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Welded Tapered Girders PDF
Welded Tapered Girders PDF
Welded Tapered Girders PDF
Copyright 1956
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CO~STRUCTION, INC.
101 PARK A\-ENUE, NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years tapered girders fabricated by Roof loads being relatively light, tapered girders
welding plates together have become increasingly may generally be fabricated from plates the thick-
popular in the framing of roofs over comparatively ness of which is limited only by availability and the
large areas where it is desirable to either minimize maximum web depth-thickness provision of the
the number of interior columns or to eliminate them A.I.S.C. Specification.
altogether, dependent upon the width of the build- When the girders are used with the sloping flange
ing. The two halves of the web are produced from up, their taper in both directions from the ridge
wide plates, with little or no waste of material, by provides the slope that may be required for drainage.
making one longitudinal diagonal cut. These halves Furthermore, by varying the end depth of successive
are then rotated and spliced to give the maximum girders the deck can be canted to drain toward roof
depth at mid-span. When camber is required it boxes in the valleys between adjacent gabled spans
may be obtained very simply by okewing the two and at flanking parapet walls, thereby eliminating
halves slightly between their abutting edges before the necessity for crickets.
making the splice. For flat roofs the girders are inverted, the tapered
Figure 2
Plant for Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company. Gardena, Calif.
Kenneth H. Neptune, Architect; Richard R. Bradshaw, Structural Engineer
4 W ELDED TAPERED GIRDE RS
flange being down. Some other roof designs fre- struction above, and a fi re retardant ceiling below,
quently call for a gable ridge in t he center span of tapered girders provide the tight draft stops re-
three spans across the wid th of the building. In quired by many building codes as a means of sub-
such a case inverted girders are used in the outside dividing t he attic space .
spans t hereby continuing the same slope of decking There is a diversity of roof framing systems pos-
to t he walls. sible with tapered girders. Several systems are
There are also additional advantages. Economy illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 6. That the result-
is realized in diminished o"erall height of exterior ing designs are competitive with other constructions
walls as a result of t he reduced depth of web at the is evidenced by t he growing number of buildings
ends oC the girders. Also when used as the principal for which engineers and architects have specified
carrying members for ordinary joisted roof con- their use.
CRITICAL SECTION
Since t he section modulus of a tapered girder is where there is a sharp break in the moment diagram.
itself a variable, dependent upon the taper, the In t he design of uniformly loaded tapered girders
location of the critical or design section at which the critical section is oCten assumed to be located at
the bending stress will be maximum, is not always quarter-span. However, t here are limits within
immediately apparent. Seldom is it located at the which the taper must then be kept. For example,
point of maximum moment, the exception being the if the taper oC a girder designed on this assumption
case of a girder designed for concentrated mid-span were reduced to zero it would be over-stressed at
loading. mid-span by one-third of the allowable value, since
In the case of concentrated loading, a critical sec- t he quarter-span moment is but t hree-fourths t hat
tion will occur at one or at most two load points at mid-span.
PROFILE PROPORTIONS
To obtain the utmost in bending resistance from quence in the final selection from available plate
a symmetrical I -shape profile of given area, the total sizes.
area of its flanges should be equal to the area of its The design of a tapered girder to suit a given span
web. Since, however, a J{6 in. increase in web plate and set of loads is often executed using a cut-and-
thickness could increase t he web area of a tenta- try procedure. In most cases the economical pro-
t ively selected profile by as much as one third, portions Cor the profile at the critical section can be
obviously no hard-and-fast flange-web area rule obtained with a minimum of effort using the follow-
can be laid down . Fortunately no such rule is ing procedure:
necessary. The ratio of flange to web area can be
varied, within reasonable limits, with only minor 1. Compute t he required web depth as
effect upon the bending efficiency of a given profile
area. Nevertheless, equality of web and flange "118Mn *
area does afford a useful guide to economy . It is, h = ...j-;- (1)
therefore, reflected in the formulas which follow.
