FOUNDATION COURSE

F O R J E E (MAIN & ADV.)| NEET| K V P Y | N T S E | O LY M P I A D S |

CHEMISTRY |STD. IX
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

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CHAPTER–2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
SYLLABUS
 Pure Substance
 Metalloids
 Hydrogen is the Lightest Element
 Mixtures
 Solutions
PURE SUBSTANCE :
A homogeneous material which contains particles of
only one kind and has a definite set of properties is called
a pure substance.
Example : Iron, silver, oxygen, sulphur, Carbon dioxide
etc., are pure substances because each of them has only
one kind of particles.
Characteristics of Pure Substance :
(i) A pure substance is homogeneous in nature.
(ii) A pure substance has a definite set of
properties.These properties are different from
the properties of other substances.
(iii) The composition of a pure substance cannot
be altered by any physical means.
(A) Elements :
A pure substance, which cannot be subdivided into
two or more simpler substances by any chemical means
is called an element.
(i) Example : Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, copper,
zinc, tin, lead, mercury, etc. are all elements as
they cannot be subdivided into simpler parts by
any chemical means. A substance made up of
the atoms with same atomic number is called
an element.
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CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
 True Solution
 Suspensions
 Colloidal Solution
 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures
(ii) Classification of elements :
(I) On the basis of physical states, all elements can
be classified into three groups :-
(1) Solids (2) Liquids (3) Gases
It has been found that :
 Two element exist as liquids at room
temperature. They are mercury and bromine.
 Eleven elements exist as gases at room
temperature. They are hydrogen, nitrogen,
oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, helium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon and radon.
 Remaining 102 elements are solids at room
temperature.
(II) Elements can be classified as metals and non -
metals. There are 22 non - metals and 93 metals.
 Amongst the metals, only mercury is liquid
metal. All other metals are solids.
 Amongst the 22 non - metals : 10 non - metals
are solids. They are boron, carbon, silicon,
phosphorus, sulphur, selenium, arsenic,
tellurium, iodine and astatine. 1 non-metal,
bromine, is a liquid. Five non-metals,
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and
chlorine are chemically active gases. Six non-
metals, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon
and radon are chemically inactive gases.
These are also called noble gases or inert
gases.
 Hydrogen is the lightest element.
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX
METALLOIDS :
There are a few elements which show some properties
of metals and other properties of non - metals. For example
they look like metals but they are brittle like non - metals.
They are neither conductors of electricity like metals nor
insulators like non-metals, they are semiconductor. The
elements which show some properties of metals and some
other properties of non-metals are called metalloids. Their
properties are intermediate between the properties of
metals and non-metals. Metalloids are also sometimes
called semi-metals. The important examples of metalloids
are : Boron (B), Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge).
(III) Elements can be classified as normal elements and
radioactive elements. The elements which do not
give out harmful radiations are called normal
elements.Elements from atomic number 1 to atomic
number 82 are normal elements.The elements
which given out harmful radiation are called
radioactive elements. Elements from atomic number
83 to atomic number 112 and 114, 116 and 118 are
radioactive in nature.
(B) Compounds :
A pure substance, which is formed by chemical
combination of two or more elements in a definite ratio,
such that it can be broken into elements only by chemical
means is called compound.
The two or more elements present in a compound
are called constituents or components of the compound.
For example, water is a compound of hydrogen and
oxygen, combined together in the ratio of 1 : 8 by weight.
The water can be broken into its constituents only by
electro-chemical method, i.e., by passing electric current
through it.
The compounds can be further classified as acids,
bases and salts. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric
acid, formic acid, etc. are the compounds which can be
classified as acids.
Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, zinc
hydroxide and calcium hydroxide can be classified as
bases. Ammonium chloride, zinc sulphate, lead nitrate and
calcium carbonate can be classified as salts. It must be
pointed out that salts are formed by the chemical reaction
between acids and bases.
MIXTURES :
Most of the materials around us are not pure
substances, but contain more than one substances,
elements or compounds. Such materials are called
mixture.
(A) Definition :
When two or more substances (elements, compounds
or both) are mixed together in any proportion, such that
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they do not undergo any chemical change, but retain their
individual characteristics, the resulting product is called a
mixture.
(B) Types of Mixture :
(i) Homogeneous Mixture : A mixture in which
different constituents are mixed uniformly is
called a homogeneous mixture.
Examples : All solutions, such as solutions of common
salt, copper sulphat, sugar etc. are examples of
homogeneous mixtures. Similarly, alloys such as brass,
bronze etc. are homogeneous solid solutions of metals.
(ii) Heterogeneous Mixture : A mixture in which
different constituents are not mixed uniformly
is called a heterogeneous mixture.
Example : A mixture of sand and salt, iron powder
and sulphur powder, soil etc. are examples of
heterogeneous mixtures.
Illustration 1.
Which of the following are ‘pure substances’?
Ice, Milk, Iron, Hydrochloric acid, Calcium oxide,
Mercury, Brick, Wood, Air
Solution :
Iron mercury, ice, hydrochloric acid, calcium oxide
Illustration 2.
Name three mixtures found in nature.
Solution :
Minerals, air, soil.
Illustration 3.
Give reason why
(A) Copper metal is used for making electrical
wires.
(B) Graphite is used for making electrodes in a dry
cell.
Solution :
(A) It is a good conductor of electricity and is
ductile.
(B) It is a good conductor of electricity and having
very high melting point.
Illustration 4.
Which of the following substances are elements ?
Water, salt, Mercury, Iron, Marble, Diamond, Wood,
Nitrogen, Air, Graphite, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sugar, Chlorine
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Solution :
Mercury, iron, diamond, nitrogen, graphite, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, chlorine
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS :
Mixtures
1. Nature
In a mixture, two or more elements or
compounds are mixed, such that they
do not combine chemically.
2. Structure
Mixture does not have a definite
structure.
3. Composition
In case of mixture, their constituents
can be present in any ratio, i.e., they
have variable composition.
4. Properties
The constituents of a mixture retain
their individual physical and chemical
properties.
5. Separation of constituents
The constituents of a mixture can be
separated by physical means.
6. Energy changes
During the formation of mixtures, no
energy changes take place, i.e., it is a
result of physical change.
REASONS FOR REGARDING AIR AS A MIXTURE :
(i) Composition of air is not same at all places. The
percentage of oxygen decreases in the air at higher
altitudes. Similarly, the air in industrial areas has
more amount of carbon dioxide gas and other
polluting gases as compared to air in the
countryside.
(ii) The main constituents of air can be separated by
physical methods, such as liquef action and
fractional distillation.
(iii) No chemical action takes place when the
constituents of air, i.e., oxygen, nitrogen, water
vapour and carbon dioxide are mixed. Thus, no
heat or light energy is evolved or absorbed, when
its constituents are mixed.
(iv) Each of the constituent of air retains its physical and
chemical properties. For example, oxygen helps in
combustion, carbon dioxide slowly turns limewater
milky, etc.
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CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
Compounds
1. Nature
In a compound, two or more
elements combine chemically.
2. Structure
Compounds hav e a definite
structure.
3. Compositions
In case of a compound the
constituents are present in a fixed
ratio by weight.
4. Properties
The properties of a compound are
entirely different from the
properties of its constituents.
5. Separation of constituents
The constituents of a compound
cannot be separated by physical
means.
6. Energy changes
During the formation of a
compound energy is either
absorbed or released, i.e.,
compound is the result of a
chemical change.
Reasons For Regarding Water as a compound :
(i) The composition of pure water is same throughout.
It always contains one part of hydrogen and eight
parts of oxygen by weight.
(ii) The constituents of water cannot be separated by
physical means. However, by electrochemical
means water can be decomposed into hydrogen
and oxygen.
(iii) Chemical reaction takes place with the liberation of
heat and light energy when one part of hydrogen
combines with the eight parts of oxygen by weight.
(iv) The properties of water are entirely different from
the properties of its constituents. For example,
hydrogen is a combustible gas, oxygen in supporter
of combustion, but their compound water
extinguishes fire.
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX
Reasons For Regarding Alloys as Mixtures :
Though the alloys are homogeneous mixture of
metals which cannot be separated by any physical means,
yet they are regarded mixtures on account of the following
reasons :
(i) The composition of constituent metals can be varied
in an alloy. For example, brass is an alloy of copper
and zinc. If an alloy has 60% of copper and rest
of zinc or 58% of copper and rest of zinc, in either
case it is brass.
(ii) The individual metals in any alloy retain their
chemical and physical properties. For example, if
brass is treated with dilute sulphuric acid, then zinc
in it reacts to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen, but
copper does not react
Illustration 5.
Explain why glucose (C6H12O6) is a compound not a
mixture ?
Solution :
(1) Glucose cannot be separated into its constituents
as C, H, O by the physical methods.
(2) The properties of glucose are entirely different from
those of its constituents like Hydrogen, Oxygen &
Carbon.
(3) Heat & light are given out when C 6H 12 O 6 is
prepared by burning carbon and hydrogen in
oxygen.
(4) The composition of glucose is fixed. It contains
Hydrogen, Oxygen & Carbon combined together in
a fixed proportion by weight. It has a definite
formula C2H12O6.
Illustration 6.
What is brass ?
Solution :
A mixture of copper and zinc,.
Illustration 7.
Which of the following is a mixture ?
Salt, Air, Water, Alum, Sugar
Solution :
Air is mixture. Salt, Water, alum and sugar are
compounds.
SOLUTIONS :
A homogeneous mixtures of two or more substance
is called a solution. Usually we think of a solution as a
liquid that contains either a solid or a liquid or a gas
dissolved in it. However, this is not true. We can also have
a solid solution as in the case of alloys.
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(a) Components of a Solution :
The substances present in a homogeneous solution
are called components of the solution. A solution basically
has two components, i.e., a solvent and a solute.
(i) Solvent : The component of a solution which
is present in large proportion, is called solvent.
Usually, a solvent is the LARGER component of the
solution.
For example : In the solution of copper sulphate in
water, water is the solvent. Similarly, in paints, turpentine
oil is the solvent.
(ii) Solute : The component of the solution which
is present is small proportion is called solute.
For example : In the solution of common salt in water,
the common salt is solute. Similarly, in carbonated drinks
(soda water), carbon dioxide gas is the solute.
Usually, solute is the SMALLER component of the
solution.
(B) Examples of Solutions :
(i) Solid - Solid solutions : All alloys are solid solutions
of metals. Brass is a solid solution of approximately 30%
of zinc and 70% of copper. In this solid solution, copper
(larger component) is solvent and zinc (smaller
component) is solute. Similarly, Bell Metal is a solid solution
of 80% of copper and 20% of tin, in which copper is the
solvent and tin is the solute.
(ii) Solid - Liquid solutions : Sugar solution is an
example, in which sugar is the solute and water is the
solvent. Similarly, common salt solution is an example, in
which common salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
In case of tincture of iodine, iodine is the solute and ethyl
alcohol is the solvent.
(iii) Liquid - Liquid solutions : In case of an alcoholic
drink, ethyl alcohol is solute and water is solvent. Similarly,
in case of vinegar, acetic acid is solute and water is solvent.
(iv) Liquid - Gas solutions : In case of aerated drinks
(soda water), carbon dioxide is the solute and water is the
solvent.
(v) Gas - Gas solutions : Air is a homogeneous
mixtures of two main gases, i.e., 78% of nitrogen and 21%
of oxygen. In this mixture, nitrogen is solvent and oxygen
is solute. Similarly, the petrol fed into the engines of
automobiles is a mixture of petrol vapour and air.
(c) Types of Solution :
(i) Saturated solution : A solution, which at a
given temperature dissolves as much solute as
it is capable of dissolving, is said to be a
saturated solution.
(ii) Unsaturated solution : When the amount of
solute contained in a solution is less than the
saturation level, the solution is said to be an
unsaturated solution.
 [6] CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
(iii) Super saturated solution : A solution, which (ii) Concentration of a solution in terms of volume
contains more of the solute than required to percentage of solute : If a solution is formed by dissolving
make a saturated solution, is called a super a liquid solute in a liquid solvent, then the concentration of
saturated solution. the solution is expressed in terms of volume percentage
of solute. The concentration of a solution is the volume of
TRUE SOLUTION : the solute in millilitres, which is present in 100 millilitres of
a solution.
A solution in which particles of the solute are broken
down to such a fine state, that they cannot be seen under It is very important to keep in mind that the percentage
concentration of solution refers to volume of solute in 100
a powerful microscope is called a true solution.
ml of solution and not 100 ml of solvent, i.e., water.
(a) Characteristics of a True Solution : The concentration of a solution in terms of volume
(i) A true solution is always clear and transparent, percentage of the solute is calculated by the formula given
i.e., light can easily pass through it without below :
scattering.
Volume of solute (in ml )
(ii) The particles of a solute break down to almost Concentration of solution   100
Volume of solution (in ml )
molecular size and their diameter is of the
order of 1 nm (10-9 m) or less. Volume of solute (in ml)
  100
(iii) A true solution can completely pass through a [Volume of solute  Volume of solvent ] (in ml)
filter paper as particle size of solute is far
smaller than the size of pores of filter paper. The concentration of a solution is a pure percentage
(iv) A true solution is homogeneous in nature. number and has NO UNITS.
(v) In a true solution, the particles of solute do not
settle down, provided temperature is constant. Illustration : 8.
(vi) From a true solution, the solute can easily be What is the meaning of 15% solution of NaCl ?
recovered by evaporation or crystallisation.
Solution
(b) Concentration of a Solution :
15% solution of NaCl is a solution, 100 g of which
It is defined as the amount of solute present in a given contains 15 g of NaCl and 85 g of water.
quantity of the solution. The most common method for
expressing the concentration of a solution is called Illustration : 9.
percentage method. The concentration of solution refers Calculate the amount of glucose required to prepare
to the percentage of solute present in solution. 250 g of 5% solution of glucose by mass.
Furthermore, the percentage of solute can be expressed
Solution
in terms of :
(i) Mass of the solute (ii) Volume of the solute. Mass of solute
  100
(i) Concentration of a solution in terms of mass Mass of solution
percentage of solute : If a solution is formed by dissolving
a solid solute in a liquid solvent then the concentration of Mass of solute
5  100
solution is expressed in terms of mass percentage of solute 250
and is defined as under :
The concentration of solution is the mass of the solute 5  250 125
Mass of solute =   12.5 g.
is grams, which is present in 100 g of a solution. 100 10
It is very important to keep in mind that the percentage Illustration : 10.
concentration of a solution refers to mass of solute in 100
g of solution and not 100g of solvent, i.e., water. A solution contains 50 mL of alcohol mixed with 150
mL of water. Calculate concentration of this solution.
The concentration of a solution in terms of mass
percentage of solute is calculated by the formula given Solution
below: This solution contains a liquid solute (alcohol) mixed
Mass of solute (in grams) with a liquid solvent (water), so we have to calculate the
Concentration of solution   100
Mass of solution (in grams) concentration of this solution in terms of volume
Mass of solute (in grams)
percentage of solute (alcohol). Now, we know that :
  100
[Mass of solute  Mass of solvent] (in grams)
Volume of solute
Concentration of solution =  100
Volume of solution

