Group 3: Believer

Members:

1) Fachrizal Lefiandi (170203171)

2) Intan Fahira (180203108)
3) Muidal Muna (170203090)
4) Muthmainnah (170203126)
5) Nurul Fuaida (170203087)
6) Yulia Afnidar (170203088)
7) Yuslinda Anizah (170203201)
*

FROM MAJORITY TO MINORITY: MUSLIMS IN EUROPE

Stereotype

In recent years, Islamophobia has been fueled by public anxiety over immigration and
the integration of Muslim minorities into majority cultures in Europe. These tensions have
been exacerbated in the aftermath of the economic crash of 2007 and the rise of populist
nationalist politicians. They have also been aggravated by high-profile terrorist attacks
carried out by Muslim extremists, especially in some western continent’s countries (Capriani,
2019).

Prototype

In Europe, Muslim minorities have been portrayed as non-belonging and wanting to

separate themselves from the rest of society. Minorities often serve as scapegoats in times of
economic and political crisis. Also, the 9/11 terrorist attacks drastically changed public’s
opinion towards Muslims. The use of Islam by extremists to justify their terrorist acts has
made many Europeans regard Islam as a threat and fear of Muslims as the enemy (Capriani,
2019).

Insider Perspective

In addition, the growing number of Muslims in Europe makes Europeans feel their
integration is threatened. This growth itself is due to the large number of Muslims
immigrating to Europe. The number of immigrants has increased fear and opposition to
European Muslims, so the majority of Europeans reject the existence of Muslims in Europe.
They assume that Muslims cannot live according to European values and culture. Then
Muslim immigrants who want to go to Europe must be able to adjust to Europe (Khader,
2016). So that it led to the emergence of Islamophobia in Europe and also limited the number
of immigrants. Also many Muslims get discrimination especially in the fields of education
and employment (Amnesty, 2012).

Outsider Perspective
 The endless war in Syria led to a large wave of refugees going to Europe. Most of the
refugees are followers of Islam. With the rise of terrorist acts carried out by ISIS coupled
with symptoms of acute xenophobia, several countries in Europe negatively viewed Muslim
people who came to the continent. Since then, Islam has been dubbed as islamphobia in
European countries; Islam is seen as hated by outsiders because Islam cannot live with
European customs, values and culture.

Social Order

In Western Europe, Muslims generally live in major urban area, often concentrated in
poor neighborhood of large cities, Muslim in Europe are not a homogeneous group. They are
of various national, ethnic and racial identities. They have large and most influential group,
from the Muslim brotherhood to mystical Sufi orders and networks of religious scholars. The
selected groups represent the diverse histories, mission and organizational structure. The
group profiles provide a basic history of the group, origin and purpose, they examine the
groups religious, political agenda, religious education and the assimilation of Muslim into
European society (Pew Research Center, 2010).

Social Behaviour

Many assumptions say that the social life of European societies is individualists which
often cause cultural shock to certain populations, especially those from Asia. They found a
distinctive European value profile consistent with this self: European culture uniformly
values pleasant, horizontal relationships. “They strongly support harmony, egalitarianism,
rather than mastery, hierarchy. It is a commitment to others and egalitarianism rather than
individualism-collectivism that distinguishes the European continent from other cultures in
the world.” (Globel, Benet-Martinez,Mesquita, & Uskul, 2018).

The Concept of time

In the matter of time, Western European is mostly known having monochronic

system, the high priority was attached to schedules, punctuality and deadlines (Adams, 2010).
People did one thing at a time and activities were sequenced. Interaction with people tended
to be curtailed to discuss the job itself and these were tightly scheduled and organized into
meetings, sessions and appointments designed to ensure that no time was wasted (Hall,
1959). Also, they are most likely individual people.

REFERENCES:

Adams, S. J. M., & van Eerde, W. (2010). Time use in Spain: is polychronicity a cultural

phenomenon? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(7), 764–776.

https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011075292
Anonimous. (2012, April 24). Amnesty: Muslim di Eropa hadapi diskriminasi. BBC News

Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia/2012/04/120424_amnestymuslim

Cipriani, L. (2019). What Is Islamophobia? Opensocietyfoundations.Org.

https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/explainers/islamophobia-europe

Dhani, A. (2016, August 15). Bagaimana Warga Eropa Memandang Islam. Tirto.Id.

https://tirto.id/bagaimana-warga-eropa-memandang-islam-bAzu

Fontaine, R. (2007). Cross‐cultural management: six perspectives. Cross Cultural

Management: An International Journal, 14(2), 125–135.

https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600710745732

Gobel, M. S., Benet-Martinez, V., Mesquita, B., & Uskul, A. K. (2018). Europe’s Culture(s):

Negotiating Cultural Meanings, Values, and Identities in the European

Context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(6), 858–867.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118779144

Kaplan, R. D. (2016, April 16). How Islam Created Europe. The Atlantic.

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/05/how-islam-created-

europe/476388/

Khader, B. (2016). OpenMind. OpenMind.

https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/muslims-in-europe-the-construction-of-a-

problem/

NW, 1615 L. St, Washington, S. 800, & Inquiries, D. 20036 U.-419-4300 | M.-419-4349 | F.-

419-4372 | M. (2010, September 15). Muslim Networks and Movements in Western

Europe. Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project.

https://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-

europe/
Our Group Opinion about The Song sung by Sami Yusuf – “It’s a Game”

The song is conveying beautiful massages of Islam, but more like the lyrics is clever which

don’t literally put the true meaning of it. It’s quite implicit, we suppose. The lyrics tell how

‘people’ can say anything bad about Islam because they haven’t known anything about Islam,

yet they will follow Islam by their willingness after they know what massages Islam brings to

the world. That’s the game because it’s repeated, people after people will do the same; telling

bad when they know nothing and then embracing Islam when they’ve learnt it by their hearts.

The massages including in the song is presented by the Music Video itself. There are about

helping each other as a human-being, stopping war, reaching the world peace, and so on.

Sami Yusuf also put a lyric telling about how there’s no difference in this world if it mentions

about humanity.

The song itself is sung by Sami Yusuf in some languages, including English, Turkish, Arabic

and Urdu, if we’re not mistaken.