#1 Best Seller;Book for all Competitive
Exam
OEY Ce
ECONOMICS
( FOR ALL COMETITIVE EXAM)
SE aie tee+1 Best Seller:Book for all Competitive
LET
OEIC on |
ECONOMICS
( FOR ALL COMETITIVE EXAM)
S P Sharma
TECH Us 37 Ua ee Tere stele
Ufa
aelerea: select ce fart red set we oety Tegal
dia aetat & eo A aa aaent or sez fear sara 2,
farrer caeTs STAM Ee 2” |
ar faeetrT at seer & aad H fear aT ei BATE
referrer 8 area arfere feat ar agot eo & areas feear
aa él
vals atelores: ae selerea Ft UH BIPST @, VT Fe steTaT
wre 2 feb fea WER seAIEM & Casa staaa, UAT Ta
1pH, fase =o a Foret F fsa Soe & ardes or ota
weed 2, Het TaTU Vet Bare wat wea Seth rT FIaden: seamen we tah wore 2 fore arr ait
aor sitferesr are aed ZI
Sealed MATE aes (PPC): See HATA aH St Teqait
% ot crf ayer ar aeiiar 2, fra soca Harel 7
cept cbt Geared @ sealed fear ST AAT E |
atara seater arra(Moc): siret & are fasts eat
unailet was area seq et atfafted Sarg 2, forest feat az
aeq at afahtes sare & sened 2g er gare sre 2
wae et SAAT aU(MRT): MRT, So Tey HT SHTSAT FT
aor & forerhr feet arr ag er afer sepré & Seer 27
Bit Sarg ara 21
AIT cht STARA
WMT: Tel I ae HT, fs soe fe we AAT sg
faa Fes Wh es A er aie ee eT
WM stqaeht: te we aTfereerarg wesis e, St ae iP
HET ate ET TA ATT cb HEA sh ART aera = |
APT ap: Fe A gel cr Ue BSA Weve 2
cafeerra APT: cated Sota BAT BT TAT APTI
feat aeq Bt caferera ait eet Tart
eel oe ree / ATT Paice
1, Brea aeg BT TT 2, SOTA BT aT
3, Brefera sagan br Beret 4, Wee Ue aera S. APT
Hepa 4 ona bt Weare
AM We: Dx = f( Px, Y, Pr, T)nite fan: ale at ps aera ee at oeq GI IT sae
® gel & ae-are gedl are ake aeq ae A ahs Fi
are sae aT seat see) eT ATT cer FH 2
ArT a aRadat
Bae a WER e:
1) APT er eat Aa A oats (eae et AMT ap oH Aer Sa
agi)
2) aM Fafa (ANT A ects)
1) Bit eer rat aa A ahaa: -
Ted } Arg A URa & ET ATT A acta, sa wre eT
el, 4a wER & ea €;
A) rT or fara: A TA WR TELS APT
B) Ai el Sepa: Sar STA OE HA ATT
APT Br ea ATT A afer
yea A uftadt & areot + saR-dera ET > fae si
apa
aia ahead
yea afta c arene sa ery = Ufada eer > ates sit
wat
ana okadat
ae sel bisa th stetrar ara cereal A uftada & carey aT F
Uftacis ate 8, 4 SI HP Eid E:
A) ait 4 af :- ara erat F oftada & aren ai aafere
SMT, Fes FER ed EI
B) Abr # eat:- sro great Fo uftada & aor ar ae
GMT, es FER ed EIAi A ofS & erat
1, ar ale
2. Ter sik ahaa A aeradt / srEEeT Tee
3, Sepfetren aq hr cra A afl
4. Yep aeq ht rma F firerael
ate ara aeqait & fore air H afew aEreot ara H ak
atts
APT A ae ee ST:
1. erat eet
2. ee A adhere A afereEet / HT
3. Ted & faced cht ra A PT
4, Um Tey ol ira 4 ahs
Ale: STS BROT A a AAT ares ee fore AMT A eet
Ale: arent aeqail & ferg air A ape te reo ara Hee
Brita)
Tea & were
doit aq: a7 ag apa t gfe Se arr
feoelt eg yea AT gfe SPAT Sere, TTA AN BIBT
Wem GG: aT Teg ST ATT A aoe SPA eb apTeTT fees
