THEORY AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

ASSIGNMENT NO. 2

MADHURA S. BARGODE
ROLL NO. 02
VIVA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
1. Explain with sketch pre-tensioning technique.

• In this method, prestressing is induced (the tendons are tensioned)

before the concrete is placed. It is done in factories. In this method,
the tendons are enclosed temporarily against some abutments and
then they are pulled by using jack type devices.
• The concrete is placed while maintaining the tension. When
concrete is hardened sufficiently, the tendons are released slowly or
cut. This will transfer prestress from steel to concrete through bond.
• This type of prestressing method is commonly used for small sized
members like beams, slabs, piles, sleepers and electric poles, etc
which can be casted easily in factories.
2. Explain with sketch post-tensioning technique.

• In this method, the prestress is induced, or tendons are tensioned only after the
concrete has hardened. In this system, the concreting is done first, and a duct is
formed in the member with tube or with a metal sheathe.
• When concrete has sufficiently hardened then tendons or cable is transferred
from the tendon to the member through anchorage wedges. The space between
the tendon and the duct is filled with cement grout.
• Post tensioning method of prestressing is used for both precast and cast in situ
construction. It is used for large span structures like bridges.
3. Enlist different lubricants available in market used in the post tensioning process.
LUBRICANTS:
• lubricants used to reduce friction between moving parts or surfaces and to enhance the efficiency of the machines
used in the construction industry.
• Many different substances can be used to lubricate a surface. Oil and grease are the most common. Grease is
composed of oil and a thickening agent to obtain its consistency, while the oil is what actually lubricates. Oils can be
synthetic, vegetable or mineral-based as well as a combination of these.

Different lubricants available in market used in the post tensioning process:

1) EMULSIFIABLE OILS :
• Emulsifiable oils are often used in post-tensioned construction to reduce friction losses and to provide temporary
corrosion protection for tendons during the period of time between stressing and grouting.
• In the past, oils were flushed from the ducts with water prior to grouting. This practice often led to voids in the grout
and created environmental problems related to the disposal of the flushing water.

2) ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION:
• Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is similar but occurs when the surfaces are in a rolling motion (relative to each other).
The film layer in elastohydrodynamic conditions is much thinner than that of hydrodynamic lubrication, and the
pressure on the film is greater.
• It is called elastohydrodynamic because the film elastically deforms the rolling surface to lubricate it.
Different lubricants available in market used in the post tensioning process:

3) BOUNDARY LUBRICATION
• Boundary lubrication is found where there are frequent starts and stops, and where shock-loading conditions are
present.
• Some oils have extreme-pressure (EP) or anti-wear (AW) additives to help protect surfaces in the event that full films
cannot be achieved due to speed, load or other factors.

4) MIXED LUBRICATION:
• Mixed lubrication is a cross between boundary and hydrodynamic lubrication. While the bulk of the surfaces are
separated by a lubricating layer, the asperities still contact each other. This is where the additives again come into play.

5) PETRONAS Grease Li PT is a Lithium grease specially developed as a post tensioning grease within the construction
industry. It features controlled oil bleed to prevent oil separation on the tendon manufacture.
• Formulated with selected mineral base oil enhanced with advanced Lithium 12-hydroxystearate soap, anti-oxidant,
anti-rust and corrosion inhibitors additives. PETRONAS Grease Li PT provides a high resistance to oxidation, corrosion
protection and saltwater resistance.
• It prevents corrosion of un-bonded post-tensioning strand in the presence of moisture and air in voids along the cable
sheaths.