New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

ISSN: 0028-8306 (Print) 1175-8791 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzg20

Age of metamorphism and uplift in the Haast

Schist Group at Haast Pass, Lake Wanaka and Lake
Hawea, South Island, New Zealand

C.J. Adams & J.E. Gabites

To cite this article: C.J. Adams & J.E. Gabites (1985) Age of metamorphism and uplift
in the Haast Schist Group at Haast Pass, Lake Wanaka and Lake Hawea, South Island,
New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 28:1, 85-96, DOI:
10.1080/00288306.1985.10422278

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1985.10422278

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New Zealand Journal 01 Geology and Geophysics, 1985, Vol. 28: 85-96
0028-8306/85/2801-0085$2.50/0 © Crown copyright 1985
Age of metamorphism and uplift in the Haast Schist Group at
Haast Pass, Lake Wanaka and Lake Hawea, South Island,
New Zealand
C. J. ADAMS
J. E. GA BITES
Institute of Nuclear Sciences
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Private Bag
Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Abstract Potassium-argon ages are reported for
mineral and total-rock sampies from the progres-
sively metamorphosed Haast Schist sequence in the
Haast valley, Haast Pass, Lake Wanaka, and Lake
Hawea areas of Otago, South Island. These rocks
extend from low-grade (chlorite zone greenschist
facies) near Lake Hawea, through medium-grade
(biotite and gamet zone greenschist facies) in the
Haast valley, to high-grade (amphibolite facies) near
the Alpine Fault. The ages of total-rock and micas
show a general eastwards decrease from the Alpine
Fault in three zones. (I) More than 25 km east of
the fault, the ages increase steadily from 120 to I 73
Ma near Lake Hawea. These ages are interpreted
as a cooling age pattern resulting from continued
slow uplift, which began after the main (Rangitata)
metamorphism at least 173 Ma aga (mid Jurassic)
and which continued until at least 120 Ma aga (mid
Cretaceous). (2) In a transitional zone, between 15
and 25 km from the fault, the mineral and total-
rock ages increase rapidly eastwards from about 20
Ma to 120 Ma. It is possible that these ages may
also be a cooling age pattern, reftecting the contin-
uation of uplift at a much slower rate throughout
the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, but it is more
probable that the ages represent a section in the
metamorphic sequence where only partial accu-
mulation of argon has taken place while buried at
depth. (3) In a narrow 10 km zone adjacent to the
fault, the mica and total-rock ages are very young
(12-30 Ma) but the coexisting hornblende and pla-
gioclase ages are very widely discordant (40-1600
Ma). This indicates that excess argon is definitely
present in the plagioclase and hornblende and pos-
sibly throughout the rocks as a wh oie. Amounts of
excess argon in the high-grade schists are 1-4 nljg,
and they decrease westwards to less than 0.5 nljg
in the biotite zone greenschist facies and to zero
Received 28 OClober 1981. accepled 8 June 1984
85
amounts in the chlorite zone greenschist facies
rocks. Graphical display of the K and 4°Ar (radi-
ogenic) contents of the K-poor and K-rich mineral
phases suggests that the excess argon was uni-
formly distributed throughout the rocks during an
isotopic rehomogenisation event 12 ± 5 Ma aga
(Miocene-Pliocene). This young age must reftect
the time of the last uplift of the Haast Schist near
the Alpine Fault during the formation ofthe South-
ern Alps. It is suggested that this uplift phase during
the Kaikoura (Miocene-Recent) orogeny was
sufficiently rapid and localised to cause some heat-
ing during shearing, and consequent radiogenic
argon loss from micas, and re-incorporation under
a high argon partial pressure into coexisting K-poor
phases such as plagioclase and hornblende.
Keywords South Island; Haast Schist Group;
Jurassic; Cretaceous; Cenozoic; K/Ar; dates; meta-
morphic rocks
INTRODUCTION
Geosynclinal sediments of Permian-Cretaceous age
form a very large part of the South Island, New
Zealand, and were folded and metamorphosed
during a Jurassic-Cretaceous (Rangitata) orogeny
(see the general review by Reming 1970). Within
this fold-belt, the medium-high-grade metamor-
phic rocks form aschist arc, extending from Marl-
borough in the northeast (Marlborough schists),
then southwestwards in a narrow, 25 km zone along
the Southern Alps (Alpine schists) (Hutton &
Turner 1936; Mason 1962), into a much broader
northwest-southeast-trending region across Otago
(Otago schists) to the east Otago coast near Dune-
din (Fig. I). The three schist areas are termed the
Haast Schist Group (Suggate 1961). In Canterbury
and northeast Otago, the Haast Schist grades east-
wards and northeastwards into a nonschistose,
Carboniferous-Cretaceous, greywacke suite, the
Torlesse facies, wh ich is usually at zeolite facies,
prehnite-pumpellyite or pumpellyite-actinolite
metamorphic facies. In South Otago, the Haast
Schist grades into nonschistose sediments of Per-
mian-Jurassic age ofthe Caples and Hokonui facies,
wh ich are normally at or below prehnite-pumpel-
Iyite metamorphic grade.
 86 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1985, Vol. 28
~ Haast Schist Group
lu>J Igneous plutons
1.1 Post-Rangitata Orogeny
terrestrial sediments
Dunedtn
I
\ very low grade Torlesse facies into lower greensch-
\ 100km
L..--...J
!ß,,"tlt.
" schist arc during the Jurassie (and part of the Cre-
Fig. I Elements of the New Zealand Geosyncline in the
South Island, New Zealand, with the location ofthe Haast
Pass study area (see detail in Fig. 2 and 3). The predom-
inantly medium-high-grade metamorphic area of the
Haast Schist Group with the subareas ofthe Alpine schists
(A), Otago schists (0), and Marlborough schists (M) is
separated by the Median Tectonic Line (MTL) from the
predominantly igneous plutons of the Foreland terrane
(F) to the west and the low-grade metamorphic Permian-
Jurassic rocks ofthe Hokonui terrane (H) and Caples ter-
rane (c) to the south. To the east of the Haast Schist are
low-grade metamorphic, Carboniferous-Jurassic sedi-
ments of the Torlesse terrane (T).
Age studies ofthe metamorphie rocks within the
schist are have shown that the mineral and total-
rock ages range very widely from I to 200 Ma
(Mason 1961; Hurley et al. 1962; Harper & Landis
1967; Sheppard et al. 1975; Adams 1981; Adams
et al. 1984). Harper & Landis (1967) first suggested
that the ages followed two patterns: (I) more than
25 km east ofthe Alpine Fault, the ages ofthe Haast
Schist and immediately adjacent rocks ranged from
about 100 Ma to about 140 Ma (mid-early Cre-
taceous), and because they were inversely corre-
lated with metamorphie grade, they must represent
cooling ages of the schists during postorogenic
(Rangitata) uplift; (2) in a narrow, 25 km zone
immediately east of the Alpine Fault, the ages are
very much younger, down to less than 10 Ma, and
these are directly correlated with distance from the
fault. It was suggested that horizontal and vertical
movements on the fault during the Miocene-Recent
(Kaikoura) orogeny, during the formation of the
Southern Alps, inftuenced the uplift and hence the
K-Ar age pattern.
In this paper, we examine in more detail the
transition between the two age patterns suggested
by Harper & Landis (1967) in the classic geological
profile across a progressively metamorphosed
sequence of Barrovian type in western Otago, in
the region of Lake Wanaka and Lake Hawea, near
Haast Pass, and the lower Haast valley, Otago (Fig.
I) (see Turner 1968, pp. 29-34; Miyashiro 1973,
pp. 382-386). This forms part of a broader study
of age profiles across the schist are. In a previous
study ofthe Haast Schist terrane in northeast Otago,
completely remote from the Alpine Fault region,
Adams et al. (in press) reported a simple age pat-
tern, extending continuously from about 200 Ma
(earliest Jurassic) to about 150 Ma (latest Jurassie),
from a metasedimentary sequence ranging from
ist facies Haast Schist. They ascribed this pattern
entirely to long-continued uplift and cooling of the
taceous) after the very early Jurassie (Rangitata)
regional metamorphism.
GEOLOGICAL OUTLINE
The progressively metamorphosed sequence of the
Haast Schist in the southern part of the Southern
Alps, from Mt Cook southwards to the Haast River
valley and to Lake Wanaka, is a classic profile of
its type (Turner 1968). The schists are quartzofeld-
spathic metasediments of (?)permian-Triassie age
with minor basic horizons (Mason 1962; Cooper
1972, 1980) and they grade eastwards, in the far
east of the study area, into nonschistose Permian-
Triassie Torlesse sediments (Fig. 2).
The schists are structurally complex and the ear-
liest fold phase formed recumbent nappes during
lower greenschist facies metamorphism. A new
phase of folding then formed steeply plunging folds
and associated axial-plane schistosity, synchronous
with the main phase of greenschist-amphibolite
facies metamorphism. In the last structural phase,
these metamorphie isograds were then gently folded.
The detailed structural geology of the Southern
Alpine region is given by Grindley (1963), Cooper
(1974), and Findlay (1979). In the Haast valley,
there are (?)Cretaceous lamprophyre dikes (Cooper
& Wellman 1971) that cut across the metamorphie
isograds, but are parallel to the latest fold axes.
The metamorphie zonation was established in
local mineralogical and textural terms by Hutton
& Turner (1936) and extended and modified in
detail by Mason (1962) and Cooper (1972, 1974).
 ~
I»
3
'"Ra
~
~.

