddening of window: shutter • installation of
the skin from exposure to wind: wind­ windows: glazing • window cleaner's �
burn • oil lamp for high winds: hurri­ rubber scraper: squeegee 1
cane lamp .small pieces of metal windpipe • combining form: trache­
etc. suspended to tinkle in the breeze: • inflammation of the windpipe:,
wind chimes .set of large wind­ tracheitis • surgical cutting of the
driven vanes generating electricity: windpipe: tracheotomy
wind farm • build-up of gas in the di­
winds urfin g .windsurfing board
gestive tract causing the breaking of
giving greater speed: fun board
wind: flatulence
wine • combining farm: vin- .adjec­
windmill • windmill sail: sweep
tive: vinous .spice and warm wine:
window • adjective: fenestral mull .cold spiced wine: sangaree'
• window made of vertically sliding .wine for everyday use: vin de
sections: sash window .side-hinged vin du pays, vin ordinaire .wine
window: casement .circular win­ voured with aromatic herbs: ver-,
dow: oculus, oeil-de-beuf .circular mouth .new wine: primeur
window with radiating tracery: rose from the first grape-pressing: tete
window • corbelled bay window: cuvee .light pink wine: rose .for j
oriel, oriel window .large single- tified white wine: sherry • fortified'
397 wine I wire

red dessert wines: madeira, port awarded to a French wine guarantee­

• strong sweet wine: malmsey ing its orgin and method of produc­
• white wine with creme de cassis: tion: appellation controlee, appella­
Kir • hock
German dry white wine: tion d'origine controlee • category
• German sparkling white wine: Sekt of vineyards or wines in France: cru
• German wine made with late-picked • unmarked bottle for serving wine or
grapes: Spatlese • German wine water: carafe,
decanter • double­
made with selected late-picked grapes: sized wine bottle: magnum • wine
Auslese • German wine made from bottle 4 times the normal size: jero­
grapes picked with ice on them: boam • wine bottle 8 times normal
Eiswein (pl_ Eisweine
Eisweins) or size: methuselah • wine bottle 16
.Greek resin-flavoured wine: retsina times normal size: balthazar • wine
.Italian sparkling white wine: spu­ bottle 20 times normal size: nebu­
mante • Portuguese wine drunk chadnezzar • box containing a dozen
while new: vinho verde • Spanish or bottles of wine: case • wine barrel:
Portuguese red wine: tinto • denot­ butt, cask • type or batch of wine:
ing a wine that is almost dry: off-dry cuvee • stock of wine: cellar • shop
• denoting medium-dry wine: demi­ selling wine: vintner • study of
sec • denoting a wine that is not wines: oenology
sweet: dry, sec • denoting sparkling
win g • combining form: ptero- (e.g.
wine: petillant, mousseux • denot­
pterodactyl) • adjective: alar .air­
ing unsweetened sparkling wine: brut
craft having a single set of wings:
• denoting slightly sparkling wine:
monoplane • aircraft having two
frizzante • denoting wine having a
sets of wings: biplane • aircraft's sin­
rich sweet taste: luscious • denoting
gle triangular wing: delta wing
a mature and pleasing wine: mellow
• main flight feather in a bird's wing:
• denoting a wine of high quality: vin­
primary feather • maximum dis­
tage • denoting wine spoilt by tannin
tance across a pair of wings: wing­
from the cork: corked • denoting
wine at room temperature: chambre span
• grape juice before or during fermen­ win ner • winner's ceremonial cir­
tation: must • wine's aroma: nose cuit of the sports ground: lap of hon­
• wine's becoming ready to drink: our • one of the first three or four
maturation • wine's taste: mouth positions at the end of a race: place
• final taste of wine: finish • sterilize
winter .adjectives: hibernal, hiemal
wine by heat or irradiation: pasteur­
.live through the winter: overwinter
ize • cover for "a wine bottle's cork:
.sleep through the winter: hibernate
capsule • spiral device for opening a
• map line joining points of equivalent
wine bottle: corkscrew • tartrate de­
winter temperature: isocheim
posit left by maturing wine: crust, tar­
tar • wine sediment: lees • wine wire • single length of wire: strand
expert: oenologist, oenophile • electric wire: cable, lead • encased