ae yes A ale SAT Serewr, Wate SN TAI
ATT aeqa: Ff qequ, Frey sa TI HTT
araeg elat @1 sae sel 2 fee ae at ged Z, at ray
aegalt br Bradt F Ht ake ere 2
miter weqe: ¢ aequ, fer ata & aver serra
FP Slay 21 Seer are 2 fee Aa a Ted =z, at AMT a aE
AT aTdt &, aie ate gap faite at ae sia 2Perera aeqe: Frey geqe, Fo areT gage eid
fore aim china Ged Ue fees STAT SET Bw eR Sea APT
ah Fata aT Sere ed 21 Fret Teqait hr feta A, aes
aaratet faesen soeres ret #1 feenec et seat & reo, aT
aT WT ea Et Ara z, APT pT STE Tega wet Stay
8, cet oe fee saeht rsa ae TT AT
det Teqe Gb sohtaerart aeqe): ara
fret ceqat & ore uit et aneit dea aeqe a age
@, freer at ge Sra, in ht aT A afe wedi zi
wets, ae gafert vet @ fe soe HT ae ors
(Prtha Tegal & Are A) ch HOT ale TaYE eT “Tea
ae erates, Steal, a gal Way sega sr seen frar
fafa ot Fret pet bt srt armat a Get es BET
ita A SH Ue, HiT BT ATT MT cea et are @ eal fe AT
ROCH-SHNST SHA aT AATT St STAT BI
AM & WER
art ar fast ait: ret aT or rel, ewe TZ
fers AMT Br Ft Ait & ofads 4 2, Bt sa aq faery Sr
ord 4 uftada 4 eae feat ar deft geq cbr bord F
Uftada & ORoTaereg Stat El Sa WER Ar AMT WET
aeet sear aap see & Aes A ors ort S1 HATE
Seq oe, ST we Gat geet F pat A org ore a1 srafee
WE Tage F aeqe dict ait feat sees Ht oft & fore, eH
areal wart A are wrett €
BRT APT: Tree ST A ars oe Pe et TSA APT
apr ATE APT seT TAT 2Werar AM: Sih THATS GMT STAT SERS STAT
areaeaenarat wr ORT Bet & fore aeqail a Sarai & fere APT
apr Weal ANT Hed 21 SerecoT & ery, erect & aifeferat ar
HST BY ATT BEAT
IT AT: ate Pepa Teg BT ATT & aT, BT TeaT
aeg i Gar 61 ai Sea ell @, at sa agers ATT wer TAT
21 Pattee 77 St Terra ST TEST eT Sever eT TAT
zl
Tae Fin: wre att ep seve hr ofa & fers we are
at ceqait Br ary Br ard @, dt se Saas APT GET Se BI
Sere & fers ae ae Tex I AM, fise Fe sty Tet Hr
AIT
atrar AT: Tap sees Sq WaT & Tere feat weet
ag Br PT eT AAT APT HET STAT 2
ANT et laa wire (Ed)
feat aq 1 rr F et ated oRada & Bere Sy ary AT
art 1 ara F eta are ofeach ara ar ar ht cat sits
@El GAT EI
Ed, = aeq &1 anit 1g Frat 8 ert ater wheter oeada/ eet
Wert ater uldsra oad
Ed. = P/q X Aq/Ap
P= Teter bind Q = Tala AT A = Rat
quia deitaran art (Ed = 0)ae aeg Bt FT Hy, Bera A afeada hr gers Baers aaa et
AMAT, a Sa WER BT APT Gora Sestak APT PETA
aeiraer (BA ciTaan) AMT (e < 1)
ae rr F ofa & aro APT aT Ara A aoe Gia
Br arden a Hy Sta &, al AM HA sen ar dese ea el
Bats Aaa AMT (e = 1)
we Ai A oferera fea, here A Ulrera Ufa ch Tae Sta
8, at eq HiT Sere cian weed ester fee Se apie
Hf PRAT TAT &, ATTA ETS SH WET ST SPT THAT
zl
iter Aim (sift cirt|eR) (e > 1)
wel Brae AH eeepr Ufterchs Set a HT A eBraa eet era a safes
apres ata ee &, at cree ArT at felis Ser tat &
goer wef 2, brea A we we oftada S a ai A alse oad
eet |
qoieen aiterer Art (e = 00)
