Late Edition
Today, clouds and periodic sunshine,
VOL. CLXIX . . . . No. 58,714
Esper at Odds
With President
On Army’s Use
White House Angry —
Military in Turmoil
This article is by Eric Schmitt, He-
lene Cooper, Thomas Gibbons-Neff
and Maggie Haberman.
WASHINGTON — Defense
Secretary Mark T. Esper broke
with President Trump on Wednes-
day and said that active-duty mili-
tary troops should not be sent to
control the wave of protests in
American cities, at least for now.
His words were at odds with his
commander in chief, who on Mon-
day threatened to do exactly that.
Mr. Esper’s comments reflected
the turmoil within the military
over Mr. Trump, who in seeking to
put American troops on the
streets alarmed top Pentagon offi-
cials fearful that the military
would be seen as participating in a
move toward martial law.
Speaking at a news conference
at the Pentagon, the defense sec-
retary said that the deployment of
active-duty troops in a domestic
law enforcement role “should only
be used as a matter of last resort
and only in the most urgent and
dire of situations.”
The president was angered by
Mr. Esper’s remarks, and excori-
ated him later at the White House,
an administration official said.
Asked on Wednesday whether Mr.
Trump still had confidence in Mr.
Esper, the White House press sec-
retary, Kayleigh McEnany, said
that “as of right now, Secretary
Esper is still Secretary Esper,” but
that “should the president lose
faith, we will all learn about that in
the future.”
Senior Pentagon leaders are
now so concerned about losing
public support — and that of their
active-duty and reserve person-
nel, 40 percent of whom are people
of color — that Gen. Mark A. Mil-
ley, the chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, released a message
to top military commanders on
Wednesday affirming that every
member of the armed forces
swears an oath to defend the Con-
stitution, which he said “gives
Americans the right to freedom of
speech and peaceful assembly.”
Mr. Esper and General Milley
acted after they came under sharp
criticism, including from retired
military officers, for walking with
Mr. Trump to a church near the
White House after peaceful pro-
testers had been forcibly cleared.
As anger mounted over the
president’s photo op at the church,
former Defense Secretary Jim
Mattis offered a withering denun-
ciation of the president’s leader-
ship.
“Donald Trump is the first pres-
ident in my lifetime who does not
try to unite the American people
— does not even pretend to try,”
Mr. Mattis said in a statement.
“Instead he tries to divide us. We
Continued on Page A20
As Poll Numbers Dive, Trump Britain Would Take In 3 Million Picture Venice Bustling Again,
Spends to Hold States He Won From Hong Kong, Johnson Says Not With Tourists, but Italians
By ALEXANDER BURNS
and MAGGIE HABERMAN
President Trump is facing the
bleakest outlook for his re-elec-
tion bid so far, with his polling
numbers plunging in both public
and private surveys and his cam-
paign beginning to worry about
his standing in states like Ohio
and Iowa that he carried by wide
margins four years ago.
The Trump campaign has re-
cently undertaken a multimillion-
dollar advertising effort in those
two states as well as Arizona in
hopes of improving his standing,
while also shaking up his political
operation and turning new atten-
tion to states like Georgia that
were once considered reliably Re-
publican. In private, Mr. Trump
has expressed concern that his
INTERNATIONAL A11-13
Echoes of 1989 in Hong Kong
At Tiananmen Square, change seemed
unstoppable. China’s furious response
casts a long shadow today. PAGE A12
U.S. to Bar Chinese Airlines
A retaliatory ban on passenger flights
to and from American airports would
take effect on June 16. PAGE A13
© 2020 The New York Times Company
Where the Minneapolis Police
Used Force Against Black People
Only 20 percent of Minneapolis’s population is black. But since 2015, when officers have
gotten physical — with kicks, neck holds, punches, shoves, takedowns, Mace, Tasers or
other forms of muscle — the person subject to that force has been black nearly 60 percent
of the time. This map shows the sites of those nearly 6,700 instances.
Article and more graphics, Page A14.
Police shootings of black people
FATAL NONFATAL
Thurman Blevinss
June 2018
CA
A M DEN
Mario Benjam
M min
Au
August 2019
NEAR
R NORTH
JJamar Cla
ark
Novembeer 2015
CALHOUN-ISLES
Bde
Maka
Ska
Lake
Harriet
SOUTHWEST
Sources: City of Minneapolis, U.S. Census Bureau. Note: Police use-of-force data was retrieved on May 29, 2020,
and shows cases up to May 26, 2020. Data on officer-involved shootings is recorded separately and shows cases
through 2019. Cases for which location was not listed or that occurred outside city limits are not shown.
Ad Barrages in Ohio,
Iowa and Arizona
campaign is not battle-ready for
the general election, while Repub-
licans are concerned about
whether the president can emerge
in a strong position from the na-
tional crises battering the country.
Mr. Trump has been consis-
tently unpopular as president
with a majority of Americans; his
advisers have long seen his effort
to win a new term as depending on
the loyalty of his conservative
base and the Republican-friendly
tilt of the Electoral College — fac-
tors that could allow the president
Continued on Page A23
TRACKING AN OUTBREAK A4-10
5 Vaccine Candidates Tapped
The Trump administration has selected
five companies as the most likely to
produce a vaccine for the coronavirus,
senior officials said. PAGE A9
Scenes From Atlantic City
A visit to the gambling mecca looks at
how it is weathering the pandemic
when it was already hurting. PAGE A6
BUSINESS B1-6
Snapchat Joins Trump Fray
The service said it would stop promot-
ing the president’s account because of
his comments off the site. PAGE B1
NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Number of times police
used force against black
people per block
Share of population that is b
black
20%
NORTHEAST
n Ellison, Minnesota’s attorney gen-
C ENTRAL
PHILLIPS
POWDERHORN
Where officers
pinned George Floyd
La e
Lak
Nokomiis
LAZARO GAMIO AND RICHARD A. OPPEL JR. / THE NEW YORK TIMES
By MARK LANDLER
LONDON — Prime Minister
Boris Johnson raised the stakes in
a brewing confrontation with
China on Wednesday, promising
to allow nearly three million peo-
ple from Hong Kong to live and
work in Britain if Beijing moves
forward with a new national secu-
rity law for the former British col-
ony.
Mr. Johnson’s offer, made in a
column in The Times of London,
opens the door to a significant in-
flux of people fleeing Hong Kong,
should the situation in the terri-
tory deteriorate further. But it
leaves unanswered thorny ques-
tions about how difficult it would
be for those arrivals to obtain
British citizenship.
NATIONAL A14-25
Rosenstein in Spotlight
In a hearing, Rod Rosenstein, the for-
mer deputy attorney general, defended
appointing a special counsel. PAGE A22
A Presidential Checkup
President Trump “remains healthy”
after taking hydroxychloroquine, the
White House physician said. PAGE A23
high 85. Tonight, cloudy, a few show-
ers, low 69. Tomorrow, afternoon
showers or thunderstorms, high 85.
Weather map appears on Page C8.
$3.00
3 MORE CHARGED,
ACCUSED OF AIDING
IN FLOYD’S KILLING
10 50 100 200
On Day 9 of Unrest, First Officer’s Case Is
Raised to Second-Degree Murder
This article is by John Eligon, tensifying calls for changes to
Richard A. Oppel Jr. and Sarah Mer- American policing, the protesters
40%
% 60% vosh. showed no signs of calling off their
ST. PAUL, Minn. — The three activism, and in New York City, a
Minneapolis police officers who rally was planned outside the
failed to intervene while George mayor’s official residence.
Floyd was killed were charged on The fallout from Mr. Floyd’s
Wednesday with aiding in his death continued unabated on
death, and officials pressed a Wednesday as his official autopsy,
more severe charge — second- released for the first time, re-
degree murder — against Derek vealed that he was known to have
Chauvin, the officer who pinned had the coronavirus in early April,
Mr. Floyd to the ground with a though he was believed to be
knee for nearly nine minutes asymptomatic at the time of his
while he pleaded, “I can’t death. Demonstrators have regu-
breathe.” larly pointed out that police vio-
Announcing the charges, Keith lence and Covid-19 are dispropor-
tionately affecting African-Ameri-
eral, who was assigned by the gov- cans.
ernor to handle the closely
CITY Former President Barack
LIMITS watched case, asked for patience Obama called on every mayor in
during what he said would be a
the nation to review use-of-force
lengthy investigation and cau- policies and make reforms. Offi-
tioned that history revealed seri-
cials in Virginia announced plans
ous challenges in prosecutions of Continued on Page A15
police officers.
“We’re here today because
George Floyd is not here. He
UNIVERSITY
should be here,” said Mr. Ellison, a
former Democratic congressman
and civil rights lawyer, adding lat-
er: “Trying this case will not be an
easy thing. Winning a conviction
Mis
sis will be hard.”
“I take no joy in this,” Mr. Elli-
si
son said. “But I feel a tremendous
pp
i
sense of duty and responsibility.”
R
iv
r On a ninth straight night of
e
demonstrations, thousands of
people amassed on Wednesday,
CRAIG LASSIG/EPA, VIA SHUTTERSTOCK
including on the streets of West
Hollywood, Calif., and outside the Keith Ellison, Minnesota’s at-
Colorado State Capitol. Issuing in- torney general, urged patience.
LO
O NGFELLOW
Mom-and-Pop Stores in Bronx
Reel From Looters’ Crowbars
By WINNIE HU Blow to Immigrant and
and NATE SCHWEBER
The looters attacked with crow- Minority Businesses
bars and bolt cutters.
They broke open stores in the
Fordham neighborhood of the
displays of diamond necklaces,
Bronx until they came to two glass
earrings, bracelets and rings.
doors side by side. The door to the They were long gone by the
left led to a tattoo parlor, the one to
time the store owner, Francisco
NOK
KOMIS the right to a watch and jewelry
Araujo, arrived hours later on
store. They smashed the right
door and ducked around the sharp Tuesday to find his family busi-
glass teeth left along the edges. ness gutted. By his count, he lost
Inside, they found a treasure $150,000 of merchandise. Only a
case filled with gold and silver rack of tacky T-shirts with drink-
watches and laptop computers. ing and sex sayings was left be-
They swung again, sending glass hind.
flying. They quickly grabbed what Mr. Araujo said he was just be-
they could, missing a couple of ginning to get his life back after
watches in the back. Then they the coronavirus exploded across
reached above and pulled down Continued on Page A18
Growing Tensions Over By JASON HOROWITZ A Post-Pandemic Vision
VENICE — For a change, it was
China’s Security Law the Venetians who crowded the of What Could Be
square.
Days before Italy lifted coro-
Describing it as one of the big- navirus travel restrictions on
drea Zorzi, a 45-year-old law pro-
gest changes in visa regulations in Wednesday that had prevented
fessor who frantically handed out
the usual crush of international
British history, Mr. Johnson said hundreds of signs reading, “Noth-
visitors from entering the city,
the roughly 350,000 Hong Kong ing Changes if You Don’t Change
hundreds of locals gathered on
residents who hold British over- Anything.” He argued that the vi-
chalk asterisks drawn several feet
seas passports, as well as 2.5 mil- apart. They had come to protest a rus, as tragic as it was, had dem-
lion who are eligible to apply for new dock that would bring boat- onstrated that Venice could be a
one, would be granted 12-month loads of tourists through one of better place. “It can be normal,” he
renewable visas that would allow Venice’s last livable neighbor- said.
them to work in Britain and put hoods, but also to seize a once-in- The coronavirus has laid bare
them on a path to citizenship. a-lifetime opportunity to show the underlying weaknesses of the
“Many people in Hong Kong that another, less tourist-addled societies it has ravaged, whether
fear that their way of life — which future was viable. economic or racial inequality, an
China pledged to uphold — is un- “This can be a working city, not overdependence on global pro-
der threat,” Mr. Johnson wrote. “If just a place for people to visit,” duction chains, or rickety health
Continued on Page A12 said the protest’s organizer, An- Continued on Page A5
THURSDAY STYLES D1-6
This Is Not the End of Fashion
History and human nature prove that
we will dress up again. What that will
look like is the real question, Vanessa
Friedman writes. PAGE D1
OBITUARIES B9-10 ARTS C1-7
A Savage Social Satirist A Dance About a Tense Time
Bruce Jay Friedman, 90, skipped back Jamar Roberts’s short video “Cooped”
and forth between literature and pop is a powerful artistic response to the
culture, including movies, to acclaim. Covid-19 crisis, with added resonance
Then he seemed to vanish. PAGE B10 after George Floyd’s killing. PAGE C1
EDITORIAL, OP-ED A26-27
U(D54G1D)y+?!%!&!$!z
Nicholas Kristof PAGE A26
A2 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
A. G. SULZBERGER
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Brett Simpson, left, and Jesse Bedayn, graduate journalism students, reporting in Visalia, Calif.
More Eyes and Ears in California
By JOHN OTIS
It’s axiomatic: Reporters run to the story.
They don’t sit it out.
So the prospect of teaching journalism
during a pandemic — via videoconferenc-
ing, safe and stationary — struck David
Barstow not only as uninspired but also
antithetical.
For more than 20 years, Mr. Barstow was
an investigative reporter at The New York
Times, where he won a Pulitzer Prize four
times. Last year, he joined the University of
California, Berkeley, Graduate School of
Journalism to lead its Investigative Report-
ing Program.
And in mid-March, as word came that the
Bay Area was being ordered to shelter in
place, Mr. Barstow realized the fortuitous
position he was in to help The Times cover
the mushrooming crisis.
“I had this flashback to 9/11,” he said. “I
remember that feeling you have when a
huge story is breaking out and basically
everything has changed, and we need to
Helping you live better. change to meet that moment.”
Mr. Barstow proposed a collaboration to
No matter where you are. leaders at The Times. His pitch: Could the
journalism school help expand The Times’s
coverage of how California was responding
to the coronavirus?
Times editors embraced the idea.
“We have this huge story playing out all
across California with an unlimited number
of angles, and here’s a group of students
with eyes and ears across the state who
can help,” said Marc Lacey, editor of the
National desk.
Around 80 students — roughly two-thirds
of the graduate school — and 21 instructors
joined the project. Participation was
counted as course credit.
“I was just thankful to be able to do
something, not just sit behind my MacBook
and look at the world falling apart,” said Ali
DeFazio, who covered Fresno County as a
student and who graduated last month.
The school assigned at least one student
to each of California’s 58 counties. Instruc-
tors acted as editors and team leaders to
groups of three or four students, tackling
logistics and safety concerns. Some stu-
dents were tasked with lines of reporting,
including how the virus was affecting
On This Day in History
A MEMORABLE HEADLINE FROM THE NEW YORK TIMES
WARHOL GRAVELY WOUNDED IN STUDIO;
ACTRESS IS HELD
June 4, 1968. Andy Warhol, the Pop artist who was among the most influential figures in
20th-century American art, was in critical condition after being shot at his Union Square
“Factory” by the 28-year-old actress Valerie Solanas, who had appeared in one of
Warhol’s films. Ms. Solanas, a radical feminist, said that Warhol “had had too much con-
trol of my life,” The Times reported. She would go on to serve a three-year prison sen-
tence for the shooting. Warhol survived the attempted murder and lived until 1987.
Subscribers can browse the complete Times archives through 2002 at timesmachine.nytimes.com.
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VIDEO
New Delhi police have been vili-
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homeless or incarcerated populations. violence. Now they’re on the front
Articles were then pitched to editors at line in the city’s battle against the
The Times, who accepted stories that fit coronavirus. Times reporters rode
the national report. with officers as they transported
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The social media giants are back
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at the center of a political and
pose and consolation to the graduating
cultural storm over free speech,
students as they entered a media world in
bias and misinformation. The
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contributing Opinion writer Kara
many companies nationwide, are laying off
Swisher joins Andrew Ross
or furloughing workers.
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 THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 N A3

Of Interest
NOTEWORTHY FACTS FROM TODAY’S PAPER

The bubonic plague that swept the
world in the mid-14th century gave
rise to the more body-conscious
dressing and lavish adornment of the
Renaissance, according to the
director of the Museum at the
Fashion Institute of Technology.
Fashion Industry Finished? Not So Fast D1
• •
The Colosseum in Rome has
reopened to visitors and currently
permits only 14 people to enter every
15 minutes.
Italians Rediscover Their Museums C6
• •
Ryanair, the popular European
budget airline, now requires that
passengers ask permission to use the
bathroom so that lines do not form.
For Countries Eager to Welcome Back Visitors,
Trust Is the New Passport A8
CLAY HICKSON
According to research by the Center
for Responsible Lending, 9 percent
of bank account holders paid
84 percent of the overdraft fees last
year.
U.S. Banks Took $11.7 Billion in Overdraft Fees
In 2019, Report Says B5
The designer cat market is a thriving
one where supply rarely meets
demand, and in its service, more than
40,000 registered house cat breeders
around the world are devoted to
supplying pet owners with Ragdoll,
Sphynx and other prized breeds.
And You Thought Your Cat Was Fancy D5
In March, sales of e-bikes jumped
85 percent from a year earlier,
according to the NPD Group, a
research firm.
Fresh Air, Freedom and a Dry Work Shirt B6
As the coronavirus spread across the
United States this spring, visits to the
E.R. decreased 42 percent over four
weeks in April, compared to the same
period in 2019.
Emergency Room Trips Sink, C.D.C. Says A5

The Conversation Spotlight

FOUR OF THE MOST READ, SHARED AND DISCUSSED POSTS ADDITIONAL REPORTAGE AND REPARTEE
FROM ACROSS NYTIMES.COM FROM OUR JOURNALISTS

Steve King, House Republican With a History
Of Racist Remarks, Loses Primary
The news that Representative Steve King, Republican of
Iowa, lost his bid for reelection in one of the biggest defeats of
the 2020 primary season was Wednesday’s most read article.
Mr. King, a nine-term congressman, had a history of racist
comments and had recently become a party pariah.
How Trump’s Idea for a Photo Op Led to Havoc in a Park
Agitated by protests over the weekend, President Trump was
eager to take action. Interviews with dozens of officials and
protesters involved in the tense day, as well as an analysis of
video footage, show how an idea for a photo op led to a clash.
Sarah Maslin Nir, a metro reporter for The Times, spent Tues-
day evening reporting on protests in downtown Manhattan:
starting in Greenwich Village, moving up to Union Square and
ending up in Soho. Early Wednesday morning on Twitter, she
shared some of what she saw; lightly edited selections follow.
At 5 p.m. in front of the Stonewall Inn, the birthplace
of the gay rights movement, emotions were very high.
Black trans activists asked for the many thousands
of white supporters to carve a space with them at the
center. Several speakers collapsed in emotion after
they spoke.

