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Moral-Dilemmas Writing
Moral-Dilemmas Writing
Situation 1: There is a trolley coming down the tracks and ahead, there are five people
tied to the tracks and are unable to move. The trolley will continue coming and will kill
the five people. There is nothing you can do to rescue the five people EXCEPT that
there is a lever. If you pull the lever, the train will be directed to another track, which has
ONE person tied to it. You have two choices:
(a) Do nothing and the five people will die
(b) Or pull the lever and save the five people, but that one person will die.
Did you make your choice? Well then consider this similar situation:
Situation 2: ALEJANDRO C.
There is a trolley coming down the tracks and ahead, there are five people tied to the
tracks and are unable to move. The trolley will continue coming and will kill the five
people. However, in this situation, you are standing on a bridge above the train tracks
and you can see the train coming. There is a man standing next to you, who is so
enormous and heavy that if he places himself in front of the oncoming train, it will hit
and kill him but the train will stop. So you have two choices:
(a) Do nothing and the five people will die.
(b) Push the big guy down the bridge. He will be killed but will stop the trolley and save
the five people.
The ironic part about this problem is that while most people would choose the option (b)
for the first situation, they will choose option (a) for the second situation, when
technically, in both situations, you are sacrificing one man to save the lives of five
people.
You are a member of a gang and you have been arrested with another member of your
gang. Both of you are confined away from each other and you have no way of
communicating with the other member. The police does not have enough evidence to
convict both of you with major charges and instead offer you and the other member a
bargain. You have two choices:
(a) You can remain silent
(b) Or betray the other member and testify that he has committed the crime.
25 Moral Dilemmas
Moral dilemmas are thought experiments which ask you to imagine a difficult situation
and decide what you think the morally correct course of action would be. There are no
truly ‘right’ answers to these questions, as they often ask you to compare two different
moral imperatives and choose which one you feel is most important.
For example, if we accept that it is morally correct to never torture a living creature, and
that it is morally correct to save a human’s life if you have the ability to do so, how do
you decide what to do if you can only save a human’s life by torturing someone else?
Read through these 25 moral dilemmas, and have a think about what you might do in
each situation.
Heather is part of a four-person mining expedition. There is a cave-in and the four of
them are trapped in the mine. A rock has crushed the legs of one of her crew members
and he will die without medical attention. She’s established radio contact with the
rescue team and learned it will be 36 hours before the first drill can reach the space she
is trapped in.
She is able to calculate that this space has just enough oxygen for three people to
survive for 36 hours, but definitely not enough for four people. The only way to save the
other crew members is to refuse medical aid to the injured crew member so that there
will be just enough oxygen for the rest of the crew to survive.
Should Heather allow the injured crew member to die in order to save the lives of the
A runaway trolley is heading down the tracks toward five workmen who will be killed if
the trolley proceeds on its present course. Molly is on a footbridge over the tracks, in
between the approaching trolley and the five workmen. Next to her on this footbridge is
only way to save the lives of these workmen is to push this stranger off the bridge and
onto the tracks below, where his large body will stop the trolley, causing his death.
Should Molly push the stranger onto the tracks in order to save the five workmen?
Ken is a doctor. One of his patients, whom he has diagnosed as HIV positive, is about
to receive a blood transfusion prior to being released from the hospital. He has told Ken,
in the confidence of their doctor-patient relationship, that after he gets his transfusion,
and his medicine from Ken, he intends to infect as many people as possible with HIV
Because Ken is bound by doctor-patient confidentiality, there is no legal way to stop this
man from carrying out his plan. Even if Ken warned the police, they would not be able to
poison in it that will kill him before he gets a chance to infect others.
Should Ken poison this man in order to prevent him from spreading HIV?
Tom is part of a group of ecologists who live in a remote stretch of jungle. The entire
group, which includes eight children, has been taken hostage by a group of paramilitary
terrorists. One of the terrorists takes a liking to Tom. He informs Tom that his leader
intends to kill him and the rest of the hostages the following morning.
He is willing to help Tom and the children escape, but as an act of good faith he wants
Tom to torture and kill one of his fellow hostages whom he does not like. If Tom refuses
his offer, all the hostages including the children and Tom will die. If he accepts his offer,
then the others will die in the morning but Tom and the eight children will escape.
Should Tom torture and kill one of his fellow hostages in order to escape from the
Mary is in a hospital lounge waiting to visit a sick friend. A young man sitting next to
Mary explains that his father is very ill. The doctors believe that he has a week to live at
most. He explains further that his father has a substantial life insurance policy that
expires at midnight.