o
l
...,
3
o
ji;'
3
o
.a::r
;;; .
44°15'8 44°15'8
.3
::z::
Cl
New
'"
~
-e:
Z".'d} • K-Ar age (Ma) ~
b= biotite
h = hornblende
fistUdY m = muscovite
y~rea t= total rock

44°30'8 44°30'8

o 5 10 5 10
I " " I I
o
" " I I I
km km
169°30'E 169°30'E

Fig. 2 Geological sketch map of the Haast Pass, Lake Wanaka,
and Lake Hawea area, Otago, showing the location of the sam pIes
dated in this study in relation to metamorphic zones in the Haast
Schist Group, taken from the 1:250 000 geological map of New
Zealand (also shown are the textural subdivisions of the chlorite
zone (1-4) ofthe greenschist facies.
Fig.3 Geological map as in Fig. 2, showing the ages ofthe biotite,
muscovite, hornblende, and total-rock sampIes but excluding all
plagioclase and hornblende ages that are very old owing to large
00
concentrations of excess argon (see text). -.J
 00
Table 1 Potassium-argon age da ta of Haast Schist at Haast Pass, Lake Wanaka, and Lake Hawea, South Island. 00

ROL:!';: type Location Grid re.f. K wt% 40 Ar /}6 Ar 40 Ar /)b Ar 40 Ar (rad) Age Ma t
INS R no.* Fi-"ld no. Mesh e Ol
x 10 5 xl O} nIL!> cE total