8 Minutes and 46 Seconds: How George Floyd Was Killed

In Police Custody
By combining videos from bystanders and security cameras,
reviewing official documents and consulting experts, The
Times reconstructed the minutes before George Floyd’s
death. Our video shows officers taking a series of actions that
violated the policies of the Minneapolis Police Department.
Then I followed as the marchers slowly traveled the
streets of Greenwich Village, black trans marchers
deliberately in front, followed by their many supporters
of all descriptions.

Many police marched behind the protest. It felt

menacing, given the atmosphere across the country
and what we’ve seen, but it was calm. In between all
of the police cars drove a private car with a man sitting
on the roof yelling “peace love equality,” and the police
allowed it.

The tensest moment I saw in the downtown Manhattan

March occurred at around 7 p.m., when thousands of
protesters surrounded dozens of police officers and
their cars on Broadway between 11th and 13th Sts.

Black Voters Are Coming for Trump

In The Times Opinion section, Juan Williams, a Fox News
It felt like a tinderbox; every small scuffle made people
analyst, argues that black voters are at the heart of the fight
jump. People, when surrounded, do not behave well; no
to take back America. “African-Americans shouldn’t feel
creature does. But to everyone’s credit, after about
hopeless, because the black vote does matter — it has never
40 minutes it diffused and the march continued.
mattered more,” Mr. Williams writes.
Sarah Maslin Nir @SarahMaslinNir
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Designed in Sterling Silver, 18K Yellow and Rose Gold

Please call 866.598.2784 or Visit Us at

Quote of the Day “I’m 100 percent with people who are protesting for justice, M O N I C A R I C H KO S A N N . C O M
MOM-AND-POP STORES IN BRONX
REEL FROM LOOTERS’ CROWBARS
but is this justice? You’re killing me.”
A1 FRANCISCO ARAUJO, owner of a jewelry and watch store in the Bronx that was gutted by looters. He says
he has to reopen the store after the pandemic shutdown to support his five children and eight employees.

The Mini Crossword Here to Help Support

BY JOEL FAGLIANO THE BEST FILMS OF 2020 (SO FAR), AND THEY’RE ALL STREAMING brighter futures.
Learn how you can sponsor
1 2 3 4 5 Our chief film critics, Manohla Dargis and
classroom subscriptions at
A.O. Scott, are championing movies that
nytimes.com/sponsor.
hit theaters before the shutdown or were
6
released online afterward. In Part 1, here
are Ms. Dargis’s picks. STEPHANIE GOODMAN
7
‘Beanpole’
This is the one film (pictured right) both
8 critics recommended. Set in Leningrad
just after World War II, the freakishly tall
9 nurse of the title tends to wounded sol-
LIANA MUKHAMEDZYANOVA/KINO LORBER
diers. But Beanpole fought in the war as
well, and struggles, alongside her friend for a subcontractor providing home health
6/4/2020 EDITED BY WILL SHORTZ
Masha, to overcome traumas of her own. care in Ken Loach’s moving British drama
ACROSS
“It’s a gut punch,” Ms. Dargis wrote. “It’s about the gig economy.
1 Instrument for Sam in also a brilliantly told, deeply moving story
‘The Invisible Man’
“Casablanca” about love.”
After Cecilia (Elisabeth Moss) flees the
6 ___ a happy note ‘Bacurau’ abusive tech-pioneer Adrian, he turns up
7 Opposites of neat freaks In near-future Brazil, a small town mourns dead. But when she finds herself being
8 Grouping at a wedding reception the death of a matriarch. Then the town
9 “Awesome!” menaced by an unseen presence, she
disappears from the map. The filmmakers becomes convinced it’s Adrian, only no
Kleber Mendonça Filho and Juliano Dor- one believes her. “Moss’s full-bore per-
DOWN
nelles mix elements from westerns and formance — anchored by her extraordi-
1 Bugs that bug you
science fiction to create a wholly new narily supple face — gives the movie its
2 Relative via marriage
3 Sun-dried brick used for buildings story. “An exhilarating fusion of high and emotional stakes,” Ms. Dargis wrote.
4 King or queen, but not ace low, the movie takes a shopworn premise
‘Crip Camp’
5 Start — townsfolk facing a violent threat — and
An upstate New York summer camp wel-
bats it around until it all goes ka-boom,”
comed disabled children at a time when
Ms. Dargis wrote.
SOLUTION TO
they had few rights or champions. Some of
P I S A ‘Sorry We Missed You’
PREVIOUS PUZZLE those campers would go on to become
B O R O N Ricky Turner drives for a delivery com- leaders in the 1970s movement for accessi-
I D O N T pany dropping off packages ordered online bility, as chronicled in this documentary by
R I N G S (the title refers to the note he leaves for Nicole Newnham and Jim LeBrecht, a
D A Y absent owners), and his wife, Abby, works former camper himself.
A4 THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

Tracking an Outbreak
N K

Coronavirus Update Where Cases Have Been Reported

As of Wednesday evening, more than 1,855,000 people across every state, plus Washington, D.C., and four U.S. territories, have tested positive for
the coronavirus, according to a New York Times database. More than 106,900 people with the virus have died in the United States.
Study Finds No Benefit in Malaria Drug
Surge of Cases Is Reported in Arizona
U.S. Imposes Ban on All Chinese Flights Wash.
23,336
Maine
Mont. 2,418
N.D.
By JAMES BARRON 525 2,682
Vt.
In little more than six months, the coronavirus has infected 6.3 Ore. Minn.
990 N.H.
4,399 Idaho 25,881 N.Y.
million people in its sweep around the world, killing nearly 381,000. 4,749 Mass.
2,935 378,924 101,163
It shows no signs of going away. But on Tuesday, there were devel- S.D. Wis. Mich.
19,594 58,990 R.I.
opments on potential treatments. 5,162
Wyo. 15,219
One was less than encouraging. The malaria drug hydroxy- 912 Pa. Conn.
chloroquine, the drug that President Trump promoted and took, did Iowa 77,871 42,979
not prevent Covid-19 in its first controlled clinical trial in the United Nev. Neb. 20,015 Ind. Ohio
N.J.
14,681 36,609 36,792 Del.
States during the pandemic. Researchers from the University of 8,950
Ill. 162,068 9,712
Utah
Minnesota and from Canada tested it on 821 people who had been 124,013
10,515 W.Va. D.C. Md.
exposed to someone with the virus. The results were published in Colo.
2,071 Va. 9,016 55,454
26,774
The New England Journal of Medicine. Calif. Kan. 46,905
118,903 10,249 Ky.
In the search for a vaccine, the Trump administration selected Mo.
10,310
13,979
five companies as the most likely candidates to produce a drug that N.C.
could be widely distributed by the end of the year. An announce- Tenn.
30,880
Okla. 24,856
ment will be made at the White House in the next few weeks, gov- Ariz.
N.M. 6,805 Ark.
ernment officials said. But while the White House wants to show 22,223
8,067 S.C.
8,024
progress, many scientists consider Mr. Trump’s target of early next 12,415
year to be overly optimistic. The fastest a vaccine has ever been Miss.
brought to the public is four years. 16,322 Ala. Ga.
La. 18,851 46,711
Cases continued to decline in places that were hit hard in the Texas 41,244
early weeks of the outbreak, but since the death of George Floyd on 68,758
May 25, officials have repeatedly warned that protests could lead to Fla.
Alaska 58,756
new outbreaks. One place with a large number of new cases is Ari- 515
zona, which recorded 1,100 new coronavirus cases on Tuesday — a
record, and 310 more than the previous high just five days ago. Puerto Rico
Hawaii
Arizona’s daily hospitalization count exceeded 1,000 on Monday for 643
4,023
the first time during the pandemic and rose by another 83 on Tues-
day. The increases have come amid more testing and after Gov.
Doug Ducey lifted some lockdown orders. He has said that Arizona’s
health care system can handle the caseload. Note: The map shows the known locations of coronavirus cases by county. Circles are sized by the number of people there who have tested positive, which may
How much has the pandemic cost the economy? The Labor differ from where they contracted the illness. Some people who traveled overseas were taken for treatment in California, Nebraska and Texas. Puerto Rico is
the only affected U.S. territory shown. Sources: State and local health agencies; hospitals; C.D.C. Data is as of June 3, 2020, at 5 p.m., Eastern. THE NEW YORK TIMES
Department is set to release first-quarter productivity figures on
Thursday, and May unemployment statistics on Friday. April figures
from Europe showed that joblessness there edged up slightly de-
spite the fact that government-backed furlough programs effectively
have been paying businesses not to lay off workers. REJOINING SOCIETY
The eurozone unemployment rate rose to 7.3 percent, from 7.1
percent in March. Around 12 million people in the 19 countries that
use the euro were registered as unemployed. The number was
relatively low compared with that of the United States, where more
than 40 million people have filed claims for jobless benefits since the
A Rip Van Winkle for 2020 Emerges After 75 Days
pandemic began. Economists noted that many of the national finan- By ELLEN BARRY
cial support programs that have kept workers on payrolls are set to On the morning of May 23, Dan-
begin scaling back soon, so unemployment is likely to climb even iel Thorson rejoined society after
higher in the European Union. an absence of two and a half
months.
He had spent that time in silent
New Coronavirus Cases Announced Daily in U.S. meditation in a cabin in remote
As of Wednesday evening, more than 1,855,000 people across every northwestern Vermont, where he
state, plus Washington, D.C., and four U.S. territories, have tested is part of a Buddhist monastic
positive for the virus, according to a New York Times database. community. During his 75 days in
isolation, his hair had grown out.
The last snow of winter had
30,000 melted, and the trees had budded.
Frogs had come out of hibernation
New cases and begun peeping.
Mr. Thorson, a podcaster and
20,000
enthusiastic online philosopher,
7-day had also missed 75 news cycles.
average And so, less than two hours after
10,000 ending his silent retreat, Mr. Thor-
son logged back onto Twitter.
“Did I miss anything?” he
wrote.
The last week was a strange one
March 1 June 3 for Mr. Thorson, 33, a staff mem-
Note: Wednesday’s total is incomplete because some states report cases ber at the Monastic Academy, as
after press time. Data is as of June 3, 2020, at 5 p.m., Eastern. he tried to catch up with the
Sources: State and local health agencies; hospitals; C.D.C. THE NEW YORK TIMES changes that had taken place dur-
ing his absence.
He learned of Boris Johnson’s
The Trump administration plans to block Chinese airlines from hospitalization — and his recov-
flying to or from the United States starting on June 16. The move ery. He learned that meatpacking
came after the Chinese government effectively prevented U.S. air- plants had emerged as pockets of
lines from resuming service between the two countries. infection and death. He learned
In late March, China’s aviation regulators restricted foreign that his cousin had met her new
airlines to a single flight per week only if they had already sched- love interest on a social-distance JACOB HANNAH FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

uled some trips for the month. The three American carriers that fly dating website. And that there is
between China and the United States had stopped service by then now such a thing as a Zoom chan-
because of the pandemic and the administration’s travel ban. As a nel devoted to ecstatic dance.
result, the Chinese government effectively banned them from flying Re-engaging — with his mom,
in or out. Chinese airlines, by contrast, have been flying to American with the supermarket, with the in-
cities. ternet — was at times intensely
Delta Air Lines and United Airlines had hoped to resume flights pleasurable. Other times it was
to China this month. Both companies appealed to the Civil Aviation just intense. He had trouble sleep-
Authority of China but did not receive a response. The U.S. Trans- ing.
portation Department also pressed Chinese officials during a call on People wanted to talk to him.
They compared him to Rip Van
May 14 to allow flights by American companies, arguing that China
Winkle, the fictional character
was violating a 1980 agreement that governs flights between the who falls asleep in the Catskills
countries and aims to ensure that rules “equally apply to all domes-
and wakes up 20 years later to dis-
tic and foreign carriers” in both countries. cover that his beard is a foot long
Mr. Trump and his campaign team have taken a much tougher and the United States is no longer
stand against the country, blaming China for allowing the virus to ruled by the British Crown.
spread so widely and to wreck the American economy.
It stunned him to discover that
Germany made plans to lift its travel ban on 29 European coun-
the many and various topics that
tries, including Britain and Iceland, starting June 15. The ban was interested him — global warming,
imposed on March 17, when the pandemic was gathering force in electoral politics, the health care
Europe. Germany had 1,144 new cases that day, 11 days before its system — had been subsumed by
a single topic of conversation, the
single-highest day for new infections. On Wednesday, Foreign Min-
ister Heiko Maas of Germany urged caution “We must not lull our- coronavirus. That feeling of confu-
sion deepened when, during his
selves into a false sense of security,” he said.
first week back, American cities
erupted in protests over the death
Second Thoughts in Sweden of George Floyd.
“While I was on retreat, there
The finger-pointing at governments’ responses to the pandemic
was a collective traumatic emo-
has begun, and the official behind Sweden’s no-lockdown policy
tional experience that I was not a
pointed at himself.
part of,” he said, on the second day.
The official, Anders Tegnell, Sweden’s state epidemiologist,
“To what degree do I have to piece
became a cult hero to Swedes who were happy the country did not
it back together?”
go into lockdown, but he now says the country’s coronavirus restric-
Mr. Thorson is not the kind of
tions should have been tighter. The death toll, he said, has been too
Buddhist to shy from current
high. Roughly 4,500 Swedes have died in the outbreak, or 44 out of events.
every 100,000 people, about the same as in France, where the death After graduating from college,
toll was roughly six and a half times as high. “If we encountered the he was an organizer for Occupy
same disease, knowing what we know today, I think we would end Wall Street, camping in Zuccotti
up doing something in the middle between what Sweden did, and Park in Lower Manhattan and en-
what the rest of the world did,” Mr. Tegnell told Radio Sweden. gaging with pedestrians. He
Sweden allowed some schools to remain open, as well as restau- logged a few years with the Bud-
rants and bars. But the government banned gatherings of more than dhist Geeks movement, promot-
50 people and asked everyone to keep two meters apart. Swedes ing the use of online technology
were also asked not to travel, the professional soccer league was for enlightenment seeking. His
suspended and amusement parks were closed. podcast, “Emerge,” seeks to ex-
plore “the next phase of the hu-
man experiment.”
Coronavirus Update wraps up the day’s developments with infor- So he was eager, after ending
mation from across the virus report. his 75 days of silence, to see what
‘While I was on retreat, there was a collective traumatic emotional experience
that I was not a part of.’
DANIEL THORSON, who spent two and a half months in isolation in remote Vermont.
was going on in the world.
“I was thinking, is it going to be
‘Mad Max’ out there, like are we
the last survivors?” he said. “How
is humanity doing?”
After leaving the meditation
center, the first evidence he saw
was a gas station, and people com-
ing in and out wearing shorts, a
scene so characteristic of north-
ern Vermont that he was deeply
reassured.
“It’s Vermont,” he said. “Some-
body’s getting gas.”
But a new set of impressions fol-
lowed. He ventured into a Shaw’s
supermarket eager for human
contact, and what he found in-
stead was anxiety. When he
passed people, their eyes darted
around, as if they were scanning
for threats. One thing that seemed
to scare them was Mr. Thorson,
who had not gotten the hang of so-
cial distancing.
“I would turn a corner in the
grocery store, and someone would
be there, and they would recoil,”
he said. “I haven’t installed the
Covid operating system. At first, I
was, like, ‘Whoa, what did I do?’ ”
He had looked forward to plung-
ing back into his online world, a
setting he had always found
“nourishing.”
But when he reviewed two and
a half months of posts from people
he admires, he found, to his shock,
that they were only talking about
one thing. “Everything else is
gone,” he said. “There’s nothing
about the election! It’s amazing!
The Australian wildfires, what
happened there? Didn’t Brexit
happen?”
But there was nothing close to a
consensus.
“Everybody has extremely
strongly held, very different opin-
ions about everything: how dan-
gerous it is, what the response
should have been, how it’s going,
whether or not we need to isolate,
how to treat it if you get it,” he said.
“There is one consensus proposi-
tion that, it seems to me, every-
body holds. It’s that whatever
happened in the last three months
is one of the most significant
events in modern history.”
Talking through the preceding
months, he often felt he had stum-
bled into something painful, con-
flicts that dated back to March or
April.
“People are so desperate to
make sense of it,” he said.
And it was true, he had missed a
lot of friction, even in the ideolog-
ical bubble of a Buddhist monastic
community in Vermont. In mid-
March, Soryu Forall, the group’s
head teacher, had just begun a
weeklong silent retreat with a
larger group of students. They
had just ended communication
with their families and the inter-
net when state governments be-
gan banning large gatherings and
advising people to stay home.
He began to get emails and
phone calls from his students’
families, insisting that he end the
silent retreat. “Everyone wanted
their children to come home im-
mediately,” Mr. Forall said.
But he refused, saying they
should be allowed to finish their
week of silence.
“It was painful for the parents,
painful for me,” he said. “It was a
very strenuous time.”
He said he valued Mr. Thorson’s
perspective precisely because he
had not lived through it.
“His clarity is just what the
world needs now,” he said. “He’s
been hit by all of it in one wave.”
And it was true: In his first days
out, Mr. Thorson found himself in
demand, the subject of intense cu-
riosity.
“I feel like an oddity, I feel like a
curiosity,” he said. “I don’t know
what they expect me to say.”
Part of him wonders whether he
needs to catch up on the clamor
and dispute of the last months at
all. And so he has taken a few
small steps back, particularly
from the internet. He has begun to
regard his phone use, he said on
“The Stoa,” a philosophy podcast,
with fear.
“This whole thing is a hell of a
drug,” he said. “It really, really, re-
ally has an impact on my nervous
system.”
On Day 3 after he returned to
the modern world, Mr. Thorson re-
stored color to the screen of his
mobile phone, which had been
locked in gray scale throughout
his retreat. But he found that the
colors now hurt his eyes. “The red
on the phone is nothing like the
red of a flower,” he said. “It was a
kind of super-stimulating thing.”
And so, on Day 4, he set it back
to gray scale, and that is where it
has remained.