• gathering to evaluate various wines: group of insulated electrical wires:

tasting • wine merchant: vintner ca ble • wires used to start a car from
.wine waiter: sommelier .restaur­ the battery of another: jump leads
ant's charge made for serving a cus­ • tuning wire in an early radio: cat's
tomer's own wine: corkage • official whisker • sharp-edged barrier wire:
title of wine from a particular harvest razor wire • make wire by pulling
or area: designation • description metal through fine holes: draw
wise I wood 398

• thickness of a wire: gauge • fine or­ tractive young woman: nubile • sexu-
namental wire work: filigree ally attractive young woman: I.

wise • Three Wise Men: Magi nymphette • seductive but danger-

• wise sage • person
or learned man: ·ous woman: fern me fatale • fashion- "
claiming to be wise: wiseacre .wis­ able young woman of the 1920s: flap­
dom after the event: hindsight per • dowdy woman: frump
• unrp.arried woman: spinster • age- l
wish • whim .comply
sudden wish:
with someone's humour wishes:
ing unmarried woman: old maid
• woman whose husband has died:
• done regardless of wishes: compul­

sory, involuntary widow .ugly old woman: bag, hag ,

.woman with intellectual or literary
wit • repartee • witty re­
witty talk:
pretensions: bluestocking • influen­
mark: bon mot, sally • witty retort
tial woman: grande dame • woman '
that comes to mind after the chance to
employed to educate children at home:
make it has gone: esprit de I'escalier
governess • woman employed as
witch .male witch: warlock, wiz­ resident childminder: nanny
ard, sorcerer • witch's attendant • woman employed as a cleaner: char­
familiar • witch's cooking pot:
spirit: woman .woman letting out lodg- )'
cauldron • gathering of witches: ings: landlady .woman in charge of
coven, sabbath • Irish warlock: a public house: landlady • arrogant
pishogue .modern witchcraft cult: and domineering woman: prima
Wicca donna • aggressive woman: virago
without • combining forms: a- (e.g. • aggressive old woman: harridan
amoral), an- (e.g. anonymous), in- (e.g. • woman pregnant for the first time:
instability), un- (e.g. unattached) primigravida • woman pregnant for
witn ess • witness who has person­ at least the second time: multigravida
ally seen what he or she describes: • woman whose husband is often ab­
eyewitness .denoting a witness an­ sent: grass widow • party for women
tagonistic to the party questioning only: hen party • married woman's .
him or her: hostile .witness's evi­ male lover: cicisbeo • older woman's I
dence given in court: testimony youthful male escort: gigolo
• give evidence as a witness: testify • woman-centred: gynaecocentric
• sworn statement made by a witness • rule by women: gynaecocracy,
deposition .attempt to
out of court: gynarchy, matriarchy • polite re- I
influence witness:ainterference spect shown to women: chivalry, gal- ,�
.lying by a witness under oath: per­ lantry • school where young
jury are taught social graces: finishing

wolf • adjective: lupine • young

school, charm school .person
wolf:pup • person who changes into supervising a young woman in public:
a wolf: lycanthrope, werewolf chaperone, duenna .study and
treatment of women's diseases: gy­
woman .combiningform: gynaeco­
naecology • advocate of women's
• adjective: female, feminine .young
rights: feminist .fear of women:
woman parading with a baton­
gynaecophobia, gynophobia .hat-
twirling group: drum majorette, ma­
red of women: misogyny
jorette .naive young woman: in­
genue • impudent or flirtatious wood • combining forms: lign-, xylo-

young woman: minx .representa­ • adjective: ligneous .wood from a

'
tions of sexually alluring women: conifer: softwood .wood from a
I
cheesecake • denoting a sexualy at- broadleaved tree: hardwood .light- !
399 woodland I word
. ................................................ . ................................ ............................. .................................