If his father dies before midnight, this young man will receive a very large sum of
money. He says that the money would mean a great deal to him and his family, and that
no good will come from his father’s living a few more days. After talking with him Mary
can tell this man is in desperate need of the money to feed his family. The man asks
Mary to go up to his father’s room and smother his father with a pillow.
Should Mary kill this man’s father in order to get money for the man and his family?
iceberg. An onboard explosion has damaged the ship, killed and injured several
crewmembers. Additionally, it has collapsed the only access corridor between the upper
and lower parts of the ship. The upper section, where Mark and most of the others are
located, does not have enough oxygen remaining for all of them to survive until Mark
has reached the surface. Only one remaining crewmember is located in the lower
There is an emergency access hatch between the upper and lower sections of the ship.
If released by an emergency switch, it will fall to the deck and allow oxygen to reach the
area where Mark and the others are. However, the hatch will crush the crewmember
below, since he was knocked unconscious and is lying beneath it. Mark and the rest of
the crew are almost out of air though, and they will all die if Mark does not do this.
Should Mark release the hatch and crush the crewmember below to save himself and
Enemy soldiers have taken over Jane’s village. They have orders to kill all remaining
civilians over the age of two. Jane and some of the townspeople have sought refuge in
two rooms of the cellar of a large house. Outside Jane hears the voices of soldiers who
have come to search the house for valuables. Jane’s baby begins to cry loudly in the
other room.
His crying will summon the attention of the soldiers who will spare Jane’s baby’s life, but
If Jane turns on the noisy furnace to block the sound, the other room will become
uncomfortably hot for adults and children, but deadly for infants.
To save her and the others Jane must activate the furnace, which will kill her baby.
Should Jane overheat her baby in order to save herself and the other townspeople?
Doug is on a cruise ship when there is a fire on board, and the ship has to be
abandoned. The lifeboats are carrying many more people than they were designed to
carry. The lifeboat he’s in is sitting dangerously low in the water – a few inches lower
The seas start to get rough, and the boat begins to fill with water. A group of old people
are in the water and ask Doug to throw them a rope so they can come aboard the
lifeboat. It seems to Doug that the boat will sink if it takes on any more passengers.
Should Doug refuse to throw the rope in order to save himself and the other lifeboat
passengers?
Carrie is a doctor working in a hospital. Due to an accident in the building next door,
there are deadly fumes rising up through the hospital’s ventilation system. In a certain
room of the hospital are four of her patients. In another room there is one of her
patients. If she does nothing the fumes will rise up into the room containing the four
fumes to bypass the room containing the four patients. As a result of doing this, the
fumes will enter the room containing the single patient (against her will). If she does this,
the woman will die, but the other four patients will live.
Should Carrie hit the switch in order to save four of her patients?
You are an emergency worker that has just been called to the scene of an accident.
When you arrive you see that the car belongs to your wife. Fearing the worst you rush
over, only to see she is trapped in her car with another man. He is obviously her lover,
You reel back in shock, devastated by what you have just found out. As you step back,
the wreck in front of you comes into focus. You see your wife is seriously hurt and she
needs attention straight away. Even if she gets immediate attention there’s a very high
chance she’ll die. You look at the seat next to her and see her lover. He’s bleeding
heavily from a wound to the neck and you need to stem the flow of blood immediately.
If you attend to your wife, her lover will bleed to death, and you may not be able to save
her anyway. If you work on the lover, you can save his life, but your wife will definitely
die.
and need your job to support them. Part of your responsibility as a network
administrator is to monitor the emails for the organization. Usually this just means
occasionally allowing through emails for staff members that have been accidentally
One day you get a helpdesk request from a staff member asking for an email to get
released. Normally it’s standard procedure, except this time the request has come from
the wife of a very good friend of yours. You recognize the name on the helpdesk
request so quickly attend to the problem. As part of the procedure you need to manually
open up the email to ensure that it isn’t actually spam. You find that it turns out to be an
email to your friend’s wife from her lover. You scan the rest of the contents of the email
and there is no doubt that she has been having an affair for some time now.
You release the email, but you can’t decide what to do now. Your initial reaction is to
call your friend up and tell him about the email, however you quickly realize that
company policy is very strict about revealing the contents of staff emails, and you will
In any case you know that revealing this information presents great risk, because even
if you don’t do it directly, there is a good chance that the dots will be joined somewhere
along the line and you will be found out. However you feel that by not telling your friend
you are helping his wife to get away with adultery and this troubles you greatly.
the mouth of that cave. In a short time high tide will be upon them, and unless she is
unstuck, they will all be drowned except the woman, whose head is out of the cave.
Fortunately, (or unfortunately,) someone has with him a stick of dynamite. There seems
no way to get the pregnant woman loose without using the dynamite which will
inevitably kill her; but if they do not use it everyone else will drown.