ae feet aq er bra F aad ee fear ary A art ar ahs
Bet 2 di ae soe laa araar erat 21 sae far rsa ae
HiT Teel tect elae fers yor wit rar br steer Fars
ad @, aa Fin ae ATaeN erat ZI
tela cba & Paice
faese el SaeTeaAT
ae I Ta Hes wT TTT
ara Sar
AR artarea Ff Uep WaT UT oe TT ANT A Tet
uftads, esefea oftea
E, = (FIT % O) / eA % O)
E, = (OQ/ OD. (1/ Q)
HTaRAHATE (O< E; <1): SATU, Forya Ser Garel
tare er Pa: FS-S ara A ahs eel, Ta ory Oe ea eT
arefl 37a ST % Hear 2
AMT cht STSt-eTPT
Tee ag ht bra 4 ahaa HoT waif seq HY at
Tat Arar Fett aret ohare Se ATT wet PT HT TTS Ts Her
stat 21 (dafera aeqati faeer ar yee arent dt aed €) gat
reat H, Bartel y cbr Brad H aecrra & fore geq X BT AT aT
sree 21
ec = at wae Hl hima 48 ufaera Fo ofads, seq ag eT
#x / afar ofa
ANT ht atiSst-eira eh ATS
eftahret - aq x TTT aint y & fers we sree fered =
UT - AU x ik y Hafele sete
FERIA - YE x SI y TE
angfa cr at
angie er af 2 Fae ae A fea 1a ere oe Seore oT Pee
aan faa & fore dan aeqé ag fafere ra ue fark
ere Wret aie Baraat ser Seat CA & fers Fahey Sr array Biz
seq dian 2) fee aca & fect og Gt ght wt sa eseof afonfta fear at seat 2 al areata 8 Se Brae oe uf
were facht & fers ter fear stra ZI
angte ar Pras apa ait sgt & dita wep dren dete enrfte
ZT 21 ee HT sat oe eA AN ares Armat we alee
amgfd Both " aa aeq fr Era ae ord 2, eer ee) ga
weal @, ara Bera Pred @, at seer orgie faega et sire 2,
Soe arate a St arte"
amrafet cht citer
angtd a fram ef angfd it apr Grae 4 secre ar wae
amr) amgfa & ara Br srereon yer A ofr fr are 4,
angie aftada faz ft aren excl 21 ae ara seca at
BRT re sire 2
arg @t aire = angi Brrr # aneqariite aftad / Bora
arequniaes fterta
TR & WER sik Aer Freaker
UMAR : TR Uh RI @ Ser thal Bik faba, aeqail sik
Fasit Bt attest ain dart & fore wes ata EI
aan Hee : Ge Serr A ahaa haat ét den, sab dts
afaerat Ht wepia ain Serre Ft Wephd wT Gala eae
ann & WER
a) Wot ufrarirat, b) Taree ss, c) TERT aT, d)
SeOTPERER STATE,
a) Wet afaaiitter: wp aor feta at dalia ped @, rat
aaitent att facsarat &t at ten edt 21 wa aendta serret
Bl Uh FAM SMa Ue Saal 2
b) warren arm: wafer wea ani feta ¢, Rrra war
fecear ar SterareT Ela &, forse ra Ue Yoh FAT Stay eIc) Weerftrenrét arene: ep ara fete at dehita aa @, fret
are eH aedfeia seq’ dard z, sift a fees sere atte
d) areanftrenre STE: Ae Tes ITT AEST &, FTAA wep TET
& po as father gia gah ear asl eT A gia BI
uot wfteitfttar et fasta :
1, aT AR Pasha ater Hea A ete SI
2, AaTda Al GAM Seas Ela EI
3, Corat aor Frater weer atk ofertas ear 2
4, Serre Er ot SCT STAT e
5, eH up rg ot ae 2 AK sa rag Pate eI
6. Wolaar ilar AT aes (AR=MR)
7. Seared & prep hr Got nfssfterar erat 21
8. UREA MTA BT SPT Etat zl
9, feebr arma Br arqafesta erate |
TET TTT et FASTA :
1. fsa wep aeg wr Tears farsa Era eI
2. TTS & beds SIA HT BPS Ete ZI
3, WH AS HM th yar F pleas etch eI