weight wood used for model-making: • shear .comb

cut wool off a sheep:
balsa • board made of thin layers of wool before spinning: card .coil of
wood with alternating grain: plywood spun wool: hank, skein
• board made of compressed wood
word •
combining forms: lexi-, log-,
chips and resin: chipboard • board
-nym • adjectives:
verbal, lexical
made of compressed and treated wood
• word of one syllable: monosyllable
pUlp: hardboa rd • thick piece of • word of two syllables: disyl­
wood: billet • long thin strip of wood: lable • word of two or more syllables:
batten, lath • thin and narrow strip polysyllable • word of three syl­
of wood: slat • piece of thin wood in a lables: trisyllable • word of four syl­
chair back: splat • bundle of wood: lables: tetrasylla ble • word formed
faggot • prehistoric wood circle: from the initial letters of other words:
henge .fibre pattern in wood: grain acronym • word of four letters: tetra­
• hole in wood where a knot has fallen gram • word from which a later word
out: knothole • wooden plate: is derived: etymon • newly invented
trencher • rectangular wooden tile: word: coinage, neologism • word
shingle • wood preservative distilled coined for the occasion: nonce word
from coal tar: creosote • hard pro­ • word found only once: hapax legom­
tective coating for wood: lacquer, var­ enon • word formed from another
nish • high-gloss wood polish: word: derivative • word formed from
French polish -ripple effeJ:t in fine the letters of another: anagram
wood grain: fiddle-back • thin sur­
• word having the combined mean­
face layer of wood: veneer • wood
ings of two other words, and con­
inlay decorating furniture: marquetry structed from some of their sounds:
.flooring of wooden blocks: parquet blend • word reading the same back­
.substance painted on wood-knots to wards as forwards: palindrome
prevent resin seepage: knotting • word taken directly from another
• fine wood powder left by boring in­ language: loanword • word or phrase
frass .feeding on wood: xyl­
sects: directly translating a term with simi­
ophagous • (of a plant stem) become lar meaning in another language:
woody: lignify • giant grass whose calque, loan translation • denoting a
woody stems are used in furniture­ word having the same root as another:
making etc.: bamboo • prepare wood cognate • word meaning the same as
for use by adjusting its moisture con­ another: synonym .word meaning
tent: season • wood-shaping ma­ the opposite of another: antonym
chine: lathe • person working wood • word spelt and sounding the same as
on a lathe: turner • musical instru­ another, but having a different mean­
ment with pitched wooden blocks: ing and origin: homonym • word
xylophone spelt the same as another, but having
wood land • woodland nymph: a different meaning: homograph
dryad, hamadryad • word spelt the same as another, but
having a different sound and mean­
woodworker .woodworker mak
ing: heteronym • word sounding the
joiner .wood­
ing stairs, doors, etc.:
same as another, but having a differ­
worker making furniture: cabinet­
ent homophone
meaning: • more
maker
pleasant euphemism
word: .less
wool fingering
efine knitting wool: pleasant word: dysphemism • word
• fine cashmere • con­
soft goat wool: used in informal speech: colloquial­
stituent strand of knitting wool: ply ism • important word: keyword
word I work 400