}464TR ADHl5 -422+211 Riotite schist, First roadside bluf'f', 587/894057 2.58 8.25 1. 6') 2.88 82.0 28.5.!.0.2
Garnet-oligoclase Haast ()10 mi). 5.12 1.14 2.91 74.0 28.8±.0.2
facies.
}464PI -211+104 0.175 0.76 1.45 1.8} 79.7 25 1±.2
1. 20 2.16 1.85 86.3 Z5 4±,2
3464Bi 6.01 6.45 0.908 3.89 67.5 1('. 6+0.1
3465TR AD186 -422+211 2.80 8.27 1.99 3.91 85·2 35.7±:0.3
3465PI 0.6)6 0.213 0.561 4.21 47.) 163+1
2.41 2.74 4.40 89.2 17 0±:'
3465Bi 5.81 (,.49 0.130 2.65 59·5 11. 7.±.O. 1
}465Mu 5.06 0.9 17 0.}82 3.24 22.5 16.4+0.1
2. JO 0.517 3.33 42.9 16.9+0.1
3466TR AD187 _422+211 Big Blu.ff, Haast 2.47 5.30 1.38 ).44 78.6 35.5±:0.)
() 10.2 mi).
}',66pl 0.574 2"" 85 2.16 2.49 86.} 111 + 1
)466Bi 6.61 2.8) 0.56) 4.27 47.5 16.5:;0.1
6288TR HP12 Leucocratic bi-mu Rig Blur1, Haast. S~7/895098 2.89 3.59 0.936 3.52 68.4 31.1+0.2
schist. 5.45 1.26 3.50 76.6 30.8±:0.2 Z
0.436 1.25 1.48 2.82 80.1 0
6288PI '59±.'
1.47 1.70 2.84 82.6 160+ 1 ~
(288Bi 7.)2 8.52 1.1) 4.89 73.9 17.1+0.1 N
6288Mu 7.21 4.94 0.722 4.24 59.1 15.1'';0.1 0
~
L.19 0.819 4. 1 5 63.9 14.8+0.1
6289TR HP13 Garnet-biotite 0.280 0.869 0.664 0.81 ') 5. ') 7 2 .9±:0.5
6i
;:3
greenschist. 0.
(,289pI 0.058 0.155 0.533 0.61 44.5 25' ±.2 '-
6289Hb 0.4)6 2.29 1. 15 1.11 74.2 64. 1 +0. 5 0
2.26 ,. 15 1.1) 74.4 65. 5±:0. 5 C
6289Gar ;I
3467TR AD188 _422+111 Gneissose biotite Thomas Blu:f:f, 587/9)4037 3.04 1:'.98 1.95 2.14 84.8 18. '±.O. 1 e:.
~chist, garnet- Haast River.
oligoclase .facies.
0...,
3467Ri 1'.93 5.26 0.692 3.5 C 57.) 1).2±.0.1
1.25 1).2±.0.1
12.03 3. ')0 76.3 a
0
3468TR AD189 -422+211 1.99 12.0 1.RO 1.70 83. "J 21.8+0.2 0
3468Bi 5.94 9.69 1.2H 6.28 76.8 12.2+0.1 5'
_422+211 587/983007 ).08 1').02 2.6) 3.27 88.8 26.5±:0.2 (JQ
341.9TR AD 190 Garnet-oligoclase '<:
semischiet with
~
biotite. ;:3
14L98i 6.57 6.99 1. 28 6.2S 7L.8 24.4+0.2 0.
3470TR AD 19 ' 3.16 7.75 1.47 ).27 79.9 26.4+0.2
3470Bi L.58 2.24 0.1,01 L. 12 50.8 23.8-:;0.2 a
1.3S (;,.22 24.2-:;0.2 0
7.86 78.7 0
3471TR AD192 Biotite-garnet- E end 01 Hallway 2.14 7.13 1. 5) 2.32 80.7 27. R±0.2 '0
oligoclase semi- Blull, Haast R. ::r
'<:
schist.
)471PI _211+104 0.579 3. 10 1.13 1.07 74.0 46.8+0.J (=i'
'"
)4718i 6.62 4.59 0.786 4.83 L2.4 18.7±:0.1 JI'
3472Bi AD193 6.56 4.68 0.836 5. '7 64.6 20.2+0.2
7.71 1.21 5.) 1 75.6 20.7±:0.2 \0
Biotite-feldspar Nea r Depot Ck. 0087/019025 2.52 5. 12 1.09 2.67 72.9 27. '±.O. 2 00
3413TR AD194 VI
semischist. Baast R.
3413PI 0.103 2.23 2.92 0.83 89.9 19 6±.'
347)Bi 7.39 7.24 1.13 5.80 73.8 20.1+0.1 <
0
}4748i AD19'5 7. 12 6.07 0.94 '5 S. 19 68.7 18.7-:;:-0.2 !"""
J476TR ADl97 _422+211 quartz-feldspar- Near Falls, H.:last R. 087/021028 1.76 ).30 0.940 2.JS 1.8.6 3 4 .O±:O.2 N
hlot ite schist. 00
Table I (conlinued) ;..
0-
~
INS R no. Field no. Mesh ~m Rock type Lücation Aga Ma
t 3
Grid ref. K wt% 40 Ar (rad)
. 40 Ar /,6 Ar 40 Ar /,6 Ar
x 10 5 x 10' nl!g % total '"~
,47vPl -211+125 0.175 0.40 0.660 1.08 55·, 15 2.±,1
,476Bi 7.21 3.54 0.631 4.66 1