Tracking an Outbreak The New Reality
THE PATH FORWARD
Envisioning a Venice
Bustling With Italians
From Page A1
care systems. In Italy, all those
problems have emerged, but the
virus has also revealed that a
country blessed with a stunning
artistic patrimony has developed
an addiction to tourism that has
priced many residents out of his-
toric centers and crowded out cre-
ativity, entrepreneurialism and
authentic Italian life.
During the lockdown, Rome’s
center became as sleepy as a ruin,
while the surrounding neighbor-
hoods remained vibrant. The
mayor of Florence said he would
tour the world, starting in China,
to raise private funds for a city
hollowed by the lack of tourists.
But it is Venice, a city threatened
by inundations of tens of millions
of tourists as much as it is by high
water, where things changed most
drastically.
For months, the alleys, porti-
coes and campos reverberated
with Italian, and even with Vene-
tian dialect. The lack of big boats
reduced the waves on the canals,
allowing locals to take their small
boats and kayaks out on cleaner
water. Residents even ventured to
St. Mark’s Square, which they
usually avoid.
Venice, which gave the world
the word quarantine during a pri-
or pandemic, has undergone
many transformations in its
roughly 1,500-year history. It
started as a hide-out for refugees,
became a powerful republic, mer-
cantile force and artistic hub.
Now, it’s a destination that
largely lives off its history and a
tourism cash cow worth 3 billion
euros, or about $3.3 billion. But
with the money comes hordes of
day trippers, giant cruise ships,
growing colonies of Airbnb apart-
ments, souvenir shops, tourist-
trap restaurants and high rents
that have increasingly pushed out
Venetians.
That lucrative model is likely to
return. But longtime proponents
of a less touristy city are hoping to
take advantage of the global
standstill.
“This is a tragedy that has
touched us all, but Covid could be
an opportunity,” said Marco Bar-
avalle, a leader of an anti-cruise-
ship movement who called the ab-
sence of big boats “magnificent.”
He said he feared that the city’s
mayor, Luigi Brugnaro, backed by
powerful boating and tourism in-
terests, would turn things back as
soon as possible. “It’s going to be
difficult,” Mr. Baravalle said. “But
THE HOSPITALS
Emergency Room Trips Sink, C.D.C. Says
By REED ABELSON
Emergency room visits in the
United States have dropped
sharply during the pandemic, un-
derscoring concerns that people
with serious medical conditions,
like heart attacks, are avoiding
hospitals, according to a new anal-
ysis released on Wednesday by
the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
As the coronavirus spread
across the United States this
spring, visits to emergency rooms
decreased by 42 percent over four
weeks in April, compared with the
same period in 2019. The declines
were greatest among women and
children 14 and younger, and in ge-
ographic areas like the Northeast.
While there have been a recent
rebound in visits, the C.D.C. noted,
the volume of visits remains sig-
nificantly lower. Visits to the
emergency room were down 26
percent in the last week of May,
compared with figures from a
year earlier.
While hospitals in hot spots like
New York City were often over-
whelmed by the numbers of seri-
ously ill coronavirus patients, and
admissions for infectious diseases
and pneumonia climbed, there
were drastic declines in the vol-
ume of patients who typically
come to the emergency room for
care.
“It was eerily quite,” said Dr.
Thomas Balcezak, the chief clini-
cal officer for Yale New Haven
Health, who recalled walking
through his hospital system’s
emergency departments at the
peak of the epidemic and being
struck by the lack of patients.
In a possible sign that patients
were coming in later and sicker, he
pointed to the C.D.C.’s finding that
visits for conditions like ventricu-
lar fibrillation had increased, sug-
gesting that patients might have
had heart attacks and initially
stayed home before coming in
with a worsening condition.
“That’s worrisome,” he said.
The agency’s report highlights
the monthslong decline in general
care as the virus took hold and
overwhelmed some hospitals.
Across the nation, hospitals
stopped performing elective pro-
cedures, whether a routine mam-
it’s our best chance.”
If tourism critics are in agree-
ment that there needs to be a dif-
ferent vision for Venice, they are
less clear on how to bring about a
renaissance.
There is talk of a proposed in-
ternational climate change center,
of lower rents drawing local arti-
sans and factory workers back to
the islands from the mainland and
of a creative community of artists,
designers, web producers and ar-
chitects.
In this floating field of dreams,
people will come, just other kinds
of people. The tourists would be
more like the arts crowd that
flocks to the Venice Biennale, and
they would carry canvas tote bags
and be interested in Venice’s her-
itage, its museums and galleries.
Students would stay and become
young professionals, draw start-
up investors, and replenish an ag-
ing and diminishing population.
Good restaurants and natural
wine bars would push out the aw-
ful ones.
“The type of people you attract
to Venice depends on what you of-
fer,” said Luca Berta, a co-founder
of VeniceArtFactory, which pro-
motes new art in the city, as he
stood in his exhibition space.
Alberto Ferlenga, the rector of
the Iuav University of Venice, one
of several colleges in the city, said
his goal was to make Venice more
a university town, with students
and professors making the city
their campus.
He said he was working on a
project with the city, powerful Ital-
ian banks and Airbnb that would
allow thousands of students — in-
cluding international ones — to
live in Airbnb apartments, which
are now empty, instead of com-
muting from the cheaper main-
land.
“Common sense says, ‘Let’s
take advantage of it,’ ” Mr. Fer-
lenga said of the available hous-
ing. Students who stayed and built
careers and families in Venice
could prove as economically via-
ble as the mass tourism market,
he argued. “It would change ev-
erything,” he said. “In this mo-
ment, there is a temporary win-
dow.”
But as advocates of change talk
of motivating long-term lending
through housing-tax breaks, low-
interest loans, and a restricting of
infamously generous squatting
rights, the window is already clos-
ing.
In recent days, the city was
opened only to those in the sur-
EMERGENCY ROOM VISITS fell nationwide in March and April after the
declaration of a national emergency for Covid-19.
2020
March 13 declaration
of a national emergency
Jan. March May
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
mogram or a knee replacement,
even if they were not experienc-
ing a surge in virus patients.
While they have slowly begun re-
suming care, many patients, con-
cerned about potential infection,
continue to avoid hospitals.
“Where are all the heart attacks
and strokes?” asked Chas Roades,
the co-founder and chief execu-
tive of Gist Healthcare, which ad-
vises health systems. He said that
many patients were returning for
rescheduled surgeries, but that
hospital executives were report-
ing that people, worried about
possible infection, continued to
avoid their emergency rooms and
urgent care clinics.
“This is a national concern that
patients are worried that the hos-
pitals, health care systems, physi-
cian offices could be more danger-
ous than grocery stores, hardware
stores and other essential busi-
nesses,” said Dr. Balcezak, al-
though he emphasized there was
no evidence that the risks were
any higher in hospitals.
In some cases, patients may be
opting for virtual visits or some
other alternative, said Dr. Stephen
Klasko, the chief executive of Jef-
ferson Health, who has seen the
declines in visits across all of the
system’s hospitals. But in other
cases, patients are forgoing
needed care, he said. “The real
key here is virtual triage,” Dr.
Klasko said, where someone who
feels dizzy or has chest pain can
find out if a trip to the emergency
room is warranted.
Hospitals are taking numerous
steps to ensure patients remain
THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 N A5
PHOTOGRAPHS BY ALESSANDRO GRASSANI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
A view of the Venetian island of San Giorgio Maggiore from a va-
poretto. Left, protesting plans for a pier that would bring boat-
loads of tourists into one of Venice’s last livable neighborhoods.
His organization has prepared and professional-class residents
an open letter on behalf of “citi- who hunger for a more livable city.
zens of the world” that he said he A couple, who have a baby on the
would send this week to leaders of way and were visiting from the
the Italian government. mainland, said the rents, even in
Co-signed by museum directors the more working-class districts,
and academics, and also by Mick were too high for their salaries.
Jagger, Francis Ford Coppola and “We’d love to raise our child
Wes Anderson, the letter presents here,” said the pregnant woman,
“Ten Commandments” for the Sara Zorzetto, 30, who works with
new Venice, including stricter reg- disabled people and whose hus-
ulation of ‘‘tourist flow’’ and the band is employed at a chemical
Airbnb market, and support for plant. “But there’s no way.”
long-term rentals. That is why the protesters in the
Supporters of the status quo are square were arguing that some-
quick to dismiss such proposals as thing had to change. As they held
rounding Veneto region. The place morning. noise from the out-of-touch rich their signs over their heads and
was still jammed. “I was really sad, and at the and famous. And local tourism applauded, Mr. Zorzi told them
But the city was offered a sense same time, really angry,” said Mr. workers said they hoped things that their “common battle” during
of what was, and what could be. Bergamo Rossi, whose 15th-cen- would switch back soon. the period of lockdown “would not
Only Italian — and Veneto-ac- tury ancestor is depicted in an “It’s been a bad period. But I be in vain.”
cented Italian — could be heard equestrian statue high above the think it will go back to how it was A fellow demonstrator asked
over the spritzes and plates of square where the residents had before in about two or three him if they would still march down
black squid ink spaghetti. protested. “We don’t want to go months,” said Jessica Rossato, 28, to the new tourist port as planned.
“We thought we’d take advan- back to that. I want my city to be a from nearby Camponogara as she He explained that the police had
tage of this last chance to see real city.” stood outside the Banco Giro bar nixed the idea out of coronavirus
Venice when it is only for us, “Airbnb is like our Covid,’’ he by the Rialto Bridge. “And that’s concerns.
alone,” said Matteo Rizzi, 40, from added. “It’s like a plague, and it an absolutely good thing.” “They say there are too many of
nearby Portogruaro, whose chil- turned us into a ghost town.” But it’s not only Venice’s upper- us,” he said, shaking his head.
dren carried cameras as he
crossed a bridge into the city from
the train station. “It’s like having
the museum to ourselves.”
Toto Bergamo Rossi, director of
the Venetian Heritage Founda-
tion, who lives in a palace not far
from the train station, said the
hordes had rudely waked him that
2.5 million visits
2019 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
July Sept. Nov.
THE NEW YORK TIMES
safe from infection, said Dr.
William Jaquis, an emergency
room doctor who is the president
of the American College of Emer-
gency Physicians. Emergency
rooms are not only less crowded,
he said, but they have taken a
number of steps to screen patients
for potential infection and to make
sure both patients and providers
wear masks. Patients who may be
infected are treated in separate
areas.
Congress has responded to the
hospitals’ loss of patients and re-
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disconcerting drop in the number
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pain, including those experienc-
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A6 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Tracking an Outbreak The Region
TOURISM DELAYED
Atlantic City Sleeps,
Waiting for Resurrection
Article by DAVID GONZALEZ
Photographs by DEVIN OKTAR YALKIN
A gambling mecca
Now is usually when Atlantic
that lives and dies by City stirs back to life as winter’s
sleepy tourist trade gives way to
its summer crowds is beachgoers and gamblers eager
devastated, with no to spend time and money. Not
this year. The boardwalk and
timetable for beaches are almost empty, save
for people fishing. And the casi-
reopening. nos, whose very design is meant
to lure gamblers inside and keep
them there, now have security
guards posted outside fenced-off
entrances.
“Atlantic City is a summertime
city; it’s when we all make
money,” said Benjamin Stevens,
26, a bartender at the Hard Rock
Hotel Casino. “You usually work
a lot in the summer to get
through the wintertime.”
As New Jersey’s lockdown
largely continues, Atlantic City’s
seasonal economic ecosystem —
which had seen a slight recovery
in recent years — has been bat-
tered. Casino revenue was down
by 69 percent in April compared
with the same month last year, a
record drop that would have
been worse if not for online gam-
bling, even though sports betting
parlors elsewhere in the state
have lured away online bettors.
Beyond the casinos, nearly 40
percent of the city’s population,
which has been steadily shrink-
ing over the last decade, lives in
poverty. And that was before the
coronavirus hit. Now tens of
thousands of people are unem-
ployed, and the state has yet to
announce a date for resuming
business.
Devin Oktar Yalkin, a photog-
rapher, spent childhood sum-
mers at a family home in Brig-
antine, N.J. Staying indoors with
his family during the shutdown,
he wondered what the board-
walk and beach looked like after
time had stood still for three
months.
“It’s a sad place to begin
with,” Mr. Yalkin said. “It doesn’t retired people sending their their tops bulging under tarps outside one, upbeat pop songs
have the glamour that Vegas money into the ether.” that looked like giant shower played from a patio speaker.
has. It doesn’t have that same The vista he encountered was caps. On the other hand, the
draw in terms of pageantry. of a desolate landscape, with a At one restaurant, the outdoor breeze smelled like the ocean,
Vegas is lit up all the time and few people on the boardwalk deck had collapsed onto the unspoiled by the aroma of
everything is made to look like jogging or riding bikes, while sand, which had steadily been sunscreen, funnel cakes or
something else. In Atlantic City, men fished from the beach. The eroding. Garages, once full, were cigarettes.
you get what you see. No big- Steel Pier was closed. Trees deserted. So, too were the Mr. Stevens and his partner,
stakes gamblers, just older, outside one casino stood with boarded-up casinos, though Pauline, are relying on savings