.overused word: cliche .fashion­ cantation 0 basic part of a word:

able and overused word: buzzword stem .change in a word's form re
.denoting such terms: hackneyed, . flecting its grammatical function: in­
trite • misuse of a word: catachresis flection oarrangement of words to
• confusion of similar-sounding make a correct sentence: syntax
words: malapropism .accidental o shqrtened form of a word: abbrevi­

transposition of words' opening ation, contraction 0 symbol standing

sounds: spoonerism • choice of for a word: logogram, logograph
words: phraseology, turn of phrase o word represented by a single sign in
.choice and use of words: diction, shorthand: grammalogue o skilled
parlance • in exactly the same user of words: stylist, wordsmith
words: verbatim • use of more words o statistical analysis of word use:
than are needed: pleonasm • words stylometry 0 words of an opera etc.:
known to a person or used in a sphere libretto • study of the meaning of
of activity: vocabulary • termin­ words: semantics 0 study of words
ology particular to an individual or for closely related concepts:

profession: phraseology • words

onomasiology 0 study of the forms
used in a trade etc.: jargon econven­ of words: morphology ostudy of
word origins: etymology 0 popular
tional expression: formula • charac­
but mistaken account of a word's ori­
teristic use of words: idiom, parlance
• words often found together: colloca­
gins: folk etymology, popular etymol­
ogy • denoting a word imitating the
tion • word's implied meaning: con­
sound of what it describes: onomato­
notation • syntactic category to
poeic 0 word blending the sounds
which a word belongs: part of speech,
and meanings of two others: portman­
word class • word used to connect
teau word 0 express in words: ver­
clauses or sentences: conjunction
balize • utter a word: vocalize
.secret word(s) used to gain admis­
sion: password • words for a song: word processor 0 word processor
lyrics • expression of a whole phrase feature fitting text into available line
as a single word: holophrasis space: word wrap
• words surrounding a word or utter­
work •
combining form: erg- 0 hard
ance, which help determine its mean­
menial work: drudgery ohard work
ing: context .fanciful use of words: done for little pay: sweated labour
conceit • using few words: laconic oplace where this is done: sweatshop
ousing too many words: long-winded, owork paid for according to the
prosy, wordy 0 word puzzle in which amount produced: piecework 0 work
certain letters in each line form a involving much travelling: legwork
name or message: acrostic 0 puzzle o amount of work to be done: work-
to find a series of words giving the load 0 ratio of work done to energy
same letter sequence when read etc. consumed: efficiency 0 work
across or down: word square 0 grid taken home: outwork 0 work done by
of letters containing words written in a student while learning: coursework
any direction: wordsearch 0 compre­ • work consequent upon previous
hension test of replacing missing work: follow-up 0 work produced in­
words: cloze test 0 use of words al cidentally to the main project:
beginning with the same sound or let­ by-product, parergon, spin-off ose­
ter: alliteration 0 repetition of words lection of work shown to a potential
in reverse order: chiasmus owords employer: portfolio ounauthorized
said as a magic spell: conjuration, in- use of another's work: piracy 0 pre-
401 work I worker