'j'. 1v. 6+0.1 a
v286TR HP10 -422+211 Blotite-feldspar- 500 m W Mossy Ck, S87/0270,4 1.02 42.6 ~
2.45 0.515 ,.59 37. 4:;::0.2
oligoclase-earnet Haast R. 3. 6 8 1.05 ,.44 72. 0 ,5. 8.±,0.2 9':
gneiss. ~
6286p] 0.08 0.251 1.41 2.,7 79.1 6 SO.±,5
-
6286Bi 7.)6 7.92 1.18 5-. GO 74.9 19. 5.±.O. 1
'"I
6287TR HPll -422+211 H{)rnblende-biotite- 1.37 1.22 0.780 3·70 62.1 bIO. 4.±,0. 5 ;..
(JC1
oligoclase gneiss. ~
6287Pl 0.04 0.1" 1.12 1. 55 73.5 847+6
6287Bi -422+178 '<..89 0.,2 0
1.77 7.79 8,., 40.6:;::0.2 ...,
5.,0 1.53 7.75 80.7 40.4.±,0.3
6287Hb 0.568 3.36 4. 16 4.46 92.9 19 2.±,2 3
~
6477TR GWG71 -422+211 Coarse foliated 0.4}6 1.52 0.769 0.93 61. v 54.0.±,0.4 ~
hornblende gneiss. 1. 59 0.755 0.90 61.9 52. 2.±,0. 4
3
6477Pl
6477Hb
0.09
0.586
0.621 0.819 0.50
1. ,0
63.9 142+ 1
-0
1.56 0.805 63.3 56 .3!:0.4
6478TR GWG71 X Coarse loliated 1.91 1.50 0.6,4 2.95 53.4 39. 3.±,0. 3 .a::r
bioti te schist.
V;'
6478Pl 0.139 1. 36 2.70 1.67 89.0 286+2
u4788i 7.09 7.33 1.25 6.,0 76.4 22.7~O.2 3
,477 Bi AD198 Quar t z- fel d spa r- 18 Mile Blut!, 587/050046 7.29 5.52 0.988 l-.24 70.1 21.9.±,0.2
biutite semisctlist. Haast R. ::r:
Biotite schist, 1 mile past Douglas 1>0
3478TR AD199 :;87/ 128026 2.79 7.08 ,.01 7.,1 90.2 ('6.1.:t.0 • 2 ~
Bioti te facies. Slurf, Haast R.
,478Bi 7.27 2.70 1.26 17.6 7(,.5 61. 3.±,0. 4 '"
[/)
)478Chl 2.7 1 12.8 5.49 7.50 94.6 69. 8.±,0. 5 n
)479TR AD200 Biotite-epidote 0.669 0.285 0.414 1.90 28.7 71.7.±,0.5
-::T
greenschist. fa'
)479Pl -211+ 1O'; 0.008 0.071 1.34 0.80 77 .9 160}+ 11
0.0)1 0.740 0.78 60.1 1 'i74:;:: 11
0.027 0.665 0.76 55. 6 11)44.±.11
}4798i -422_211 5.71 4.8) 2.01 1).9 85.3 61.).±,0.4
}.29 1.47 1).9 79.9 61.6+0.4
)521TH GB76/240 Biutite schist 2.22 ).45 1. 71 6.18 82.7 70. 4!:0.5
( .... eathered ).
}521Pl 0.02} 0.1} 0.94 0.78 68.5 7 11 .±,5
0.20 1. }1 0.81 77.4 7J2.±,5
)521Bi 6.29 12.8 4.56 14.4 9).5 57.9±0.5
)480TR AD201 Chlorite schist, Bluff E c;' 3urvey S87/ 16901O ).0) 5.58 }.25 11.0 90.9 90. 6.±,0. 6
Chlorite IV. FIat, Haast R.
6285TR HP9 Quartzofeldspathic Clarke' s Blu fI , S87/177008 1.74 J.4'3 2.27 6.85 87.0 98. 6.±,0. 7
schist, chlorite IV. Haast R.
6285Pl 0.106 1.51 1.64 0.65 82.0 15 1.:!:.1
3482TR AD20) Sericitic quartz 1 mlle S Pleasant 598/125935 1.70 2.76 1.90 G.7'J 84. j 99.).±,0.7
schist, chlorite IV. Valley Flat Bridge. 1.71 1.28 6.65 86.9 98.2.±,0.7
)48)TR AD204 Dark argillite, 2.G7 '3.41 1.74 7.71 8}.1 7J.0.±,0.5
chlorite IV.
3484TR AD205 2.53 }.40 1.83 7.82 8).8 77. 5.±,0. 'j
}486TR AD207 Schist Gates or Haast Brjdg~ 59H/142926 2.78 5.)9 4.00 1 J. C 92.( 117.±,1
chlorite IV. Haast Pass.
3487TR AD208 Srhist, Above gates of S98/147918 2.00 7.)8 5.67 9.92 94.8 124.±,1
chlorite IV. Haast Bridge
}488TR AD209 1.18 3.98 }.16 5.77 .90.6 122+1
)489TR AD210 3.12 7. 0 5 5.62 16.1 94.8 128+1
)490TR AD211 Above gates 01 598/14,910 1. » ).)4 2.66 6.44 88.9 120!:1
Haas t,12 mi above 00
previous 1 sampIes. -.0
(conlinued nexl page)
Table 1 (continued) \0
o