Rick Clark, left, and Yusef
Long fishing off a pier at
left. Above, the fenced-off
entrance of Resorts Casino
Hotel on the nearly deserted
Boardwalk.
and unemployment insurance
to provide for their two chil-
dren, cover the rent and
weather the crisis. “We’re
trying to make this work,” he
said. “As long as the kids have
food to eat, we’re good.”
Like so many others in his
predicament, he is slightly
THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
dazed by how quickly their
lives have been derailed. “I
came to the U.S. four years ago
from Italy,” he said, adding that
he had relatives living in Atlan-
tic City. “The first summer, it
was packed, I never saw any-
thing like that before. Now,
there is nothing. It’s sad.”
N A7
Eroding beach along the Atlan-
tic City shore, left, has en-
croached on the back of the
Landshark Bar & Grill. Below,
a deserted garage and streets
near Caesars Atlantic City.
Mariam Landor, a front-desk
worker at the Showboat. Casino
revenue plunged in April.
A8 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Tracking an Outbreak After the Shutdown
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL
For Countries Eager to Welcome Back Visitors, Trust Is the New Passport
By DAMIEN CAVE
SYDNEY, Australia — After
months of locked-down borders,
countries that have stifled the co-
ronavirus are trying to choreo-
graph a risky dance: how to bring
back visitors without importing
another burst of uncontrolled con-
tagion.
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
dropped restrictions for one an-
other on May 15, while keeping out
everyone else. Australia and New
Zealand are planning to revive un-
restricted flights within their own
“travel bubble,” which Fiji, Israel
and Costa Rica are clamoring to
join.
In China, cities are fast-tracking
corporate charter flights, though
Beijing remains sealed off. In Cy-
prus, tourists can get in only if
they carry health certificates
proving they tested negative for
Covid-19.
International travel has always
been a proxy for trust among na-
tions and people, but the pan-
demic has poisoned the air. Now,
relationships are being rebuilt un-
der enormous economic pressure,
with a wary eye on a pathogen
that is not going away anytime
soon.
The calculations of risk and re-
ward vary. Some countries are ea-
ger to find ways to reopen doors to
people from places, like the United
States, that are still struggling
with the virus but are important
sources of trade and tourism. Oth-
ers are scanning the globe for
safer, if less lucrative, partners.
The challenge for every country
involves both epidemiology and
psychology. Trips for business and
pleasure must have enough re-
strictions to make travelers feel
safe, but not so many that no one
wants to bother.
“We’ll all get back to moving
again, but in a different way,” said
Scott Tasker, a general manager
at Auckland Airport in New Zea-
land. “This is a global shock to the
aviation and tourism industry, the
likes of which we’ve never seen.”
In interviews, airport execu-
tives, tourism officials and travel
analysts, along with investors,
doctors and government officials,
described a momentous effort
that is just starting to coalesce.
They predicted a mix of precau-
tions and incentives. Masks, fever
EUROPE DISPATCH
As the Dutch Reopen,
A Red Light District
Is Forced to Stay Dark
By PATRICK KINGSLEY
AMSTERDAM — The red
lights still shone above the win-
dows in De Wallen, Amsterdam’s
main red light district, but the
windows themselves were
empty.
The streets lining the canals,
normally crammed with tourists,
were deserted.
The brothels were closed, the
prostitution museum shut until
further notice.
“No photos of sex workers,”
read the signs above the brothel
windows. “Fine: 95 euros.”
But there were no sex workers
to photograph in the windows,
and no tourists to photograph
them.
The Netherlands is reopening.
Hairdressers, driving instructors
and beauticians have been back
at work since May 11, without
needing to wear a mask. Restau-
rants reopened their outdoor
seating areas at the beginning of
this month. Gyms and saunas
are scheduled to restart in early
July.
In De Wallen, a locksmith is
open, as are a few (mostly
empty) bars, and the shops sell-
ing sex toys, whips, handcuffs
and the odd latex dress.
But sex workers have been
told to wait until September,
emptying the area, and sending
many sex workers into poverty
— or secretly back to work.
Charlotte de Vries, the profes-
sional name of an escort working
in Amsterdam, would normally
meet up to seven clients a week.
But the week the lockdown be-
gan, all seven canceled, immedi-
ately costing her about $1,500.
“And I stopped counting after
that,” said Ms. de Vries, sitting at
a table on the edge of the red
light district. “I thought, I just
don’t want to know.”
As she spoke, the bells chimed
across the street, at Amsterdam’s
oldest church. Now that the area
was deserted, she said, you could
Patrick Kingsley, an international
correspondent, and Laetitia
Vancon, a photojournalist, are
driving more than 3,700 miles to
explore the reopening of the Euro-
pean continent after coronavirus
lockdowns.
checks, contact-tracing apps and
even coronavirus throat swabs
will make travel more agonizing,
even as discounts and smaller
crowds soften the blow. A reduc-
tion in flights will mean more con-
nections and longer journeys,
testing travelers’ patience.
The baby steps toward a re-
opened world start with the
healthy — the nations that have
low rates of death and few active
cases.
The Baltic countries have gone
first, and Australia and New Zea-
land are following a similar path.
But even for countries with close
ties, it is like starting from scratch.
Border agencies, airports, air-
lines and health officials in Aus-
tralia and New Zealand have
spent more than a month trying to
work out a proposal that would let
travelers avoid the mandatory 14-
day quarantine now in place for a
smattering of international arriv-
als. They hope to have the system
up and running by September.
Mr. Tasker, the Auckland Air-
port official, said the biggest hur-
dle was making sure that local
transmission of the virus was as
close to eliminated as possible.
Beyond that, travelers can expect
new protocols and constant re-
minders about social distancing,
health and hygiene from booking
through return. Australia’s coro-
navirus tracking app, COVIDSafe,
could also be used to share loca-
tion data between both countries.
If it works for the two island
neighbors, the bubble could grow
to include other locations.
Many European countries are
also starting out with a restricted
guest list. Denmark and Norway
are opening to each other on June
15, for example, but are excluding
Sweden, where a looser lockdown
has let the virus proliferate.
With every phase of reopening,
officials said, more movement
means more risk and more work,
for governments but also trav-
elers.
“It’s just not going to be as free-
flowing and spontaneous as it
once was,” said Margy Osmond,
the chief executive of Australia’s
largest tourism association and
co-chair of the group working on
travel between that country and
New Zealand. “I don’t know that it
will be more expensive — the jury
hear the sounds of the neighbor-
hood for once.
For now, Ms. de Vries is able to
rely on savings. But many of her
colleagues cannot. Over 400
sought assistance from a new
emergency fund set up by volun-
teers, which offers aid of about
$45 to the most desperate appli-
cants.
This assistance hasn’t been
nearly enough. Ms. de Vries said
she knows seven sex workers
who have been forced to work in
secret, just to pay their rent.
Rosie Heart, the professional
name of a second Dutch sex
worker, said she knew of at least
10.
“It’s a disaster, really,” said Ms.
Heart, who usually provides
escort services in Amsterdam
and London, in addition to work-
ing as a representative of Proud,
a labor union for Dutch sex
workers.
Working in secret like this
makes sex workers particularly
vulnerable because they are
more at risk from abusive clients.
Before the coronavirus crisis,
if a client became violent, “you
would go to the police,” Ms. de
Vries said. “But now you can’t do
that because what you’re doing is
illegal.”
A neighbor walked past, nod-
ding a hello. One of the few silver
linings to the crisis had been the
opportunity to get to know the
area’s residents better, Ms. de
Vries said.
Dutch sex workers now face
such hardship because of patchy
government support. Like many
governments at the start of the
crisis, the Dutch authorities
created emergency income
streams for people suddenly left
without work.
But in practice, many sex
workers do not qualify for the
new subsidies, because of the
way they were registered with
the tax authorities before the
crisis. Or they are too scared to
apply for it.
Though prostitution is legal in
the Netherlands, many sex work-
ers prefer not to declare their
profession to the government
because the trade still carries a
social stigma — or because they
work without all the licenses
needed for them to be completely
Disinfecting luggage in Istanbul. Analysts expect international travel to recover, but at a snail’s pace.
is still out on that — but it will
mean the average traveler has to
take more responsibility.”
So will everyone else involved
with travel.
At many of the world’s busiest
airports, which are just starting to
see upticks in traffic after declines
of 90 percent or more, all employ-
ees now wear masks and gloves.
In Dubai’s giant mall of an airport,
all arriving passengers are now
scanned for fevers with thermal
imaging technology, which is also
being rolled out at transport hubs
in Europe and the United States.
Airlines are instituting their
own forms of protection. All over
the world, they are reducing food
and drink service (further dilut-
ing its charms) and prioritizing
masks for everyone. Ryanair, the
popular European budget carrier,
now requires that passengers ask
permission to use the bathroom so
that lines do not form.
Smaller-scale collaborations
are also beginning to work out
what to do with travelers from
higher-risk countries.
In June, 500 volunteers will fly
from San Francisco to Taipei, the
capital of Taiwan, as part of a
compliant with the law.
In a survey of 108 sex workers
in the Netherlands conducted
online by SekswerkExpertise, a
research group in Amsterdam, 56
percent of the respondents said
they had applied for coronavirus
support. Of those applicants, only
13 percent said they had received
help.
Of those who did not apply,
about one in three said they
already knew they would not
qualify, and one in six said they
were worried about outing them-
selves as sex workers to govern-
study by Taiwanese officials and
Stanford University. The pas-
sengers will be tested for the virus
before boarding and then three,
five, seven, 10 and 14 days after ar-
rival. Researchers hope to figure
out what is the latest day a pos-
itive test could emerge — with the
goal of shortening the current 14-
day quarantine.
“The most important thing is
for travelers to feel safe to fly
again, and for the countries re-
ceiving the travelers to feel that
they have done a good job in pro-
tecting their borders,” said Dr. Ja-
son Wang, director of the Center
for Policy, Outcomes and Preven-
tion at Stanford Medicine.
Some companies are already
embarking on journeys of their
own. In April, business travel was
the first thing to open up between
South Korea and some parts of
China. Last week, a group of Ger-
man businesses chartered a flight
to Shanghai with 200 workers,
some being “fast-tracked” with
proof of a negative test and an ab-
breviated quarantine.
Private jet use is also surging —
why share a plane if you don’t
have to? — but even for the 1 per-
ment institutions, in case their
identities were leaked.
And migrant sex workers,
working without a permit, cannot
even contemplate applying for
assistance.
Ms. Heart was one of the few
successful applicants, receiving
about $1,500 a month since
March, roughly half her usual
earnings.
But she said she would not
apply for help from July onward,
since sex workers would likely
then be the only people out of
work for reasons directly related
CHRIS M c GRATH/GETTY IMAGES
cent, first-class treatment may in-
clude testing before you go, masks
on board and a couple of days
locked in quarantine, followed by
more screening. A passenger on
that flight from Germany tested
positive for the virus on Sunday.
No wonder analysts expect in-
ternational travel to recover with
the speed of a casual stroll.
“We think short-haul interna-
tional comes back in the next two
to three years, but the long-haul
stuff comes back in five to seven
years,” said Helane Becker, man-
aging director and senior airline
analyst at Cowen, a New York in-
vestment bank.
Even that may be optimistic.
While places like Sicily and Japan
are looking at flight or lodging
subsidies to lure visitors, long
flights in a mask have limited ap-
peal. And the white-collar crowd
— in finance, in consulting — that
once traveled without much
thought has discovered that it can
get the job done without being
away from home for 100 or more
days a year.
Old habits in corporate travel
will eventually return, said David
Barger, the former chief executive
PHOTOGRAPHS BY LAETITIA VANCON FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
The Prostitution Information Center in Amsterdam. The pan-
demic has forced some sex workers to work in secret. “It’s a dis-
aster, really,” said Rosie Heart, left, an unemployed sex worker.
to the coronavirus restrictions.
She feared that would out her
as a sex worker, and potentially
prompt local officials to evict her
from her home, on the — mistak-
en — assumption that she uses
her apartment as an unlicensed
brothel.
“One minute I could be apply-
ing” for state support, Ms. Heart
said. “The next minute I could be
fighting to stay in my home.”
Some unemployed sex workers
have turned to the internet to try
to make a living from online sex
shows. Ten attended a recent
online training session at the
Prostitution Information Center,
a nonprofit that provides support
to sex workers and guided tours
of De Wallen to tourists.
But it can take months to build
up a base of paying customers
online, and there are substantial
costs to setting up an online
business. Online sex work needs
a good camera, a microphone, a
strong internet connection — and
a private space where you are
not likely to be disturbed.
A new influx of internet sex
of JetBlue, but only after new
norms and stability emerge.
“If you’re the person who trav-
els a lot, you want predictability,”
he said. “Until there’s certainty,
you’ll have people saying, ‘I’ll do
the Zoom call, or instead of six
trips a year, maybe I’ll do two.’ ”
So perhaps the real return to
travel will begin closer to home. In
the car.
For the foreseeable future,
places that were popular with
both foreign tourists and locals —
Byron Bay in Australia, Disney
World, the French Riviera — will
probably look more like they did in
the 1970s, before deregulation
made air travel more affordable.
Think of highways with cars
packed full of gear and children in
the back asking “Are we there
yet?”
Some countries, including New
Zealand, have set aside money for
a tourism reset, encouraging
providers to serve local
customers and higher-value vis-
itors.
Cruise ships, whose image has
been battered by coronavirus out-
breaks, are also rapidly adapting,
with increased spacing among ev-
eryone on board.
But some regular travelers
have learned that they can be per-
fectly happy not traveling at all.
Paul Davies, a respected physi-
cist who teaches at Arizona State
University, spent years bouncing
around to science conferences
and lectures. But when the pan-
demic hit, he was in Sydney, Aus-
tralia, where he used to live — and
that is where he was quite happy
to remain.
He noted that during World War
II, when travel was severely con-
stricted, great discoveries oc-
curred as the world’s sharpest
minds stayed home and mulled
the universe.
“Many of us have been saying
for years that we have too many
committees, far too many meet-
ings and not nearly enough quiet
thinking time,” Professor Davies
said.
“Jetting around the world and
doing all these meetings — per-
sonally I find myself a bit uncom-
fortable doing that now. And I
think that if people get more into
the habit, this could be a better
way of conducting our affairs.”
workers could also make life
more difficult for those already in
the online business. “There’s
even more competition, so it’s
even more tricky,” said Ms.
Heart.
Sex workers said they do not
understand why they are not
allowed to go back to work in at
least some capacity in July, along
with gyms and saunas. Their
work doesn’t have to involve
kissing, and a lot of sex work,
even before the coronavirus
crisis, did not involve full inter-
course, or face-to-face contact.
Hairdressers can now welcome
clients again, “and hover in front
of their face to cut their bangs,”
Ms. Heart said. So she wondered
why sex workers weren’t allowed
to perform sex acts that stopped
short of intercourse.
“I’m absolutely not saying we
should be allowed to go back to
work as normal, certainly not,”
she added. “But if you’re saying
that everyone can go back to
work, but not sex workers —
there’s something wrong with
your thinking.”