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX [7]
Here, Volume of solute (alcohol) = 50 mL 6. The concentration of solution is the mass of the
And. Volume of solvent (water) = 150 mL solute in grams, which is present in -
(A) 10 g of solvent (B) 10 g of solution
So, Volume of solution = Volume of solute + Volume
(C) 100 g of solvent (D) 100 g of solution
of solvent
7. A solution, which at a given temperature dissolves
= 50 + 150 = 200 mL as much solute as it is capable of dissolving, is said
Now, putting these values of ‘volume of solute’ and to be a -
‘volume of solution’ in the above formula we get: (A) saturated solution
(B) semi saturated solution
50 50
Concentration of solution =  100   25 (C) unsaturated solution
200 2 (D) super saturated solution
percent (by volume) 8. Which of the following is not a compound ?
Thus, the concentration of this alcohol solution is 25 (A) Marble (B) Washing soda
per cent or that it is a 25%. (C) Quick lime (D) Brass
9. The elements which give out harmful radiations are
Illustration : 11.
called -
How much water should be added to 16 ml acetone (A) normal elements
to make its concentration 48% ? (B) representative elements
Solution (C) radioactive elements
(D) none of these
Vol.of solute 10. Air is regarded as a
Concentration of solution =  100 (A) compound (B) mixture
Vol. of solution
(C) element (D) electrolyte
16
x
 100  48 SUSPENSIONS :
A heterogeneous mixture of insoluble particles of
16
x= × 100 = 33.33 ml solute, spread throughout a solvent, is called a
48 suspension. The particle size (diameter) in a suspension
Volume of solvent = 33.33 - 16 = 17.33 ml. is more than 10-4 cm. The particles has a tendency to settle
down at the bottom of the vessel and can be filtered out,
Daily Practice Problem-1 because their size is bigger than the size of the pores of
the filter paper.
1. Which of the following provides an example of a
true solution ? (a) Example :
(A) Blood (B) Milk (i) Muddy water, in which particles of sand and
(C) Starch solution (D) Sugar solution clay are suspended in water.
2. Which of the following can be classified as a pure (ii) Slaked lime suspensions used for white -
substance ? washing has particles of slaked lime suspended
(A) Milk (B) Sea - water in water.
(C) Ice (D) Cast iron (iii) Paints in which the particles of dyes are
3. Which of the following is a compound ? suspended in turpentine oil.
(A) air (B) Milk
(C) Iodine (D) Water (b) Characteristics of Suspensions :
4. The particle size of solute in true solution is of the (i) The size of particles is more than 10–4 cm. in
order of - diameter.
(A) 10-6 m (B) 10-7 m (ii) The particles of suspension can be separated
(C) 10-8 m (D) 10-9 m from solvent by the process of filtration.
5. Which of the following statement is not true about (iii) The particles of suspensions settle down, when
true solution? the suspension is kept undisturbed.
(A) It can pass through filter paper. (iv) A suspension is heterogeneous in nature.
(B) It is homogeneous in nature. (v) More scattering takes place in suspensions,
(C) At constant temperature, particles of solute because of bigger size of particles.
settle down.
(D) From a true solution, the solute can easily be The process of settling of suspended particles under
recovered by evaporation or crystallisation. the action of gravity is called sedimentation.