These formulas have been considerably simpli fied where n is a tentatively assumed value for the web
by substit uting t he approximately correct expression dept h-t hickness ratio at the section under study,
such that t he web would be as thin as possible and
S = AFh + h~t
* This expression, as well as those given by Eqs. (2) and (3),
for one of the precise but much more complex for- is rigorously correct only when the area of the web at the critical
mulas for S. Any resulting error, as applied to the section is equal to the total flange area. However, values of h
derived from its use afford good economy, even when the flange
design of tapered girders fabricated from flat plates, and web areas established in subsequent steps of the outlined
will be less than 2 percent and hence of little conse- procedure deviate somewhat from this relationship.
WELDED TAPERED GIRDERS 5
still satisfy all specification requirements an ywhere 5. Select available flange plate size whose area is
throughout the girder. If the critical section is at equal to or greater than A p.
mid-span n will generally be taken as 170; if at or
near quarter-span it can be taken as somewhere When for any reason, the actual web thickness t
between 95 and 115. has already been established, Eq. (1) can be modified
t o read
2. Divide h by n to obtain tentative web thick-
ness t', and compute tentative flange area as (2)
A/ = ht'
2 Here the requi red flange area may be computed at
once as
3. Select available web plate thickness t nearest ht
Ap = ·2-
to t', making sure t hat, at the desired taper, the web
area at the supports will be adequate for the given
In the case of a uniformly loaded tapered girder,
shear and that, at mid -span, h,"t wi ll be no greater
designed on the assumption that the critical section
t han 170.
is at quarter-span and t hat the desired value of n at
4. Compute required flange area as mid-span will be 170, Eq. (1) can be expressed as
A.p = Ap' _ h (t -=--t' ) or Ap' + h(t' t) " Note that the index to the radical in this case is 2, instead
6 6 of 3 as in Eq. (1).
Figurc 3
Industrial Building for Container Corporation of America, Bechtel Corporation, Engineers
6 WELDED TAPERED GIRDERS
.... 0
ing stress at the actual critical section can easily be b'b- ~"<o
determined with the aid of Fig. 4. With the ratio
r, equal to the required taper cp divided by the value
of cp' computed using Eq. (4), a factor is obtained by ~ ~
which the quarter-span bending stress can be cor-
r ected to give the maximum value anywhere in
,
-e- ":e. .r;
f';j>-.. ~
j"',!:! '0
<;;
3..3"
the girder. • ....
A similar procedure can usually be followed to '- 4
~
STIFFENERS
The A.I.S.C. Specification (Sect. 26 (e)) recom- TABLE I
mends the use of stiffeners at unframed ends, at
points of concentrated loads, and when the unit Web thickness
web shear stress v, expressed in kips per sq. in., 64,0001 3
t - in.
64,000
exceeds (hit)" 422
Ordinarily, intermediate stiffeners are not re- 1,000
quired on tapered girders since the loads they 1,950
support are relatively light for any given span. If 3,380
necessary in order to avoid their use, it is generally 5,560
more economical to increase the web thickness. 8,000
The limiting web depth, h" below which stiffeners 11,400
will not be required, can be determined from the 15,600
formula 27,000
_ 64,000t 3 64,000
h. - V (6)
DEFLECTION
No simple formula has ever been written for the average for the given girder.
computing the deflection of a tapered girder. It is If it is necessary to compute the deflection accu-
dependent not only upon the type of loading and rately this may be done by summation of increments,
moment of inertia at mid-span, but also upon the as shown in Fig. 7, using the expression
steepness of the taper as well.
In general it can be stated that the deflection of tJ.=,\,M.mx (7)
a girder, designed in accordance with the procedure 4 EI.
outlined on pp. 4 and 5 will be no greater, and often
substantially less, than the deflection of a straight where m represents increments of span length, the
girder economically designed for mid-span moment, centers of which are distance x from the end sup-
the possible exception being a tapered girder de- port; M. and I . being, respectively, the moment
signed to support only a mid-span concentrated load. and moment of inertia the same distances from the
A rough approximation of the deflection which a support.