Tracking an Outbreak The Science
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
White House Narrows Vaccine Candidates to 5 Companies Senate Passes
By NOAH WEILAND
and DAVID E. SANGER
WASHINGTON — The Trump
administration has selected five
companies as the most likely can-
didates to produce a vaccine for
the coronavirus, senior officials
said, a critical step in the White
House’s effort to deliver on its
promise of being able to start
widespread inoculation of Ameri-
cans by the end of the year.
By winnowing the field in a mat-
ter of weeks from a pool of around
a dozen companies, the federal
government is betting that it can
identify the most promising vac-
cine projects at an early stage,
speed along the process of deter-
mining which will work and en-
sure that the winner or winners
can be quickly manufactured in
huge quantities and distributed
across the country. The adminis-
tration has already put billions of
dollars into the program, with
more in the pipeline.
The five companies are Mod-
erna, a Massachusetts-based bio-
technology firm, which is ex-
pected to enter into the final phase
of clinical trials next month; the
combination of Oxford University
and AstraZeneca, on a similar
schedule; and three large phar-
maceutical companies: Johnson &
Johnson, Merck and Pfizer. Each
is taking a somewhat different ap-
proach.
The announcement of the deci-
sion will be made at the White
House in the next few weeks, gov-
ernment officials said. Dr. Antho-
ny S. Fauci, the federal govern-
ment’s top epidemiologist and di-
rector of the National Institute of
Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
hinted at the coming action on
Tuesday when he told a medical
seminar that “by the beginning of
2021, we hope to have a couple of
hundred million doses.”
President Trump has been ea-
ger to show rapid progress as the
nation slowly emerges from lock-
down, and as he faces the growing
challenge of winning re-election in
the middle of national upheaval:
more than 106,000 Americans
dead from the virus, unemploy-
ment at record levels and now dis-
cord and violence in the streets.
Despite promising early results
and the administration’s strong
interest in nurturing a govern-
ment-industry partnership, sub-
stantial hurdles remain, and many
scientists consider Mr. Trump’s
goal of having a vaccine widely
available by early next year to be
optimistic, if not unrealistic. Vac-
cine development is notoriously
difficult and time-consuming; the
record is four years, and a decade
is not unusual.
Moderna, Johnson & Johnson
and the Oxford-AstraZeneca
group have already received a to-
tal of $2.2 billion in federal funding
to support their vaccine pro-
grams. Their selection as finalists,
along with Merck and Pfizer, will
give all five companies access to
additional government money,
help in running clinical trials and
financial and logistical support for
a manufacturing base that is be-
A TESTING DEBATE
Tests Depend on Key Ingredient: Blood of the Horseshoe Crab
By JAMES GORMAN
For decades, drug companies
have depended on a component in
the blood of the horseshoe crab to
test injectable medicines, includ-
ing vaccines, for dangerous bacte-
rial contaminants called endotox-
ins.
Conservationists and some
businesses have pushed for wide
acceptance of an alternative test,
to protect the horseshoe crabs and
birds that feed on their eggs. Ear-
lier this year, these people seemed
to be on the brink of success as the
nongovernmental group that is-
sues quality standards for such
tests moved toward putting the al-
ternative test on the same footing.
But on Friday, that organiza-
tion, the U.S. Pharmacopeia, an-
nounced that the alternative test
known as rFC (recombinant fac-
tor C) requires significantly more
study.
Pharmacopeia representatives
said they have 30 years of data on
the current test and only two
years on the new test so they
needed more information.
Internationally, the European
Pharmacopeia has approved
widespread use of the alternative
test.
The debate has been widely
monitored as demand has grown
for testing new vaccines against
the coronavirus. Billions of vac-
cine doses would eventually re-
quire endotoxin testing.
Endotoxins are molecules in the
cell walls of many common bacte-
ria. E. coli is one, salmonella an-
other. The toxins can cause fever
and death in humans even if the
bacteria that produced them have
been killed. Toxic shock syndrome
is caused by endotoxins.
A scientist at Moderna’s lab in Cambridge, Mass., in February. Moderna was one of the companies tapped by the White House.
ing built even before it is clear
which if any of the vaccines in de-
velopment will work.
More funding is likely to be an-
nounced soon, officials said. This
week, the Department of Health
and Human Services added $628
million to a contract with Emer-
gent BioSolutions, a Maryland
firm, to expand development of
vaccine manufacturing capacity.
Dr. Fauci, who had been sound-
ing cautionary notes, now sounds
more optimistic: Among his con-
cerns, he said during the session
run by The Journal of the Ameri-
can Medical Association, is how
long immunity triggered by a vac-
cine might last.
“Vaccines are coming along re-
ally well,” Mr. Trump wrote on
Twitter on Tuesday, hours before
he was scheduled to meet with
Alex M. Azar II, the health and hu-
man services secretary. “Moving
faster than anticipated. Good
news ahead.”
The project — called Operation
Warp Speed — amounts to a
sprawling, on-the-fly experiment
in industrial policy by a Republi-
can administration that has been
otherwise dedicated to giving pri-
vate industry a free hand.
Democrats in Congress are al-
ready seeking details about the
contracts with the companies,
many of which are still wrapped in
secrecy. They are asking how
much Americans will have to pay
to be vaccinated and whether the
firms, or American taxpayers, will
retain the profits and intellectual
property.
Other countries, including
Pharmaceutical companies
must make sure the toxins are not
present in any injectable drugs
they make. Ingredients, like wa-
ter, must be tested at each step of
the manufacturing process, as
well as in the final product.
“It is crazy making that we are
going to rely on a wild animal ex-
tract during a global pandemic,”
Ryan Phelan, the head of the non-
profit Revive and Restore, said be-
fore the recent decision. Her
group supports technological so-
lutions to conservation problems,
including replacing the test that
uses a component of horseshoe
crab blood, called LAL, with a test
that uses rFC. It is the synthetic
equivalent of a chemical in the
crab blood, produced by inserting
genes for its creation into micro-
organisms grown in the lab.
The billions of doses of candi-
date vaccines, and many of the in-
gredients at many steps in the
production process will all have to
undergo endotoxin testing. But
companies that produce LAL from
horseshoe crab blood say that the
supply is adequate.
Lonza AG, a multinational bio-
technology company, sells both
tests. Also, Lonza recently struck
a deal with Moderna to produce a
much publicized vaccine candi-
date for Covid-19. Lonza said in a
statement that five billion doses of
vaccine would require “less than a
day’s combined production for all
three LAL manufacturers in the
United States.” The three manu-
facturers are Lonza, Charles
River and Associates of Cape Cod.
They all argue that the supply of
crabs is more than adequate and
current production could handle
the vaccine surge without diffi-
culty.
THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
China, are also rushing their own
efforts to produce a vaccine, rais-
ing concerns that nationalism
rather than need could drive deci-
sions about who first gets inocu-
lated.
Two of the vaccine candidates
selected by the Trump adminis-
tration — developed by Moderna
and scientists at Oxford — are al-
ready in Phase II trials, meaning
their effectiveness is being tested
on scores of human subjects.
They will likely shift to large-
Trying to identify the
most promising
projects early on.
scale human trials, called Phase
III, as early as July, two senior ad-
ministration officials said.
While Johnson & Johnson has
said it would begin Phase I trials
by September at the latest, that
now appears likely to be sped up
considerably, officials said. Phase
I focuses on testing for safety, a
particularly important factor for
vaccines since they are adminis-
tered widely to healthy people.
Several of the companies said
that they did not want to speak
ahead of any announcement by
the White House, and the others
did not respond to requests for a
comment. Along with Moderna,
Merck, Pfizer and Johnson &
Johnson are based in the United
States. AstraZeneca is based in
Atlantic horseshoe crabs on Pickering Beach near Little Creek,
Del. Drug companies use their blood to test injectable medicines.
Ms. Phelan said this calculation
“boggles the mind” because, “for
every dose going out the door —
each manufacturer will use 10
times the amount of LAL to test
every step along the way in the
process.” That includes vials,
stoppers and other ingredients in
the vaccines. In addition, Ms. Phe-
lan said there are likely to be nu-
merous companies producing
vaccines in the test phase and
along the way.
The rFC test is allowed by the
Food and Drug Administration,
which is the governmental agency
that rules on the safety of drugs,
but companies must do more
work for their F.D.A. submissions
than if they were to use the stand-
ard test.
The F.D.A. relies both on work
done by manufacturers and on the
standards set by the U. S. Pharma-
copeia. If a company uses rFC, it
must demonstrate to the F.D.A.
DAVID L. RYAN/THE BOSTON GLOBE, VIA GETTY IMAGES
Britain.
Under the administration plan,
according to officials, around
30,000 people will take part in
Phase III trials for each vaccine
when they reach that stage. If all
five companies reach Phase III
trials, around 150,000 people,
mostly Americans, would ulti-
mately become the test subjects
for a vaccine.
All age groups will be covered,
including older people and those
with underlying health condi-
tions.
It is possible, officials and cor-
porate executives in several of the
firms said, that some of the Phase
III trials will be conducted outside
the United States, and may be fo-
cused on coronavirus hot spots,
where a greater possibility of in-
fection could speed the process of
determining the effectiveness of a
potential vaccine. The other alter-
native — deliberately exposing in-
oculated volunteers to the disease
— is fraught with ethical issues
and officials seem reluctant to
take that route, even if it might
speed results.
The plans are being assembled
in an office suite on the seventh
floor of the Department of Health
and Human Services’s headquar-
ters, where two newly appointed
leaders of the project, Dr. Moncef
Slaoui and Gen. Gustave F. Perna,
have set up temporary offices.
Dr. Slaoui comes from the phar-
maceutical and venture capital
worlds. General Perna heads the
Army Matériel Command and is
an expert in complex logistics but
not medicine.
MIKE SEGAR/REUTERS
that, for each new drug, rFC is as
effective as the standard LAL test.
The U.S. Pharmacopeia also an-
nounced that it would provide
some additional information for
any vaccine makers to assist them
in doing the tests to validate rFC.
Revive and Restore had been ask-
ing for some form of emergency
authorization for use of rFC, given
the stress of potential vaccine pro-
duction.
One company that is turning to
the new test in a big way is Eli
Lilly, which also pushed for
broader approval of the new test.
Jay Bolden, a biologist with Eli
Lilly, said the company had been
looking at rFC testing since 2015
for several reasons, including a
consistent quality of a lab product,
a supply that doesn’t depend on an
animal population, a company
commitment to replace animal
use when possible and a reduction
in costs.
Their work is monitored by Mr.
Azar, Defense Secretary Mark T.
Esper and Jared Kushner, the
president’s son-in-law and senior
adviser. They are coordinating
with the senior infectious disease
experts on the White House’s co-
ronavirus task force, Dr. Fauci and
Dr. Deborah L. Birx, who is over-
seeing the task force’s day-to-day
operations.
Much of the work at the Warp
Speed project involves making
sure no surprises slow develop-
ment.
But Dr. Amesh Adalja, an infec-
tious disease physician and senior
scholar at the Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity Center for Health Security,
said that the administration
should “be prepared for things to
slow down once we get further
along.”
“All of the timelines are opti-
mistic,” he said. “Vaccine develop-
ment doesn’t always go as pre-
dicted. There are a lot of hiccups in
the production process.”
Democratic lawmakers on
Tuesday wrote to Mr. Azar with
concerns about how his depart-
ment was awarding contracts to
the pharmaceutical companies.
Representative James E.
Clyburn, Democrat of South Car-
olina and the chairman of the
House’s select committee on the
coronavirus, and Representative
Carolyn B. Maloney, Democrat of
New York and the chairwoman of
the Committee on Oversight and
Reform, said that they were “seek-
ing to determine whether these
contracts include provisions to en-
sure affordability and prevent
profiteering.”
“In 2016,” he said, “we kind of
drew a line in the sand.” The com-
pany decided to use rFC for new
injectable products even if addi-
tional work is required. It has
since had one new product, a mi-
graine medicine, approved in the
United States by the F.D.A.
On Monday, Mr. Bolden ex-
pressed disappointment with the
Pharmacopeia decision. “It prob-
ably looks like a three-to-four year
delay with no guarantee,” he said,
that rFC would be considered
equivalent to the LAL test.
Rob Anderson, the vice presi-
dent of global communications at
the U. S. Pharmacopeia, said that
more evidence is needed to show
the equivalence between the two
tests because of the many years of
data on LAL and a lack of data on
rFC.
Fouad Atouf, the vice president
of global biologics for the rFC, said
the reason for caution was that
“we are dealing with a safety test.”
And more evidence was needed
on rFC.
“We’re working to build that ev-
idence base and data,” Mr. Ander-
son said, “But we can’t put a time
on that.”
Dr. Bolden, at Eli Lilly, said that
given the delays his company will
continue using rFC but follow a
different path in submissions to
the F.D.A.
“We’ll just start using the Euro-
pean test chapter,” he said, refer-
ring to the European pharmaco-
peia’s inclusion of rFC, which
“goes live July 1.” He said the com-
pany had reason to believe the
F.D.A. would accept the informa-
tion from the European group,
which would, essentially, put the
alternative test and the traditional
one “on an even playing field.”
N A9
SMALL BUSINESSES
Bill to Assist
Firms Racing
To Use Loans
By EMILY COCHRANE
WASHINGTON — The Senate
gave final approval on Wednesday
to a measure that would relax the
terms of a federal loan program
for small businesses struggling
amid the pandemic, sending the
bill to President Trump’s desk for
his signature.
The legislation, approved over-
whelmingly by the House last
week to enact changes to the Pay-
check Protection Program, would
extend to 24 weeks from eight
weeks the period that small busi-
nesses would have to spend the
loan money. Without that change,
the time for businesses to use the
funds would have lapsed in only a
few days.
The measure passed unani-
mously on Wednesday evening
without the full Senate present,
marking a rare moment of biparti-
sanship during a fierce debate
over the next round of federal co-
ronavirus relief. Democrats have
pushed for another swift injection
of billions of dollars in spending,
while Republicans have urged re-
straint with a far leaner package.
Since its inception in the $2.2
trillion stimulus law passed in
March, the program has been
plagued by problems and contro-
versy, but it remains popular
among businesses and lawmak-
ers. Facing a flood of requests for
assistance, the program ran out of
money, and Congress moved in
April to inject an additional $320
billion into the initiative.
“The Senate has always com-
mitted to standing behind this
popular program,” Senator Mitch
McConnell, Republican of Ken-
tucky and the majority leader,
said on the Senate floor. “I’m
proud the Senate is sending it on
to the president’s desk to become
law.”
Senator Ron Johnson, Republi-
can of Wisconsin, initially ob-
AL DRAGO FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
Senator Mitch McConnell said
the Senate was “always com-
mitted” to the loan program.
jected on Wednesday to an at-
tempt by Democrats to pass the
legislation without a formal roll
call vote, telling his colleagues
that more clarity was needed
about the changes. To satisfy
those concerns, Mr. McConnell
submitted a letter clarifying that
the congressional intent was to
extend the time frame to spend
the loan money until the end of the
year, not the period by which to
apply for the program.
Senator Chuck Schumer of New
York, the Democratic leader,
praised the legislation, and said
that he and Senator Benjamin L.
Cardin, Democrat of Maryland,
spoke to Mr. Johnson about his
concerns. “This is an improve-
ment that is much-needed and
comes at the last minute, but not
too late,” Mr. Schumer said.
The legislation approved
Wednesday would eliminate a
number of restrictions in the pro-
gram, including limitations on
how the funds could be spent, in
an effort to make the initiative
more accessible to local restau-
rants, hotels and hospitality busi-
nesses.
It would also give companies
greater flexibility to use the loan
money on other business ex-
penses, like utilities and rent, by
lowering the amount required to
be spent on payroll to 60 percent,
from 75 percent.
But some lawmakers remained
concerned about the change to the
amount required to be spent on
payroll, with some Republicans
warning that the language could
result in some businesses being
penalized and required to repay
their loans in their entirety.
Senator Marco Rubio of Florida
and Susan Collins of Maine, the
Republican architects of the pro-
gram, said they were likely to pur-
sue legislation that would provide
a technical change that ensures
that businesses can have their
loans forgiven in some form re-
gardless of how they spend the
money.
“The fundamental challenge
was basically, you have a bunch of
people out there with loans that
are about to hit the eight-week
limit,” Mr. Rubio said earlier
Wednesday, calling the process “a
race against time.”
A10 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Tracking an Outbreak Hydroxychloroquine and Containment
NO BENEFIT
Malaria Drug Promoted by Trump Didn’t Prevent Infection, Study Finds
By DENISE GRADY
The malaria drug hydroxy-
chloroquine did not prevent
Covid-19 in a rigorous study of 821
people who had been exposed to
patients infected with the virus,
researchers from the University
of Minnesota and Canada are re-
porting on Wednesday.
The study was the first con-
trolled clinical trial of hydroxy-
chloroquine, a drug that President
Trump has repeatedly promoted
and recently taken himself. Con-
ducted in the United States and
Canada, this trial was the first to
test whether the drug could pre-
vent illness in people who have
been exposed to the coronavirus.
This type of study, in which pa-
tients are picked at random to re-
ceive either an experimental
treatment or a placebo, is consid-
ered the most reliable way to
measure the safety and effective-
ness of a drug. The participants
were health care workers and peo-
ple who had been exposed at
home to ill spouses, partners or
parents.
“The take-home message for
the general public is that if you’re
exposed to someone with
Covid-19, hydroxychloroquine is
not an effective post-exposure,
preventive therapy,” the lead au-
thor of the study, Dr. David R.
Boulware, from the University of
Minnesota, said in an interview.
The results are published in The
New England Journal of Medi-
cine.
“If we could find something that
would ameliorate infection, block
it or make it milder after a solid ex-
posure, that would be quite won-
derful,” said Dr. Judith Feinberg,
the vice chairwoman for research
in medicine at West Virginia Uni-
versity. “What we want to do is
limit the number of cases. There
was great hope riding on this.”
The president’s promotion of
the drug, and the backlash against
it, have politicized medical ques-
tions that would normally have
been left to researchers to answer
objectively. Trump supporters
and opponents have accused one
another of twisting facts about the
drug to make the president look
either right, or wrong.
But Mr. Trump has not stopped
touting the drug’s potential bene-
fits. On Sunday, his administration
announced that it was sending 2
million doses of the drug to Brazil,
Sheila Kaplan contributed report-
ing.
SLOWING THE SPREAD
Emerging Tools Make
Contact Tracing Easier,
But All Have Tradeoffs
By MATT RICHTEL
The handshake came first.
Then the high-five, fist bump and
more recently, the elbow touch.
Canadian researchers are now
working on a new greeting, the
CanShake.
It is not a mere salutation. The
CanShake — which involves peo-
ple shaking their phones at each
other upon meeting to transmit
contact information — is one of
many emerging concepts seeking
to use smartphones to do mass
contact tracing to track and con-
tain the spread of Covid-19. All in-
volve harnessing common con-
sumer technology to log people’s
location or movements and match
it against the location of people
known to be sick.
There are dozens of versions,
many already in practice around
the world, including in South Ko-
rea, Singapore, China, Italy and
Israel. But in the United States,
privacy concerns and absence of
national policy have made the ap-
proach slower to catch on.
Efforts are piecemeal. Google
and Apple have a partnership un-
derway to develop software for
smartphones that would enable
them to continuously log informa-
tion from other devices. The
Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology Media Lab has built con-
tact tracing technology, too. Three
states — Alabama, North Dakota
and South Dakota — have said
they have deployed or are devel-
oping apps for tracking the virus.
The experimentation is hap-
pening as states, counties and cit-
ies are working to train people for
the traditional, more arduous ap-
proach to contact tracing.
“There’s an army of contact
tracers being hired. Technology
can make this much more effi-
cient,” said Dr. Gunther Eysen-
bach, editor of the Journal of Med-
ical Internet Research, who is de-
veloping the CanShake.
George Rutherford, an epidemi-
ologist at the University of Califor-
nia, San Francisco, who is leading
training of 10,000 California con-
tact tracers, said digital ideas are
Researchers at the University of Minnesota working with coronavirus samples during a study of hydroxychloroquine in March.
to treat patients and help prevent
infection in health care workers. A
White House official said the two
countries would collaborate on re-
search into its use.
Early in the pandemic, the
drug's use was spurred by anec-
dotal reports from China and
France of patients who seemed to
improve and laboratory findings
of a possible antiviral effect. With
no proven treatment for Covid-19,
doctors have been desperate to
give severely ill patients some
kind of therapy.
Data from more recent studies
have been called into question in
the last week, furthering debates
over the drug’s role in trials
around the world. On Wednesday,
the World Health Organization
said it would resume trials it had
temporarily suspended over the
issues raised about data used in a
study in the Lancet.
Interest in the drug surged after
Mr. Trump began advocating it. It
is approved to treat rheumatoid
bubbling up. “We’ve gotten sev-
eral hundred people who want to
show us their stuff,” he said.
But, he said, they rely on smart-
phones, and some lower-income
people most at risk from Covid-19
don’t have them.
The traditional method of con-
tact tracing is time consuming
and labor-intensive. It takes about
90 minutes for each case, Dr.
Rutherford said — 60 minutes to
interview the person who tests
positive and 30 minutes to call or
send texts to all the people the sick
person remembers being in con-
tact with.
Whatever the technology, there
are trade-offs among the major
ways that the information can be
shared, stored and communicat-
ed: geolocation, Bluetooth and QR
codes.
Geolocation
This software typically runs in the
background on phones to help
with location services like Google
Maps. It can track people to within
about 30 feet of their location, and
be turned on and off voluntarily.
However, in other countries this
technology has worked partly be-
cause it has been used automati-
cally, with governments taking
the data without asking permis-
sion.
After 3,000 people from the Dia-
mond Princess cruise ship disem-
barked in Taiwan in late January
— some of whom were later found
to be infected — the Taiwanese
government tapped into geoloca-
tion data of individual cellphone
users to look for contacts between
its citizens and the passengers.
The technology found 627,386
residents of Taiwan who had been
in the vicinity of the passengers,
whose own location data was also
taken using other surveillance
methods: the buses they took, the
locations where they used credit
cards, security-camera footage
and their phone data.
Those residents all received
text messages and were offered
tests if they exhibited symptoms.
Of 67 people tested, none were
arthritis and lupus, as well as ma-
laria, and is considered safe for
those patients as long as they do
not have underlying abnormali-
ties in their heart rhythm.
Studies in very ill coronavirus
patients have linked the drug —
especially when combined with
the antibiotic azithromycin — to
dangerous heart-rhythm dis-
orders, and both the Food and
Drug Administration and the Na-
tional Institute of Allergy and In-
fectious Diseases have warned
that it should not be used outside
of clinical trials or carefully moni-
tored conditions in a hospital.
Some researchers say that
safety concerns about the drug
have been overblown, alarming
the public and making it difficult
to recruit participants for the
studies needed to determine
whether the drug has any value
for treatment or prevention.
The new study included 821
people from across the United
States and parts of Canada who
An officer in Paris checking the QR code on a driver’s phone during France’s lockdown in April.
positive. Dr. Eysenbach, who is an
author of a paper on the test, said
it was effective but “did not re-
quire informed consent” and
“would in the Western world be
perceived as very privacy inva-
sive.”
A report called “Apps Gone
Rogue,” published in April by the
M.I.T. Media Lab, found that
many international versions of
contact-tracing technology “ex-
pand mass surveillance, limit indi-
vidual freedoms and expose the
most private details about individ-
uals.”
That said, use of geolocation
software doesn’t have to invade
privacy, partly because it can be
turned off by a user who knows he
or she might be monitored. It also
is possible to build applications
that do not allow movement his-
tory to be seen by outside sources,
said Ramesh Raskar, an associate
professor at the M.I.T. Media Lab.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth, the technology that
your phone uses to communicate
with other devices, can connect
people to within a few feet of one
another and thus is more precise
than geolocation technology. But
it creates privacy risk given that
very precision.
The M.I.T. Media lab has devel-
oped a contact-tracing concept
that could use Bluetooth or geolo-
cation technology in ways its de-
had a either a high-risk or moder-
ate-risk exposure to a person who
had tested positive and was ill
from the coronavirus. None of the
participants had symptoms them-
selves. High-risk exposure meant
they were less than six feet from a
patient for more than 10 minutes,
with neither a mask nor a face
No notable advantage
in illness protection in
a rigorous trial.
shield. Moderate risk meant they
wore a mask, but no face shield.
About 88 percent had high-risk
exposures.
The participants, recruited on-
line, ranged in age from 33 to 50,
with a median age of 40. About
half were women, and 66 percent
of the total were health care work-
velopers say would not compro-
mise individual liberties.
Safe Paths runs in the back-
ground of a person’s phone — with
his or her permission — creating
and storing a history of move-
ments. If a person tested positive,
that individual’s history would be
downloaded to a database. After
that, other people who used the
service could run checks to see if
their own movements had inter-
sected with someone who tested
positive — “completely private,”
Mr. Raskar said, likening the idea
to someone checking for rain
without having to reveal his or her
location.
The project is being developed
with input from the Department of
Health and Human Services, Har-
vard University and the Mayo
Clinic. Mr. Raskar said several
countries and 15 cities and states
had expressed interest to M.I.T. in
the technology, but declined to
identify them.
Apple and Google also use Blue-
tooth to let jurisdictions develop
contact-tracing apps.
The companies’ technology of-
fers privacy protections and is “a
good-faith effort,” said Gaurav
Laroia, a lawyer for Free Press, a
nonprofit that is part of a consor-
tium that includes the American
Civil Liberties Union. The larger
issue, though, he said, is whether
people will choose to download
these apps.
CRAIG LASSIG/REUTERS
ers. They were healthy and had no
underlying problems that would
have made hydroxychloroquine
dangerous for them. Most of the
rest had been exposed at home, to
an infected spouse, partner or
parent.
Within four days of exposure,
the participants were picked at
random to receive either hydroxy-
chloroquine or a placebo, and then
followed to determine whether
they had either laboratory-con-
firmed Covid-19 or an illness con-
sistent with the virus, during the
next 14 days.
The drug or placebos were mai-
led to them, and they then re-
ported their symptoms online to
the researchers, who did not ex-
amine them.
Not all the participants could be
tested for the virus, because when
the study was being conducted,
there was still a shortage of test
kits.
There was no meaningful differ-
ence between the placebo group
FRANCOIS MORI/ASSOCIATED PRESS
Bluetooth is also the technology
behind the CanShake, an app in
early development. When two
people were near each other, they
would shake their phones at each
other to trigger a passing of their
contact information through a
Bluetooth connection. The data
would be logged in each phone.
Then, if either person got sick, the
information could be downloaded
by the authorities, who would —
with the user’s permission —
warn those in the contact log.
“The idea is to replace the hand-
shake with the CanShake. It al-
ludes to the idea that you ‘can
shake’ again — not your hands but
with your phone,” Mr. Eysenbac
said.
QR Codes
When coronavirus cases surged in
South Korea this winter, hospitals
there asked people seeking tests
or treatment to answer questions
on their phones before arriving,
including whether they had a fe-
ver or cough. After completing the
responses, each person was sent a
QR code to their phone.
When the person arrived at the
hospital, a scanner captured the
code and the individual’s informa-
tion and the person was directed
to get a coronavirus test or not.
Initially, this was seen as a way
to process people without paper-
work, said Dr. Ki Mo-ran, a profes-
sor at the National Cancer Center
and those who took the drug.
Among those taking hydroxy-
chloroquine, 49 of 414, or 11.8 per-
cent, became ill. In the placebo
group, 58 or 407, or 14.3 percent,
became ill. Analyzed statistically,
the difference between those
rates was not significant.
The drug also did not make the
illness any less severe.
Side effects like nausea from
hydroxychloroquine were more
common than from placebos, 40.1
percent compared with 16.8 per-
cent, but there were no problems
with heart rhythm or any other se-
rious adverse effects.
Infectious disease experts who
were not part of the study said it
was well done and answered an
important question, though the re-
sults were disappointing.
Dr. William Schaffner, an infec-
tious disease specialist at Vander-
bilt University, said: “This was a
large, randomized controlled trial
done by very good people. Hy-
droxychloroquine did not provide
a notable advantage.”
Noting that the drug had shown
some ability to prevent the virus
from infecting cells in laboratory
studies, Dr. Schaffner said, “Un-
fortunately that did not translate
into a beneficial effect in prevent-
ing the development of illness.”
The study did not address the
question of whether hydroxy-
chloroquine can prevent coro-
navirus infection if people take it
before they are exposed to a sick
patient. That possibility is being
studied in other clinical trials in-
volving health care workers and
emergency medical technicians
and other emergency medical
workers.
At a Senate hearing on the
F.D.A.’s oversight of foreign drug
manufacturing on Tuesday, Dem-
ocrats criticized the agency for its
decision in March to give an emer-
gency use authorization to hy-
droxychloroquine.
“The F.D.A., in my view, bowed
to the pressure and issued what’s
called an ‘emergency use author-
ization’ for the drug,” said Sen.
Ron Wyden of Oregon, the ranking
Democrat on the Senate Commit-
tee on Finance, which sponsored
the hearing. “Doing so threw open
the door to tens of millions of pills,
including some, directly related to
this hearing, manufactured inside
facilities in Pakistan and India
that have either failed F.D.A.’s in-
spection or never been inspected
by the F.D.A. at all.”
Graduate School of Cancer Sci-
ence and Policy.
Now, the country is considering
expanding the use of QR codes. In
May, Dr. Ki met with Prime Min-
ister Chung Sye-kyun to recom-
mend expansive use of the tech-
nology for contact tracing. In an
interview, Dr. Ki said she de-
scribed how it would scan visits by
people to larger gatherings at
restaurants, churches and night
clubs, for example.
The proposed expansion of this
technology was prompted, she
said, by an outbreak that began in
a nightclub. The government’s
policy at the time was that visitors
to such gatherings were required
to sign in and leave their contact
information.
But she said that 30 percent of
the visitors to the nightclub could
not be found because there was
such a rush of people that not ev-
eryone gave information or par-
tial data that could not be traced.
Under the new rules, she said,
“people would generate a QR
code, rather than writing down”
their information. That code
would be scanned when they en-
tered and the information “would
be connected to the government,”
which, in the event of outbreak,
could look for intersections be-
tween the sick and those nearby.
The government is exploring
this idea of a “digital visitors list,”
for a six-month test at nightclubs,
restaurants and bars. The govern-
ment would collect the data but
would delete it after four weeks if
it was not needed to trace an out-
break.
The report from M.I.T. Media
Lab noted that one source of
abuse from all three technologies
was that governments broadcast
the location of people who were in-
fected. Singapore published maps
designating whereabouts of in-
fected citizens while Korea sent
text messages about their loca-
tions. It didn’t identify people by
name, the report said, but it noted
that divulging locations was still
“making these places, and the
businesses occupying them, sus-
ceptible to boycott, harassment,
and other punitive measures.”
Dr. Ki acknowledged that pri-
vacy was a critical concern, but
cautioned that protecting public
health may be worth trade-offs.
“Privacy is a very important is-
sue,” she said, “but nowadays
even though we try to protect per-
sonal privacy, it’s very critical to
save the community, so we have to
find the very appropriate bal-
ance.”
THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 A11
N