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 [8]
COLLOIDAL SOLUTION :
A heterogeneous solution in which the particle size is
in between 1–100 nm, such that the solute particles neither
dissolve nor settle down in a solvent is called colloidal
solution.
In a colloidal solution, relatively large suspended
particles are called dispersed phase and the solvent in
which the colloidal particles are suspended is called
continuous phase or dispersing medium.
CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
Place a beaker containing soap solution inside the
wooden box. Place a powerful bulb on the side of the
convex lens and move it backward or forward till a narrow
parallel beam of light is formed. Looking through the
microscope, we will observe individual colloidal particles,
surrounded by a cone of bluish light. The bluish cone of
light is called Tyndall cone.

(A) Examples of Colloidal Solutions :

Few examples of colloidal solutions are as follows :

 blood  Milk  Writing ink  Jelly

 Starch solution  Gum solution

 Tooth paste  Soap solution

 Liquid detergents
 Mist and fog.
Experiment showing Tyndall effect
(B) Characteristics of Colloidal Solutions :
(C) Classification of Colloids :
(i) The size of colloidal particles is in between 1 –
1000 nm. The colloids are classified according to the state
of dispersed phase (solid, liquid or gas) and the
(ii) The particles of a colloidal solution are visible under state of dispersing medium. A few examples
a powerful microscope.
are shown in the table :
(iii) The particles of a colloidal solution do not settle
down with the passage of time. Dispersin Dispersed Type of
g Medium Phase Colloidal Examples
(iv) The particles of a colloidal solution can easily pass solution
through filter paper.
Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog. Mist,
(v) The particles of a colloidal solution scatter light, i.e., clouds
when strong beam of light is passed through the Gas Solid Aerosol Smoke
colloidal solution, the path of beam becomes visible. Liquid Gas Foam Shaving
cream
(vi) Colloidal solutions are not transparent, but
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face
translucent in nature.
cream
(vii) The particles of a colloidal solution are electrically Liquid Solid Sol Milk of
charged. magnesia,
(viii) The colloidal solutions are heterogeneous in nature. blood
Solid Liquid Gel Jelly,
Tyndall Effect : cheese,
butter,
The phenomenon in which light is scattered by colloidal honey
particles and path of light becomes visible as a Tyndall Solid Solid Solid Coloured
cone is called Tyndall effect. Sol gem
Experiment : Stones,
milky glass
Take a wooden box, which is fitted with a convex lens
on one side and a microscope on the other side, such that Colloidal solutions can be separated by the process of
convex lens and the objective lens of microscope face CENTRIFUGATION.
each other as shown in the figure.

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX [9]
DIFFE RENCES BETWEE N TRUE S OLUTIONS AND COLLOID AL SOLUTIONS :

True Solutions Co lloidal Solutions

1. The particle size i s less than 1 nm. 1. T he par ti cle si ze is in between 1-1000 nm

2. The parti cles are not visible under powerful 2. T he particl es are visible under a
optical m icr oscope. m icroscope.

3. The particles of a true soluti on can be 3. T he parti cles of a colloidal solution cannot
recovered by evaporation and be recovered by evaporation and
crystal lization. crystalli zation

4. The particl es of a true solution do not 4. T he parti cles of a colloidal solution scatter
scatter light. light.

5. True solutions are cl ear and transpar ent. 5. Coll oidal solutions are translucent.
6. True solutions are hom ogeneous i n nature. 6. Coll oidal soluti ons are heterogeneous in
nature.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRUE SOLUTIONS AND COLLIDAL SOLUTIONS :

Illustration 8.
Daily Practice Problem-2
Classify the following into true solutions and colloidal
solutions :
1. Which of the following is/are example of suspen-
Ink, Salt solution, Starch solution, Blood, Sugar solution sion ?
Solution : (A) Muddy water (B) Slaked lime
True solution — Sugar solution, salt solution (C) Paints (D) All
Colloidal solution — Ink, starch solution, blood 2. Which of the following statement is not true about
suspension ?
Illustration 9.
(A) The particles of suspension can be separated
What are the properties of suspension ? from solvent by the process of filtration.
Solution : (B) When the suspension is kept undisturbed the
1. It is a heterogeneous mixture. particles of suspension settle down.
2. The size of solute particles in a suspension is (C) A suspension is homogeneous in nature.
quiet large. It is larger than 100 nm in diameter. (D) Scattering of light take place in suspension.

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 [ 10 ] CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
3. Fog is an example of - techniques are employed depending upon the difference
(A) foam (B) emulsion in our or more physical properties of the constituents of
(C) aerosol (D) gel the mixture.
4. Which of the following statement is not true about
colloidal solution ? TECHNIQUES USED FOR SEPARATING THE
(A) These are visible under powerful microscope. COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE :
(B) Their particles do not settle down with passage
of time (a) By Evaporation :
(C) Their particles are electrically charged. (i) Separation of coloured components (due) from
(D) These are homogeneous in nature. blue black ink : The process of evaporation is
5. Which of the following is an example of emulsion? suitable for the separation of non-volatile
(A) Face cream (B) Shaving cream soluble solid (dye) from its liquid solvent
(C) Honey (D) Smoke (water).
6. Soap solution is an example of - (ii) Method :
(A) true solution  Heat sand in an iron vessel by placing it over
(B) suspension a tripod stand. This arrangement is called sand
(C) colloidal solution bath.
(D) none of these  Place a china dish on the sand bath. Pour
7. When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal about 5 cc of the ink into the china dish.
solution, it gets -  Heat gently evaporates water from the ink such
(A) reflected (B) absorbed that it does not boil. In a few minutes the
(C) scattered (D) refracted waterevaporates leaving behind dry blue black
8. Which of the following is an example of gel ? ink. Method of evaporation is suitable for the
(A) Coloured gem (B) Jelly following solid-liquid mixtures.
(C) Smoke (D) Shaving cream
9. Which of the following will show Tyndall effect ? Solid liquid Mixture Non-volatile Solid Liquid
(A) Starch solution
(B) Sodium chloride solution Common salt and water Common salt Water
(C) Copper sulphate solution Sodium nitrate and water Sodium nitrate Water
(D) Sugar solution
10. Colloidal particles can be normally seen by Copper sulphate and water Copper sulphate Water
(A) naked eye
(B) optical microscope
(C) electron microscope
(D) telescope

SEPERATION OF HETEROGENEOUS MITURES :

Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their
respective components by simple physical methods such
as handpicking, sieving, filtration.
Generally following physical properties are
considered in the separation of the constituents of a
mixture.
(i) Density of the constituents of the mixture.
(ii) Melting points and boiling points of the constituents
of the mixture.
(iii) Property of volatility of one or more constituents of
the mixture.
(iv) Solubility of the constituents of the mixture in
different solvents.
(v) Ability of the constituents of the mixture of sublime.
(vi) Ability of the constituents of the mixture to diffuse.
However, for separating homogenous mixtures special
(b) By Centrifugation :
The method of separating finely suspended particles
in a liquid, by whirling the liquid at a very high speed is
called centrifugation.
(i) Separation of cream from milk : The process of
centrifuging in employed in separating cream from
milk. This process is generally employed in
separating colloidal solutions which easily pass
through the filter paper.
(ii) Principle of centrifugation : It is based on the
principle that when a very fine suspension or a

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX [ 11 ]
colloidal solution is whirled rapidly, then the heavier Immiscible Heavier Liquid Lighter Liquid
particles are forced towards the bottom of liquid and Liquid-liquid Mixture
the lighter stay at the top. Benzene and water Water Benzene

Kerosene oil and water Water Kerosene oil

Turpentine oil and water Water Turpentine oil

Chloroform and water Chloroform Water

Mustard oil and water Water Mustard oil

(iii) Method :
 Pour full cream milk in the test tube with a
pivot in your laboratory centrifuge.
 Shut the lid of the centrifuge and switch on the
current. When the centrifuge starts working, the
tub containing milk swings out in the horizontal
position and whirls around its axis at a high
speed.
 The centrifuge pull (the outward pull) pushes
the heavier particles outward, i.e., towards the
bottom of the mixture. Thus, the heavier
particles of the proteins, carbohydrates, etc. are
pushed towards the bottom of the tube, but the
lighter particles of the fat stay near the top of
the tube and hence separate.
(iv) Applications of centrifugation :
 It is employed in milk dairies to separate cream
from the milk.
 It is employed in diagnostic laboratories in
testing urine samples.
 It is employed in blood banks to separate
different constituents of blood.
 It is used in drying machines to squeeze out
water from the wet clothes.
(C) By Separating Funnel :
(i) Separation of mixture of two immiscible liquids:
The separation of two immiscible liquid is based on
the difference in their densities. The apparatus used
for separation is separating funnel. It is a long glass
tube provided with a tap at its bottom. The Table
below shows different immiscible liquids which can
be separated by separating funnel.
(ii) Method :
 Close the tap of separating funnel and clamp
it in a vertical position in an iron stand.
 Pour the immiscible liquid mixture (say
benzene-water mixture) in the separating
funnel. Allow the mixture to stand for half an
hour or more.
 The immiscible components of the mixture, i.e.,
benzene and water separate out into two
distinct layers. The benzene forms the lighter
layer on the top and the water forms the
heavier layer at the bottom.
 Place a conical flask or a beaker under the
nozzle of the separating funnel. Turn the tap
gently so that the water trickles in the flask or
the beaker drop by drop. Once the water is
drained out, close the tap.
 Now place another conical flask or a beaker
under the nozzle of separating funnel. Open
the tap to drain out benzene.
Separation by separating funnel
(iii) Applications :
 This method is used for separating any two
immiscible liquids.
 This method is used in separation of slag (a
waste material) form the molten metals during
their extraction. For example, during the
extraction of iron from its ore, the molten iron
and slag collect at the base of blast furnace.
The slag being less dense floats up the surface
of molten iron. They are topped out from two
different outlets.
(d) By Sublimation :
The changing of solid directly into vapours on heating

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 [ 12 ]
and of vapours into directly solid on cooling is known as
sublimation.
(i) Separation of a mixture of common salt and
ammonium chloride : This method is used in the
separation of such solid-solid mixtures where one
of the components sublimes on heating. However,
it is useful only if the components of the mixture
do not react chemically on heating. The tale shows
the list of mixtures which can be separated by the
process of sublimation.
Solid-Solid Mixture Sublimeable Solid
Common salt and ammonium Ammonium chloride
Chloride
Sand and iodine Iodine
Common salt and iodine Iodine
Sodium sulphate and benzoic Benzoic acid
acid
Iron fillings and naphthalene Naphthalene
(ii) Method :
 Place the mixture of common salt and
ammonium chloride in a china dish and heat
it over a low Bunsen flame.
 Place a clean glass funnel in an inverted
position in the china dish and close the mouth
of its stem with cotton wool.
 The ammonium chloride in the mixture
sublimes to form dense white fumes. These
fumes condense on the cooler sides of the
funnel in the form of fine white powder.
 When the mixture gives off no more white
fumes, lift the funnel, scrap the fine white
powder from its sides on a piece of paper. This
is pure ammonium chloride. The residue left
behind in the funnel is sodium chloride.
Separation by sublimation
Dry ice (solid CO2), naphthalene, Anthracene, Iodine
etc. are sublimable solids.
(e) By Chromatography :
The process of separation of different dissolved
constituents of a mixture by absorbing them over an
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CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
appropriate absorbent material is called chromatography.
The adsorbent medium is generally magnesium oxide,
alumina or filter paper. The solvent generally used for
dissolving a mixture of two or more constituents is water
or alcohol. The different constituents of a mixture get
absorbed differently on the same absorbent material,
because they have different rates of movement. The rate
of movement of each adsorbed material depends upon :
 The relative solubility of the constituents of
mixture in a given solvent.
 The relative affinity of the constituents of
mixture for the adsorbent medium. If a filter
paper is used as an adsorbent material for the
separation of various constituents of a mixture,
then this method of separation of mixture is
called paper chromatography. Paper
chromatography is very useful in separating
various constituents of coloured solutes present
in a mixture of lime, ink, dyes etc.
Kroma means colour in Greek language and
technique of chromatography was first applied for
the separation of colours, so this name was given.
(i) Separation of coloured constituents present in a
mixture of ink and water.
(ii) Method :
 Take a filter paper 22 cm long, 5 cm broad and
stick its smaller end to a glass rod with the
help of gum. On the other end, measure a
distance of 2 cm from lower end and mark a
small point. On this point pour one or two drop
of the ink.
 Suspend this filter paper in a wide and tall
cylinder as shown in Figure. Gradually, pour
water into the cylinder till the lower end of filter
paper slightly dips in the water. Cover the
cylinder with a glass lid to prevent any
evaporation and leave the apparatus
undisturbed for an hour. The water rises up the
filter paper and reaches the ink mark. This
water then dissolves various constituents of the
ink, gets absorbed by the filter paper in
different amounts. More the constituent gets
absorbed, the lesser it moves upward and vice
versa.
 When the solvent (water) reaches near the top
of filter paper, the filter paper is removed from
water and dried. On the filter paper will be seen
a band of colours, of various constituents.
 A filter paper with separated bands of various
constituents of a coloured substance is called
chromatogram.
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX
(iii) Advantages :
 It can be carried out with a very small amount
of material.
 The substances under investigation do not get
wasted in chromatographic separation.
(iv) Applications :
 It is used to separate colours from dye.
 It is used in the separation of amino acids.
 It is used in the separation of sugar from urine.
 It is used in the separation of drugs from the
samples of blood.
(f) By Distillation :
Distillation is the process of heating a liquid to form
vapour and then cooling the vapour to get the back liquid.
Distillation can be represented as :
Liquid 
Heating
  Vapour (or Gas)
Cooling
The liquid obtained by condensing the vapour in
the process of distillation is called DISTILLATE.
(i) Liebig condenser : Liebig condenser is a water
condenser. It is a long glass tube surrounded by a
wider glass tube (called water jacket) having an inlet
and outlet for water. During distillation, cold water
form tape is circulated through the outer tube of
condenser. This water takes away heat from the hot
vapour passing through the inner tube of condenser
and causes it condensation.
Process of simple distillation is used to recover both
salt as well as water, from a salt - water mixture
(or salt solution) and to separation of components
of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil
without decomposition and have sufficient difference
in their boiling points.
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[ 13 ]
(ii) Fractional distillation : Separation of mixture of
two miscible liquids for which the difference in the
boiling points in less : In case of two liquids which
have very close boiling points, both the liquids tends
to distil over in different proportions. It means lesser
the boiling point of a liquid, more is the proportion
of it distilling over.
The above problem can be avoided by using a
fractionating column. It gives the effect of repeated
distillation by offering resistance to the passage of vapour.
The process of separation of two miscible liquids by
the process of distillation, making use of their difference
in boiling points, is called fractional distillation.
The process of fractional distillation is useful only, if
the difference in the boiling points of the two miscible liquids
is less than 100C.
(A) Method :
 The process of fractional distillation is similar
to the process of distillation, except that a
fractionating column is attached.
 The design of a fractionating column is such
that the vapours of one liquid (with a higher
boiling point) are preferentially condensed as
compared to the vapours of the other liquid
(with lower boiling point).
 Thus, the vapours of the liquid with low boiling
point, pass on to the Leibig’s condenser where
they condense. The liquid so formed is
collected in receiver.
 The thermometer shows a constant reading as
long as the vapour of one liquid are passing
to Liebig’s condenser. As soon as the
temperature starts rising, the receiver is
replaced by another receiver to collect second
liquid.
 [ 14 ]
Miscible liquid-liquid
mixture
Ethyl alcohol (bp.78°C) +
Water (bp.100°C)
Methyl alcohol
(bp.64.5°C) + Ethyl
alcohol (bp.78°C)
Acetone (bp.45.5°C) +
Water (bp.100°C)
Acetone (bp.56.5°C) +
Ethyl alcohol (bp.78°C)
Methyl alcohol
(bp.64.5°C) + Acetone
(bp.56.5°C)
SEPARATION OF GASES FROM AIR :
CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
Component (iii) The compressed and cooled air is passed
through a spiral pipe, placed in a vacuum flask.
which distils
The end of spiral pipe is provided with a fine
over jet.
Ethyl alcohol (vi) When compressed air suddenly escapes from
the jet, its pressure suddenly falls. Thus, its
molecules move wide apart. W hen the
Methyl molecules move wide apart, they need energy.
alcohol This energy is taken by the molecules from
themselves and hence their temperature drops.
(v) The air so cooled, is now at a pressure equal
Acetone to that of atmosphere. This cooled air rises up
and in the process further cools the incoming
Acetone compressed air in spiral tube. The air is then
sucked again by the compression pump and
the cycle is repeated. With every cycle, the
Acetone temperature of air drops, till it liquefies.
(C) Fractional Distillation of Air :
(i) The liquid air mainly of nitrogen and oxygen,
and is at a temperature of - 2000°C.
(ii) The boiling point of liquid nitrogen is - 1950°C
and that of liquid oxygen is - 1830°C.