tapered girder will develop at mid-span under a Little error will result if, in order to simplify the
given set of loads can be made using the usual for- computations the moment of inertia is taken as
mulas' and assuming a constant value for I equal to
I• = Aph; + h.st (8)
• See A.I.S.C. Manual pp 366- 369. 2 12
8 WELDED TAPERED GIRDERS
WELDING
YAp
The intensity of longitudinal shear transfer be-
tween flange and web plate at any point along a
v. = s- (Approx.) (9)
built-up girder can be expressed as
If this shear is resisted by pairs of fillet welds,
VQ placed opposite one another with respect to the
v. = T girder web, the effective size of these welds should
not be taken as more than two-thirds of the web
where Q is the statical moment of the area of one thickness, in order to avoid overstressing the web
flange with resp.ect to the neutral axis, and v. is in plate in shear at the toe of the fillets . If the welds
kips per lin. in. of girder when V, the applied shear are staggered, no reduction in effective size will be
at the point, is given in kips. necessary. When relatively little welding is needed
In keeping with the simplified approximation used to provide for the shear transfer, a staggered pat-
in computing values for section modulus, the profile tern will meet the requirements of the A.I.S.C.
property Q/ I can be written Specification, Sect. 25 (b), as to clear spacing between
Q A, weld segments, with less welding than would be
T = S (Approx. ) required with pairs of welds located opposite one
Then another.
ACCESS HOLES
It is often necessary to provide openings in the
webs of tapered girders for pipes, air conditioning
ducts, and passageway within the attic space formed
by the roof deck and a suspended ceiling. Except
in the case of relatively small holes, the girder adja-
cent to these openings should be investigated for
stress and stability.
Large openings, providing for the passage of a
man, are generally located at mid-span. Here the
depth of girder is greatest; the shear produced by (a)
the service loads is at a minimum; and, in the case
of uniformly loaded tapered girders, bending stresses
generally are considerably less than the maximum
permitted.
When such holes must be located in regions of sub-
stantial shear, the additional local bending stresses
produced by this shear must be combined with the
stresses due to general bending about the neutral
axis of the girder.
Fig. 5 illustrates this case. It is assumed that
(b)
the local bending in the T -sections above and below
t.he hole produces points of contraflexure in line with M,>M2
the vertical axis of the hole. The total shear V, at (When M, = M" MA and MB = 0)
this point on the girder span, is distributed, above Figure 5
and below the hole, in proportion to the average
depth of the tee stems, • and the moments producing vertical sides of the holes are computed as
local bending stresses at the sections through the
MA = VAX and MB = VBx
• V = VA + VB . Generally the hole will be centered ap- The maximum stresses resulting from these mo-
proximately on the neutral axis of the girder and V A. ~ VB. ments, combined with those produced by the general
WElDED TAPERED GIRDERS 9
bending, are shown by the shaded area of the stress of the propertiEs of the actual net girder profile at
diagram in Fig. 5(b). t his point, the moment of inertia of a hypothetical
To prevent this combined stress from exceeding profile, comprising tees whose stem width is 16 times
the maximum pErmitted, it is sometimes necessary the girder web thickness, is used to compute bending
to add flange material along the upper and lower strEsses. If the maximum thus obtained comes
edges of the hole, thus converting t he T·sections within the permissible limi t it may be concluded that
into modified I·sections. When this is the case the lateral support for the free edge is unnecessary.
flange material furnished should be long enough so Some judgment is required as to t he need for
that it can be connected to t he uncut portions of applying this rule in the case of relatively small
the web with sufficient welding to develop the re- holes where t he compressive stress at the upper
quired flange strength, outside the limits of the hole. edge is low by reason of its proximity to the neutral
Even if flange material is not re quired in order to axis. If the longitudinal dimension of t he hole is
prevent excessive stress concentrations, it may be such as to afford little support midway between the
neEded to proyide lateral support along the upper flankin g uncut portions of the web, the intensity of
edge of the hol e, where the web is in compression. the combined stress at the ends of the hole is likely
In such caSES the provisions of Sect. 18(b) of the to dictate the use of flange platES anyway. It is
A.I.S.C. Specification, relating to the stems of com- doubtful, therefore, whether the rule ever need
pression tees, can be used to test the adequacy of apply when the depth of hole is less than say 0.4
the un stiffened edge. the depth of the girder at the hole.