Found in the Crowd: Preserving the Histories of the Nazis’ Victims

Stuck at home, thousands join
an online effort to index records
of World War II-era atrocities.

By ANDREW CURRY
While the coronavirus pandemic has
painfully upended lives and businesses
around the world, the lockdowns it has
caused are providing a unique boost for
one group’s effort to help heal a genera-
tions-old wound: Nazi atrocities.
As the virus prompted lockdowns
across Europe, the director of the
Arolsen Archives — the world’s largest
devoted to the victims of Nazi persecu-
tion — joined millions of others working
remotely from home and spending a lot
more time in front of her computer.
“We thought, ‘Here’s an opportunity,’ ”
said the director, Floriane Azoulay. ERIC SCHWAB/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES AROLSEN ARCHIVES

Two months later, the archive’s “Every

Name Counts” project has attracted
thousands of online volunteers to work
as amateur archivists, indexing names
from the archive’s enormous collection
of papers. To date, they have added over
120,000 names, birth dates and prisoner
numbers in the database.
“There’s been much more interest
than we expected,” Ms. Azoulay said.
“The fact that people were locked at
home and so many cultural offerings
have moved online has played a big role.”
It’s a big job: The Arolsen Archives are
the largest collection of their kind in the
world, with more than 30 million original
documents. They contain information on
the wartime experiences of as many as
40 million people, including Jews execut-
ed in extermination camps and forced la-
borers conscripted from across Nazi-oc-
cupied Europe.
The documents, which take up 16 miles
of shelving, include things like train
manifests, delousing records, work de-
tail assignments and execution records.
Gathered up by the Allied forces after
World War II and stored in a small town
north of Frankfurt, the material was
used by the International Committee of
the Red Cross after the war to help re-
unite thousands of families and help
many more reach some sort of closure.
The archive began scanning and digi-
tizing its collection in the late 1980s. In
the last year, 26 million scanned docu-
ments have been posted online. For de-
scendants, relatives, historians and curi-
ous members of the public, the online col-
lection is a singular resource.
“No one can overstate the importance SWEN PF’RTNER/PICTURE-ALLIANCE, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS
of that archive,” said Deborah Dwork, a The Arolsen Archives’ more than 30 million original documents take up 16 miles of shelving. Prisoners, top left, after the liberation of the Buchenwald camp,
Holocaust historian at the Graduate Cen-
whose records are included in the archives. A card from the Dachau camp, top right, for Prince Xavier de Bourbon-Parma, a claimant to the Spanish throne.
ter of the City University of New York.
“It’s quintessential.”
Yet searching the records for specific That’s where crowdsourcing comes in. days, prisoner numbers and other de- think, ‘It could have been my neighbor, or Mr. Gouveia’s most memorable find:
people remains difficult. Most of the ar- In 2019, Ms. Azoulay sought help from tails into a form. To ensure that data is my son,’” Mr. Weber said. “It’s really Prince Xavier de Bourbon-Parma, Da-
chive’s collection — particularly hand- Zooniverse, a crowdsourcing platform accurate, the information must be en- spooky.” chau prisoner 101057 — and claimant to
written prisoner lists from concentration that allows volunteers to contribute to tered the same way by three different us- Helping the effort is the fact that the the Spanish throne. “The thing I took
camps and other hard-to-read material academic research projects by analyzing ers. vast majority of the records — which away the most is how diverse the people
— is not indexed by name. large data sets a little bit at a time. Conflicting entries are referred back to mostly involve names and dates — are were,” he said. “There were special tar-
“We’ve had 20 or 30 staffers indexing It seemed a strange fit at first. Many the archive’s staff of professional archi- accessible to non-German speakers. gets, but it was pretty much everybody
documents day in and day out for 20 Zooniverse projects are science-related, vists and historians, who monitor discus- When the pandemic resulted in the that could be caught in their net.”
years, but we have 30 million docu- relying on volunteers to log video of mi- sion boards to answer questions about closing of borders across Europe, Fer- Indexing the names has a practical
ments,” Ms. Azoulay said. “It’s just not grating herring, for example, or to spot cryptic abbreviations, professions and nando Gouveia’s vacation rental busi- purpose for historians and the relatives
asteroids in images taken by the Hubble confusing names. ness in Portugal collapsed. Since the au- of victims. But Mr. Shapiro of the Holo-
feasible to do it all ourselves.”
Space Telescope. Some of the documents are straight- thorities there issued a shelter-in-place caust Museum says the project’s great-
Over the past five years, the archive
But after a successful test run in Janu- forward. Dachau’s records are mostly in- order, he has spent hours each day enter- est value may be as a tool to help people
has turned to private companies, includ-
ary with student volunteers from 26 Ger- dividual index cards, with names and ing the names of Dachau concentration trace their relatives’ fates and to keep
ing Ancestry.com, in an effort to acceler- the past alive.
man high schools, Ms. Azoulay decided birth dates printed neatly in block let- camp inmates while under a lockdown at
ate the process of extracting names, ters. his home in Vila Real, Portugal.
to move forward slowly, and planned to “These collections are an insurance
birth dates and other identifying details. open the project to more schools in Au- Others are more of a challenge. At “I’m really interested in World War II,” policy against forgetting,” he said. “A real
Faced with scans of mid-20th-century gust as part of the archive’s educational Sachsenhausen, a camp outside Berlin he said, “so this was the right project at document is concrete proof. By inviting
German cursive, smudged stamps and mission. where thousands of political and other the right time.” people to enter names in the database, it
decayed paper, computers could take the Then the pandemic broke out. prisoners were sent from 1936 to 1945, The lists and cards are sparse but brings them in direct contact with evi-
effort only so far. “The documents aren’t “That’s when we decided to scale up bureaucrats produced binders full of evocative. A few minutes indexing the dence that screams authenticity.”
homogeneous, and it’s difficult for a ma- quite quickly,” she said. On April 24, the lists. Some are written in cramped, Dachau records is enough to get a sense Ms. Azoulay hopes those sorts of en-
chine to read the names properly,” Ms. archive posted tens of thousands of docu- nearly illegible cursive. of how sprawling the Nazis’ terror appa- counters establish the Arolsen Archive
Azoulay said. ments from the Buchenwald, Dachau Participants say they relish the chal- ratus was, in both geography and time. as a sort of “digital monument,” particu-
She estimates that half of the approxi- and Sachsenhausen concentration lenge and the opportunity to make a A prisoner card for Karl Fröhlich larly at a time when traveling to concen-
mately 40 million names in the archive camps to Zooniverse. Soon, volunteers meaningful contribution. Andreas Web- shows that the Viennese musician was 16 tration camps and museums is out of
are still missing from its database. from around the world were poring over er, a medical physicist in Berlin, esti- when he was sent to Dachau in 1939. Jan reach.
And finishing the job is a priority. “Oth- the records, picking out names to add to mates that he has entered 1,200 names in Cieslak was sent there from Poland less “Strangers are indexing the names of
erwise the names are lost,” said Paul the database. the past few weeks, mostly in five- or 10- than a year later. Genö Fischer, a Hun- people who were persecuted,” she said.
Shapiro, the director of international re- The process is straightforward. Volun- minute intervals while at home with his garian Jew, arrived in 1944, around the “That’s very intimate and moving. In
lations at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial teers call up an index card or handwrit- children. same time as Ibrahim Dzinalic, a Muslim terms of awareness, a crowdsourcing
Museum in Washington. ten prisoner list and type names, birth- “You see the name for a moment and from Sarajevo. project is a wonderful thing.”

German Suspected in British Girl’s Disappearance

By MELISSA EDDY
and KATRIN BENNHOLD
BERLIN — After more than a decade
of inquiries in at least three European
countries, a German sex offender is un-
der investigation on suspicion of murder
in the 2007 disappearance of Madeleine
McCann, a British girl who went missing
at age 3 from a hotel room in Portugal,
the authorities in Germany said Wednes-
day.
The 43-year-old man, whose identity
was not released, lived in Portugal off
and on from 1995 to 2007.
He has a criminal record for sexual
abuse of children and is in prison serving
a sentence for an unrelated sexual crime
and a drug offense, Christian Hoppe, a
criminal investigator for Germany’s
Federal Criminal Police, said on public
television on Wednesday night.
On May 3, 2007, Madeleine, who was
about to turn 4, disappeared while stay-
ing at a holiday resort with her family
and a group of their friends in Praia da
Luz, a seaside town in the Algarve region
of Portugal. Her parents said they had
Melissa Eddy and Katrin Bennhold re-
ported from Berlin, and Benjamin Muel-
ler from London. Raphael Minder con-
tributed reporting from Madrid.
left her asleep with her siblings, twins
who were 2 at the time, while they ate in a
nearby restaurant.
The girl’s disappearance dominated
European headlines for years and
sparked an international manhunt. Mil-
lions of dollars were offered in rewards to
help find her abductor or abductors; her
parents, Kate and Gerry McCann, both
Roman Catholics, appealed to Pope Ben-
edict XVI for help.
The Portuguese police were accused
of bungling an initial investigation that
failed to produce concrete leads and in-
stead added to the controversy by in-
cluding Madeleine’s parents as suspects.
For years, the couple kept their daugh-
ter’s name in headlines in the hope of
finding her alive. Their campaign criss-
crossed Europe and fueled dozens of re-
ports of sightings and false alarms from
Spain to Belgium to Morocco.
But in his appearance on Wednesday
on a German unsolved-crimes TV show,
Mr. Hoppe, of the German police, dashed
any hopes that she might still be found,
13 years later.
The evidence discovered, he said,
leads “to the assumption that Madeleine
was the victim of a homicide.”
Still, even with a suspect identified, the
crime is still being investigated, and Mr.
Hoppe appealed to viewers to call in with
any possible recollection or tip they had,
in hopes of finally resolving the case.
“Even the most minor detail is of great
meaning,” he said.
A German police statement released
on Wednesday promised 10,000 euros, or
$11,200, to anyone providing information
that helps to solve the case and provided
a link where photographs or other possi-
ble evidence could be submitted.
In London, the deputy assistant com-
missioner of the Metropolitan Police,
Stuart Cundy, said, “We are committed to
do everything we can to establish what
happened and to find Madeleine.”
Criminal investigators in Germany,
Britain and Portugal had been working
the case for years, with no leads.
The current suspect was listed among
hundreds of possible suspects back in
2007, but there was not enough informa-
tion to open an investigation, Mr. Hoppe
said. In 2013, a broadcast of the same
German public television show, “File
Number XY Unresolved,” appealed to
the public for information about the case,
and the suspect’s name came up again.
Still, the information was insufficient
for the police to take action, Mr. Hoppe
said.
But after the 10-year anniversary of
Madeleine’s disappearance, Detective
Chief Inspector Mark Cranwell, who is
METROPOLITAN POLICE
leading the Metropolitan Police investi-
gation into the case in Britain, said his in-
vestigators had received more informa-
tion about the German suspect.
Working off that tip, the German au-
thorities returned to the man and gath-
ered enough evidence to allow prosecu-
tors in the city of Braunschweig — near
the man’s last home in Germany before
he moved to Portugal — to open a prelim-
inary investigation that could lead to
homicide charges.
“It’s more than 13 years since
Madeleine went missing and none of us
can imagine what it must be like for her
family, not knowing what happened or
where she is,” Detective Chief Inspector
An undated photograph of Made-
leine McCann, who was 3 when she
disappeared in Portugal in 2007.
Cranwell said in a statement.
The German suspect, who would have
been 30 at the time of Madeleine’s disap-
pearance, had worked in restaurants but
also had a record of break-ins at hotels
and drug-dealing in the region where
Madeleine’s family was on vacation.
The night Madeleine vanished, the
suspect had a long telephone conversa-
tion from the area near Praia da Luz with
a person on a Portuguese cellphone. The
police are urging that person to come for-
ward as a witness.
They are also appealing to anyone who
might have noticed one of two conspicu-
ous vehicles the suspect used at the time.
One was a maroon Jaguar XJR-6, with a
German license plate that was changed
several times, including once on the day
after Madeleine disappeared. The other
was a white-and-yellow Volkswagen
camper van with a Portuguese license
plate. He is believed to occasionally have
lived in the van but did not own it.
In a statement distributed by the po-
lice in London, the McCanns said: “All
we have ever wanted is to find her, un-
cover the truth and bring those responsi-
ble to justice. We will never give up hope
of finding Madeleine alive but whatever
the outcome may be, we need to know, as
we need to find peace.”
A12 N THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