In order to separate the major components of air, it is

first purified, then liquefied and finally fractionally distilled.
The steps involved in the process are as follows -
(A) Purification of Air :
(i) Air generally contains carbon dioxide gas,
hydrogen sulphide gas and sulphur dioxide gas
as impurities. In addition to it there are dust
particles also.
(ii) First of all air is washed by passing it through
water, where the dust particles are removed.
(iii) The washed air is passed through dilute
caustic soda solution, where the gases like
carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and hydrogen
sulphide are removed. (iii) The liquid is gradually warmed to -1950°C,
(iv) The purified air, however, contains moisture. when nitrogen starts boiling off from the liquid
The moist air is passed through pipes, air. The nitrogen gas so formed, is compressed
maintained at a temperature below-200°C, and filled in steel cylinders.
where vapour present in it freezes and hence, (iv) The liquefied oxygen left behind, is also
air becomes dry. changed to gas and then filled in compressed
(v) The air leaving the cooling pipes is free from state in steel cylinders.
all impurities.
(B) Liquefaction of Air : CITY WATER SUPPLY :
(i) The cool air, f ree from all impurities is
compressed to a pressure 200 times more River water is normally used to supply drinking water
to big cities. This water is unfit for drinking purposes as it
than the atmospheric pressure. The
contains a large amount of suspended impurities and
compression raises the temperature of the air. harmful micro-organisms, such as bacteria and germs.
(ii) The hot compressed air is then passed through The river water is purified in the following stages -
cooling tank in which cold water enters from
(A) Sedimentation :
one end and warm water leaves from the other
The water is allowed to stand in big tanks where
end.
heavier suspended impurities settle down. To increase the

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX [ 15 ]
rate of sedimentation, alum is added to it (loading). The there is 8 g of oxygen required. Thus, only a physical
impurities settle down at the bottom. change has occurred.
(B) Filtration : (ii) The change is temporary and reversible : It
The semi - clear water is allowed to pass through beds means the change can be reversed by altering the causes
of sand, charcoal and gravel to remove suspended which produce the change.
impurities. After that water is passed through sand filter. Example : The water formed from ice can be changed
(C) Removal of harmful Micro-Organism or Sterilisation: back to ice by placing it in a freezing mixture (a mixture of
The harmful bacteria in filtered water can cause very ice and common salt).
serious diseases such as typhoid, cholera, jaundice, On altering the experimental conditions, the
dysentery, etc. change which gets reversed, is a physical change.
Thus, to the filtered water bleaching powder or chlorine (iii) There is no net gain or loss of energy : The
gas is added. This kills the micro-organisms and hence amount of energy required to bring about a physical change
the water becomes fit for drinking. This water is directly is generally equal to the amount of energy required to
pumped into overhead tanks for supply to a city. reverse the change. Thus, there is not net energy change
involved.
Example : If 1 g of water of 1000°C on changing into
steam needs 2260 J of heat energy, then 1 g of steam at
1000°C on changing into water at 1000°C, gives out 2260
J of h eat energy. Thus, the net energy change is zero.
(iv) There is no change in the weight of substance.
During a physical change it is only the energy which is
added or removed. No matter is added during a physical
change. Similarly, no matter is removed during a physical
change. Therefore, mass of the substance remains same.
Illustration 12.
How can you separate a mixture of sugar and sand? SOME EXAMPLES INVOLVING PHYSICAL
Solution :
Sugar is soluble in water, whereas sand is insoluble CHANGES PROPERTY:
in water. This difference in solubilities can be used to
1. Switching on The bulb glows The physical
separate them. an electric bulb and gives out heat appearance
Illustration 13. and li ght energy of the bulb
Name the process used to separate a mixture of changes
anthracene and copper sulphate 2. Rubbing a The steel rod gets The steel
Solution : permanent magnetized. If it is rod acquired
Sublimation magnet on a brought near iron the property
steel rod. nails, they get of attracting
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES : attracted. pieces of
Some kind of change always takes place in the matter iron.
when it is subjected to every changes. Almost all the 3. Action of The brownish grey Change in
changes (except nuclear changes) taking place in the heat on iodine crystals of iodine state and
matter can be classified under two heading, these are as change to form colour.
follows - violet vapours. On
(a) Physical Changes : cooling the
Definition : A change which alters some specific vapours condense
on cooler parts on
physical property of the matter, like its state, texture,
the test tube to
magnetic or electrical conditions or its colour, without form crystals.
causing any change in the composition of its molecules, 4. Dissolving of The whi te Change of
is called physical change, provided it get reversed, if the common salt in crystalline sal t state.
cause producing the change is removed. water disappears in
Following points need special consideration : water. However,
(i) Now new or different product is formed : The the water tested
composition of molecules of the substance remains exactly like
unaltered. common salt.
Moreover,
Example : ice melts to form water. In this example
common salt can
only the appearance (state) of matter has changed from
be recovered by
solid to liquid. However, the composition of the molecules evaporation
of ice or water remains same, i.e., for every 1 g of hydrogen

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 [ 16 ]
Some Common Examples of Physical Changes :
 Formation of dew.
 Evaporation of water.
 Crystallisation of sugar from its solution.
 Ringing of an electric bell.
 Breaking of a glass pane.
 Making of ice cream.
 A rock rolling down a hill.
 Bending of a glass tube by heating.
 Melting of wax.
 Sublimation of camphor.
(B) Chemical Change :
Definition : A change which alters the specific
properties of a material by bringing about a change in its
molecular composition, followed by a change in state, is
called a chemical change.
Following points needs special consideration :
(i) A chemical change results in the formation of
one or more new products : The products formed
have diff erent properties than the original
substance. Thus, the composition of the molecules
of products is different from the original substance.
Example : Heating of sugar
When sugar is gently heated in a test tube, it melts.
It gradually changes to brown colour, giving a large
amount of steamy fumes. In the end a black mass
is left which consists of carbon. Thus, new
substances, viz. carbon and water (steam) are
formed. In this change, the arrangement between
the molecules of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
breaks. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms separate
CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
from carbon atoms and join together to form water.
The carbon atoms are set free and are left as black
residue.
Sugar  heat
 carbon + Steam
(ii) The weight of the substance undergoing
chemical change usually changes :
Example : During the heating of sugar, the weight
of the black residue is far less than the actual
weight of the sugar. However, this is an apparent
change in weight. If we take the weight of steam
into account and add to it the weight of carbon, then
total weight will be equal to the weight of sugar
crystals. Thus, strictly speaking, total weight of
substances taking part in a chemical change
remains constant.
(iii) The chemical change is permanent and
irreversible : It means the change will not reverse
by altering the experimental conditions.
Example : The sugar, which has decomposed on
heating to form carbon and steam will not change
to sugar on cooling.
(iv) During chemical change energy is either
absorbed or given out : The various atoms in a
chemical compound are joined by attractive forces
commonly called bonds. The making or breaking of
the bonds always requires exchange of energy.
Thus, some amount of heat is either absorbed or
given out during a chemical change.