senting another's work as one's own: lord: corvee • casual work paid
plagiarism • denoting professional daily: daywork .able to work to­
work: white-collar • denoting man­ gether: compatible • take on an ab­
ual or industrial work: blue-collar sent colleague's work: cover
.denoting women's work: pink-collar • change domicile in search of work:
• way of carrying out a task: tech­ migrate .person living off the work
nique .skilled approach to a task: of others: drone • slowing or stop­
technique, workmanship .denoting ping work as a protest: industrial ac­
work done to a decent standard: work­ tion • government organizations as­
manlike • meticulous completion of a sisting those seeking work: jobcentre,
task: follow-through • belief that job club • feign illness to avoid work:
work has an intrinsic moral value: malinger • forbid an employee to do
work ethic • projects undertaken by his normal work: suspend • send an
a doctor or social worker: caseload employee home because of a tempor­
• substantial piece of artistic or schol­ ary lull in work: lay off • denoting an
arly work: opus • person addicted to employee dismissed because there is
work: workaholic • conversation no more work: redundant • in work­
about work between colleagues meet­ ing order: operable, operational, op­
ing socially: shop talk • work with erative, serviceable
difficulty:labour • work in a desul­ worker • combining
forms: -er (e.g.
tory manner: potter • collapse due to milliner), -ier grazier) .new
(e.g.
overwork: burnout • (in Japan) death worker's introductory training: in­
caused by overwork: karoshi duction .worker receiving a con­
• method of working: modus oper­ tracted period of training: apprentice
andi (pl. modi operandi) • study of ef­ .trained worker employed by an­
ficient work methods: ergonomics, other: journeyman • experienced
time-and-motion study, work study worker: old hand • skilled worker:
.person monitoring the scheduled artisan, craftsman, operative
completion of work: progress chaser • craftsman's assistant: mate • fully
• time available for a project: time skilled worker: master • unskilled
frame • period of work: sti nt • daily manual worker: fa bourer • person
period of work: shift, working day doing dull work: hack • worker doing
• denoting a period of work done any job: factotum • ordinary work­
when most people are at leisure: un­ ers: factory floor, shop floor • home­
social .shift composed of separate based worker making extensive use of
'
periods of work: split shift • person telecommunications: telecommuter,
taking over at the end of a shift: relief teleworker • workers considered col­
.working hours variable by employ­ lectively: labour, labour force, man­
ees: flexitime • section of a flexitime power, workforce • employees re­
day when everyone must be at work: garded as a business asset: human
core time .working hours shorter resources .group of workers and
than usual: short time • time worked equipment devoted to a particular
beyond one's contractual hours: over­ task: section, unit • group of work­
time • record of the number of hours ers assembled for a specific project:
worked: time sheet • day-long re­ task force • denoting a worker seek­
lease of employees for education: day ing employment on a job-by-job basis:
release .full-time release of employ­ casual, freelance • denoting a paid
ees for education: block release worker: employed, stipendiary .de­
.day's unpaid work given to an over- noting an unpaid worker: honorary,
works I write 402

voluntary .construction labourer: worm • combining form: vermi­

navvy • person employed to run er­ • adjectives: vermicular, vermiform
rands: gofer, legman • skiled maker
worse • make worse: exacerbate
of wooden furniture: cabinetmaker
• become worse: deteriorate • dele­
• worker loading and unloading ships:
terious cycle of cause and effect: vi­
stevedore .denoting a quick and
cious circle
skilful worker: deft • denoting a care­
ful and productive worker: conscien­ worship • combining form: -Iatry
tious, diligent • incompetent and dis­ • adjective: devotional • worship due

to God: latria • worship of idols: idol­

honest worker: cowboy • worker

making little effort because retire­ atry .(excessive) veneration of the

ment etc. is near: time-server .work­ Mother of God: Mariolatry • rever­
ers employed by the commissioning ence due to the saints: dulia • pagan
authority: direct labour • relations
worshipped object: fetish, idol, juju
between workers and management: wound • wound made by a bullet
industrial relations .workers' share leaving the body:
exit wound
in company government: industrial • wound only skin-deep:
flesh wound
democracy • worker supervising • denoting a purulent wound: fester­
others: foreman, forewoman • secret ing • examine a wound carefully: ex­
arrangement between workers to con­ plore • clean and bandage a wound:
trol output: restrictive practice dress • protective material placed on
• workers' festival: Labour Day a wound: dressing .loop of thread
• temporary or permanent discharge joining the edges of a wound: stitch,
of workers: lay-off • immigrant suture .skin mark left by a healed
worker in Germany: Gastarbeiter wound: scar
• Spanish-American day labourer:
wrestling • wrestling match: bout
peon .foreign girl who does domes·
• pair of wrestlers taking turns to
tic work in return for keep and Eng·
fight: tag team • roped-off area for a
lish lessons: au pair .not having
bout: ring • man attending to a wrest­
enough workers:
short-handed,
ler between rounds: cornerman
short-staffed, undermanned .re­
• hold pinning arm(s) behind the
place workers by machines: mechan­
back:nelson .move pinning the op·
ize
ponent to the ground: fall • send
works • complete works of a scholar one's opponent to the ground: throw
or creative artist: oeuvre, corpus • surrender to an opponent's hold:
• related series of artworks: cycle submission
world • the world as a single com­ wrinkle • facial wrinkle: crow's­
munity: global village • spherical foot
model of the world: globe • world­
wrist • adjective: carpal
wide: global, mondial • operating

