CBLM

The Units of Competency comprising this Qualification include the following:
CODE NO. BASIC COMPETENCIES
500311105 Participate in workplace communication
500311106 Work in a team environment
500311107 Practice career professionalism[Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point.
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quote text box.]
500311108 Practice occupational health and safety procedures
CODE NO. COMMON COMPETENCIES
ELC311205 Use Hand Tools
ELC311201 Perform Mensuration and Calculation
ELC311202 Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing
ELC311204 Apply Quality Standards
ELC311206 Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring and Electronic Circuits
CODE NO. CORE COMPETENCIES
ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

INSTALLATION AND Date revised:
MAINTENANCE NC II Issued by:
Developed by:
ROWELL RAMOS Revision no.:
ELC741301 Perform roughing-in activities, wiring and cabling works for single-phase distribution, power, lighting
and auxiliary systems
ELC741302 Install electrical protective devices for distribution, power, lighting, auxiliary, lightning protection and
grounding systems
ELC741303 Install wiring devices of floor and wall mounted outlets, lighting fixtures/switches, and auxiliary
outlets
Description of the trade
The electrical trade is one of the basic trades in the construction industry. It is a trade in which individual ability and skill are
recognized and rewarded. The trade involves the following areas: electrical installation in new buildings, rewiring old
buildings, electrical maintenance and repair, and troubleshooting electrical equipment and installations. Many of these areas
are also basic to the power and electronic fields.
The work involved in all fields often is so closely related o the technical and theoretical concepts of electricity that
only a trained person can do the job. This is especially true in the field of electronics. Because more and more electronic
equipment is being used, the electrician is expected to be able to install and maintain this equipment. Therefore, the electrical
apprentice needs to acquire the related technical information.
Working conditions of the trade
The surroundings and working conditions of the electrical trade are favorable to the worker. The trade offers
opportunities for indoor and outdoor work. Working hours and conditions of the trade permit the electrical worker to find
pleasure in doing a first class job. Journeymen on many jobs have the opportunity to deal with customers; therefore, personal
conduct of the experienced worker affects future advancement of the trade and industry. The electrical trade requires a high
degree of responsibility on the part of the trained technician because this person is responsible for interconnecting and
constructing complex electrical systems. These systems are controlled by state and local building codes, and the National
Electrical Code. As a result , the work requires skilled technicians.
Ethics of the trade

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Electricians are judged by the quality of their work and by their attitude toward fellow workers, employers, and the
public. A good electrician takes pride in doing high quality work and gives an honest day’s work for an honest day’s pay. An
accurate and complete job is expected in every activity, including safety handling of materials. Much work is done alone and
unsupervised.
Basic Electrical Terms
AC and DC: Abbreviations for alternating current and direct current respectively.
Current - A movement of electricity analogous to the flow of a stream of water.
Direct Current - An electric current flowing in one direction only (i.e. current produced
using a battery).
Alternating Current - a periodic electric current that reverses its direction at regular
intervals.
Accessible: Three common uses of accessible: (Wiring methods) - Capable of being removed
or exposed without damaging the building structure of finish, or not permanently enclosed by
such. Wires in concealed raceways are not considered accessible. (Equipment) -Admitting close
approach; not guarded by locked doors or other effective means.
Readily Accessible - Capable of being reached quickly for operation, renewal, or
inspections without the requirement of climbing over or removing obstacles or use of
portable ladders, chairs, etc.
Amp or Ampere: The unit of intensity of electrical current (the measure of electrical flow), is
abbreviated a or A.
Box: An enclosure designed to provide access to the electrical wiring system. Uses include but
are not limited to provide device and lighting outlets and wiring system junction points. Specially
designed boxes are required for the support of listed ceiling fans weighing less than 35 lb (15.
kg). Fans exceeding this weight limit must be supported independently of the outlet box.
Circuit Breaker: A device designed to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means and to
open the circuit automatically on a predetermined over current without damaging itself when
operated according to its rating.
Circuit: A complete path from the energy source through conducting bodies and back to the
energy source.
Conductor: a substance or body capable of transmitting electricity. Bare - A conductor having
no covering or electrical insulation whatsoever.
Covered - A conductor encased within material of composition or thickness that is not
recognized by the NEC as electrical insulation.
Insulated - A conductor encased within material of composition or thickness that is
recognized by the NEC as electrical insulation.
Device: A unit of an electrical system that is intended to carry but not utilize electricity.
Equipment: A general term including material, fittings, devices, alliances, fixtures, apparatus,
and similar items used as a part of, or in connection with, an electrical installation.
Fuse: An over current protective device with a circuit opening part that is heated and broken by
the passage of an over current through it.
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GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter): A device intended for the protection of personnel that