A section at the vertical axis of the hole, where Because of resulting high local stress concentra-
the free edge of the hole receives the least amount tions, sharp corners should be avoided when the
of lateral support, should be investigated. Here the upper and lower edges of the hole are not reinforced
only bending to be considered is that which takes with flange material. Such corners should be formed
place about the neutral axis of the girder. In lieu to a minimum radius of 2 in.
Figure 6
Manufacturing Bu ilding for Price-Pfister Bros. Mfg. Co., Pacoima, Calif.
10 WElDED TAPERED GIRDERS
BRACING
The problem of lateral support for t he top (com- such forces, knee braces may be r equired, unless the
pression) flange of tapered girders is no different roof deck, or a positive system of bracing in the
from that of other beams and girders of similar plane of the roof, is stiff enough to transmit them to
proportions. Generally the roof deck is sufficiently adequately braced walls.
rigid to function as a diaphragm, and it is only neces- If the roof deck is employed as an essential part
sary t o provide frequent and positive connections of the permanent bracing system, adequate provi-
of the top flange to this deck. There is no economy sion must be made to brace the girders during con-
in designing for a reduced bending stress, in accord- struction and until the roof deck is in place and
ance with the ld/ bt formula, in order to permit a securely fastened to the supporting frame.
greater distance between bracing points at the top It is recommended that, where tapered girders
flange. are to be supported on masonry walls, they be set
Because of the shallow end depth of tapered on wall plates, leveled to grade and grouted, and
girders, their connection to supporting columns like that they be secured by means of a pair of properly
the connection of Fink and bow-string trusses to embedded anchor bolts as a safety measure during
their supporting columns, affords little resistance to erection.
horizontal forces. To insure adequate resistance to
DESIGN PROBLEM #1
At mid-span, let
h. = 11~~~ = 51.3' > 42.5"
h = 170 x 0.25 = 42.5" Intermediate stiffeners are no t required.
(,J. 1.25 kips per //1). fl.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II
,
, 3.3.5
, 38.5 ¢
, 28.5
Z3.5
18.5
, 13 .5'
8S ,
3'
, , .,.,
, , ())
CO
. ~ 0')
,
'0
.,
"l
Il:l
Vi '":<l'
'? "lD \9
,"
~~
~
....
:::, '~ ! 'I'
t\J
"i 'i-
I
0 0 0) @ Q) @ CD ® .
r c;;' 5' 5' 5'
4!' D'
5' 5' 5' 5'
4/-'0 "
~
m
.....
o
5/.3 m
o
>
-.,
m
'"mo
[)eflection Co/cu/af/0f75 Q
;;;
3~cf-
Ion
m X /:7 I
/17.+
1'1
kipH
I'1mx: o
m
If. H //7. I
/ b.O J.O / G.o 1.270 148 Z./O
0:
/'1= 5/.3X -Or;;25x. z kip H
2 So 8.5 243 3,/05 391 5.35
h = / I. 5 r /5 X. in.
3 5.0 /3.5 318 S,GOD 579 '. ~
4 5.0 /8. 5 3~.3 8,970 735 7.58 Ll - 1,728 \" I1mlC .
5 50 23,5 ~.8 /3,320 8r;0 7.5'} max. - 30,000 L I • 2.8C; /17.
T/1~X =43.'7
Figure 7
~
12 WELDED TAPERED GIRDERS
DESIGN PROBLEM #2
Required to design an 82' girder, tapered 172 in. Try 2 1t,-16 x V, (Area one Ii. = 8.00 s q. in. )
per ft. each way from mid-span, to support a At quarter-span, let
uniform load (including the weight of the girder
itself) of 1.25 kips per lin. ft., assuming the top
flange to have complete lateral support.
h = 12 y,' - (2 x )i " ) + 61~ ; " = 42.3"
Using Eq. (3 ), compute the quarter-span depth
as S = 8.00 x 42.3 + 0.438 ~ 42.3 2 = 469 in.'
h 'mi., 51.3 90" j'm,,' 20.2 x 1.06 = 21.4 ksi (Too much)
=
= 13.0 x 0.438 = .