WOrldwide: globalist • places at op­ writ • writ ordering a person to at­

posite sides of the world: antipodes tend court:
subpoena, summons,
• worldwide temperature increase: process • writ requiring production
global warming • barrier to infrared of an imprisoned person: habeas cor­
radiation causing this: greenhouse pus • writ summoning SUbstitute
effect see also earth
� jurors: tales .formal delivery of a
writ: service
World Wide Web • Internet loca­
tion maintaining pages on the World write • write in a different alphabet:
Wide Web: web site transliterate • write hastily and care·
403 writing I wrongly

lessly: scribble • jot

write quickly: rebus .systems of signs used to
• able literate
to read and write: record music, choreography etc.: no­
writing • combining forms: -gram tation • ancient Egyptian picture­
(e.g. telegram), -graphy • adjective: writing: hieroglyphs • ancient Egyp­
graphic • unabbreviated handwrit­ tian priestly script using simplified
ing: longhand • type of handwriting: hieroglyphs: hieratic • ancient Egyp­
script • elegant handwriting: callig­ tian script used by the laity, a simpli­
raphy • calligrapher's decorative fied form of hieratic: demotic • an­
flourish: curlicue • sloping style of cient wedge-shaped script: cuneiform
handwriting, with loops: copperplate • ancient system of writing with lines
.joined-up handwriting: cursive running alternately left to right and
• reverse writing: mirror writing right to left: boustrophedon • an­
• stroke Jommg letters: ligature cient waxed writing tablet of two
• curved stroke made in handwriting: hinged leaves: diptych • writing in­
pot-hook • denoting handwriting in strument used with waxed tablets:
large letters of even height: majus­ stylus • ancient writing surface of
cule • denoting writing in lower-case pounded sedge stems: papyrus (pl. pa­
letters: minuscule • denoting badly pyri) • writing surface made from
formed handwriting: crabbed • book animal skin: parchment • fine parch­
with samples of good handwriting: ment made from calfskin: vellum
copybook • faint lines on paper to • study of ancient writing systems:
guide handwriting: feint • marks sep­ palaeography • put into writing:
arating written sentences or phrases:
transcribe .hand pain from much
punctuation, punctuation mark writing: writer's cramp • short piece
• psychological study of handwriting:
of writing: essay • collection of writ­
graphology • text in its author's own
ings: anthology, collectanea, com­
handwriting: autograph, holograph
monplace book, florilegium, garland,
• alternative way of writing a particu­
miscellany, omnibus • affectedly
lar letter or sound: allograph • sys­
elaborate style of writing: euphuism
tem of writing: script • system of
• tediously wordy style of writing:
symbols for high-speed writing: short­
prolixity • elaborately contrived
hand, stenography • system of sym­
piece of writing: purple passage,
bols each representing a syllable: syl­
purple patch, purple prose • denot­
labary .Japanese syllabic writing:
ing a awkward and hesitant style:
kana • simplified picture used to re­
present a word in certain ancient
stilted .newspaper reporters' style

writing system�: glyph, pictograph of writing: journalese

• symbol standing for a word: logo­ written .combining form: -graph
gram, logograph • writing indicat­ (e.g. autograph)
ing the idea of a thing but not
wrongdoing .minor wrongdoing:
its name: ideogram, ideograph
misdemeanour • in the act of wrong­
• signature-symbol of an illiterate per­
doing: in flagrante delicto
son: mark • picture puzzle in which a
word is represented by pictures of ob­ wrongly • combining forms: cata­