31 Years Later,
Tiananmen Sq.
Casts a Shadow
Over Hong Kong
By BRYANT ROUSSEAU
On every June 4 since 1990,
huge crowds of Hong Kongers
joined in a vigil to remember the
loss of lives, and the loss of ideals,
in Tiananmen Square in 1989,
when Chinese tanks and soldiers
crushed a monthslong protest in
Beijing calling for democratic
changes to China’s one-party rule.
This year, for the first time,
Hong Kong will not have the
chance to officially remember an
event it cannot forget.
The annual vigil was banned by
the territory’s authorities, who
said they were trying to curb the
spread of the coronavirus.
But the outlawing of the com-
memoration for the only time in
maybe thousands of protesters.
The memory of that massacre
has faded, or at least lost its urgen-
cy, in much of the world. But not in
Hong Kong.
The day after the crackdown
produced one of the most indelible
images in the history of visual
journalism: a lone man in a white
shirt standing in the way of four
tanks.
At the Hong Kong vigils that fol-
lowed, though, it was another
iconic image from Tiananmen
Square, this one more hopeful,
that was often highly visible — the
10-meter-tall Goddess of Democ-
racy, inspired by the Statue of Lib-
erty, which had stood over the Bei- LAM YIK FEI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

three decades comes when Hong
Kong has been experiencing its
own months of often-violent pro-
tests.
And it follows by only a few
days a move by the Chinese Com-
munist Party to approve a new
law that will allow for the suppres-
sion of what it considers subver-
sion, secession and seemingly any
acts that might threaten national
security in the semiautonomous
city.
The ban on the vigil also arrives
as China is trying to take advan-
tage of the current chaos in the
United States. Its goal is both to
spread its influence globally and
to tighten the internal grip of its
authoritarian leader, President Xi
Jinping.
In early 1989, change seemed
inevitable, unstoppable. The Sovi-
et Union was wobbling, and its
Iron Curtain across Eastern Eu-
rope was beginning to show signs
of cracking.
That spring, many hundreds of
thousands of peaceful protesters
— at first, mostly students, then a
wide cross section of Beijing
workers — gathered in Tianan-
men Square in the capital.
With the protests applying in-
tense pressure to the country’s
leadership, and with the eyes of
the world watching with mostly
hopeful anticipation, the demon-
strators’ calls for democracy ap-
peared poised to be realized.
Then, early in the morning of
June 4, the Chinese government
decided it would act, but not to
meet protesters’ demands. In-
stead, it ordered the military to
jing protesters and was smashed JUNE 4, 2019 A candlelight vigil at Victoria Park in Hong Kong, an annual tribute to protesters killed in Tiananmen Square in 1989.
in the crackdown.
Year after year, the vigils in
Hong Kong drew enormous
crowds. Those attending were not
only commemorating the deaths
in Beijing but embodying the
rights given them for 50 years in
the 1997 handover agreement be-
tween Britain and China — free-
dom of assembly and a free press
— which had always seemed frag-
ile with an authoritarian giant
next door.
Last year’s vigil was both par-
ticularly large and extra poign-
ant; it came less than three
months after the introduction of a
bill in Hong Kong’s Legislature
that would have allowed the extra-
dition of criminal suspects to
China. That bill, since withdrawn,
incited the protests that have
swept Hong Kong.
Those protests, which raged
last year, were largely curtailed by
the coronavirus pandemic and the
social distancing rules put in place
to combat it.
Hong Kong in recent weeks has
been emerging from its lockdown
relatively unscathed, with only
four reported deaths. The expec-
tations were that the protests
would pick up again.
But the threat posed by the new
security law, which was con-
demned by the Trump administra-
tion, seems to have achieved one
of its goals of diminishing the size
and potency of the protests.
The banning of this year’s Tian-
anmen vigil underscored that
Hong Kong’s freedoms are enter- CATHERINE HENRIETTE/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES

clear the square, killing hundreds, ing an uncertain phase. JUNE 2, 1989 Tiananmen Square, Beijing, two days before the government’s lethal suppression of the pro-democracy protest.

Britain Is Willing to Take In 3 Million People From Hong Kong, Johnson Says
From Page A1
China proceeds to justify their
fears, then Britain could not in
good conscience shrug our shoul-
ders and walk away; instead we
will honor our obligations and pro-
vide an alternative.”
Mr. Johnson’s offer applies to
Hong Kong residents whose pass-
ports bear the insignia of the
British government — reflecting
their status in the territory before
it returned to Chinese sovereignty
in 1997 — but do not confer the
rights of citizenship that come
with an ordinary British passport.
China has angrily rejected the
idea, declaring that Britain has no
right to make such an offer to
Hong Kong residents who are Chi-
nese nationals. It is not clear
whether the Chinese authorities
would allow those passport hold-
ers to leave or, if not, what re-
course Britain would have to get
them out of Hong Kong.
For Mr. Johnson, the crisis illus-
trates both the pull of Britain’s co-
lonial past and the perils of its
post-Brexit future.
The new security law in Hong
Kong could, for all intents and pur-
poses, eviscerate the Sino-British
agreement that returned Hong
Kong to Chinese sovereignty. At
the same time, Britain, no longer
insulated by its membership in
the European Union, is eager to
forge new trading relationships
with economic powers around the
world, and China is high on that
list.
Mr. Johnson’s effort to stand up
for people with British overseas
passports in Hong Kong could
threaten his economic agenda.
“London doesn’t want to have a
Hong Kong crisis,” said Steve
Tsang, director of the SOAS China
Tiffany May contributed reporting
from Hong Kong. Claire Fu con-
tributed research from Beijing and
Anna Joyce from Dublin.
Institute in London.
Polls show there is broad popu-
lar support for Mr. Johnson’s offer
of visas to passport holders. But it
is not clear how long that support
would last if a huge number of im-
migrants came to Britain at a time
when its economy is reeling under
the effects of a coronavirus lock-
down.
“The last thing London wants is
to have three million British over-
seas passport holders coming to
the U.K.,” Mr. Tsang added.
Britain has barely put to rest its
debate over Brexit, which was fu-
eled in large part by fears of un-
trammeled immigration. Those
fears also contributed to Mr. John-
son’s landslide election victory
last year.
Given all the uncertainty, few
A broadcast in Hong Kong about a proposed law that would tighten Beijing’s control over the city.
analysts expect millions of people
from Hong Kong to flood into Brit-
ain. In the short run, the policy
might be most helpful for students
from the city who are studying in
Britain on temporary visas. Some
of those young people were active
in the pro-democracy demonstra-
tions at home and worry about be-
ing forced to go back if there is a
draconian new security law in
place.
After the law was announced,
some people in Hong Kong rushed
to renew their British passports,
while others expressed skepti-
cism that Britain would move for-
ward and grant citizenship.
“I see it as an option to go some-
where else to start over,” said
Phoenix Wong, a 33-year-old so-
cial worker. “That would give me
peace of mind, as I am very wor-
ried about Hong Kong’s future.”
But Perrie Tsui, a 25-year-old
swim instructor, said, “I don’t
think the U.K. government will
put politics on a higher agenda
than economics.”
Human rights groups ap-
plauded Mr. Johnson’s immigra-
tion pledge, as did lawmakers
from his Conservative Party. His
fellow Tories have called on him to
challenge China’s aggressive
moves, whether against pro-
testers in Hong Kong or govern-
ments in Africa, where Beijing is
accused of predatory lending
practices.
“The attacks on the civil rights
of Hong Kongers are not just
about Hong Kong,” said Tom Tu-
gendhat, a Conservative member
LAM YIK FEI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
of Parliament and chairman of the
Foreign Affairs Select Committee.
“They are about the undermining
of the rule of law around the world
and its replacement with the rule
of force.”
Mr. Tugendhat recently became
chairman of the China Research
Group, a collection of Conserva-
tive lawmakers who aim to scruti-
nize China’s global ambitions and
develop more robust policies for
dealing with them. Among the
group’s first targets: how China
suppressed information about the
roots of the coronavirus pan-
demic.
As in the United States, atti-
tudes in Britain toward China
have hardened noticeably in the
last few months. In January, Mr.
Johnson rebuffed an appeal by
President Trump to keep the Chi-
nese telecommunications com-
pany Huawei out of Britain’s ad-
vanced digital network. Now, ana-
lysts predicted, Mr. Johnson is
likely to yield to pressure from his
own party to tighten restrictions
on Huawei’s access.
China’s harsh crackdown on
Hong Kong has added to those
pressures. Mr. Johnson, analysts
say, cannot stand by as the Chi-
nese undo the Sino-British Joint
Declaration, which was signed by
Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher and the Chinese pre-
mier, Zhao Ziyang, in 1984. The
agreement guarantees Hong
Kong a high degree of autonomy,
under the formula known as “one
country, two systems,” until 2049.
But even in those years, Mrs.
Thatcher worried about an influx
of Hong Kong residents into Brit-
ain before the handover. In 1981,
her government reclassified
British subjects in the colony as
British dependent territories citi-
zens and stipulated that they did
not have an automatic right to live
and work in Britain.
Since the handover, China has
treated all Hong Kong Chinese as
Chinese nationals. In a compro-
mise with Britain, those formerly
designated as British dependent
territories citizens were allowed
to continue carrying British na-
tional overseas passports, though
until now, that did not come with
an automatic right of residence in
Britain.
“It’s a welcome and significant
development, particularly given
that the current government in
the U.K. is generally averse to im-
migration,” said Sophie Rich-
ardson, the China director at Hu-
Balancing a colonial
past with the perils of
a post-Brexit economy.
man Rights Watch. “The $64,000
question in our mind is, ‘What else
will the U.K. do?’ ”
Britain has tried to put together
a coalition of countries to pressure
Beijing into pulling back on the se-
curity law.
But at home, critics said, the
British government could still de-
press the flow of immigrants by
erecting other barriers to citizen-
ship. Others pointed to a discrep-
ancy between Mr. Johnson’s offer,
which extended to nearly three
million people, and the proposal
made earlier by the foreign secre-
tary, Dominic Raab, which ap-
peared limited to the 350,000 peo-
ple who currently hold passports.
Then there is the blunt question
of what Britain would do if the Chi-
nese government refuses to let
people leave.
“With the Chinese government
under Xi Jinping, we cannot rule
out the possibility that they won’t
be allowed to leave,” Mr. Tsang
said, referring to China’s leader.
“We don’t have gunboats to
send to Hong Kong to get them out
of there.”