INS R no. * Field nO. Mesh 11m Rock type Location (~rid re 1". K wt9;' 40Ar/JUAr 40,\r/ 3C\r 40 Ar( rad) Age Ma t
x 105 :..103 nl/g % total
6284TR HP8 _4;!J+~1 1 Phylilte, chlorite l~Hlghway 6 at Cross l'IYltO 2.01 3.27 2.31 1 0.5 89.5 l30±l
Ck, Haast Pass.
6283TR HP7 Chloritic schist, 1. 62 5. :17 4 .43 3.48 93.3 130U
chlor ite IV.
6282TR HP5 Quartzofeldspathic Fish Ck, Haast Pass. 598/113832 1.89 4.88 ·3.82 9.30 92.3 12·3.fl
schist, chlorite IV.
628lTR HP4 Fissile slate, 2.2) 1.98 1.79 11.6 83. 5 l.?R.±.'
chlorite IV.
6280TR HP3 Schist, chlorite IV. Quarry at Sawrnill S98/036727 1.50 4.61 3.83 7.87 92.3 13 0 i. l
Flat, in Mt Aspiring
National Park.
6279TR HP2 Schist, chlorite IV. Baat landing ramp, 5107/985582 0. 0 4 0.404 1.16 0.60 74. ') '\ 40 i. 2
N end L. Wanaka.
6278TR HPI Scr.ist, Highway 6, head of 1.42 0.477 3.49 (J.48 91. 5 1 14i. 1
qUd.f1 zofeldspathic, L. Wanaka.
ch:orite IV.
349lTI\ AD212 SChlst, garnet- The Neck, between S107/990439 1.05 3. 6 8 3.00 8.26 90.1 121).±.1
chlvrite-feldspar L. Wanaka & Hawea.
chlorite IV.
zo
3492TR AD213 Sl;·te, Roadcut 2.5 km E of S107/020421 3.U2 6.97 6.15 17.3 95.2 142i.l ~
clll<I['i te 111. the Neck, beside
L. Hawea. ~
6276TR LH6 Greenschist, Highway 6 roadside E Pl
5107/024419 1.82 3.72 3.42 10.4 91.4 142i.l
chlorite 111. of the Neck, beside 6>
::l
L. Hawea. P-
3493TR AD214 Sla te, High~ay 6 at Halls 5107/031415 2.52 5. 0 3 4.57 14.6 143i.l
93.5 '-
chlorite 111. Ck, L.Hawea. o
6493TR LH100 Schi st, L.Hawea, W side. 5107/033415 0.490 0.599 0.760 2.60 61.1 ~
1 31,:!:1
chlorite 111. :3
6493Pl 0.246 0.306 0.538 1.33 45.0 134+1 e:.
b494TR LH101 Phyll te, 2.01 5.03 4.55 11. 6 93.5 14 3:±:1
chlor te 111. o....,
6275TR LH5 Pelit c schist, S107/038408 2.88 6.05 5.24 16.1 94. 4 138i.l
chlor te 111. a
o
6274TR LH4 Fine grained semi- Highway u, L.Hawea, 5107/041152 1. 93 0.1:.26 0.855 11.8 65.5 15 1i. l o
schist, chlorite 11. near lookout.
3494TR AD215 Schist, Rest area 9 km N S115/041352 1.34 4.44 4.10 7.81 92.8 144i.1
chlorite 11. OI Hawea. ~
Pl
L273TR LH3 Phyllite, Beside highway 6, S115/040271 2 96 0.286 0.556 18.4 46.8 15Ji. l
chlorite 11. J km N Hawea. ::l
LH2
P-
6272TR 1. 50 1.29 1.42 8.89 79.2 147+1
6271TR LH 1 At control dam, 5 11 5/04623 1 1.68 8.86 9.45 11.4 96.9 173:±:1 a
Hawea. o
6290TR DLI Schist, Track to Diamond SI15/79717) 3.R6
o
7.54 4.66 15. 1 93.6 9 8 .0i.0 .7 '0
chlorite IV. Lake, Matukituki ::T
Valley road. '<
V>
;:;.
Sampies are listed in northwest-southwest order of Fig. 2. i.e. along Stal:e ~Iighway 6 from north to south (except 6290). Y'
TR = total rock (200-400 um sizc); bi = biotite; mu = museovite; hb = hornblende; pI = plagioelase; gar = garnet; \0
Analysts: C .. l.A. and J.E.G. 00
-9 -1 -lO -J v.
Decay eons1~nts Potasslum-40· Aß = 0.4962.10 yeM A 0.531.10 yea"
e
Abundanee K/K: 0.01167 ", (atomie). <
~
Errors are one standard deviation.
N
00
 Adams & Gabites-Age of metamorphism, Haast Schist
The high-grade metamorphic schists near the Alpine
Fault are subdivided into an oligoclase zone
(equivalent to·the staurolite zone and based on the
disappearance of albite) in the amphibolite facies,
and agamet, biotite, and chlorite zone in the
greenschist facies. The chlorite zone of the
greenschist facies is further subdivided into tex-
tural zones (1-4) on the basis of the development
of schistose foliation. The textural and mineral-
ogical classifications are not uniquely related at the
low-metamorphic grades, and, for example, biotite
may sometimes occur in the upper chlorite zone at
different levels offabric development. The isograds
and the textural zones in Fig. 2 are thus shown only
to demonstrate the general trend of the metamor-
phic gradient in relation to the sam pIes collected
for dating.
Throughout most of the profile, the main lith-
ology collected was a fine-medium crystalline
quartzofeldspathic schist or gneiss, that is, quartz-
plagioclase (albite or oligoclase)-biotite ± chlorite
± muscovite ± epidote ± gamet ± amphibole
(hornblende or actinolite). In the medium-Iow-
grade rocks, many slaty and phyllitic rocks were
collected (quartz-sericite-chlorite). In the high-grade
