EUCLID

RESEARCH

M.Saad Shaheen| VIII | A

Introduction :
Euclid of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as
the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry". He was active in
Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC). His Elements is
one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics,
serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially

geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early
20th century. In the Elements, Euclid deduced the theorems of what is
now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also
wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry,
number theory, and mathematical rigour.The English name Euclid is
the anglicized version of the Greek name , which means "renowned,

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glorious".He was known for Known for Euclidean geometry ,Euclid's
Elements, Euclidean algorithm.

Biography:
Very few original references to Euclid survive, so little is known about
his life. He was likely born c. 325 BC, although the place and
circumstances of both his birth and death are unknown and may only
be estimated roughly relative to other people mentioned with him. He
is rarely mentioned by name by other Greek mathematicians from
Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) onward, and is usually referred to as
("the author of Elements"). The few historical references to Euclid were
written by Proclus c. 450 AD, centuries after Euclid lived.

A detailed biography of Euclid is given by Arabian authors,

mentioning, for example, a birth town of Tyre. This biography is
generally believed to be fictitious. If he came from Alexandria, he
would have known the Serapeum of Alexandria, and the Library of
Alexandria, and may have worked there during his time. Euclid's
arrival in Alexandria came about ten years after its founding by
Alexander the Great, which means he arrived c. 322 BC.

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Elements:
Many of the results in Elements originated with earlier
mathematicians, one of Euclid's accomplishments was to present them
in a single, logically coherent framework, making it easy to use and
easy to reference, including a system of rigorous mathematical proofs
that remains the basis of mathematics 23 centuries later. The only

1 Fragment of Elements

reference that historians rely on of Euclid having written the Elements

was from Proclus, who briefly in his Commentary on the Elements
ascribes Euclid as its author. Although best known for its geometric
results, the Elements also includes number theory. It considers the
connection between perfect numbers and Mersenne primes (known as
the Euclid–Euler theorem), the infinitude of prime numbers, Euclid's
lemma on factorization (which leads to the fundamental theorem of
arithmetic on uniqueness of prime factorizations), and the Euclidean
algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two numbers.
Today, however, that system is often referred to as Euclidean geometry
to distinguish it from other so-called non-Euclidean geometries that
mathematicians discovered in the 19th century.

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