1.

international Journal of the Physical Sciences

Due to inappropriate planning and management, accelerated urban growth and tremendous
loss in land, especially green space, have become a great challenge for sustainable urban
development. Detection of such changes may help decision makers and planners to understand the
factors in land use and land cover changes in order to take effective and useful measures. Change
detection is a technique used in remote sensing for detecting the changes which may have occurred
in the existing over two or more periods of time in a particular area. In this paper, Saqqez, a city in
Kurdistan province has witnessed a rapid growth in construction which has caused destruction of
green spaces areas. It is fragmented and dispersed, causing impairment and dysfunction of these
important urban elements. The objective of this study was to detect changes in extent and pattern
of green areas of Saqqez city and to analyze the results in terms of landscape ecology principles and
functioning of the green spaces. Three remote sensing techniques, including normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI) comparison, principal component analysis (PCA) and the post classification
were employed to detect the green space changes. To carry out these techniques, Thematic Mapper
(TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) LANDSAT data within the year 1989 to 2009 were
used to recognize land use changes, especially the physical development of the area and its
devastating effects on the green space. The result showed that green space has been reduced from
530 ha in 1989 to 198.3 ha in 2009. In this research, the capabilities of LANDSAT data which is
oriented towards determining land use changes, via the standard methods is examined. The result
showed that NDVI and post classification analysis methods are better than principal component
analysis in detecting the devastating effects of unplanned constructions and forming projects on
Saqqez's green space.

Referent: https://academicjournals.org/ijps/abstracts/abstracts/abstract2012/23Apr/Shahabi%20et
%20al.htm

2. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering

The paper proposes an algorithm for image encryption using the random bit sequence
generator and based on chaotic maps. Chaotic Logistic and Tent maps are used to generate required
random bit sequences. Pixels of the plain image are permuted using these chaotic functions, and
then the image is partitioned into eight bit map planes. In each plane, bits are permuted and
substituted according to random bit and random number matrices; these matrices are the products
of those functions. The pixels and bit maps permutation stage are based on a chaotic random
Ergodic matrix. This chaotic encryption method produces encrypted image whose performance is
evaluated using chi-square test, correlation coefficient, number of pixel of change rate (NPCR),
unified average changing intensity (UACI), and key space. The histogram of encrypted image is
approximated by a uniform distribution with low chi-square factor. Horizontal, vertical, and diagonal
correlation coefficients of two adjacent pixels of encrypted image are calculated. These factors are
improved compared to other proposed methods. The NPCR and UACI values of encrypted image are
also calculated. The result shows that a swift change in the original image will cause a significant
change in the ciphered image. Total key space for the proposed method is (2^2, 160), which is large
enough to protect the proposed encryption image against any brute-force attack. © 2013 The
Author(s).

Rrferent:

http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13369-013-0713-z
 3. Journal of Environmental Management
In this research, eight individual machine learning and statistical models are implemented
and compared, and based on their results, seven ensemble models for flood susceptibility
assessment are introduced. The individual models included artificial neural networks, classification
and regression trees, flexible discriminant analysis, generalized linear model, generalized additive
model, boosted regression trees, multivariate adaptive regression splines, and maximum entropy,
and the ensemble models were Ensemble Model committee averaging (EMca), Ensemble Model
confidence interval Inferior (EMciInf), Ensemble Model confidence interval Superior (EMciSup),
Ensemble Model to estimate the coefficient of variation (EMcv), Ensemble Model to estimate the
mean (EMmean), Ensemble Model to estimate the median (EMmedian), and Ensemble Model based
on weighted mean (EMwmean). The data set covered 201 flood events in the Haraz watershed
(Mazandaran province in Iran) and 10,000 randomly selected non-occurrence points. Among the
individual models, the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC), which showed the
highest value, belonged to boosted regression trees (0.975) and the lowest value was recorded for
generalized linear model (0.642). On the other hand, the proposed EMmedian resulted in the
highest accuracy (0.976) among all models. In spite of the outstanding performance of some models,
nevertheless, variability among the prediction of individual models was considerable. Therefore, to
reduce uncertainty, creating more generalizable, more stable, and less sensitive models, ensemble
forecasting approaches and in particular the EMmedian is recommended for flood susceptibility
assessment.