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de-energizes a circuit or portion of a circuit when the current to ground exceeds a preset value.
"Ground Fault" is the name applied to this undesired circuit condition. In dwelling units (e.g.
houses, apartments), GFCI protection is currently required in bathrooms, garages, outdoors,
unfinished basements, kitchens and wet bar sinks. Other specific installations and/or areas may
also necessitate the need for protection
Ground: A conducting connection, intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit or
equipment and the earth, or some conducting body that serves in place of the earth. Other
associated terms are: Grounded conductor - A system or circuit conductor that is intentionally
connected to ground. This conductor has also been referred to as the neutral or common
conductor. Grounding conductor - a conductor used to connect equipment or the grounded
circuit of a wiring system to the grounding electrode (s). Ungrounded conductor - A current
carrying conductor not connected to ground.
Kilowatt-hour: Work done at the steady rate equivalent to 1000 watts in one hour. Power utility
companies’ base their billing upon the number of kilowatt-hours (KWH) consumed.
Labeled: Equipment or materials that a label or other identifying mark of a listing organization
has been attached.
Lamp: A general term for various devices for artificially producing light.
Listed: Equipment and/or materials included in a list published by an organization concerned
with product evaluation and production of listed items. The listing states whether the item meets
designated standards or is suitable for use in a specified manner. Listing organizations
acceptable to jurisdiction authorities include Underwriters' Laboratories (UL) and CSA.
NEC (National Electrical Code): a document produced by the National Fire Protection
Association for the purpose of the practical safeguarding of persons and property from hazards
arising from the use of electricity. Authorities having legal jurisdiction over electrical installations
adopt the code for mandatory application ( i.e. incorporate the code into law).
Ohm: The unit of electrical resistance and impedance, abbreviated with the symbol omega, W.
Resistance is the opposition offered by a substance to the passage of electrical current.
Impedance is the apparent resistance in a circuit to the flow of alternating current.
Ohm's Law: A statement of the relationship, discovered by the German scientist G. S. Ohm,
between the voltage, amperage and resistance of a circuit. It states the voltage of a circuit in
volts is equal to the product of the amperage in amperes and the resistance in ohms. E=IR
Over current: Any current in excess of the rated current or ampacity. It may result from
overload, short circuit or ground fault.
Overload: Operation in excess of normal full-load rating or rated ampacity which could cause
damage or dangerous overheating if continued for a sufficient time. A fault, such as a short circuit
or ground fault, is not an overload. See "Over Current".
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Phase: the point or stage in the period to which the rotation, oscillation, or variation has
advanced relative to a standard position or starting point. electrically, one of the voltage sources
of an alternating current electrical system whose voltage state is measured relative to a standard
point.
Raceway: An enclosed channel of metallic or nonmetallic materials designed expressly for
holding wires, cables, or bussbars. Examples are electrical metallic tubing (EMT), flexible
Receptacle: a device installed for the connection of a single contact device. Receptacles provide
a means of connecting apparatus that utilize electricity to the wiring system.
Service: the conductors and equipment for delivering electrical energy from the supply system
(e.g. the electric power utility) to the wiring system of the premises served.

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Single Phase: a system of alternating current power where the phase relationship between
ungrounded conductors is either 0 or 10 degrees.
Three Phase: a system of alternating current power where the phase relationship between
ungrounded conductors is either 0 or 120 degrees.
Transformer: An apparatus for converting an alternating electrical current from a high to a low
potential (voltage) or vice versa. Uses of transformers include but are not limited to the
conversion of utility transmission voltage to the voltage of the premises wiring system and
conversion of voltage for use with chimes, alarm systems and low-voltage lighting. Transformers
can also be used to compensate for minor variations equipment voltage requirements.
Transformers only change voltage and amperage.
Volt: the unit of electromotive force, the measure of electrical pressure, is abbreviated v or V,
and voltage is represented by I. The voltage (of a circuit) is the effective (greatest root-meansquare)
difference of potential between any two conductors of the circuit concerned.
Some systems, such as 3-phase 4-wire and single-phase 3-wire may have multiple circuits of
differing voltages. The Nominal Voltage is the value assigned to a circuit to conveniently
designate its voltage class (e.g. 120 volts, 240 volts, 480 volts). The actual voltage of the circuit
can vary.
Watt: the unit of power or rate of work represented by a current of one ampere under a pressure
of one volt (abbreviated w or W). The English horsepower is approximately equal to 846 watts.
Wattage ratings of lamps actually measure the power consumption not the illuminating
capability.
Credits
Many of the definitions used are based on information contained in the National Electrical Code
published by the National Fire Protection Association and Webster's New World Dictionary.