SOME EXAMPLES INVOLVING CHEMICAL CHANGES :

Chemical Change Observation Equation
1. Burning of magnesium in air When a magnesium ribbon is Magnesium + Oxygen 
heated in a flame of Bunsen Magnesium oxide
burner, it catches fire and burns
with a dazzling white flame to
form white ash.
2. Rusting of iron When iron (silver grey) is left Iron + Oxygen (from air) + Water
exposed to moist air for a few vapour  Rust
days, reddish brown powdery
mass (rust) is found on its
surface
3. Burning of LPG When LPG ( Liquefied Petroleum Butane (LPG) + Oxygen 
Gas) is burnt, it burns with a pale Carbon dioxide + Water
blue flame and liberates
colourless gas carbon dioxide
along with steam.

Some Common Examples of Chemical Changes :  Rusting of iron

 Burning of wood or charcoal  Clotting of blood
 Digestion of food  Baking of cake
 Formation of biogas (Gobar gas)  Formation of wine
 Smoking of cigarette  Decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen.

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX
 Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen
 Burning of candle
 Curdling of milk
 Burning of petrol or diesel
(C) Difference Between Physical and Chemical Changes :
Ph ysical change
1. The change takes place only in the
state, texture, colour, electrical or
magnetic properties or of solubility, etc.
However, molecular properties
(composition) do not change.
2. The specific properties of the substance
remain unaltered after the physical
change.
3. Now new substances are produced.
4. There is no change in weight, if a
substance is undergoing a physical
change.
5. There is no net absorption or release of
energy (such as heat or light energy)
during a physical change.
6. It is temporary change and is usually
reversed by removing the cause of the
change.
Illustration 14.
Which of the following are chemical changes and
which one are physical changes? Give reason.
(A) a glass bottle breaking
(B) coal burning in air
(C) making a cake
(D) wool being knitted into a sweater
Solution :
Physical change — (a) and (d)
Chemical change — (b) and (c)
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[ 17 ]
 Drying of paint
 Ripening of fruit
 Fading of the colour of a dyed cloth
 Photosynthesis
 Butter turning rancid
Chemical Change
1. The change takes place in the state,
texture, colour, electrical or magnetic
properties along with the change in its
molecular properties (i.e. its molecular
arrangement changes).
2. The specific properties of the substance
change completely after the chemical
change.
3. Always new substances are produced.
4. There is always a change in apparent
weight, when a substance undergoes a
chemical change.
5. There is always a net absorption or
release of energy during a chemical
change.
6. It is a permanent change and cannot be
reversed by removing the cause of the
change.
Daily Practice Problem-3
1. Which of the following substances when mixed with
sand cannot be separated by sublimation ?
(A) NaCl (B) NH4Cl
(C) Camphor (D) Iodine
2. Which of the following is a physical change ?
(A) Evaporation of (B) Melting of ice
alcohol
(C) Rusting of iron (D) Both (A) & (B)
 [ 18 ] CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
3. What will be the sublimate, when a mixture of sand, 8. A mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium
sulphur, common salt and iodine is sublimed ? chloride can be separated by
(A) Sand (B) Iodine (A) chromatography(B) hand picking
(C) Sulphur (D) Common salt
4. Mixture of sand and camphor can be purified by - (C) by sublimation (D) centrifugation
(A) distillation (B) filtration 9. Which of the following is not a chemical change ?
(C) sedimentation (D) sublimation
5. A mixture of alcohol and water can be separated by (A) Rusting of iron
(A) separating funnel (B) Cooking of food
(B) fractional distillation
(C) simple distillation (C) Freezing of water
(D) sublimation (D) Digestion of food
6. To separate the various coloured pigments present
in a substance which method is used ? 10. W hich of the f ollowing method is used f or
separation of different components of petroleum ?
(A) Sublimation (B) Chromatography
(C) Centrifugation (D) Evaporation (A) Fractional distillation
7. Carbon burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide. The (B) Sublimation
properties of carbon dioxide are - (C) Chromatography
(A) similar to carbon
(D) Simple distillation
(B) similar to oxygen
(C) totally different from both carbon and oxygen
(D) much similar to both carbon and oxygen

ADD ON CONCEPT BOOSTERS (FOR COMPETITIVE EXAM.)

9. Type of Colloidal systems :
Finely divided particles of any substance with
diameters lying within 1nm to 1000nm range dispersed in
any medium constitute the colloidal system.
The dispersed phase may not necessarily be a solid
always. It may be a liquid or even a gas. Similarly, the
dispersion medium may be a gas or a liquid or even a
solid. Several different types of colloidal system depending
upon the states of aggregation of the dispersed phase
and the dispersion medium, are possible, as shown.
10. Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated
Colloids
Depending upon the molecular size, the colloids can
be classified as:
1. Multimolecular colloids:
In this type, the particle consists of an aggregate
of atoms or small molecules. For examples, sols
of gold atoms and sulphur (S8 ) molecules. In these
colloids, the particles are held together by van der
Waals forces.

Dispersion Medium Dispersed Phase Examples

Gas Liquid Clouds, mists, fogs.
Gas Solid Smoke, volcanic dust.
Liquid Gas Foams, whipped cream.
Liquid Liquid Emulsions (milk, cod-liver oil)
Liquid Solid Starch, Proteins, arsenic sulphide, gold.
Solid Gas Adsorbed or occluded gases, Pumice stone
Solid Liquid Jellies, gel, cheese.
Solid Solid Coloured precious stones, rock–salt, alloys.

