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Lec 3 PDF
Lec 3 PDF
Lec 3 PDF
Maha Mustafa
Integumentary system
It is our primary means of identifying the organism, and is what
defines the boundary of its body. Skin is also the primary means through
which an organism interacts with its environment.
Osmotic regulation and movement of gases and ions to and from the
circulation are aided by the integument conjunction with other system.
Heat regulation.
Respiration.
It hold feathers for locomotion, hair for insulation, horn for defense
Skin pigment block the harmful sunlight and bright colors during
courtship, cryptic or display.
Skin
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
1- Epidermis
This skin is further divided into five, separate layers. In order from most
superficial to deepest, they are the:
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
The Dermis
Blood vessels that nourish the skin with oxygen and nutrients. The
blood vessels also allow immune system cells to come to the skin to
fight an infection. These vessels also help carry away waste products.
Nerves that help us relay signals coming from the skin. These signals
include touch, temperature, pressure, pain, and itching.
Various glands.
Hair follicles.
Collagen, a protein that is responsible for giving skin strength and a
bit of elasticity.
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
Integument of Tetrapods:
Amphibians
The integumentary system of frog is very different from that of fishes,
reflective the partially terrestrial mode of life of the animals:
The dermal layer can be divided into two distinct layers: the
upper spongious dermis and lower compact dermis. Capillary beds
restricted to the dermis in most vertebrates reach in to lower part of
epidermis in amphibians serving cutaneous respirations.
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
Reptiles
The skin of reptile reflects their greater commitment to terrestrial existence:
1. The skin is rough, thick, dry and scaly. Skin is suited to the terrestrial
environment which prevents any loss of water.
3. The skin of reptiles has a thick stratum corneum that gives rise to a
variety of cornified appendages.
Birds
1. Epidermis comprise the (stratum corneum and the stratum basal) and
between them is transitional layer.
3. The dermis especially near the feather follicle is richly supplied with
blood vessel, sensory nerve ending and smooth muscle.
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
Mammals
1. In mammals skin (stratum corneum) is thick, elastic and water proof.
2. The epidermal cells form into five layers stratum corneum, stratum
lucidium, stratum granulosm, stratum spinosum, stratum
germinativum (also called stratum basale).
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
Glands
Epidermal glands of terrestrial vertebrates
Skin glands in terrestrial vertebrates are fewer but more diverse than in
aquatic species:
Amphibians
It is usually includes two types of multicellular glands: mucous and
poison glands both are located in the dermis and open to the surface
through connecting ducts.
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
Reptiles
Integument glands of reptiles are thought to play role in reproductive
behavior; most of the secretions are holocrine. that is the cell of the
glands constitute the secretion and many of them are pheromones
(substance secreted into the environment by an organism that have an
effect on the behavior or physiology of other members of the
population)
The glands usually restricted to certain area of the body. Many lizards
possess rows of femoral glands along the underside of the hind limb
in the thigh region, some turtles have scent glands.
Birds
Uropygial gland (oily secretion) located at the base of the tail
secretes lipid and protein product that bird collected on the sides of
their beak and then smear on their feathers. Preening coats the feathers
with the secretion make them water repellent.
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
Mammals
Mammals have two main types of gland (sweat and sebaceous glands)
scent and mammary glands derived from them.
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Lecture Three Assit.Lect.Maha Mustafa
In mice, rates and cats they are present on the paws and in
rabbits they appear around the lips, in elephants sweat and
sebaceous gland are absent
Are derived from sweat glands and produce secretions that play apart in
social communications. These glands may be located almost anywhere on
the body as:
On the chin (rabbits), face (deer), chest and arms (in some carnivores).
Secretion of these glands are used to indicate information such as status,
territorial marking, mood, and sexual power
Mammary glands:
Alveolar ducts also can open into common champers or cistern with along
collar of epidermis called teat. The teat forms secondary duct carrying milk
from the cistern to the surface. Adipose tissues can build up beneath the
mammary glands to produce breast.
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