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Ele Pro Sys
Ele Pro Sys
CHAPTER-1
BASIC ASPECTS OF PROTECTION
1.0 Principles of Relays
Every electrical equipment is designed to work under specified normal
conditions. In case of short circuits, earth faults etc., an excessive current will
flow through the windings of the connected equipment and cause abnormal
temperature rise, which will damage the winding. In a power station, non-
availability of an auxiliary, at times, may cause total shut down of the unit,
which will result in heavy loss of revenue.
So, in modern power system, to minimise damage to equipment two alternatives
are open to the designer, one is to design the system so that the faults cannot
occur and other is to accept the possibility of faults and take steps to guard
against the effect of these faults. Although it is possible to eliminate faults to a
larger degree, by careful system design, careful insulation coordination, efficient
operation and maintenance, it is obviously not possible to ensure cent percent
reliability and therefore possibility of faults must be accepted; and the equipment
are to be protected against the faults. To protect the equipment, it is necessary to
detect the fault condition, so that the equipment can be isolated from the fault
without any damage. This function is performed by a relay. In other words,
protective relays are devices that detect abnormal, conditions in electrical
circuits by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are different
under normal and faulty conditions. The basic quantities which may change
during faulty conditions are voltage, current, frequency, phase angle etc. Having
detected the fault relay operates to complete the trip circuit which results in the
opening of the circuit breaker thereby isolating the equipment from the fault.
The basic relay circuit can be seen in Mg. No. 1. 1
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1.8. 9 Level Detectors
A relay operates when the measured quantity changes, either from its normal
value or in relation to another quantity. The operating quantity in most
protective relays is the current entering the protected circuit. The relay may
operate on current level against a standard bias or restrain, or it may compare the
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Hydrogen 100 / 150 ppm 200 / 300 ppm 200 / 300 ppm
Ethylene 100 / 150 ppm 150 / 200 ppm 200 / 400 ppm
A Cylindrical rotor
Indirectly cooled 30 10
Directly cooled (5 - 10) (5 - 8)
B Salient pole rotor with
Damper winding
Without damper winding
40 10
40 5
Single phase and specially two phase short circuits give rise to large negative
sequence currents. The faults are however, cleared by other relays in a time
much shorter than the operate time of the negative sequence relay.
A two phase short circuit with fault current equal to 3.46 (2 @3 ) time rated
generator current implies a negative sequence , current component equal to twice
the rated current (2 p.u.). Hence a negative sequence relay with the setting.
I22t = 10s would trip with a time delay of
10 = 2.5 sec.
22
Examples on load dissymetries which give rise to negative sequence currents in
the generator are -
1. Unbalanced single phase loads-Traction loads and induction furnaces.
2. Transmission line dissymetries due to capacitors, non-transposed phase wire or
open conductors (C.B. pole failure)
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An open conductor may give rise to a considerable negative sequence current, as
a maximum of more than 50% of rated machine current. The combination of
two or more of the above mentioned dissymetries case give rise to harmful
negative phase sequence current, even if each of them gives rise to a relatively
small unbalance. The Fyg. 5.7 will illustrate the C.T. and relay circuit.
5.6 Generator Loss of Excitation Protection (40G) (Mg. 5.8)
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The excitation curve can be divided into 4 regions. Ankle point, Linear region,
knee point and saturation. The knee point is defined as a point on the excitation
curve where a 10% increase in secondary EMF would cause 50% increase in the
exciting current.
9.2.4 Effect of Secondary Open Circuiting
The primary current of a C.T. is independent of its secondary loading. With the
secondary shorted (directly or through the connected burden) the counter flux
produced by the secondary keeps the core flux below the saturation level.
However, if the secondary gets open circuited with the primary carrying current,
the entire primary m.m.f. (ampere turns) is spent in magnetising the core,
producing high core flux. This results in increased secondary E.M.F. with the
voltage shooting up to very high value depending upon the primary current level
and the working/ saturation flux levels.
9.2.5 Classification of CTs
There are three basic types of CTs.
1) Measuring CTs
2) Protection CTs
3) Protection CTs for special Applications.
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0.5 + 0.5 + 20
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