You and your family are going away for the weekend. Your daughter is 7 and is best
friends with your niece, who is also 7. Your families are very close and your daughter
asks if your niece can come with you on your holiday. You have been on holidays
You arrive at your holiday destination and the house you are staying at backs onto a
beach. The girls ask if they can go for a swim. You tell them that they have to wait until
you have unpacked the car, but they can play on the sand directly in front of the beach.
They run down to the sand, and you begin to unpack the car. After about 5 minutes, you
hear screaming coming from the direction of the beach and it sounds like the girls.
You run down to see what the matter is, and you discover that they hadn’t listened to
you and have gone for a swim. There is no one else on the beach and the girls are
your daughter is. You swim out quickly, but when you get there, you realize that there is
no way you will be able to get both the girls back to the shore on your own.
You need to decide which of the girls you will rescue first, you have enough strength
and energy to rescue them both, but you can only do it one at a time. You look at the
two girls, and your niece is really struggling to hold her head above water and you know
if you take your daughter back first, there will be little or no chance that she will survive.
Your daughter is struggling also, but is much stronger in the water and you estimate that
if you take your niece back to shore first, there’s probably a 50% chance that your
daughter will be able to stay afloat long enough for you return, but you simply don’t
You are on holiday in Bali with your wife and 18 year old son. You have been there for a
week and are ready to head home. All three of you are at the airport getting ready to
board your plane, when an armed officer comes around with a sniffer dog. You have all
your bags on a trolley, and the dog sniffs at both your wife and your bag, and passes
over them, however when he gets to your son’s bag, he begins to get a bit more active.
You look over at your son and he’s looking a little nervous. You know he’s smoked a
little marijuana in his time, but generally, he’s a good kid, and you certainly didn’t think
he’d actually be stupid enough to bring it back on the plane with him. At first you feel
angry that he would do such a thing and start planning your responsibility lecture, but
then you realize that you are in Bali, and they have a zero tolerance policy on drugs,
meaning your son could be jailed for life, or worse, executed, if he does have some illicit
You look at your wife and realize she has come to the same conclusion and has gone
The armed officer accompanying the dog is beginning to look more stern with every sniff
the dog takes and looks directly at you and asks you to open to the bag.
You do, and as the officer begins to take things out of the bag, you see to your horror
that there is a small quantity of marijuana stashed in with your son’s belongings.
You realize you have to answer, but the answer won’t be easy. You see your wife in the
corner of your eye, and she is about to step forward and claim it as her own.
A madman who has threatened to explode several bombs in crowded areas has been
apprehended. Unfortunately, he has already planted the bombs and they are scheduled
to go off in a short time. It is possible that hundreds of people may die. The authorities
cannot make him divulge the location of the bombs by conventional methods. He
refuses to say anything and requests a lawyer to protect his fifth amendment right
against self-incrimination. In exasperation, some high level official suggests torture. This
would be illegal, but the official is sure that it will make him tell the truth in time for you to
What if you know that the bomber can withstand torture himself, but would talk if you
You are going on a cruise. 2 days into the cruise your ship experiences technical
difficulties and the captain says it needs to make an unscheduled stop. A couple of
hours later the captain makes another announcement that the ship’s hull has been
breached and that you will all need to start heading to life rafts and abandon ship. The
ship’s life rafts are lowered as people begin to pile in and you get on board one of the
life rafts.
As it is lowered however, it hits the side of the ship, putting a hole in the side of the raft,
and when it hits the water it begins to sink. There are 10 people in the boat and to
prevent it sinking, you quickly work out that by having 9 people working for 10 minutes
while 1 person rests you can bail the water out with their hands, quickly enough to keep
the water at bay and preventing it from sinking, but you have to continually keep it up to
ensure that the boat doesn’t sink. By being able to rest one person you are greatly able
to increase the length of time you can keep the boat afloat, however if the rescue team
doesn’t turn up you calculate that within 5 hours the boat will sink and you will all die.
While taking your break, you glance over to another boat and notice that a friend of
yours whom you met on the boat is there and has noticed your predicament. He is
signaling for you to come over and join them on their boat so you don’t have to continue
bailing water out. There is only just enough room for one more person. You also notice
that their boat is moving away rapidly with the current, but your boat can’t keep up
because the hole is affecting its buoyancy.
You estimate that if you jump ship, you will force all 9 remaining crew members to bail
water continuously, which will reduce the total time they can stay afloat to just 2 hours,
but will ensure that you will be able to live long enough to be rescued.
