A1.

Diaphragm Design
For precast concrete diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC B, according to ASCE 7 the seismic
design force is calculated based on Eq. 1,
∑𝐹
0.2 𝑆𝐷𝑆 𝐼𝑒 𝑤𝑝𝑥 ≤ 𝐹𝑝𝑥 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖 𝑤𝑝𝑥 ≤ 0.4 𝑆𝐷𝑆 𝐼𝑒 𝑤𝑝𝑥 (1)
𝑖

where Fpx and Fi are the diaphragm seismic design force at level x and seismic force at level i, and wi
and wpx are the total weight at level i, and the total weight at level x minus the weigh of walls parallel
to the diaphragm seismic design force at level x.

The calculated diaphragm seismic design forces for Tower 1 of Trinity Tower are tabulated below,
wi Σwi Fix Fiy ΣFix ΣFiy wpx wpy Fpx Fpy
Level (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
HIGH ROOF-T1 1209 1209 1335 1335 1335 1335 1009 999 77 76
M ROOM-T1 3243 4452 1468 1468 2804 2804 2453 2496 186 190
28TH FL Mech 6133 10585 1709 1709 4512 4512 4753 4848 361 368
27TH FL 7387 17972 1986 1986 6498 6498 6007 6102 457 464
26TH FL 7256 25228 2247 2247 8745 8745 5876 5971 447 454
25TH FLOOR 7124 32352 2493 2493 11238 11238 5744 5839 437 444
24TH FLOOR 7124 39476 2730 2730 13968 13968 5744 5839 437 444
23RD FLOOR 7124 46600 2957 2957 16925 16925 5744 5839 437 444
22ND FLOOR 7124 53724 3175 3175 20100 20100 5744 5839 437 444
21ST FLOOR 7124 60848 3383 3383 23482 23483 5744 5839 437 444
20TH FLOOR 7124 67972 3581 3581 27064 27064 5744 5839 437 444
19TH FLOOR 7124 75096 3770 3770 30834 30834 5744 5839 437 444
18TH FLOOR 7124 82220 3950 3950 34783 34784 5744 5839 437 444
17TH FLOOR 7124 89344 4119 4119 38903 38903 5744 5839 437 444
16TH FLOOR 7124 96468 4279 4280 43182 43183 5744 5839 437 444
15TH FLOOR 7124 103592 4430 4430 47612 47613 5744 5839 437 444
14TH FLOOR 7124 110716 4571 4571 52183 52185 5744 5839 437 444
13TH FLOOR 7124 117840 4703 4703 56886 56887 5744 5839 437 444
12TH FLOOR 7124 124964 4825 4825 61710 61712 5744 5839 437 444
11TH FLOOR 7124 132088 4937 4937 66647 66649 5744 5839 437 444
 10TH FLOOR 7124 139212 5040 5040 71687 71689 5744 5839 437 444
9TH FLOOR 7124 146336 5133 5133 76820 76822 5744 5839 437 444
8TH FLOOR 7124 153460 5216 5217 82036 82039 5744 5839 437 444
7TH FLOOR 7124 160584 5290 5291 87327 87329 5744 5839 437 444
6TH FLOOR 7132 167717 5355 5355 92681 92684 5752 5847 437 444
5TH FLOOR 37037 204753 5640 5641 98322 98325 35657 35752 2710 2717
4TH FLOOR 24902 229655 5796 5797 104118 104122 23522 23617 1788 1795
3RD FLOOR 24305 253960 5914 5914 110032 110036 22925 23020 1742 1749
2ND FLOOR 24797 278757 6015 6048 116047 116083 23417 23512 1780 1787
1ST Floor 12375 291132 6028 6056 122076 122139 10995 11090 836 843

In the following as an example, the diaphragm of 27th floor in X direction is designed. Structural
components in this diaphragm are shown schematically in Fig. 1,

Fig. 1 Structural components in the 27th floor diaphragm

The controlling diaphragm seismic design force for 27th floor at X direction is 457 (kN).
 i. Chord Design
The diaphragm is simulated in ETABS and the diaphragm seismic force is applied as a lateral load on
the diaphragm. In this case, since the plan is almost rectangular and weight is distributed uniformly,
the load is applied as a uniformly distributed load. Subsequently, the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the diaphragm are determined, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
Maximum bending moment: M = 796 (kN.m) at E
Maximum tension at chord:
796 (𝑘𝑁.𝑚)
𝐹𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 = 30 (𝑚)
= 26.5 (𝑘𝑁) < 𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 60 (𝑘𝑁)

∴ 𝐹𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 = 60 (𝑘𝑁)

Fig. 2 Shear and bending moment diagrams in the diaphragm

Required reinforcement:
𝐹𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 60×103
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚: 𝐴𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑
𝑠 = 𝜑𝑠 𝑓𝑦
= 0.85×350 ≅ 202 (𝑚𝑚2 )