4, TEMS STH ATT Tee (AR>MR)
5, Brea ue got fretaor eta
6. bra fees aT ears AAS Stay I
7. SETS OT HT ates Bla Z|
Tattered are at fastsare :
1. Sesit ate fess &r aie trem cfr got wfrathra
wr etal ZI
2. seore ferent eta EI
3, Baars 8 vast ay Fepre Bt cada eit 21
4, SEAT ATTA Etat ZI
5. Wot Sten wr APE ela 21.6. Uaet arta cht aferpar eet eI
7, Brag OR Te SAT Sta EI
aeTeer aR hr fasrsae:
1. BS wpe we ett @, sit seer A ast etch EI
2. Teen Fen eta 21
3, WaeT UL Wires AT Seplae Frat ZI
4, Sarda ar stems Serre Zia 2
5. Bra A fea erat 21
faéita nit atgct (The Kinked
Demand Model)
ep Te feER ora Ff ehraa er Pa El ERT
BTM el
We Saal AAT Tel cea & fee a TH TTA
eu atta a 7é at
Bs viata er farstrare :
1. Hesit siz fesparsit Sr TESt BET ea eI
2, Haas ST FAST Sea Sta SI
3, a Wee sie aferhr Et aaa eta El
faa ara a2?
sat. Wp eet ar Pe & Hee aT ae & fore fog re ay BT
fama arid ed 21 (faarar arta)
ware frien ee?
sat : Sor see 2 fe fats sorest arr Feeds SIT
aaa ht teres at ard 2 anf Saar See, TEI A TaeTeTsrr seral 8 yeep a searait eer areal Her & fore fea
27, SPR, Ooo, as-ATH ale Het wT eI
dee afar 8 ea Hata 2?
wit Gee after, we fests afte 2 a up mast er
ver fafere wrenireet arr wee fasts sere aT STS HET HT
wigda War BET el
wana ferent Far 2?
i: - Fe FAM sere ce falas soreat & fee Aer-aer7
treet 4 fais arid Tae at dala wea eI
fagraa ear 2?
faarer score Feast Br reg BT ET ep ater S| FATT aT
TAT él
saat
TNT : TITS WT ST BHA A alaMt Aah HT
TOIT Bea EI
Tae Berl: ae Meet & fee Te stp aha, Svye sik
anseye & dtr pratece ae wt ezrfat 21 Q= £(L,K) Aer:
Qunepeé, L: 772, K: Ge
ere ares : ae ren, ret sere & ea & oer oho
forte
afer ere: 3 amd ait senet& ar & are ahaa ett
@
TUS Hert site aay at stake
1, Sores Gerd wep oat rahe pr Setar Hers Z, ale HAT
arge Rear el2, Saar Hert GH areu safe Scores era 2, ale pe afer
ICH, PS LIS BHT & Bret Farhera Ele ZI
FATS Hl ATARI :
pot sare: fer 7 sages Gt Sen & are, fer Te aay
ahr we ped / seleT arr Searles Tegal Br Bet AAT
ahaa sere = afer Saye wr ule sears see
APP = TPP / afer aren & sareat
aitaa sere a site areafees sere & as ST AAT eI
dita sere (MP): aa afer ere Et we fata cars
write eta @, dl ae pet sere Fate et daft wear 2
MPn = TPn - TPn-1
MPn = 3122 ere SI nat sare a AMAla sare,
TPn = SfER SRE ET no Si SETS HI Get eT,
TPn-1= 3 Be I (n-1) SETS HI Het TUTE,
n= Fes wre al seHreat Ht PT
MP = ATP/ An
#4 MP TP = =MP & ety are TP frat él
SRR aA ot AA ory state
SOIeA Hert TI Us FRR EH Ht aT
afer wargard o& Fret er ert: ory aah A, ae ree
fer tad gu ae act we aie ere Fale et ze, Ba
Tea TP) AAT A Up Ts ot G Tee &, fee UH Bedi a a
deal ¢ a aia FTP Beat 2
MPP aio7 4 agar & fee Pea & other Ge TA edt &
a dat aor A ag eore et aT |
aren 1/ aot 1 / TSE
& fete agar aN MHA
TPP Uh Sect Bs aA Is Se eI
MPP tae adi @1ATM I / ATI / TE SI