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The Wonder of Electricity
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric
charge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, static electricity,
electromagnetic induction and electrical current. In addition, electricity permits the creation and
reception of electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves
In electricity, charges produce electromagnetic fields which act on other charges. Electricity
occurs due to several types of physics:
 electric charge: a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their
electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and
produces, electromagnetic fields.
 electric field (see electrostatics): an especially simple type of electromagnetic field
produced by an electric charge even when it is not moving (i.e., there is no electric
current). The electric field produces a force on other charges in its vicinity.
 electric potential: the capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge,
typically measured in volts.
 electric current: a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured
in amperes.
 electromagnets: Moving charges produce a magnetic field. Electrical currents generate
magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields generate electrical currents.
In electrical engineering, electricity is used for:
 electric power where electric current is used to energize equipment;
 electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components
such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated
passive interconnection technologies.
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity; though progress in theoretical
understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Even then,
practical applications for electricity were few, and it would not be until the late nineteenth century
that engineers were able to put it to industrial and residential use. The rapid expansion in
electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society.

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Georg Ohm
How Electricity Is Generated
Turbine Generator

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A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is
based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, scientist Michael Faraday
discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire.
A typical generator at a power plant uses an electromagnet — a magnet produced by electricity
— not a traditional magnet. The generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that form a
stationary cylinder. This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic shaft. When the
electromagnetic shaft rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of the wire
coil. Each section of the wire becomes a small, separate electric conductor. The small currents
of individual sections are added together to form one large current. This current is the electric
power that is transmitted from the power company to the consumer.
An electric utility power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar
machine to drive an electric generator — a device that converts mechanical or chemical energy
to electricity. Steam turbines, internal-combustion engines, gas combustion turbines, water
turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity.
Steam turbine power plants powered by coal and nuclear energy produce about 70% of the
electricity used in the United States. These plants are about 35% efficient. That means that for
every 100 units of primary heat energy that go into a plant, only 35 units are converted to useable
electrical energy. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced using steam turbines.
A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. In a
steam turbine, steam is forced against a series of blades mounted on a shaft, thus rotating the
shaft connected to the generator. The generator, in turn, converts its mechanical energy to
electrical energy based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity.
In steam turbines powered by fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas, the fuel
is burned in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to produce steam.
Fossil fuels generate most U.S. electricity

In 2012, coal was used for about 37% of the 4 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity generated in
the United States.
More Data

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Natural gas, in addition to being burned to heat water for steam, can also be burned to produce
hot combustion gases that pass directly through a turbine, spinning the turbine's blades to
generate electricity. Gas turbines are commonly used when electricity utility usage is in high
demand. In 2012, 30% of the U.S. electricity was fueled by natural gas.
Petroleum can be burned to produce hot combustion gases to turn a turbine or to make steam
to turn a turbine. Residual fuel oil, a product refined from crude oil, is often the petroleum product
used in electric plants that use petroleum to make steam. Petroleum was used to generate less
than 1% of all electricity in the United States in 2012.
Nuclear power provides about one-fifth of U.S. electricity
Nuclear power is a method in which steam is produced by heating water through a process
called nuclear fission. In a nuclear power plant, a reactor contains a core of nuclear fuel, primarily
uranium. When atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons, they fission (split) releasing heat and
more neutrons.
Under controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium atoms, splitting more
atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take place, creating a chain reaction releasing
heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam, which, in turn, spins a turbine that generates
electricity. Nuclear power was used to generate about 19% of all U.S. electricity in 2012
Renewable energy sources make up the rest