𝐹𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 60×103
𝑅𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟: 𝐴𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑
𝑠 = 𝜑𝑠 𝑓𝑦
= 0.85×400 ≅ 177 (𝑚𝑚2 )

Maximum shear: V = 117 (kN) at E

Since there is no other element to provide shear resistance, chords need to be designed to provide
enough shear resistance.
𝑉 117×103
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚: 𝐴𝑉𝑠 = 𝜇 𝜑 = 0.6×0.70×350 ≅ 800 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑐 𝑓𝑦
 𝑉 117×103
𝑅𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟: 𝐴𝑉𝑠 = = ≅ 700 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝜇 𝜑𝑐 𝑓𝑦 0.6×0.70×400

Considering one of the chords (in tension) is providing the resistance for the bending moment, the
other one (in compression) provides resistance for existing shear.

∴ 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐴 > 800 (𝑚𝑚2 )

∴ 𝑅𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟: 𝐴 > 700 (𝑚𝑚2 )

Structural integrity: In the design of chords, the structural integrity is accounted for by considering
a minimum tension force of 60 (kN) in the chord elements, according to CSA A23.3 Cl 16.5.3.5.
Chord design summary: The cross-sectional area on the steel beams needs to be more than 800
mm2 and at the top of each precast concrete wall 4-15M rebars have to be provided to act as the
chord.

ii. Collector Design

The shear force in each shear wall is first determined using the ETABS model. In the following the
collectors on axes D and E are designed.
@ D:
The length of shear walls, Lw = 6.5 (m)
Total Length, LT = 30 (m)
Total walls forces from ETABS, F = 39.5 (kN)
Total walls shear along each side of walls, Vu = 39.5×(6.5/30)/2 = 4.3 (kN)
Design collector force, Tu = 1.5×(39.5-4.3×2) = 46.4 (kN)
𝑇𝑢 46.4×103
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚: 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑠 = = = 156 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝜑𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.85× 350

𝑇 46.4×103
𝑅𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟: 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑠 = 𝜑 𝑢𝑓 = 0.85× 400
= 137 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑠 𝑦

Based on the total walls shear along each side of the walls, the shear connection between the
diaphragm and the walls on axis D is designed as follows.
The minimum factored resistance for structural integrity: 14 (kN/m) according to CSA A23.3 Cl
16.5.3.2, Vu-min = 14×6.5 = 91 (kN)
𝑉 91×103
𝐴𝑉𝑠 = 𝜇 𝜑𝑢 𝑓 = 0.6×0.7×400 = 542 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑐 𝑦

Therefore, at minimum 6-10M rebars have to be provided to connect the diaphragm to the walls on
axis D, which is equivalent to provide a 10M rebar at each grouted joint of the hollow core slab.
@ E:
The length of shear walls including walls on D2 and EM1 axes, Lw = 40.3 (m)
Total Length, LT = 30 (m)
Total walls forces from ETABS, F = 337 (kN)
Total walls shear along each side of walls, Vu = 337×((40.3-8.8×2)/30)/2 = 127.5 (kN)
Design collector force, Tu = 1.5×(337-127.5×2) = 123 (kN)
𝑇 123×103
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚: 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑠 = 𝜑 𝑢𝑓 = 0.85× 350
= 413 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑠 𝑦

𝑇 123×103
𝑅𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟: 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑠 = 𝜑 𝑢𝑓 = 0.85× 400
= 361 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑠 𝑦

Based on the total walls shear along each side of the walls, the shear connection between the
diaphragm and the walls on axis E is designed as follows.
The minimum factored resistance for structural integrity: 14 (kN/m) according to CSA A23.3 Cl
16.5.3.2, Vu-min = 14×40.3 = 564 (kN)
𝑉 564×103
𝐴𝑉𝑠 = 𝜇 𝜑𝑢 𝑓 = 0.6×0.7×400 = 3360 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑐 𝑦

Therefore, at minimum 34-10M rebars have to be provided to connect the diaphragm to the walls
on axis E, which is equivalent to provide a 10M rebar at each grouted joint of the hollow core slab.
Collector design summary:
@ D: The cross-sectional area on the steel beams needs to be mora than 156 mm2 and, in case a
concrete beam is used, at the top of the beam 2-10M rebars have to be provided to act as the collector.
6-10M rebars have to be provided to connect the diaphragm to the walls (10M at each grouted joint).
@ E: The cross-sectional area on the steel beams needs to be mora than 413 mm2 and, in case a
concrete beam is used, at the top of the beam 2-15M rebars have to be provided to act as the
collector. 34-10M rebars have to be provided to connect the diaphragm to the walls (10M at each
grouted joint).