Req'd. S = 469 x 1.06 = 497
h'm ..' = 9.0 + 61.5 = 161 170 Let A pp = flange area giving S of 497 in .' with-
t 0.438 < out increasing depth h.
2
.. Least quarter-span depth = 9.0" + ~1.5" 42.3A pp + 0.438 ~ 42.3 = 497
2
39.8' < 42.9" (}16 plate o.k. ) An = 8.66 s q. in.
When h = 42.8" and t = 0.438" Use 11.,-14" J( %" (Area one II. = 8.75 sq. in. )
Ap = 8.25 _ 42.9 (0.43~ - 0.386) = 7.93 sq. in. Calculations to obtain the maximum deflection
of the girder as designed are given in Fig. 7.
DESIGN PROBLEM #3
Try 2 It, 12" x %' (Area one rt = 7.5 sq. in.) Figure 9
f = 546333
x 12 = 19 7 k .
. s,
V 31.4 - (22 x 0.6)
= 18.2' 1.09
r = 0.88 1.24
Using Eq. (5)
From Fig. 4
, 1.8 x 18.2 = 0.88 "I'
<P = (3 x 7.5) + 14.7 Correction factor = 1.03
( 1m,,) = 19.7 x 1.03 = 20.3 ksi
"'P = 48"
44'
= 1.09" I .,
The final design is shown in Fig. 9.
DESIGN PROBLEM #4
Required to design a symmetrical 40' tapered be placed at the concentrated load. Intermediate
girder to support a concentrated mid-span load of stiffeners will be required only where the web
82k. Assume adequate lateral support for the depth is greater than
top flange.
h. = 14i~g = 47.7 ' (From Eq. 6 and Table I )
Solution A
Since the critical design cross-section is at mid-
span where the moment is 820 kip ft., assume hi t
as 170. Using Eq. (1)
h = 41.0 10 I '
13.0 x 0.313 = .
Then
h 't = 10.1 = 32' 70'
I 0.313 < Solution B
Fig. 10 shows a design based upon the fore- In an effort to eliminate the need for intermediate
going computations. stiffeners an alternate design will be worked out
Since the shear on the web does not drop off as using the next greater thickness of web plate
hi t increases, the web should be investigated as (% in.), Since the web thickness t is already
to the need for stiffeners. Vertical stiffeners will established, Eq. (2) can be used.
WELDED TAPERED GIRDERS 15
AF ~
16.6
2 ~
83 .
. sq. m. Weight Estimate
Use 2 1t,-14 x % (Area one It ~ 8.75 sq. in.) Solution A:
2 Plates-12 x Ys @ 51.0# x 40' ~ 2040#
1 Plate -30 x '){6 @ 31.9# x 40' ~ 1276
~ym·t abc 2 Plates- 5 x '){s @ 10.6# x 4.2' 45
4 Plates- 5 x '){s @ 21.2# x 3.3' 70
~.
;t!4 ,,*, Q 3431#
%1 -,;, "
Ii' /4-% "" Solution B:
2 Plates-14 x Ys @ 59.6# x 40' ~2384#
?o'-O· 20:0 1 Plate -26%; x Vs @ 34.1# x 40' ~ 1368
2 Plates- 6 x Vs @ 15.3# x 3.7' 57
Figure 11 3809#
Based upon a working stress of 20 ksi, req'd.
Minimum depth at end supports S ~ 492. The a ctual section moduli for Solutions
A and Bare 503 and 519, respectively. Adjusting
h ~ 13.041.0 84"
x 0.375 ~ . the estimated weights on t he basis of required
bending strength would indicate a net weight
Fig. 11 shows this solution of the problem. saving of about 250 lbs. in favor of the thinner
F rom Eq. 6 and Table I it is found that the web requiring intermediate stiffeners. It is prob-
depth of web below which intermediate stiffeners lematical whether this saving in material could
are not required pay for the extra shop work, however.
DESIGN PROBLEM #5
2';,c-35,=- ~ 5.6"
"",2::::.
13 x 0.313
, ,-
!iO~
V
9!0"
IflJ-~
9":0· 9:0·
54 '0"
h,m." ~ 5·~.3i354 ~ 190 > 170 (Web too thin)
Figure 13
16 WELDED TAPERED GIRDERS
and quarter-span, and is likely to be at or adjacent is only 0.6 percent greatEr than that at the load
to the concentrated load 9' from the end . point. .