th fete Breas eet
TPP ded a 4 sedi 2
MPP &F et ard @ / firrare
Wa MPP 3 etal ¢ HW TPP afereae eat @ al Fe
STEM GAT BT Bret EI
STM I / AMT II / VS SNS
we fee saoretes WlaHet
TPP PH / Be wet zl
MPP SUA ST STAT |
ue rep & fare aed Be wrt a ERT
TER ORF Hl Ted Fart,
afer rep cr carat A gfe etait 2,
eS ERE
aprept PT StePTeTAT,
argat Saat,
TEP & fey BOTH Wiehe NOT
ware reel ST Ua,
sere preal er eater A EAT,
MPP ait TPP & ara Hay
- ‘Wade MPP Feat 2, TPP Us dedi ee aA aed 21
Wa MPP ted! €, TPP wedl gS IA edt eI
a MPP Bt ale 2, at TPP afer ete 21
WaT MPP Reh Stal SA TPP SEAT BOF ST Tat eIdteanieres Serer ett — SATA & UlaHet
ahora Haat Sear AT es Teed Heed SGA eT feet
sare 4 uftads ar eet Hea 2, se al Be aT sie
unafaa dtd 21 dar a gfe or ate 2 fe it amd ak ae
argue 4 aed EI
Gar & viet sé cit sae -
tar 4 ofteda ar op ufos & og A sees A uftada dis
aot Ff sna fear a wear 21 ae
seed Fohtads, dar A ahaa & afore F Saf sae dt
aaenat F sper fear a aeraT | Sa eR B-
(desea gar dam at nite (ii) fee A a
ufaset (iii) TTA OA wr UfeHet
Tea Ba Ga wer leet
afe mir anrt fate a, sore a srqarfere gfe aftr arte,
Aas Sear Ea GA BT He BESTA S| SATAN * Fer
ale mit ara 5% et ahs Stat &, aT sees A Soe A athe
gfe Etat @ areria 10%, Sa feata F ahaa Sere Tea STMT
fer dar er ofreet
af en far ne arora Ft (sterfe Sart A) a area A of Hea
2, a Seared SAM arora A ae, sere SAT Arey F 596 ST
gfe, Terres H 5% ar hs & Gaara eit Bet Asia seTTE
fer eta z)
ara dart ar alee
ofa at arent 4 ate 4, searet A sirquifae aie ea etal 2, at
TERM Tart wr Aleta Beta & sere ae et ATaaT A
5% Gl Oferay e ait Serre a S96 S aH aie ETTT aretha 396 BT
ghee Sa tae A tate sere A wpe arreth
lg - STAT FANT HerTspire F aaa Get a Aas TS Sa a eT
SUT HOTT HT VAN EAT @ Te Sle - STATA TT Her
2l Fe Up AeTe Seer ers & a eet ST
ala’ AR Otca Sere 4 fea a
BS - STAT SHS Hert FT WER A ATTA LAT
@:Q= bic" * faa Q = Tealae see, L=3, C=
Wai, b = SH Saal Hl AST, a= TA UATeH, a=
Wot wr wires,
ar fae 7 See He ATEN, Ale SEA
art are (am ate Goi) A 1% cet gfe ete 2, at Sear
(Be BTS) SA AN OAT & Uftores ce aM SMT es TTT
gata (a+i-a) @f ARPT a+-a =1 & ag 4, Sete &
STAT, HT ATA F196 SET afer Era @, AT Serv HT 156 FT
qf dict 21 sare, Big - Sera Ser Hert hat FER
oar & ofaceet & atta wea 2
aon fa 7e gare herd 4, wire or aT sere
Teer A AT && wfcsper cbr fest wr catia ez
Cea CCR ROR
Ce TRC GRR co
Ee SRC GRC Rome ci
aT
Serer Hl MTA: : Tea ake Aaa w fore fats aaa Te
feat A ATA AZ |
MANTA ett: AMT BR See he HrateH He |
C=f(q) Het f= erates Hey, c= Tees GI AAMT, qQ=seTe
BR(B.D= a4 Fe, BE. -aely
ayy ,B.R= asda eT
b) farita aret:- ge eran & Get cara & dhe sie 2, Tee
wifes + Fe doit oritaai at repre & sites Sa B sorfstar eel
zl
@: FD= BE- BR(BE> BR. sant & acm)
F.D=fara Ser, B.E= Tae A, B.R. = are Hea
c) UST ST ; - SHH BER SI Uses ea, Tes HATS
afer ete 21.