jects whose names make its syllables: (e.g. catachresis), mis- (e.g. misalign)
Xx
X .X-shaped: decussate shadbw • transparent to X-rays:
X-rays • X-raying a section through radiolucent • opaque to X-rays: radi­
the body:tomography, computerized opaque, radio-opaque • substance
axial tomography • X-ray examin­ improving the X-ray visibility of body
ation of the bile ducts: organs: contrast medium • barium '
choliangography • X-ray examin- mixture consumed by a patient before
ation of the gall bladder: cholecystog­ the digestive system is X-rayed: bar­
raphy • X-ray examination of the ium meal • screen for direct viewing I

lymphatic system: lymphangio­ of X-ray images: fluoroscope

graphy • X-ray examination of a • shield against X-rays worn by health
vein: venography • X-ray location of workers: apron • short-range X-rays:
breast tumours: mammography gamma rays • use of X-rays: radiog­
.X-ray picture: radiograph .X-ray raphy • medical treatment by X-rays:
or ultrasound picture of a section radiotherapy, radiation therapy
through the body: tomogram • study of medical applications of
.opaque region in an X-ray picture: X-rays: radiology
............................................. .................. .................................................................................

Yy
yacht .twin-hulled yacht: catama­ year, or lasting for a year: annual
ran • yacht of standard design: one­ • occurring every other year, or last­
design • yacht's open upper bridge: ing for two years: biennial • occur­
flybridge, flying bridge • yacht har­ ring every, or lasting for, three years:
bour: marina • president of a yacht triennial • occurring every, or lasting
club: commodore .. see also boat, for, four years: quadrennial .occur­
sailing ring every, or lasting for, five years:
quinquennial • occurring every, or
yarn • strand of a yarn: ply • thread
used for stockings: lisle lasting for, seven years: septennial
• occurring every, or lasting for, ten
year • adjective: annual • remark­
years: decennial
able year: annus mirabilis • year

having 366 days: leap year • year of years old • combining form:
354 days: lunar year • tax or account­ -genarian (e.g. octogenarian)
ing year: financial year • �xtra days yeast • yeast substitute used in bak­
in a solar year: epact • time of year ing: baking powder .(of dough) be­
when day and night are of equal come aerated by yeast. prove, rise
length: equinox • part of the year as
yellow • dull brownish-yellow:
particularized by climate or events:
season • year just beginning or
khaki • yellowing of the skin or eyes:
about to begin: new year .first per­
jaundice
son to enter a house in the new year: yield • policy of yielding to the de­
first-footer • year just ended or mands of a potential aggressor: ap­
about to end: old year • for each peasement
year: per annum • sum of money
yoga • system of physical exercises:
paid every year, or an insurance
hatha yoga
scheme securing annuity this:
.period of a thousand years: millen­ youth • time of youth: nonage .dif­
nium .period of a hundred years: ferent attitudes of young and old: gen­
century .period of ten years: dec­ eration gap • creations of a writer's
ade .occurring (wice a year: semi­ or artist's youth, often later sup­
annual, biannual • occurring each pressed as immature: juvenilia
Zz
Zen • Zen insoluble riddle: koan zoofogy • zoology of living crea­
• zen meditation: zazen tures: neontology • zoology of fossil
forms: palaeontology
Zeus .Roman name: Jupiter
Zoroastrian • Zoroastrian scrip­
zigzag • zigzag course taken by a
tures: Avesta • commentary upon
vessel sailing into the wind: tacking,
the Avesta: Zend • name of God in
traverse
Zoroastrianism: Ahura Mazda, Or­
zinc .coat a metal with zinc: gal­ mazd • follower of Zoroastrianism in
vanize western India: Parsee • structure

zoo • zoo whose visitors drive upon which Parsees expose their
through large paddocks containing dead: tower of silence
wild animals: safari park Zulu • group of Zulu warriors: impi