Hydropower, the source for almost 7% of U.S. electricity generation in 2012, is a process in
which flowing water is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator. There are two basic
types of hydroelectric systems that produce electricity.
In the first system, flowing water accumulates in reservoirs created by dams. The water falls
through a pipe called a penstock and applies pressure against the turbine blades to drive the
generator to produce electricity.
In the second system, called run-of-river, water is diverted from a river using a relatively low dam
or weir into penstocks and turbines. The dam does not store a large volume of water in a
reservoir. Run-of-river power plants are more dependent on river flows than hydro plants with
reservoirs for storing water which can produce electricity even when natural river flows are low.
Biomass
Biomass is material derived from plants or animals
(i.e. biogenic) and includes lumber and paper mill
wastes; food scraps, grass, leaves, paper, and wood
in municipal solid waste (garbage); and forestry and
agricultural residues such as wood chips, corn cobs,
and wheat straw.
These materials can be burned directly in steamelectric
power plants, or converted to gas that can
be burned in steam generators, gas turbines, or
internal combustion engine-generators. Biomass
accounted for about 1% of the electricity generated
in the United States in 2012.
Wind power
Wind power is produced by converting wind energy
into electricity. Electricity generation from wind has
increased significantly in the United States since 1970, but wind power remains a small
fraction of U.S. electricity generation, about 3% in 2012.
Geothermal power
Geothermal power comes from heat energy buried beneath the surface of the earth. In some

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areas of the United States, enough heat rises close to the surface of the earth to heat
underground water into steam, which can be tapped for use at steam-turbine plants. This energy
source generated less than 1% of the electricity in the United States in 2012.
Solar Power
Solar power is derived from energy from the sun. There are two main types of technologies for
converting solar energy to electricity: photovoltaic (PV) and solar-thermal electric. PV conversion
produces electricity directly from sunlight in a photovoltaic (solar) cell.
Solar-thermal electric generators concentrate solar energy to heat a fluid and produce steam to
drive turbines. In 2012, less than 1% of the U.S. electricity generation was from solar power.

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If you could see an atom, it would look a little like a tiny center of balls surrounded by giant
invisible bubbles (or shells). The electrons would be on the surface of the bubbles, constantly
spinning and moving to stay as far away from each other as possible. Electrons are held in their
shells by an electrical force.
The protons and electrons of an atom are attracted to each other. They both carry an electrical
charge. Protons have a positive charge (+) and electrons have a negative charge (-). The
positive charge of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. Opposite charges
attract each other. An atom is in balance when it has an equal number of protons and electrons.
The neutrons carry no charge and their number can vary.
The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of atom, or element, it is. An element is
a substance consisting of one type of atom (the Periodic Table shows all the known elements),
all with the same number of protons. Every atom of hydrogen, for example, has one proton, and
every atom of carbon has six protons. The number of protons determines which element it is.
Electricity Is the Movement of Electrons between Atoms
Electrons, electricity, electronic and other words that begin with "electr..." all originate from
the Greek word "elektor," meaning "beaming sun." In Greek, "elektron" is the word for amber.
Ancient Greeks discovered that amber behaved oddly - like attracting feathers - when rubbed
by fur or other objects. They didn't know what it was that caused this phenomenon. But the
Greeks had discovered one of the first examples of static electricity.
The Latin word, electricus, means to "produce from amber by friction." So, we get our English
word electricity from Greek and Latin words that were about amber.

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The Nature of Electricity
Electricity is a little different from the other sources of energy that we talk about. Unlike coal, petroleum, or solar
energy, electricity is a secondary source of energy. That means we must use other primary sources of energy, such as coal or
wind, to make electricity. It also means we can’t classify electricity as a renewable or nonrenewable form of energy. The
energy source we use to make electricity may be renewable or nonrenewable, but the electricity is neither.
Generating Electricity
Three basic types of power plants generate most of the electricity in the United States—fossil fuel, nuclear, and
hydropower. There are also wind, geothermal, waste-to-energy, and solar power plants, but together they generate about 6.12
percent of the electricity produced in the United States.
Fossil Fuel Power Plants:

Fossil fuel plants burn coal, natural gas, or petroleum. These plants use the chemical energy in fossil fuels to
superheat water into steam, which drives a steam generator. Fossil fuel plants are sometimes called thermal power plants
becauses they use heat to generate electricity. Coal is the fossil fuel of choice for most electric companies, producing 33.08
percent of total U.S. electricity. Natural gas plants produce 32.57 percent. Petroleum produces 0.70 percent of the electricity
in the U.S.
Nuclear Power Plants:

Nuclear plants generate electricity much as fossil fuel plants do, except that the furnace is a reactor and the fuel is
uranium. In a nuclear plant, a reactor splits uranium atoms into smaller elements, producing a great amount of heat in the
process. The heat is used to superheat water into high-pressure steam, which drives a turbine generator. Like fossil fuel
plants, nuclear power plants are thermal plants because they use heat to generate electricity. Nuclear energy produces 19.45
percent of the electricity in the U.S.
Hydropower Plants: Hydropower plants use the gravitational force of falling water to generate electricity. Hydropower is
the cheapest way to produce electricity in this country, but there are few places where new dams can be built economically.
There are many existing dams that could be retrofitted with turbines and generators. Hydropower is called a renewable
energy source because it is renewed continuously during the natural water cycle. Hydropower produces five to ten percent of
the electricity in the U.S., depending
upon the amount of precipitation. In 2015, hydropower generated 6.00 percent of U.S. electricity.
Atomic theory
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has weight is called matter. All liquids, gases, and solids are examples of matter in
different forms. All matter consist of minute particles called molecules which are themselves made up of still particles
known as atoms.
Neutron- inside the nucleus ( a hard central core) which is electrically neutral

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Proton- inside the nucleus and carries a positive charge
Electron- it revolves around the relatively massive nucleus and carries a negative charge.
Positive and negative charges
There are two kinds of electrical charge, positive (+) and negative charge (-) . Basic law states that the same charges repel
each other while dissimilar charges attract one another.
Free electrons
These are the electrons that orbit in the outermost shell of an atom that can easily be forced out of orbits.
It is found that in metals , the outermost electrons are very loosely attached to the atom. In fact , they freely move from one
atom to another and behave very much like the molecules of a gas in a draught- free room. They wander about with random
motion between atoms continuously colliding with one another but not moving in any particular direction. These free moving
and unattached electrons form what is known as electron gas.
When some external force is applied to these atoms, the outermost electron get easily detached from the parent atom
and start drifting along and so give rise to a flow of electrons.
Electrical point of view in matter
Conductors- materials that easily facilitate the flow of electrons.
Ex. Gold,silver, copper, aluminum etc.
Insulator- materials that hardly facilitate the passage of free electrons.
Ex. Paper, plastic, glass, porcelain, etc.
Semiconductors- materials that is neither a good conductor or a good insulator
Ex. Carbon, silicon , germanium
Current , Voltage , and Resistance
Current- the flow or drift of electric charge ( electron) past a point in an electric circuit in a given time.
- I is the symbol
- Unit of measurement is amperes ( A )
Voltage- the potential , force, push, pressure that cause electron to move, voltage is commonly used to mean electromotive
force ( emf ) , electrical potential and potential difference. Voltage is really a difference of electric potential between two
points. Voltage must always be referenced between two points.

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Two symbols are used for voltage in mathematical formulas: E usually represent a voltage supply such as battery or
generator. V usually represent voltage drop across a circuit element. These symbols may also be interchangeably. The unit of
measurement for voltage is volts.
Trivia: the unit for voltage is named after Alessandro Volta . an Italian physicist 1745-1827
Resistance- opposition to the flow of current
- R is the symbol use in mathematical formula

- The unit of measurement is ohms or a greek letter omega ( Ω )
Trivia: the unit for resistance is named after Georg Simon Ohm a German physicist ( 1787-1854)
Law of resistance- the resistance offered by a conductor depends on the following factors
1. It varies directly on its length

2. It varies directly on the cross sectional area
3. It depends on material
4. It also depends on the temperature of the conductor
Ohm’s Law- the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied potential ( voltage or emf), and inversely
proportional to the resistance total of the circuit. Ohms law describes the relationship between current , voltages, and
resistance using the formula below.
[Type a quote from the document or the

summary of an interesting point. You can
position the text box anywhere in the
document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to
change the formatting of the pull quote text
box.]
Where:
I – intensity of current in amperes
V- quantity of electrical pressure in volts
R- amount of resistance in ohms
Formula;
E=IR