amphibolite facies gneisses, several amphibolitic
horizons (metabasic) were sampled (Cooper 1972).
EXPERIMENT AL METHODS
52 rocks were collected for potassium-argon dating
along the profile shown in Fig. 2., in relation to the
mineralogical metamorphic isograds and the tex-
tural subdivisions of the chlorite zone of the
greenschist facies. Where possible, biotite andjor
muscovite or chlorite or plagioclase or hornblende
were separated for dating, otherwise total-rock
sam pIes were prepared.
Sam pIes were crushed for about 30 s in a stain-
less steel swing-mill and sieved, washed, and dried
to retain a 200-400 J.Im size fraction (except for
plagioclase, 100-200 J.Im size). Minerals were sepa-
rated by standard magnetic and heavy liquid
techniques.
Potassium-argon dating methods are essentially
the same as those described by Adams (1975). The
primary argon standard used was atmospheric
argon. The sam pIe details, analytical data, and ages
are listed in Table 1. The errors quoted there are
those at the 67% confidence limits. The decay con-
stants and atomic abundances used in this work are
those recommended by Steiger & Jäger (1977), and
the time-scale used is that of Harland et al. (1982).
RESULTS
The mineral and total-rock ages listed in Table
are shown on a geological map in Fig. 3 (note that
91
sam pIe numbers are shown on Fig. 2). In Fig. 4 the
age data are shown on a horizontal profile, approxi-
mately east-west; the sam pIes are located in terms
of distance (kilometres) east of the Alpine Fault.
This diagram also shows the age variation with
respect to metamorphic facies and, in the chlorite
zone of the greenschist facies, the various textural
subdivisions.
Similar to the age pattern described in the much
broader age study by Harper & Landis (1967), the
ages on the Haast-Wanaka profile in Fig. 3 increase
eastwards from the Alpine Fault from 12 to 173
Ma (excluding the plagioclase and hornblende age
data). However, within this general trend, the ages
fall into three groups. (I) A "young" zone lies within
15 km of the Alpine Fault (i.e. entirely within the
higher-grade schists). The mica and most total-rock
ages are in the range 10-40 Ma and do not see m
to increase with distance eastwards from the fault.
In this zone, the ages of coexisting hornblende, pla-
gioclase, and a few total-rock sam pIes are very
widely discordant (from 45 to 1600 Ma) and the
latter ages in particular seem very im plausible in
a regional geological context. (2) A "transitional"
zone is between 15 and 25 km east of the fault.
The mica and total-rock ages increase rapidly east-
wards from about 45 Ma to 120 Ma. (3) An "older"
zone lies beyond 25 km east of the Alpine Fault.
The total-rock ages increase eastwards much less
rapidly, from about 120 Ma to 173 Ma near Lake
Hawea, 72 km from the fault and in the lowest
metamorphic grade of Haast Schist. In this zone;
the total-rock and plagioclase ages are concordant.
Ages in the older zone
The total-rock age pattern is similar to, and over-
laps that of, the Haast Schist in eastern Otago
(Adams et al. in press), where there is a sequence
transitional from Torlesse metagreywacke sedi-
ments at prehnite-pumpellyite' facies into Haast
Schist of lower greenschist facies. There, the total-
rock ages extend from 199 Ma in the prehnite-
pumpellyite facies to about 150 Ma in the
greenschist facies, and it is concluded that the main
regional metamorphism occurred about 200 Ma aga
(early Jurassic) followed by a long period of uplift
and cooling of the schists throughout the Jurassic.
Ouring this uplift phase, progressively higher-grade
schists were cooled below the temperature thresh-
old at which accumulation of radiogenic argon
could begin. The ages of the older zone, in the
chlorite zone greenschist facies schists near Haast
Pass, Lake Wanaka, and Lake Hawea, are part of
a similar trend which indicates: (1) the age of meta-
morphism of the schists here occurred at least 173
Ma ago (mid Jurassic), and (2) these rocks were
then uplifted and cooled gradually during the period
 92 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1985, Vol. 28