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX
2. Macromolecular colloids:
In this type, the particles of the dispersed phase are
sufficiently big in size (macro) to be of colloidal
dimensions. These macromolecules forming the
dispersed phase are generally polymers having very
high molecular masses. Naturally occurring
macromolecules are starch, cellulose, proteins,
enzymes, gelatine etc. Artificial macromolecules are
synthetic polymers such as nylon, polythene,
plastics, polystyrene, etc. Since these
macromolecules have large sizes, the solutions of
such molecules are called macromolecular colloidal
solutions. Their solutions are quite stable and
resemble true solution in many respects. Thus, the
common examples of macromolecular colloids are
starch, cellulose, proteins, plastics, etc.
3. Associated colloids:
These are the substances which behave as normal
electrolytes at low concentration but behave as
colloidal particles at higher concentration. These
associated particles are also called micelles. For
example, in aqueous solution, soap (sodium
stearate) ionizes as
•••
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[ 19 ]
C17 H 35COONa C17 H 35COO   Na 
Sod. stearate (soap) Stearate ion
In concentrated solution, these ions get associated
to form an aggregate of colloidal size.
When the dispersion medium is a gas, the colloidal
system is called aerosol. The systems with solids
as dispersed phase and a liquid as dispersion
medium are known as sols. When the liquid
medium is water, the system is called hydrosol or
aquasol. When this is alcohol or benzene or any
other organic liquid, the system is referred to as
alcosol, benzosol or organosol respectively.
Classification based upon interaction forces between
the dispersed phase and dispersion medium..05
 If strong interactive f orce exist between the
dispersed phase and dispersion medium then such
colloids are called Lyophilic colloids e.g., starch,
gum etc.
 If no interactive forces exist between the dispersed
phase and dispersion medium. Such colloids are
called Lyophobic colloids.
 [ 20 ]
NCERT SECTION
PRACTICE CORNER
1. What is meant by a pure substance?
2. List the points of difference between homogeneous
and heterogeneous mixture.
3. Diff erentiate between homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures with examples.
4. How are sol, solution and suspension differ from
each other?
5. To make a saturated solution 36 g of sodium
chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water at 293 K.
Find its concentration at this temperature.
6. How will you separate a mixture containing
kerosene and petrol. (difference in their boiling
points is more than 25°C), which are miscible with
each other?
7. Name the technique to separate
(i) butter from curd (ii) salt from sea water
(iii) camphor from salt
8. What type of mixtures are separated by the
technique of crystallisation?
9. Classify the following as chemical or physical
changes.
(A) cutting of trees.
(B) melting of butter in a pan
(C) rusting of almirah
(C) boiling of water to form steam
(D) passing of electric current through water and
the water breaking down into hydrogen and
oxygen
(E) dissolving common salt in water
(F) making a fruit salad with raw fruits
(G) burning of paper and wood
10. Try segregating the things around you as pure
substances or mixtures.
11. Which separation techniques will you apply for the
separation of the following?
(A) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(B) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing
sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
(C) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car
(D) Different pigments from an extract of flower
petals.
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CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
(E) Butter from curd.
(F) Oil from water.
(G) Tea leaves from tea.
(H) Iron pins from sand.
(I) Wheat grains from husk.
(J) Find mud particles suspended in water.
12. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use
the words solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble,
insoluble, filtrate and residue.
13. Pragya tested the solubility of three different
substances at different temperatures and collected
the data as given below (results are given in the
following table, as grams of substance dissolved in
100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).
(A) What mass of potassium nitrate would be
needed to produce a saturated solution of
potassium nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313
K?
(B) Pragya makes a saturated solution of
potassium chloride in water at 353 K and
leaves the solution to cool at room
temperature. What would she observe as the
solution cools? Explain.
(C) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K.Which
salt has the highest solubility at this
temperature?
(D) What is the effect of change of temperature on
the solubility of a salt?
14. Explain the following giving examples.
(A) saturated solution
(B) pure substance
(C) colloid
(D) suspension
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX [ 21 ]
15. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous 20. Classify the following into elements, compounds
or heterogeneous mixture. and mixtures.
soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.
(A) Sodium (B) soil
16. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid
given to you is pure water? (C) Sugar solution (D) silver
17. Which of the following materials fall in the category
(E) calcium carbonate (F) tin
of a "pure substance"?
(A) Ice (B) Milk (G) silicon (H) coal
(C) Iron (I) air (J) soap (K) methane
(D) Hydrochloric acid
(L) carbon dioxide (M) blood
(E) Calcium oxide (F) Mercury
(B) Brick (H) Wood 21. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(I) Air. (A) Growth of a plant
18. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.
(A) Soil (B) Sea water (B) Rusting of iron
(C) Air (D) Coal (C) Mixing of iron filings and sand
(E) Soda water.
(D) Cooking of food
19. Which of the following will show "Tyndall effect"?
(A) Salt solution (E) Digestion of food
(B) Milk (F) Freezing of water
(C) Copper sulphate solution
(D) Starch solution. (G) Burning of a candle

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 [ 22 ] CHEMISTRY | STD. IX

CORNER
EXERCISE -1 9. For a colloidal solution, dispersion medium disper-
sed phase is liquid-liquid. This is an example of
(BASED ON JEE MAIN/NEET)
(A) emulsion (B) aerosol
1. A mixture contains four solid compounds A, B, C,
(C) gel (D) sol
D. On heating C changes to vapour state. “C” can
10. Suspensions are
be separated from rest of the solids by (A) visible to naked eye
(A) crystallisation (B) sublimation (B) invisible through microscope
(C) distillation (D) filtration (C) not visible by any means
2. A liquid is found to scatter a beam of light but (D) invisible under electron microscope
leaves no residue when passed through the filter 11. Butter is colloid formed when
paper. The liquid is (A) fat is dispersed in fat
(A) a suspension (B) a true solution (B) fat is dispersed in water
(C) a colloidal sol (D) oil (C) water is dispersed in fat
3. Identify the false statement (D) proteins dispersed in water
(A) colloids are homogeneous 12. Which one in an example of Micelle system ?
(B) colloids show Tyndall effect (A) Soap + water (B) Rubber + benzene
(C) colloids show Brownian movement
(C) Protein + water (D) Rubber + water
(D) The size of colloidal particles ranges between
13. The cause of Brownian movement is
1 – 100 nm
(A) heat change is liquid state
4. Which is not an example of macromolecular
(B) convection current
colloids ?
(C) impact of molecules of dispersion medium on
(A) Nylon (B) Plastics
colloidal particles
(C) Rubber (D) Soaps
(D) attractive forces between the particles
5. Which of the following in not a colloid ?
14. The number of phases in colloidal system are
(A) Foam (B) Cloud
(A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four
(C) Roohafza syrup (D) Egg
15. If we heat iodine, then it is a
6. Smoke is an example of
(A) physical change
(A) gas dispersed in liquid
(B) chemical change
(B) gas dispersed in solid
(C) solid dispersed in gas (C) no change
(D) solid dispersed in solid (D) colour change
7. Micelles are 16. Colour of rust is
(A) emulsion cum gel (A) blue (B) green
(B) associated colloids (C) reddish brown (D) white
(C) true solution 17. Which of the following is not a chemical change
(D) suspensions (A) electrolysis of water
8. Which one of the following is correct matched ? (B) boiling of water
(A) Emulsion-curd (B) Foam-mist (C) digestion of food
(C) Aerosol-smoke (D) Solid sol-cake (D) burning of magnesium

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX [ 23 ]
18. Which of the following is a compound ? 6. Which of these is (are) a mixture?
(A) Steel (B) Water(C) Brass (D) Iodine (A) oil and water (B) sand and water
19. Tincture of iodine is a solution of iodine in (C) diet soda (D) distilled water
(A) water (B) acetone
7. Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?
(C) benzene (D) ethyl alcohol
20. Which gas present in air has the highest boiling (A) A pure substance must contain only one type
point ? of atom
(A) Oxygen (B) Nitrogen (B) A mixture containing two compounds must be
(C) Argon (D) Hydrogen heterogeneous
(C) A heterogeneous mixture must contain at least
EXERCISE -2 three elements
(D) A homogeneous mixture must be uniform
(BASED ON JEE ADVANCED/NEET) 8. Mixtures
1. Which of the following is (are) true for mixtures? (A) can have the same composition throughout
(A) Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogen- (B) have physical properties dependent on its
eous components
(C) always have non-uniform composition
(B) Components in a mixture are present in a fixed
(D) can be separated into their components
ratio
9. W hich of the f ollowing is an example of a
(C) Both A and B heterogeneous substance?
(D) Components of a mixture can be separated (A) mixture of sand and rice grains
easily by physical methods. (B) sodium sulphate
(C) aspirin
2. A mixture of sulphur and iron filing is heated (D) salad dressing
strongly to obtain a residue. Which of the following 10. W hich of the f ollowing is an example of a
is/are characteristic property/properties of the homogeneous substance
residue? (A) Glass (B) Dirt
(A) It can be separated into sulphur and iron filings (C) Flowers (D) Deionized water
by physical methods.
(B) Its composition does not change from one part ART ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE
to another DIRECTIONS : In each of the following questions, a
(C) Its properties are entirely different from those statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by a
of sulphur and iron filings corresponding statement of Reason (R) just below it.
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as
(D) Its appearance is different from those of
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason
sulphur and iron filings
is the correct explanation of assertion.
3. Which of the following is (are) true for a compound? (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
(A) It is heterogeneous in nature not correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If assertion is true and reason is false.
(B) A compound contains different elements is a (d) If assertion is false but reason is true.
fixed ratio 1. Assertion : In sublimation a substance changes
(C) Properties of a compound are entirely different directly from solid to vapour without
from those of the elements present in it passing through liquid state and vice-
versa.
(D) Constituents of a compound cannot be
Reason : Distillation involves two process i.e.
separated by simple physical methods. vapourisation and condensation.
4. Which of the following is an example(s) of alloy? 2. Assertion : Impure benzoic acid can be purified by
(A) Sugar (B) Brass sublimation.
Reason : Benzoic acid sublimes on heating.
(C) Bronze (D) NO2 3. Assertion : Colloidal solutions are stable and the
5. Which of the following is (are) a mixture (s)? colloidal particles do not settle down.
Reason : Brownian movement counters the
(A) Solution (B) Alloy force of gravity acting on colloidal
(C) Amalgam (D) Ammonia particles.