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R=E/I
I=E/R
Example problem: if a voltage of 24 volts appears across a resistance of 4 ohms, find the current through the resistance.
Formula :
I=E/R
I=24 volts/4 ohms
I= 6 amperes
Example: find the voltage that appears across an 8 ohm resistance if the current through it is 10 amperes.
Formula:
E=IR
E=( 10 amperes)(8 ohms)
E= 80 volts

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Series circuits
Objectives:
After studying this information sheet no. 2, the student should be able to
- Describe the basic relationship between voltage current and resistance in a series circuit
- Apply ohms law to determine unknown quantities.
Voltage
The total voltage applied to a series circuit is distributed across the various components of the circuit in a series of voltage
drops.
the sum of the voltage drops across individual resistors in a series circuit is equal to the total applied voltage. In other words.
Et=E1+E2+E3 +……and so on
Current
Because only one path for current exist, the current through all components in the circuit is the same. This statement can be
expressed as:
It= I1=I2=I3=……and so on
Resistance
The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of resistances of all resistors in the circuit.
Rt= R1+R2+R3+……and so on
Here we have three resistors of different resistances. They share a single connection point. When added together the total
resistance is 90-Ohms.

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Parallel circuits
Objectives:
After studying this information sheet, the student should be able to
- Describe the characteristic of parallel circuit

- Demonstrate a procedure for solving parallel circuit problems
Voltage
The total voltage in parallel circuit is the sameas the individual voltage across the load
Vt=V1=V2=V3=….and so on
Current
The total current in the parallel circuit is equal to the sum of all the individual current of the load
It=I1+I2+I3+….and so on
Resistance
The total resistance in the parallel circuit is less than the smallest resistance in the circuit
Formula in finding total resistance:
Rt= _______1_______
1 + 1+1+1+1
r1 r2 r3 r4 r5
Electrical energy and power

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After studying this unit, the student should be able to
- Discuss the relationship of work to power

- Apply the power and energy concepts to practical problems
To ensure proper operation, all electrical equipment is rated by the manufacturer. That is , the voltage and kind of current
required are usually specified on the nameplate of the component. This information allows the consumer to compute he cost
of operation before purchased is made. A generator, for example, is rated for electrical power output. Damage to the
generator results from operation at outputs in excess of this rating. An electrician cannot install an electric motor and expect
it to operate properly and safely, unless the horsepower requirements of the load are known. It is necessary to understand the
exact meaning of all types of electrical ratings.
Work
For an object to move, some force mus make it move. When electrons flow in a circuit, a force must make them flow. A force
produces or tends o produce motion or change in motion. Energy is the ability to do work. Therefore, when work is done,
energy is used or consumed.
If a weight is to be lifted, work is required. The unit of work is foot –pound (ft.lb) which is the amount of work accomplished
when weight of 1 pound is lifted vertically 1 foot , or when a forced of 1 pound acts through a distance of 1 foot. The amount
of work done, measured in foot –pounds, is equal to the forced in pounds multiplied by the distance in feet, or
Work= forced x distance
Electric power is the rate of doing electrical work. Its unit is the watt, or kilowatt, which is 1000 watts. One (1) watt is
developed when (1) ampere is maintained through a resistance by an emf of (1) volt. The relationship between kW and hp is:
(1) hp = 746 W
Electrical energy is expressed in terms of kilowatt hours (kWh), and (1) kWh is the energy expended if work is done at a rate
of (1) kW for 1 hour.

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Common electrical tools and equipment
tools
Combination plier Long nose plier Vise grip Round nose plier
Diagonal cutting plier Philip screwdriver Flat screwdriver holster

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Precision screwdriver
Electrician knife
Wire stripper Pull push rule
Pipe cutter Pipe reamer Pipe threader

file
Open wrench Box wrench Combination wrench Adjustable wrench
Hacksaw
Allen wrench
Claw hammer Ball peen hammer

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Rubber mallet
Emt bender or one shot bender hickey Bolt cutter
Spirit level
Multi-tester ( analog and digital) caliper
Try square
Power tools
Electric drill

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heatgun
Angle grinder
Soldering iron
Pvc junction box Metal junction box Pvc Utility box (flush type)
(flush type)