Fig. 4 A horizontal profile east-

Q)
(/)
Q) wards from the Alpine Fault,
showing variation of total-rock
(/)
ca ca
Ü a; Ü a; $ $ $ and mineral ages from the Haast
0
E 0 c: .~
e.-o .Q ~~ Schist sampies in Fig. 2 and 3 with
.g:l .§~ .~~
ca ~ ~ I
200 CJ 0 CJ m
ü-
-1:1 ~~ respect to distance from the fault
-
.<:~

.p ü ü o = total-rock, t:,= micas, + =

hornblende, 0 = plagioclase. Sev-
0
eral very old hornblende, plagio-
I
0
0 c1ase (and one total-rock) ages,
150 0
f- 0 0 0
0
- greater than 300 Ma are omitted.
0
~,C For reference only, the mineral-
08 0 8 ogical and textura I (tz) zones of
0 the Haast Schist are also shown.
0(1
0
0
100 f- 0
-
p

§
0 8
0
+
50 f- oF -

g ~
fj § ~
o '" I 1 I I .1 .1
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Distance from Alpine Fault (km)

173-120 Ma (mid Jurassic to mid Cretaceous
times).
The age trend discussed above follows the
regional trend throughout the South Island, as
shown by Sheppard et al. (1975, fig. 5) and Adams
(1981, fig. 3). These authors suggest that the major,
post-Rangitata uplift phase occurred both east and
west of the Alpine Fault and also, importantly, in
the narrow zone of the Southern Alps. It is con-
duded therefore that the region of the higher-grade
schists of the greenschist-amphibolite facies were
also uplifted by a similar amount during the Jur-
assic-Cretaceous uplift phase to that in the lower
greenschist facies rocks (and below).
Ages in the transitional zone
The interpretation of the ages in the transitional
zone could be made in three ways. (I) The ages
form a "cooling" age pattern, similar to that of the
older zone but with a very much reduced uplift
rate, during the mid Cretaceous-Oligocene. (2) The
ages of these sam pies are spurious and come from
a narrow band within the schist sequence which
was held at depth until the Late Cenozoic at a tem-
perature dose to that of argon retention but slightly
higher. Thus, the sam pies only partly retain the
argon as it is generated in the rocks. The propor-
tion of argon retained would decrease with increas-
ing depth of burial (i.e. at the higher metamorphic
grades), and hence the ages become younger towards
the young zone. (3) The ages of these sam pies are
the resuIt of a partial degassing of the rocks, which
had a similar age trend originally to those of the
older zone, but were affected by a later event in the
young zone.
The interpretation (1) agrees generally with the
evidence for long-continued, but declining, uplift
in the schist arc in the Cretaceous-Cenozoic period.
From the early Cretaceous there was a gradual
marine transgression onto the schist arc in the South
Island (Aeming 1962). Thus, mid Cretaceous sedi-
ments (Kyeburn Formation) transgress onto
greenschist facies Haast Schist rocks in eastern
Otago and a little later near Dunedin (Henley For-
mation). The encroachment onto the schists reached
a maximum in the Oligocene (Aeming 1962), and
Oligocene limestone occurs in the Lake Wakatipu
area about 50 km south of the Lake Wanaka and
Lake Hawea. The oldest sediments overlying the
schists in the Lake Hawea area are early Miocene.
The regional pattern of this transgression suggests
that the uplift rate gradually diminished during the
Cenozoic and the phase ended in the Oligocene,
when there must have been almost complete marine
transgression. So, the total-rock age pattern in the
transitional zone seems entirely in accord with the
geological evidence.
The interpretation (2) mayaiso be possible
because there is an appreciable temperature range
through which rocks would have to cool in order
Adams & Gabites-Age of metamorphism, Haast Schist
to go from a situation of complete argon loss to
complete argon retention. An accurate caIculation
of the temperature range over which one might
expect transitional ages is very difficult to make
because one requires a detailed knowledge of dif-
fusion characteristics of the various minerals, and
their variation with grain size, and the cooling rate
(see, e.g., discussions by Dodson 1973, 1979). To
then apply this transitional temperature range to
the observed metamorphic sequence requires a
knowledge of the metamorphic temperature gra-
dient during the uplift phase after metamorphism.
The uncertainties in all these parameters make any
caIculation virtually useless. However, we can
observe that, because the transitional age zone spans
the metamorphic sequence from the upper part of
the chlorite zone to the upper part of the gamet
zone of the greenschist facies (a temperature range
of about 300-400°C-see Turner (1968), fig. 8.6),
then the temperature range from complete argon
loss to complete argon retention is no more than
150°C.
A similar transition zone to that described above
would be produced during the superimposition of
a younger thermal event upon the rocks near to the
Alpine Fault (interpretation (3) above). The tran-
sitional ages would rellect those sam pIes that were
partly affected by the younger event and lost so me
of their accumulated radiogenic argon. Such an
interpretation depends on the reality of such an
event, derived from the age data in the young zone
(see below).
Ages in the young zone
The very young biotite (and some total-rock) ages
in this zone, 12-40 Ma, suggest that these higher-
grade rocks near the Alpine Fault were either held
at depth (i.e., at a temperature above that fot argon
accumulation) for more than 130 Ma after meta-
morphism or they were reheated (i.e., at a tem-
perature sufficient to cause argon expulsion) at a
later time in the late Cenozoic. However, the age
interpretation is complicated by the very discor-
dant plagioc1ase and hornblende ages from the same
rocks which suggest that "excess" argon is present
(i.e., radiogenic 4°Ar that is not produced by in situ
decay of 4°K but is incorporated into the mineral
from some external source).
EXCESS ARGON IN THE HAAST SCHIST
Excess argon usually occurs in mine~als that have
a lattice structure capable of absorbmg gas mole-
cules and have at some stage in their history bee.n
subjected to a high partial press ure of argon. Thls
is most easily detected in minerals that have low
93
potassium contents, such as hornblende. and pla-
gioc1ase. These effects c~n be obs~rved ~smg ~ 4°Ar
(radiogenic) versus K dIagram (FIg. 5), m wh Ich all
the Haast Schist total-rock and mineral age data
are plotted and subdivided according to ~he vari-
ous mineralogical and textural metamorphlc zones.
In this diagram, the total-rock and mineral ~ge .data
for a single rock sam pie are connected by tIe-lmes.
On such a diagram, the conventional K-Ar age may
be caIculated from the slope of the line joining any
point to the origin. Any tendency for tie-Ii~es not