Using Eq. (1), it will be found that the econom- Use of stiffeners at each concentrated load point
ical web depth at this point is less than 21 ' . in the given example was based upon the assump-
However, the dimensions already established fix tion that the supported purlins would be flush
the depth 9' from the end supports as substantially top with the girder, and that it would be most
more than 21'. convenient to bolt their webs directly to these
stiffeners, thus improving the stability of the
(8' + ~f = 26") girder during er ection.
A satisfactory pattern of flange-to-web welding
Hence, use of the procedure outlined on page 3 is shown in Fig. 15.
would result in a wasteful design.
Tentatively it will be assumed that the critical
section leading to the most economical design for
the given condition is at the concentrated load, 9' I
from the supports. The girder design thus de- IR
I
veloped will then be tested at frequent intervals
each side of this point, identified by the circle A
• I
'1tf=
I
I I'
in Fig. 13.
At this load point h = 25.4" and
M = (22 .35 x 9)
0.55 x 92
2
t~ ~~!
/·1 ,-.
t
z:ol
~"
7.'0
"f
: i~~ 1" ~
'I!-
x -f{ S G 7
" 9
A10
Use 4 )1 " @ 12 " D.C., staggered
At section B
h, -m. 17ft: /94- 2J~ 23~ 25~ 214
n.- hpin. 1.2sa 1,490 1.716 1,')34 Z,/4< z'31r;, V = 22.35 - 3.0 - 5.50 = 13.85"
- In~
S. 70,J5 80.'1 9/.97 /03.54 IIS. G 12d.2 h = 7.25 + (2 x 10) = 27.3"
~ -lsi 17.8' Id4l /8.6S /8. UJ /8.57 18.07
S = (3.0 x 27.3) + (0.0625 x 27.3 2)
Bcndir;q Jtre5S Calcu/atlon!! at;:q - = 128 in.s
= 13.85 x 3.0 = 032" / '
Figure 14 Vw 128 "
Req'd.length of 7.i' welds perft., each side of web
From the calculations tabulated in Fig. 14 it
will be seen that the critical section for the girder, 12 x 0.32 _ 08'
2 x 2.4 - .
as designed , actually is slightly nearer to the end
support than 9 ft. But the stress at this section Use 1 )1' @ 12' D.C., staggered
WELDED TAPERED GIRDERS 17
DESIGN PROBLEM #6
Roof over high sc hool gymnasium, Rosemead, California, Kistner, Wright & Wright, Architect-Engineers
18 WElDED TAPERED GIRDERS
DESIGN PROBLEM #7
Required to provide a 20 in. high by 24 in. wide The moment of inertia of the net girder section
hole, centered 2 ft. from mid-span in the web of can be computed as
the girder shown in Fig. 10.
Calculations of t he type developed in Problem
6 will show that the combined bending stress at
2 [ (15.90 X 18.052) + 500 ] = 11,360 in. '
transverse sections at the sides of the hole are
excessive unless flange material is added. At the centerline of the hole
V A = V B = 20.5 k
19
1 and
~ MA = 20.5' x 12' = 246 k "
z·!!" S.rMG r: 3~11(a.) M = 41' x 18' x 12 = 8,860k "
V In the girder flanges
= 8,860 x 24 + 246 x 5.45
~ INt. (0) f ( mOIl 11,360 500
= 21.4 ksi
....]11
/:0 ' 2: 0 " ':0" At the edge of the hole
J6:0' 4'0" 4-'0 " SECT. ,q.,:;
f (m>xl
= 8,860 x 10.5 + 246 x 8.05
11,360 500
Figure 16
= 12.2 ksi
Try adding pairs of 5 x !{6 flange plates as indi-
cated in Fig. 16. Details covering the fabrication of the flange
The propertie" of the I -shape profiles above material required to reinforce the hole against
and below the hole are computed in Table A. excessive bending stresses are shown in Fig. 16.
TABLE A
I
I Element A x Ax d Ad2 I,