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Metal utility box
Flexible connector
(flush type) Pvc utility box
(surface type)
Materials
1. Junction box
2. Utility box
3. Conduits
4. Pvc connectors
5. Pvc elbow
6. Rsc connector
7. Rsc elbow
8. Pvc strap/clamp
9. Metal strap/clamp
10. Electrical tape
11. Rubber tape
12. Metal screw
13. Pvc cement
14. Flexible hose connector
15. Panel board
16. Rugby
17. Tox with screw
18. Entrance cap
19. Mica tubing
20. Plastic molding
21. Wire and cable
22. Convenience outlet
23. Lamp receptacle
24. Incandescent lamp
25. Fluorescent lamp
26. Floodlight
27. Utp cable

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Perform mensuration and calculation
Electrical measuring instrument
Multi tester- a three in one measuring instrument that is used to measure voltage , current and resistance
Two types of multi tester
1. Analog
2. Digital
Clamp meter- is a handy ammeter that can measure ac current without making any connection to the circuit.
Insulation tester- mega- ohmmeter- is actually an ohmmeter that can measure a very high resistance. It is used to test the
strength of insulation and to measure the insulation resistance. When cranked, it generates dc voltages from 500 to 1000
volts. The dc voltage is applied to terminal of equipment being tested for about 1 minute.
Why insulation test is necessary?
All live conductors of electrical appliances and installations must be insulated to prevent electric shock hazards from
inadvertent contact , file hazards from short circui and equipment damage. In addition, a low insulation resistance in
installation will result in a leakage current , and hence causes a waste of energy which would increase the running costs of the
installation.
Insulation resistance must be checked by applying appliances or installations a higher voltage voltage than its normal
working voltage, because insulation resistance is lower at higher than lower voltage.
Periodical test is also important to ensure that insulation of installations or appliancesb is not deteriorating. Foreign matter
and mechanical factors like wear or breakage may reduce insulation resistance. Regular test and data logs can detect possible
fault in insulation.
Application
1. Test the strength of insulation of wires and cables

2. Measures the insulation resistance of wires ( acceptable reading is 50 mega ohm or above)
3. Measure the insulation resistance and ground
Kilowatt hour meter

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A kilowatt-hour meter is an instrument that registers the consumption of electric energy. When electricity is used, its power
produces energy in the form of light (lamps), heat (electric stove, heater), and sound (radio), work (pumping water to higher
level). Consumers pay the electrical supplier in the amount of energy consumed by a device or equipment tha is supplied by
electricity.
System of measurement is a set of units which can be used to specify anything which can be measured. These are the
common units of measurement used in making layout and installation of electrical materials.
1. English system- the English system of measurement grew out of the creative way that people measured from
themselves. For example, people measured shorter distance on the ground with their feet. They measured long
distances by their palms which is equal to a yard. The example are inch, yard, and miles.
2. Metric system-is a decimalized system of measurement. It exist in several variation with different choices of base
units. Metric units are widely used around the world for personal, commercial and scientific purpose. The example
are millimeter, centimeter, decimeter, and meter.
English units and each equivalent
1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in)

1 yard (yd) = 3 feet (ft) Metric units and each equivalent
1 yard (yd) = 36 inches (in)
1 mile (mi) = 5,280 feet (ft) 1,000 millimeters (mm) = 1 meter
100 centimeters (cm) = 1 meter
10 decimeters (dm) = 1 meter
1 dekameter (dam) = 10 meters

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1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters 10 millimeter (mm) =1 centimeter
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters 10 centimeter ( cm)=1 decimeter
English to metric equivalent
1 inch=2.54 cm
1 foot =30.48 cm
1 yard= 91.44 cm
A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance.

It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool.
Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or
corners.
ACCURATELY READING A TAPE MEASURE
A tool is only as good as the person using it.
That’s an old saying, but a true one, and something that applies to tape measures as well. They’re only effective if the
person using them knows how to get an accurate reading.
In this blog post, we’re going to look at how to accurately read a tape measure.
ESSENTIAL FEATURES