to extrapolate to the origin, and for low-K mmerals
to plot c10se to the vertical axis, indicates the pres-
ence of excess argon, at least in the low-K minerals
which then yield very high and discordant ages.
From the data, the excess argon is c1early greatest
in hornblende and plagioc1ase from the highest
grade rocks of the upper greenschist and amphi-
bolite facies. The maximum excess argon value for
hornblende and plagioc1ase from this zone is more
than 4 nl/g from the sampie c10sest to the Alpine
Fault (sampie 3465, Table I); others nearby to the
east range from I to 2 nlJg. From the age discor-
dancies between biotite, total-rock, and plagioc1ase
sampies in the transitional and older zones, the
excess argon concentration in the plagioc1ase in the
biotite zone of the greenschist facies is 0.1-0.5 nlJg
and essentially zero in the chlorite zone where
schists, both K-poor and K-rich, yield similar ages.
There is, however, one exception-a chlorite zone
schist (sampie 6279) that has very low potassi~m
(0.04%) and a higher age (340 Ma) than schlsts
nearby and hence the possibility of about 0.5 nlJg
excess argon. However, the general pattern is for a
gradual decrease eastwards in the ex.cess argon con-
centrations. In the higher-grade schlsts c10se to the
Alpine Fault there is also the possibility that. excess
argon may be distribut~d a~ongst al.l mmerals,
inc1uding the micas. Thls mlght explam the rela-
tively large age variation in th.e ~ica~ from the
young zone (i.e., 12-40 Ma). Wlthm thls zone ~he
ages do not vary with distance from the Alpme
Fault nor with metamorphic grade. Although the
gamet zone greenschists and oligoc1ase zone
amphibolite facies rocks are gently folded aft~r
metamorphism (hence these zones are repeated m
the profile in Fig. 4), the agtl pattern does not follow
accordingly. This suggests that the age p~ttern was
impressed upon the rocks after the foldm~ of the
isograds. The age pattern in the young zone I~ muc~
simplified if we assume that excess argon IS UDl-
formly distributed throughout the rocks ~ated. The
tie-lines in Fig. 5 may then be treate~ as Isochro~s,
and the age at which argon was umformly red.ls-
tributed through the rocks can be caIcula~ed. Wlth
one exception that is c10sest to the Alpme Fault
and yields a negative or zero age (sam pie 3465),
94 New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 1985, Vol. 28
20
K (wt()())
the isochron ages that are obtained for all the high-
grade schists are 12 ± 5 Ma (iate Cenozoic). Within
this group, all the isochrons are subparallel but yield
dilfering amounts of initial or excess argon (0.8-2
nljg). Because thlt argon was redistributed amongst
minerals in a closed system and the sam pies were
not totally degassed, the rocks must have been sub-
jected to a high argon partial pressure at this time.
The source of the argon was most likely the K-rich
minerals in the rock. This in turn suggests that the
rocks originally must have cooled sufficiently for
argon to have accumulated over a long period. If
this is eorreet, then the interpretations (I) and (2)
for the transitional zone are not valid, and inter-
pretation (3) is more probable.
The eause ofthe argon redistribution 12 + 5 Ma
ago is diffieult to assess. There is no clear-miner-
alogieal evidenee in the high-grade sehists for a
seeond metamorphie reerystallisation that might be
related to the young ages. However, the most
obvious geologieal faetor inftueneing the sehists at
this time was the Mioeene-Reeent development of
Fig.5 Isochron diagram (4DAr
versus K) ofthe age da ta from the
Haast Schist in this study. Tie-
lines join coexisting mineral and
total-rock data for the same sam-
pie. Solid symbols are from the
gamet zone greenschist and oli-
goclase zone amphibolite facies
schist and gneiss; half-solid sym-
bols are biotite zone greenschist
facies rocks; open symbols are
chlorite zone greenschist facies
rocks. 0 = total rock, {; = micas,
+ = hornblende, 0= plagioclase.
the Southern Alps during the Kaikoura Orogeny.
At this time, there was development of a shear zone
at the Alpine Fault with a 100-300 m mylonite
zone. Near the Alpine Fault, the sehists are intensely
sheared, and the late struetures are inftueneed by
the reeent horizontal and vertieal movements on
the Alpine Fault. Sibson et al. (1979) and Adams
(1981) have estimated the thermal elfeet near the
Alpine Fault during movement and have shown
that, within 20 km of the fault zone, the temper-
ature inerease may have been 50-100°C, suffieient
to eause argon loss from biotite and museovite and
reineorporation into plagioclase and hornblende.
This event must have been fairly low grade, such
that retrogressive metamorphic elfeets are not seen
in the high-grade schists. Situations similar to this
oceur in other areas of the world where high-grade
metamorphic rocks are close to major shear zones
(e.g., Brewer 1969; Wanless et al. 1970; Wilson
1972; Adams et al. 1982). In all these, there is clear
evidenee for exeess argon being ineorporated into
hornblende, biotite, and muscovite during shearing.
 Adams & Gabites-Age of metamorphism, Haast Schist
SUMMARY
The age pattern in the Haast Schist Group is inter-
preted as the reftection of two geological events. (I)
The long-continued cooling and uplift of the lower
metamorphic grade sector of the Haast Schist
during the mid-Iate Jurassic and early-mid Cre-
taceous, after a regional metamorphism during the
Rangitata Orogeny (probably in early Jurassic
times), produced the age pattern (120-173 Ma)
more than 25 km eastwards from the Alpine Fault.
(2) The extensive shearing and slight reheating of
the high er-grade sector of the Haast Schist near the
Alpine Fault (within 15 km), during the formation
of the Southern Alps in the Kaikoura (Miocene-
Recent) Orogeny, and the associated large-scale
horizontal and vertical movements at the Alpine
FauIt 12 ± 5 Ma ago, had an isotopic elfect on the
higher-grade schists, such that radiogenic argon
previously accumulated in these rocks was dilfused
out of K-rich minerals (such as biotite and mus-
covite) and redistributed uniformly throughout aB
the minerals. This led to large quantities of excess
argon in K-poor minerals (such as hornblende and
plagioclase). In an intermediate transitional zone,
about 15-25 km from the Alpine Fault, the ages
are the result of partial degassing of the rocks during
the younger event. Before this, the age pattern of
these rocks foBowed that of the lower-grade rocks
to the east.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper benefitted greatly from an energetie but highly
eonstrueti ve anonymous review of an earlier draft of the
manuseript.
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