If you stay aboard, you will not have another chance to jump ship, and there’s no
guarantee that the rescue will arrive in 5 hours, meaning you will all drown, however by
As you watch the boat with your friend drift away, you realize you have about 30
Do you stay on your current boat and help keep it afloat as long as possible and hope
that the rescue will arrive in 5 hours, or do you go to your friend’s boat, ensuring your
rescue, but reducing the chances of the others on the boat being rescued?
In 1842, a ship struck an iceberg and more than 30 survivors were crowded into a
lifeboat intended to hold 7. As a storm threatened, it became obvious that the lifeboat
would have to be lightened if anyone were to survive. The captain reasoned that the
right thing to do in this situation was to force some individuals to go over the side and
drown. Such an action, he reasoned, was not unjust to those thrown overboard, for they
would have drowned anyway. If he did nothing, however, he would be responsible for
the deaths of those whom he could have saved. Some people opposed the captain’s
decision. They claimed that if nothing were done and everyone died as a result, no one
would be responsible for these deaths. On the other hand, if the captain attempted to
save some, he could do so only by killing others and their deaths would be his
responsibility; this would be worse than doing nothing and letting all die. The captain
rejected this reasoning. Since the only possibility for rescue required great efforts of
rowing, the captain decided that the weakest would have to be sacrificed. In this
situation it would be absurd, he thought, to decide by drawing lots who should be thrown
overboard. As it turned out, after days of hard rowing, the survivors were rescued and
If you had been on the jury, how would you have decided?
Imagine that a powerful alien were to visit earth, with the ability to eradicate war, famine
and suffering. The alien says that he will do this, and turn the world into a utopia where
humans will be happy and peaceful forever more, but only if a price is paid. He
demands a small child be given to him so that he can perform hideous scientific
Tom, hating his wife and wanting her dead, puts poison in her coffee, thereby killing her.
Jane also hates her husband, and would like him dead. One day her husband
accidentally puts poison in his own coffee, thinking it is cream. Jane realises this, and
has the antidote that could save him, but does not hand it over and her husband dies.Is
Jane’s failure to act as bad as Tom’s action?
You are on a plane containing 150 people, currently flying over barren desert. Hijackers
take over, killing the pilot and co-pilot, and sealing themselves in the cockpit. There is
no way for you to open the door, but you could damage the ventilation system causing
poisonous fumes to fill the cockpit. If you do this the hijackers will die, but with no-one
able to enter the cockpit and fly the plane, it will crash in the desert killing everyone on
board. If you do nothing, the hijackers might land the plane safely, or they might crash it
into a civilian target killing even more people.What should you do?
You are a skilled doctor, with five patients who all need different organ transplants.
There are currently no organs available to give them, and if they don’t get their
transplants soon they will all die. You have a sixth patient, who is dying of an incurable
disease. At the moment you are giving him medicine to ease his pain and prolong his
life. He is a compatible organ donor for your five other patients, but the medicine he is
taking will keep him alive just a day longer than they have left. If you were to stop giving
him medicine he would die before them, in a very painful way, but you would then be
What if the sixth patient’s disease was curable, and the medicine you are giving him will
You witness a man rob a bank, but instead of keeping the money for himself, he
donates it to a local orphanage. You know this orphanage has been struggling for
funding, and this money will allow the children to receive proper food, clothing and
medical care. If you report the crime, the money will be taken away from the orphanage
You are an English teacher at a high school. One of your pupils is a very bright and
gifted girl, whom you have always enjoyed teaching. She has always achieved A grades
throughout her school years, and is now in her final year and getting ready to graduate.
Unfortunately she has been very ill this term, and missed several weeks of schooling.
She has just turned in a report which is worth 40% of her final grade, but you realise
that she did not write it herself – she has copied a report found online and tried to pass
If you report her plagiarisation to the school authorities it will be entered on her
permanent record and she will no longer be eligible to attend the prestigious university
that she has dreamed of attending all through high school. If you refuse to accept the
report, her final mark will be very poor and may harm her chances of being chosen for
this university. If you mark the paper as though you believed it was her own work, she
will do very well, and stand every chance of getting her desired university place.
Your partner is dying from a rare disease. Luckily a cure has recently been invented, by
one druggist who lives fairly close to you. This druggist is selling the cure for ten times
the amount it cost him to make it. You try to raise the money, but even borrowing from
friends and taking a loan from the bank, you can only raise half the amount. You go to
the druggist and offer to pay him half now and half later, but he refuses, saying that he
invented the cure and is determined to make money off it. You beg him to sell it cheaper
as your partner will die before you can raise the full amount, but he still refuses.
You believe you could break into his store one night after he has gone home and steal
the cure. This would definitely save your partner, although you might be arrested for the
crime.