Distillation

Abdulsalam Sufyaan Hamed

Mustafa jumaah Abbas
Zahraa Shehab

Chemical Engineering Department

Refinery Branch/morning

Dr. Riyadh Almukhtar

1
 Calculation
1-Antoine equation
A –toluene
𝐵
Ln (P)=A-( )
(𝑇+𝑐)

Form volume 6 appendix D

A=16.0137 , B=3096.52 , C=-53.67
3096.52
Ln(4*760 )=16.0137 – ( )
𝑇−53.67

T= 441 K
B – ( o – xylene )
𝐵
Ln (P)=A-( )
(𝑇+𝑐)

Form volume 6 appendix D

A=16.1156 , B=3395.57 , C=-59.46
3395.57
Ln(4*760)=16.1156 -
𝑇−59.46

T=478 k

2
 Vaporpressure Equilibrium
A –toluene
T=441 K
𝐵
Ln (P)=A-( )
(𝑇+𝑐)
3096.52
Ln(p)=16.0137 -
441−53.67

PA=3038.66 mmHg
B –( o _ xylene )
T =470 k
𝐵
Ln (P)=A-( )
(𝑇+𝑐)
3395.57
Ln(p)=16.1156 -
441−59.67

PB=1360.75 mmHg
P−Po
B
XA=
Po o
A −PB
(4∗760)−1360.97
XA=
3038.66−1360.97

XA=1

3
 Po
A ∗XA
YA=
P
3038.66∗1
YA=
4∗760

YA=1

T(K) PA(mmHg) PB(mmHg) XA YB

441 1360.75 1 1
3038.66

445.625 3339.27 1513.8 0.836 0.918

450.25 3661.54 1679.84 0.686 0.82

454.874 4006.33 1859.5 0.55 0.72

459.4 4366.54 2049.29 0.61

0.427

464.125 4767.53 2262.87 0.310 0.486

468.75 5185.61 2487.94 0.204 0.349

473.375 5629.9 2729.61 0.107 0.198

478 6101.35 2988.63 0.0165 0.033

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5
From figure
Qmin =0.32
Xd
Qmin=
(Rmin +1)
Rmin= 1.9375
Rop =( 1 to 2 ) Rmin
Rop = ( 2 *1.9375)
Rop = 3.875
Xd
Qop=
(Rop +1)
0.94
Qop=
(3.875+1)
Qop= 0.193

6
The theo retical no. of stage =12
𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐨.𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞
Actual no of stage =
𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲

Efficiency = 60%
𝟏𝟐
Actual no. of stages =
𝟎.𝟔

= 20

Conversion F,D,W
MW.T of (O-xylene ) = 106.168
(from volume 6 appendix page 950 )
MW.T of (toluene ) = 92.141

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 (from volume 6 appendix page 950 )

(MW.T) = (X1 * MW.T 1 ) +(x2* MW.T 2 )

For F (MW.T ) = ( 0.4 * 106.168 )+ (0.6 * 92.141 )
𝐠 𝐤𝐠
= 97.75 = 97.75
𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐤𝐦𝐨𝐥

For D (MW.T ) = ( 0.94 * 106.168 )+ (0.06 * 92.141 )

𝐠 𝐤𝐠
= 105.32 = 105.32
𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐤𝐦𝐨𝐥

For W (MW.T ) = ( 0.05 * 106.168 )+ (0.95 * 92.141 )

𝐠 𝐤𝐠
= 92.84 = 92.84
𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐤𝐦𝐨𝐥

overall Material Balance

𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐤𝐠 𝐤𝐠
where F=2.9 * 10000 = 2900
𝐡𝐫 𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐡𝐫
𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟎
Moles of F = =27.32 kmole/hr
𝟏𝟎𝟔.𝟏𝟔𝟖

F=D+W
27.32= D+ W
M.B On Comp A :
(0.4*F)=(0.94* D)+(0.05*W)
(0.4*27.32)=(0.94D)+(0.05 W)
By solve the equation
D=10.74 Kmole/hr
W=16.58 Kmole/hr

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F=27.32 Kmole/hr *97.75kg/kmole=2670.53 kg/hr
D=10.74 Kmole/hr *105.32 kg/kmole=1131.1 kg/hr
W=16.58 Kmole/hr *92.84 kg/kmole=6363.8 1539.2 kg/hr

Physical properties
Density
For o-xylene
pL= A*B-(1-T/TC)n
A=0.28381
B=0.26083
n=0.27410
Tc= 630.37 K
pL=0.28381*0.26083-(1-460.5/630.37) ^0.27410
pL=0.73 g/mL=725 kg/m3
for toluene
ρ= A*B-(1-T/TC)n
A=0.29999
B=0.27108
n=0.29889
Tc= 591.79 k
ρ=0.29999*0.27108-(1-490/591.79) ^0.29889
ρ=0.6895 g/ml=689.6 kg/m3