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 [ 24 ] CHEMISTRY | STD. IX
4. Assertion : Chromatography can be used to (B) Solution which (q) True solution
separate a mixture of plant pigments. has excess of
Reason : Chromatography can be used to solute
separate coloured substances into
(C) Solution which (r) Supersaturated solution
individual components.
5. Assertion : A mixture of benzoic acid and cannot dissolve
naphthalene can be separated by any more solute
crystallisation from water. (D) Solution which (s) Unsaturated solution
Reason : Benzoic acid is soluble in hot water has particle size
but naphthalene is insoluble in hot 10–7 cm
water. 3. Column-I Column-II
6. Assertion : A mixture of sugar and benzoic acid
(A) Salt solution (p) Suspension
can be separated by shaking with
ether. (B) Blood (q) Colloid
Reason : Sugar is insoluble in water. (C) Smoke (r) True solution
7. Assertion : True solution exhibit Tyndall effect. (D) Chalk water (s) Emulsion
Reason : Particles are very small in size. 4. Column-I Column-II
8. Assertion : When a beam of light is passed (A) Butter (p) Solvent hating
through a colloidal solution placed in (B) Cheese (q) Associated colloid
a dark place the path of the beam
(C) Micelles (r) Emulsion
becomes visible.
Reason : Light gets scattered by the colloidal (D) Lyophobic (s) Gel
particles. 5. Column-I Column-II
9. Assertion : A solution of table salt in a glass of (Property) (Application)
water is homogeneous. (A) Tyndall effect (p) Smoke precipitator
Reason : A solution having different composition (B) Electrophoresis (q) Sewage disposal
throughout is homogeneous. (C) Coagulation (r) Cleansing action of
10. Assertion : Lyophobic sols are less stable than soap
lyophilic sols. (D) Micelles (s) Blue sky
Reason : Lyophilic sols have solvent hating 6. Column-I Column-II
nature. (A) A solution (p) No units
generally has
MMTQ Matrix Match Type Questions
(B) A true solution is (q) True solution
In this section, each question contains statements (C) The concentration (r) Two components
given in two columns which have to be matched. of solution has
Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column-I have to be matched (D) Only one phase (s) Homogeneous in
with statements (p, q, r, s) in Column-II. The answers
to these questions have to be appropriately bubbled exists in nature
as illustrated in the following example. If the correct 7. Column-I Column-II
matches are A-q, A-r, B-p, B-s, C-r, C-s and D-q, then (A) Miscible liquids (p) Distillation
the correctly bubbled matrix will look like as shown. (B) Immiscible liquids (q) Crystallisation
p q r s (C) Impure copper (r) Sublimation
sulphate
A p q r s
(D) Salt and (s) Funnel
B p q r s ammonium
C p q r s chloride
p q r s 8. Column-I Column-II
D
(A) Diamond (p) Mixture
1. Column-I Column-II (B) Iron (q) Compound
(A) Fog (p) Solid in gas (C) Water (r) Element
(B) Smoke (q) Solid in solid (D) Gun powder (s) Metal
(C) Steel (r) Solid in liquid 9. Column-I Column-II
(D) Toothpaste (s) Liquid in gas (A) Rusting of iron (p) Physical as well as
chemical change
2. Column-I Column-II
(B) Melting of wax (q) Chemical change
(A) Solution which (p) Saturated solution
(C) Burning of candle (r) Physical change
can dissolve (D) Baking of cake (s) No change
more solute

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX [ 25 ]
10. Column-I Column-II 1. Which of the following is/are oil in water type of
(A) Aluminium (p) Compound emulsions?
(B) Fluorine (q) Metal (A) Ink (B) Detergent
(C) Tellurium (r) Non-metal (C) Soap (D) Milk
(D) Lime stone (s) Metalloid 2. Which of the following is homogeneous?
ITQ Integer Type Questions (A) Milk (B) Paint
(C) Shampoo (D) None of these
This section contains 5 questions. The answer to 3. Cold cream and butter are emulsions in which
each of the questions is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. If the correct answers to (A) milk fat is dispersed in water
question numbers X, Y, Z and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 (B) oil is dispersed in water
and 2 respectively, then the correct darkening of (C) gas is dispersed in water
bubbles will look like the following.
(D) water is dispersed in oil
X Y Z W 4. The substances like proteins,gums are added to an
0 0 0 0 emulsion as emulsifying agent.Their main function is to
1 1 1 1 (A) stabilise an emulsion
2 2 2 2 (B) precipitate an emulsion
3 3 3 3 (C) dilute an emulsion
4 4 4 4 (D) increase the concentration of an emulsion.
5 5 5 5 PASSAGE 2 : Both water and cooking oil are 98 but their
6 6 6 6 chemical properties are different. They differ in odour and
7 7 7 7 inflammability. Oil burns in air whereas water extinguishes
8 8 8 8 fire. It is the chemical property of oil that makes it different
from water. During a chemical change one substance
9 9 9 9
reacts with other to undergo a change in chemical
1. 0.5 g of substance is dissolved in 25 g of a solvent.
compositions. A chemical change is also called a chemical
The percentage amount of the substance in the
reaction. Sometimes both physical and chemical change
solution is
2. If 117 g NaCl is dissolved in 1000 g of water, the take place together.
concentration of the solution is said to be ..... molal. 1. The interconversion of solid, liquid and gas state is a
3. Air contains about 0.03% of a carbon dioxide. If (A) physical change
concentration in parts per million is x × 102 ppm, (B) chemical change
the value of x is (C) both (a) and (b)
4. A solution contains 30 g of common salt dissolved
(D) no change
in 470 g of water. The concentration of solution is.
5. The weight percentage and volume percentage 2. Burning of a candle involves a
(w/v) of solution are 22 and 44 respectively. The (A) physical change
density of the solution is (B) chemical change
6. How many molecules of water is present in blue
vitriol. (C) both physical and chemical change
7. How many elements are present in brass. (D) no change.
8. How many metals are present in liquid form at STP. 3. Chemical change brings change in....... of matter.
9. A solution contains 30g of sugar dissolved in 370
(A) physical properties
g of water. Calculate the concentration of this
solution. (B) chemical properties
(C) both physical and chemical properties
PASSAGE COMPREHENSION (D) no change
PASSAGE 1 : Emulsions are colloidal solutions in 4. Colour, hardness, melting points, boiling points,
which dispersed phase as well as dispersion odour, etc. are
medium are liquids. It may be oil in water or water
in oil type. Emulsifiers like soap, detergents, gum, (A) chemical properties
etc. are used to stabilise emulsions. In oil in water (B) physical properties
type emulsions water acts as dispersion medium (C) both physical and chemical properties
while in water in oil type emulsions, oil acts as
(D) example of chemical reactions.
dispersion medium.

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 [ 26 ] CHEMISTRY | STD. IX

KEY & ANSWERS

DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM-1 MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. A  s, B  p, C  q, Dr
Qus. D C D D C D A D C B
2. A  s, B  r,, C  p, D q
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM-2 3. A  r,, B  q, C  q, Dp
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4. A  s, B  s, C  q, Dp
Qus. D C C D A C C B A B
5. A  s, B  p, C  q, Dr
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM-3 6. A  r; B  s, C  p, D q
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7. A  p; B  s, C  q, Dr
Qus. A D B D B B C C C A 8. A  r; B  s, C  q, Dp
EXERCISE -1 9. A  q; B  r,, C  p, Dq

(BASED ON JEE MAIN/NEET) 10. A  q; B  r,, C  s, D p

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) INTEGER TYPE ANSWER
8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (6) 5. (2) 6. (5) 7. (2)

15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a) 8. (1) 9. 7.5

EXERCISE -2 PASSAGE COMPREHENSION

(BASED ON JEE ADVANCED/NEET) PASSAGE-1
1.(AD) 2.(BCD) 3. (BCD) 4.(BC) 5.(ABC)
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (A)
6.(ABC) 7.(ABC) 8. (BD) 9.(AD) 10.(AD)
PASSAGE-2

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTION 1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B)

1.(B) 2.(A) 3.(A) 4.(B) 5. (A) 6. (C) 7.(D)

8.(A) 9.(C) 10.(C)

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IS MATTER AROUND US PURE | STD. IX [ 27 ]

Important Notes

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