WW: R.D= R.E- RR, TIRE> RR, R.D= WEI Fel,
R.E= 05 AY, R.R. = Ware Hea,
d) wrerfies aver : - ae feria oer wr east TAM A ser
a ora eta 21 Ga: P.D= F.D- LP, P.D= Welhte TT,
F.D= feria eT, 1.P= oT YA
Wr ss : ef a ee
sel wep Ser GT PTAA ST, Wem ah TS GA safe A we Ser
pr afer fests eta eI
a tg Bi TAT TT
aren Sra: care 9, Pata a yar yee sik ifs Teqait a
SPT & ey (ET SAH) & ATA Bie eI
TAT SS: ep ST ET ETAT SS, ew Sh 1S TH arate A wap
weal er arate fers star 21 sed see ait steer ae
BaTftrer S| are: PTAA ST ep Se oh aTfelen cae oer feet
re Sail & are ara Sts ar ere felt Wea HAT eI
Ta Be et eT a eta
te Ta Se frat we eer Ger afi cae &
aratteta cen or afara fact 21 tat eee & ard Sta ZI1. areL eaten: Prrafeifere dia vet at sat feats fear star 21
a) BAIR Bl RTA See: Praia atk aaa aT TERA & Sty
wl, aa AIR wT ST Hed ZI
b) sea ear: Hanah & Fata 3k sara HT area SATO BT
te ed é| Sereror- ferfirr dia anfel
c) CRATE VIAN: CHALE IAAT Ft aaicaat e SAT
Ue Oe ob aT UIT ed SAT PTAA Bee, GT Tes Sar
arrfeet ey fer br feet yas & wed Stet @, Serer & fore
aren sf
GRIM AIR SSP ATA BA Cea) TATA ob ST
WT YS AM, Ue] Bld We AT HES zl
2. Goit arn: ag a ait sitet aa-aai ar fretd & aT
Oe Feed al we faestl are Brey TahT caasil si
eer SAC ZI
fara
1, eet fare ae et ofoniaa Hire?
out: facet fafraa az, ge az 2 fre we Ue ear AY YET ET AT
2 Bl Yel A eel AT AAT el
2. faesht fara arene ar ger atef 2?
oat: faest fara ann, Je ara é Set aera erst er
wep-See op fore SATAN FRAT SAAT 2
3, fear fate ex ar ee arek 2?
aa fen farina &, ge ate ai we ear ht eer are RR a
Praifta etat @ ain act weer €t Sa oitatas wt eT eI
4, fara ht ager St Te?
sat: fare Gr ager aa ete 2 wre ara fer site Fereett Yet
fore iT We-aa ATR ET
5. aihaen fara a at oferta wife?sat: aren fara eg, ae ez ¢ at faeeit faea area F
fate erat rai athe orgie at Patties erat 2
6, Haat oe afer oer aT are 27
Sat: Farsi er sferpeas ae star e Ste ara Veit Ar Yast
diate 8 fae ar a fe ait
7. eae fafa ex er oferta rire?
Sat: Gale fans ay, ga at at dela wear z fara oR faewit
Were eae we sores end 2
8, TIE at Thea Arise?
ae: UAT Ar GET ee Pere fret Terra ch TSA ET TTT
AM & By FAT Aa eI
9. art Sa S ae ahora 2?
BATS TAM IS we ear wr, fears Bry Sart ee are eae Te aT
anfehe aa-2at & ater fact th Rete wt defla wea z1