9
ρl = Σ ρLxL
= (725*0.94)+(689.6*0.05)
= 715.98 kg/m3

Vapor density
ρv = P * Mav /(R*T)
where
ρv = vapor density kg/m3
P = total pressure kPa
T = absolute temperature K

Mav = 105.32 kg/kmol

P = 4 bar *101.325 kPa
= 405.3
Tavg = 460.5 k
ρv =( 405.3*105.32)/(8.314*460.5 )
= 11.15 kg/m3
surface tension
σ=A (1 – T/Tc)n
For o-xylene
A=66.1
TC=630.37 k
n=1.2544
𝛔=66.1*(1-(460.5 /630.37)1.2544
=12.76 dyn/cm=0.0128 N/m

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for toluene
A=66.85
TC=591.79
n=1.2456
𝛔=66.850*(1-(460/591.69)1.2456
=10.295 dyn/cm=0.0103 N/m

𝛔𝐦𝐢𝐱 = 𝒙𝟏 ∗ 𝛔𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ∗ 𝛔𝟐
𝑵
𝛔 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝒎
sieve plat design
1 - pressure drop at each tray 100 mm water
2- tray spacing 0.45 m
3- cross flow tray single pass
4- maximum vap.liq=vn, Ln minimum of
5- A value of 58% of flooding velocity used
6- Assume that the hole-active area is 10%
7- hole dimeter 5 mm
8- first trial take the down comer area a 12% of column area
9- weir height = 50 mm
10 plate thickness = 50 mm

1-pressure drop calculation

11
No. of real plates =No.of actual stage -1(reboiler)
N0.of real plates=20 -1 = 19
Assume pressure drop per plate is 100 mm water
Column pressure=100*10-3*1000*9.81* N0.of real plates
Column pressure=100*10-3*1000*9.81*19= 18639 pa
=0.186 bar
Top pressure=operating pressure= 4 bar
Bottom pressure=top pressure+column pressure
Bottom pressure=4 +0.186 =4.186 bar
2- Reacting section (top)
Ln = Ropp * D
= 3.875 * (1131.1 kg/hr )
= 4383 kg/hr
Lmin = 0.7 * 4383 = 3068.1 kg/hr
Vn = Ln + D
= 4383 + 1131.1
= 5514.1 kg/hr
Vmin = 0.7 * 554.1
= 3859.9 kg/hr

3- column Diameter

12
For top
Vapor density = 11.15 kg/m3
Liquid density = 715.98 kg/m3
Ln = 4383 kg/hr
𝐋𝐧 𝐏𝐯
Vn = √
𝐕𝐧 𝐏𝐥

= 0.99
From figure 11.27 volu 6 page 568 at plate spacing 0.45 m
K1 = 0.021

4- Correction for surface tensions

K=k*( σ distillate/0.02)0.2
K=0.021*(0.0128/0.02)0.2
k=0.0208

13
uf = k1 (ρl - ρv / ρv )0.5
Where uf = vapor flooding velocity m/s
uf= 0.0208 * (715.98−11.15/11.15)0.5 =0.165 m/ s
uf = 85% uf
= 0.85 (0.165) = 0.14 m/s
Net area of tray =An= Q/uf
Q =Vol.flow rate
=𝑉𝑛/𝜌𝑟
= 5514.1/11.15
= 495 m3/hr
An= Q/uf
=0.1375/0.13= 0.98 m2
5- take the down comer 12%
Column cross sectional area=An/(1-down comer area a %)
Column cross sectional area=0.98 /(1-0.12)
Column cross sectional area=1.11
Column cross sectional area=(3.14/4)*(Dc)2
Dc=1.19 m

6-liquid flow pattern

14
Maximum volumetric liquid rate =Ln/ρ
=4383/715.98∗3600
=1.7*10-3 m3/s
DC=1.19 m
For figure (11.28) vol 6 page 569
So flow pattern = cross flow tray single pass

7- Provisional plate design

Column diameter Dc = 1.19 m
Column area Ac =1.11 m2
Down comer area Ad=12% Ac
= 0.12(1.11)=0.133 m2

Active area Aa= Ac – 2 Ad

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 =1.11-2(0.133)
=0.844 m2
Net area An= Ac – Ad
=0.9- 0.108
= 0.792 m2

Holes area Ah= 10% Aa

Ah= 0.1* (0.844)
= 0.0844 m2
Hole diameter=5 mm
Weir height=50 mm
Plate thickness=5 mm

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