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Let’s begin by reviewing the essential parts of an “Imperial” or “English” tape measure:
1. INCH DESIGNATIONS
On a tape measure that uses imperial units – as opposed to the metric system – the most prominent markings are typically the
inch marks, designated by long, thin lines and larger numbers. You will see a foot designation marked every 12 inches
(sometimes in a box as in the picture, or sometimes the number will be shown in red).
2. HALF INCHES
Half-inch marks sit between two one-inch marks. Depending on the tape measure, these may not be designated with a
number, which means you’ll need the markings on either side to guide you. In other words, the half-inch mark between
inches 13 and 14 is read as 13 ½ inches, and sits exactly midway between the markings for those numbers.
3. QUARTER INCHES, EIGHTH INCHES, AND SIXTEENTH INCHES
Most standard tape measures in the U.S. have markings that measure down to 1/16 of an inch. These are smaller, sometimes
thinner markings, evenly spaced between the half-inch and inch marks on a tape measure. On some tapes, quarter inch marks
are the same size as eighth-inch marks. Remember that two sixteenths of an inch equals one eighth, two eighths of an inch
equals one quarter, and 2 quarters equals one half. For example, the second eighth-inch marking after the inch marking is a
quarter inch.
4. FRACTIONAL-READ TAPE MEASURES
Some tape measures make it easier to decipher the markings by calling out
the fractional equivalents right on the face of the blade. These are known as ‘Fractional Read’ or ‘Easy Read’ blades. Most
will show fractions down to eighths of an inch.
5. METRIC TAPE MEASURES

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On a metric tape you will basically see markings for meters, centimeters,
and millimeters. Numbers shown represent meters, decimeters (sometimes shown in red-see example picture), and
centimeters. Metric is based on ‘tens’. There are 10 decimeters in a meter, 10 centimeters in a decimeter, and 10 millimeters
in a centimeter.
If you have a metric tape measure, the numbers should be read like this:
 The large, numbered markings are centimeters
 There is a smaller marking exactly halfway between the centimeters for ease of reading
 The smallest markings are millimeters, or one tenth of a centimeter
Looking at the example, if you measure something past the 28 th centimeter marking to the third millimeter, you would say it
measures 28.3 centimeters long.
TAKING A MEASUREMENT
When using a retractable tape measure, you’ll have a small metal hook at the end of the tape, which you can use to grab onto
the edge of what you are measuring to hold the blade in place.
If you aren’t measuring something you can latch onto – the distance across a door frame, for example – press the hook
against one side to ensure an accurate reading.
With the hook pressed in place, pull the tape blade out until it spans the distance you’re measuring. Keep the tape straight. If
it sags, your measurement will be off.
Once you’ve gotten the tape where you need it to be, take the measurement directly from the tape.

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The Units of Competency comprising this Qualification include the following:

CODE NO. BASIC COMPETENCIES

500311105 Participate in workplace communication

500311106 Work in a team environment

500311108 Practice occupational health and safety procedures

CODE NO. COMMON COMPETENCIES

ELC311205 Use Hand Tools

ELC311201 Perform Mensuration and Calculation

ELC311202 Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing

ELC311204 Apply Quality Standards

ELC311206 Terminate and Connect Electrical Wiring and Electronic Circuits

CODE NO. CORE COMPETENCIES

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

Description of the trade

Working conditions of the trade

Ethics of the trade

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

Basic Electrical Terms

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

How Electricity Is Generated

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

Fossil fuels generate most U.S. electricity

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

Renewable energy sources make up the rest

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

Electricity Is the Movement of Electrons between Atoms

Greeks had discovered one of the first examples of static electricity.

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

Fossil Fuel Power Plants:

Nuclear Power Plants:

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

Positive and negative charges

Electrical point of view in matter

Conductors- materials that easily facilitate the flow of electrons.

Ex. Gold,silver, copper, aluminum etc.

Insulator- materials that hardly facilitate the passage of free electrons.

Ex. Paper, plastic, glass, porcelain, etc.

Semiconductors- materials that is neither a good conductor or a good insulator

Ex. Carbon, silicon , germanium

Current , Voltage , and Resistance

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

Resistance- opposition to the flow of current

- R is the symbol use in mathematical formula

1. It varies directly on its length

[Type a quote from the document or the

I – intensity of current in amperes

V- quantity of electrical pressure in volts

R- amount of resistance in ohms

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

I=24 volts/4 ohms

E=( 10 amperes)(8 ohms)

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.

After studying this information sheet, the student should be able to

- Describe the characteristic of parallel circuit

Formula in finding total resistance:

Electrical energy and power

ELECTRICAL Date developed: Document no.