MAY 19, 2020 Paramilitary police officers outside the Forbidden City in Beijing days before the annual meeting of China’s legislature.
JUNE 5, 1989 A man confronting tanks and calling for an end to the violence against protesters was pulled away by bystanders.
In Retaliatory Move, U.S. Will Bar Flights, In or Out, by Chinese Passenger Airlines
By NIRAJ CHOKSHI
and ANA SWANSON
The Trump administration said
on Wednesday that it would block
Chinese passenger airlines from
flying into or out of the United
States starting on June 16 in re-
sponse to a similar ban by the Chi-
nese government on American
companies, further escalating
tensions between the world’s two
biggest economies.
Relations between the coun-
tries have deteriorated sharply in
recent weeks as officials scuffled
over the origin of the pandemic
and China’s move to tighten its au-
thority over Hong Kong, a semiau-
tonomous city. With the election
just five months away, President
Trump and his campaign have
taken a much tougher stand
against China, blaming its govern-
ment for allowing the coronavirus
to turn into a pandemic and wreck
the American economy.
The aviation dispute threatens
to further chill economic relations
and disrupt business ties between
the United States and China.
Flights between the countries
were already sharply curtailed by
the pandemic and Chinese restric-
tions on foreign airlines that effec-
tively halted trips by United Air-
lines, Delta Air Lines and Ameri-
can Airlines, the major U.S. carri-
ers that go there.
China’s aviation regulators said
on March 26 that they would limit
foreign carriers to one flight per
week based on schedules that
were in place earlier that month.
But those three airlines had al-
ready stopped service to the coun-
try by then because of the coro-
navirus. Chinese airlines were
continuing to fly to American cit-
ies.
The Chinese restrictions be-
came a problem only in recent
weeks, as Delta and United sought
to resume flights to China in June.
Both carriers appealed to the Civil
Aviation Authority of China, but
did not receive a response. U.S.
At a Shanghai airport on May 21. Delta and United have sought to resume flights to China.
Transportation Department offi-
cials also pressed Chinese offi-
cials to change their position dur-
ing a call on May 14, arguing that
China was in violation of a 40-
year-old agreement that governs
flights between the two countries
and calls for rules that “equally
apply to all domestic and foreign
carriers” in both countries.
China’s aviation authority told
American officials that it was con-
sidering amending its rule, but it
has not said “definitively” when
that might happen, the Trans-
portation Department said in the
filing on Wednesday announcing
its decision to suspend flights. The
department said it was “fully pre-
pared” to revisit its order if China
allowed U.S. airlines to fly again.
“Our overriding goal is not the
perpetuation of this situation, but
rather an improved environment
THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
NICOLAS ASFOURI/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
wherein the carriers of both par-
ties will be able to exercise fully
their bilateral rights,” it said.
Delta said in a statement that it
still hoped to restart flights to
China as soon as next week, pend-
ing approval, and that the airline
appreciated the federal govern-
ment’s intervention. United said it
would fly to China “when the regu-
latory environment allows us to
do so.”
More than 8.5 million pas-
sengers traveled on direct flights
between the United States and
China in 2018, the last year for
which the Transportation Depart-
ment has complete data. United
flew about 17 percent of those pas-
sengers, second only to Air Chi-
na’s more than 19 percent. Delta
ranked fifth, behind China East-
ern Airlines and China Southern
Airlines, carrying just over 10 per-
JEFF WIDENER/ASSOCIATED PRESS
ALY SONG/REUTERS
cent of passengers.
Elizabeth Economy, the direc-
tor for Asia studies at the Council
on Foreign Relations, said the
United States should seek to form
a coalition with other countries to
demand that China treat foreign
airlines fairly. That would also be
in the interest of Chinese airlines,
which stand to lose access to ma-
jor international markets if Bei-
jing does not change its policies.
“As long as U.S. airlines and
passengers are willing to abide by
whatever testing and quarantine
rules Chinese airlines and their
passengers are following, there is
no reason why Chinese airlines
should be able to fly in and out of
the United States, while U.S. air-
lines cannot do the same,” Ms.
Economy said.
The dispute comes as the
Trump administration introduces
LAM YIK FEI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
MAY 24, 2020A Causeway Bay protest of the new security law.
The measure appears to have yielded smaller demonstrations.
CATHERINE HENRIETTE/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
Workers in Beijing supporting the students’ pro-de-
MAY 18, 1989
mocracy movement and a hunger strike then six days old.
JEFF WIDENER/ASSOCIATED PRESS
several new restrictions on com-
panies doing business with China,
citing human rights and security
considerations.
In mid-May, the Trump admin-
istration expanded restrictions on
Huawei, the Chinese telecom firm,
and blocked a U.S. government
pension fund from investing in
China. On May 22, it added more
than 30 Chinese companies and
institutions to a blacklist that re-
stricts their access to American
technology. The Commerce De-
partment said Wednesday that
those new restrictions would take
effect on Friday.
Last Friday, Mr. Trump also
said that he would end some as-
pects of the American govern-
ment’s special relationship with
Hong Kong, which is exempt from
the new aviation order, and that
his administration would place
sanctions on officials responsible
for Beijing’s rollback of liberties in
the territory.
“The Chinese government has
continually violated its promises
to us and so many other nations,”
the president said at the time.
“The world is now suffering as a
result of the malfeasance of the
Chinese government.”
Chinese officials have tried to
walk a narrow line between main-
taining the country’s own tough
stance on the Trump administra-
tion and preserving its economic
relationship with the United
States. The Chinese government
has threatened to respond with its
own measures, including placing
U.S. companies on an “unreliable
entity list” that could restrict their
activities in China.
As ground zero of the pandemic,
China was the first country to see
aviation grind to a halt this year.
In January, American and Chi-
nese carriers operated about 325
weekly flights between the two
countries, according to the Trans-
portation Department. By mid-
February, only 20 remained, all of
them run by Chinese airlines.
N A13
MAY 27, 2020 Riot police offi-
cers and protesters clashing in
Causeway Bay in Hong Kong.
The end of the coronavirus
lockdown contributed to a
recent resurgence of the pro-
independence demonstrations.
LAM YIK FEI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
JUNE 4, 1989 Civilians holding
rocks as they stood on a gov-
ernment armored vehicle near
Changan Boulevard in Tianan-
men Square. The huge politi-
cal upheaval was about to end.
In March, that slowdown
spread worldwide, bringing air
travel to a screeching halt and
devastating the global aviation in-
dustry. By April, demand for
flights worldwide had fallen by
more than 94 percent, compared
with a year ago, according to the
International Air Transport Asso-
ciation.
But there have been signs in re-
cent weeks that demand is recov-
ering. The number of daily flights
rose from late April to late May,
countries are beginning to lift
travel bans and business confi-
dence is slowly recovering in key
markets, including China, the
United States and Germany,
Alexandre de Juniac, IATA’s chief
executive, said in a statement on
Wednesday.
“The initial green shoots will
take time — possibly years — to
mature,” he said.
To accelerate that recovery, air-
lines are taking a wide range of
measures aimed at addressing
health concerns, including requir-
ing masks for passengers and em-
ployees, leaving some seats
empty, conducting temperature
screenings and even, in some
cases, drawing blood to test for
the coronavirus.
In the United States, airlines
are seeing a tepid recovery. In
mid-April, the number of people
screened at federal airport check-
points was down as much as 96
percent, compared with last year.
On Tuesday, it was down 88 per-
cent.
To offset that devastating loss in
revenue, many airlines, Delta and
United among them, began using
otherwise idled passenger planes
for all-cargo flights, many of
which transported crucial medical
supplies from China to the United
States and other countries. Those
flights were unaffected by China’s
March ruling and Wednesday’s
Transportation Department or-
der.
A14
PHILANDO CASTILE, 2016 Mr. Castile was killed at a traffic stop in the suburbs, in a case that drew widespread attention after his girlfriend live-streamed the aftermath. The officer was acquitted.
In Minneapolis, Police Numbers Tell a Stark Story
By RICHARD A. OPPEL Jr.
and LAZARO GAMIO
Video of George Floyd’s last
conscious moments horrified the
nation, spurring protests that
have led to curfews and National
Guard interventions in many
large cities.
But for the black community in
Minneapolis — where Mr. Floyd
died after an officer pressed a
knee into his neck for 8 minutes 46
seconds — seeing the police use
some measure of force is dis-
turbingly common.
About 20 percent of Minneapo-
lis’s population of 430,000 is black.
But when the police get physical
— with kicks, neck holds, punches,
shoves, takedowns, Mace, Tasers
or other forms of muscle — nearly
60 percent of the time the person
subject to that force is black. And
that is according to the city’s own
figures.
Community leaders say the fre-
quency with which the police use
force against black residents
helps explain a fury in the city that
goes beyond Mr. Floyd’s death,
which the medical examiner ruled
a homicide.
Since 2015, the Minneapolis po-
lice have documented using force
about 11,500 times. For at least
6,650 acts of force, the subject of
that force was black.
By comparison, the police have
used force about 2,750 times
against white people, who make
up about 60 percent of the popula-
tion.
All of that means that the police
in Minneapolis used force against
black people at a rate at least sev-
en times that of white people dur-
ing the past five years.
Those figures reflect the total
number of acts of force used by
the Minneapolis police since 2015.
So if an officer slapped, punched
and body-pinned one person dur-
ing the same scuffle, that may be
counted as three separate acts of
force. There have been about
5,000 total episodes since 2015 in
which the police used at least one
act of force on someone.
The disparities in the use of
force in Minneapolis parallel large
racial gaps in vital measures in
the city, like income, education
and unemployment, said David
Schultz, a professor at Hamline
University in St. Paul who has
studied local police tactics for two
decades.
“It just mirrors the disparities
of so many other things in which
Minneapolis comes in very badly,”
Mr. Schultz said.
When he taught a course years
ago on potential liability officers
face in the line of duty, Mr. Schultz
said, he would describe Minne-
apolis as “a living laboratory on
everything you shouldn’t do when
it comes to police use of force.”
Mr. Schultz credits the current
police chief, Medaria Arradondo,
for seeking improvements but
said that in a lot of respects the de-
partment still operates like it did
decades ago.
“We have a pattern that goes
back at least a generation,” Mr.
Schultz said.
The protests in Minneapolis
have also been fueled by memo-
ries of several black men killed by
police officers who either never
faced charges or were acquitted.
They include Jamar Clark, 24,
shot in Minneapolis in 2015 after,
prosecutors said, he tried to grab
an officer’s gun; Thurman Blev-
ins, 31, shot in Minneapolis in 2018
as he yelled, “Please don’t shoot
me,” while he ran through an al-
ley; and Philando Castile, 32,
whose girlfriend live-streamed
the aftermath of his 2016 shooting
in a Minneapolis suburb.
The officer seen in the video
pressing a knee into Mr. Floyd’s
neck, Derek Chauvin, was fired
from the force and charged with
manslaughter and third-degree
murder. Minneapolis police offi-
cials did not respond to questions
about the type of force he used.
The city’s use-of-force policy
covers chokeholds, which apply
direct pressure to the front of the
neck, but those are considered
deadly force to be used only in the
most extreme circumstances.
Neck restraints are also part of
the policy, but those are explicitly
defined only as putting direct
pressure on the side of the neck —
and not the trachea.
“Unconscious neck restraints,”
in which an officer is trying to ren-
der someone unconscious, have
been used 44 times in the past five
years — 27 of those on black peo-
ple.
For years, experts say, many
police departments around the
country have sought to move
away from neck restraints and
chokeholds that might constrict
the airway as being just too risky.
Dave Bicking, a former mem-
ber of the Minneapolis civilian po-
lice review authority, said the tac-
tic used on Mr. Floyd was not a
neck restraint under city policy
because it resulted in pressure to
the front of Mr. Floyd’s neck.
If anything, he said, it was an
unlawful type of body-weight pin,
a category that is the most fre-
quently deployed type of force in
the city: Since 2015, body-weight
pinning has been used about 2,200
times against black people, more
than twice the number of times it
was used against whites.
Mr. Bicking, a board member of
Communities United Against Po-
lice Brutality, a Minnesota-based
group, said that since 2012 more
than 2,600 civilian complaints
have been filed against Minneapo-
lis police officers.
Other investigations have led to
some officers’ being terminated
or disciplined — like Mohamed
Noor, the officer who killed an
Australian woman in 2017 and was
later fired and convicted of third-
degree murder.
JAMAR CLARK, 2015 Mr. Clark was killed in what prosecutors say was a struggle over a
gun. Witnesses offered disputing accounts. No charges were filed in his death.
JIM MONE/ASSOCIATED PRESS, LEFT; STEPHEN MATUREN/GETTY IMAGES, ABOVE
Black people in Minneapolis as a share of ...
Population 19%
Police officers 9%
Subjects of police 58%
use of force
Types of force used by Minneapolis police
TYPE OF FORCE SHARE USED ON BLACK PEOPLE TOTAL
Gunpoint display 68% 171
Chemical irritants 66% 1,748
Neck restraints 66% 258
Improvised weapon 64% 115
Dogs 61% 77
Body-weight pin 60% 3,630
Taser 60% 785 DAVID JOLES/STAR TRIBUNE, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS
THURMAN BLEVINS, 2018 Mr. Blevins, 31, was killed
Takedowns, joint locks 59% 1,820
as he ran from the police, shouting for them not
Restraint techniques 59% 127
to shoot him. The officers were not charged.
Hitting 58% 2,159
But, Mr. Bicking said, in only a
Other methods 56% 110 dozen cases involving 15 officers
has any discipline resulted from a
civilian complaint alleging mis-
conduct. The worst punishment,
Uses of force in Minneapolis by year he said, was 40 hours of unpaid
suspension.
“That’s a week’s unpaid vaca-
3,000 tion,” said Mr. Bicking, who con-
Uses of tends that the city has abjectly
force in failed to discipline wayward offi-
2019
cers, which he said contributed to
2,000 last week’s tragedy. He noted that
41%
the former officer now charged
with Mr. Floyd’s murder had faced
All others
at least 17 complaints.
1,000
59% “If discipline had been consis-
tent and appropriate, Derek Chau-
Black
vin would have either been a
people
much better officer, or would have
0 been off the force,” he said. “If dis-
’10 ’15 ’19
cipline had been done the way it
should be done, there is virtually
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; Bureau of Justice Statistics; City of Minneapolis. Note: Police
use-of-force data was retrieved on May 29, 2020, and shows cases up to May 26, 2020. no chance George Floyd would be
Instances of use of force for which race information was not available are not shown in the charts. dead now.”
LAZARO GAMIO AND RICHARD A. OPPEL JR. / THE NEW YORK TIMES The city’s use-of-force numbers
almost certainly understate the
true number of times force is used
on the streets, Mr. Bicking said.
But he added that even the official
reported data go a long way to ex-
plain the anger in Minneapolis.
“This has been years and years
in the making,” he said. “George
Floyd was just the spark.”
Fears that the Minneapolis po-
lice may have an uncontrollable
problem appeared to prod state of-
ficials into action Tuesday. The
governor, Tim Walz, a Democrat,
said the State Department of Hu-
man Rights launched an investi-
gation into whether the police de-
partment “engaged in systemic
discriminatory practices towards
people of color” over the past dec-
ade. One possible outcome: a
court-enforced decree requiring
major changes in how the force
operates.
Announcing the inquiry, Gover-
nor Walz pledged to “use every
tool at our disposal to deconstruct
generations of systemic racism in
our state.”
While some activists believe the
Minneapolis department is one of
the worst-behaving urban forces
in the country, comparative na-
tional numbers on use of force are
JIM MONE/ASSOCIATED PRESS
hard to come by.
According to Philip M. Stinson,
a criminologist at Bowling Green
THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
State University, some of the most
thorough U.S. data comes from a
study by the Justice Department
published in November 2015: The
study found that 3.5 percent of
black people said they had been
subject to nonfatal force — or the
threat of such force — during their
most recent contact with the po-
lice, compared with 1.4 percent of
white people.
Minneapolis police officials did
not respond to questions about
their data and use-of-force rates.
In other places, studies have
shown disparate treatment of
black people, such as in searches
during traffic stops. Some law en-
forcement officials have reasoned
that since high-crime areas are of-
ten disproportionately populated
by black residents, it is no sur-
prise that black residents would
be subject to more police encoun-
ters. (The same studies have also
shown that black drivers, when
searched, possessed contraband
no more often than white drivers.)
The Minneapolis data shows
that most use of force happens in
areas where more black people
live. Although crime rates are
higher in those areas, black peo-
ple are also subject to police force
more often than white people in
some mostly white and wealthy
neighborhoods, though the total
number of episodes in those areas
is small.
Mr. Stinson, who is also a for-
mer police officer, said he believes
that at some point during the ar-
rest of Mr. Floyd, the restraint ap-
plied to him became “intentional
premeditated murder.”
“In my experience, applying
pressure to somebody’s neck in
that fashion is always understood
to be the application of deadly
force,” Mr. Stinson said.
But equally revealing in the vid-
eo, he said, was that other officers
failed to intercede, despite know-
ing they were being filmed. He
said that suggests the same thing
that the use-of-force data also sug-
gest: That police in the city “rou-
tinely beat the hell out of black
men.”
“Whatever that officer was do-
ing was condoned by his col-
leagues,” Mr. Stinson said. “They
didn’t seem surprised by it at all. It
was business as usual.”

Unrest in the Streets Voices and Charges
Without Clear Leadership, the New Activism Emerges Organically
By JOHN ELIGON
and KIMIKO de
FREYTAS-TAMURA
MINNEAPOLIS — In the sea of
hundreds of protesters who gath-
ered one evening this week near
the intersection where George
Floyd was killed, a lone voice rose
from the crowd.
“Everybody sit down,” it ur-
gently ordered.
Others chimed in — “Sit down!
Sit down!” — scolding those, even
journalists, who were slow to com-
ply.
A few minutes later, Tony Clark,
wearing a black face mask and an
earring with the inscription “Not
today Satan,” bounded toward the
center of the circle of seated bod-
ies and took the megaphone.
“Everybody stand up,” he com-
manded, contradicting the earlier
speaker’s instructions.
The crowd rose.
“The moment y’all sit down, the
moment they’re going to step on
y’all,” Mr. Clark, 27, said to rousing
applause. But a half-hour later, he
reversed his stance and told ev-
eryone to sit down again.
“Stop barking orders,” said
Davi Young, a Marine veteran,
twisting his face. “You’re not the
police.”
Welcome to 21st-century activ-
ism, where spontaneous and lead-
erless movements have been de-
fined by their organic births and
guided on the fly by people whose
preferences, motivations and
ideas may not always align.
The absence of organized lead-
ership does not mean the move-
ments — from the Arab Spring to
Occupy Wall Street to Black Lives
Matter — are rudderless.
Leveraging technology that
was unavailable to earlier genera-
tions, the activists of today have a
digital playbook. Often, it begins
with an injustice captured on vid-
eo and posted to social media.
Demonstrations are hastily ar-
ranged, hashtags are created and
before long, thousands have
joined the cause.
At the core is an egalitarian
spirit, a belief that everyone has a
voice, and that everyone’s voice
matters.
“This is much more than an or-
ganization. This is much more
than an individual,” said Nejah
Ibrahim, 26, sitting on the pave-
Jack Healy contributed reporting
from Denver.
3 More Officers Charged
In the Killing of Floyd
From Page A1
to remove a Robert E. Lee statue
in Richmond, and an additional
proposal emerged to remove
other Confederate monuments in
the city.
And in various states, poli-
ticians were considering new leg-
islation aimed at overhauling po-
lice procedures and systemic in-
equities, including a ban on choke-
holds in Colorado and a bill aimed
at minimizing the use of lethal
force in Wisconsin.
Some of the demonstrators who
have taken to the streets lauded
the new criminal charges against
the Minneapolis officers, who
were all fired last week, in a case
that set off waves of anger and
outrage since a video of Mr.
Floyd’s death became public.
Many had called for harsher
charges against Mr. Chauvin, who
was initially charged with third-
degree murder, and for charges
against the other officers. Still,
many protesters said the new
charges would not quell the dem-
onstrations, which were seeking
broader systemic changes to the
nation’s justice system.
“For me, it’s just one step,”
Cortez Hollis said, as he took part
on Wednesday in a protest against
police brutality and the local po-
lice union leadership in Minne-
apolis. The charges against these
police officers, he said, were only a
beginning: “I recognize it’s not a
sprint, it’s a journey.”
At a protest on Chicago’s North
Side, Jonathan Mejias said he was
gratified by the news of the
charges — to a point.
“It’s just one piece,” he said.
“The world needs to know that it
doesn’t end with resolving this
one case. There are too many
more out there.”
And in Los Angeles, as several
hundred people demonstrated
outside City Hall, Byron Spencer
said he felt both “elated and de-
John Eligon reported from St.
Paul, Minn., Sarah Mervosh from
Canton, Ohio, and Richard A. Op-
pel Jr. from New York. Reporting
was contributed by Dionne
Searcey, Kim Barker and Matt
Furber from Minneapolis, Julie
Bosman from Chicago, Tim
Arango from Los Angeles, Shawn
Hubler from Sacramento, Nicho-
las Bogel-Burroughs from New
York, and Richard Pérez-Peña
from Glen Rock, N.J.
ment at the intersection where
Mr. Floyd was arrested, sporadi-
cally leading chants or delivering
messages from a megaphone.
“This is collective people who
came together,” he continued, “to
stand against a systematic op-
pression that we have endured for
so long.”
But leaderless movements
have their challenges.
It can be difficult to keep pro-
tests from spilling out of control,
and to maintain a clear and fo-
cused message. Disputes over the
best strategies can easily emerge.
“I think it is detrimental that we
lack that kind of structure, organi-
zation,” said Dame Jasmine
Hughes, 33, standing at a make-
shift memorial for Mr. Floyd, who
died after a Minneapolis police of-
ficer pinned Mr. Floyd’s neck to
the ground with his left knee for
nearly nine minutes.
The officer, Derek Chauvin, was
fired from the Minneapolis Police
Department and charged with
second-degree murder. Three
other officers at the scene were
charged on Wednesday with aid-
ing and abetting the killing.
“Organizations show power,”
Ms. Hughes continued. “There’s
power in clarity. There’s power in
structure, especially when people
are hurting.”
Though organized structure
might be loose, traditional civil
feated” about the developments in
Minneapolis. He said he had seen
countless moments of public out-
rage stirred by the abuses of black
men by the police. “I’m 55, I’m
black and I’m male,” he said. “I’ve
seen the cycle.”
“Six weeks, nine weeks later, we
repeat the cycle,” he said.
The new charges came on the
eve of a memorial that is expected
to draw large crowds to a Minne-
apolis chapel to remember Mr.
Floyd, and representatives for the
family described the moment as a
painful yet necessary develop-
ment.
“This is a significant step for-
ward on the road to justice, and we
are gratified that this important
action was brought before George
Floyd’s body was laid to rest,” said
Ben Crump, a lawyer for Mr.
Floyd’s family. “That is a source of
peace for George’s family in this
painful time.”
Around the country, political
leaders responded to the an-
nouncement of charges but said
they recognized that it would not
mean an end to the unrest that has
roiled the country.
Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota, a
Democrat, said he viewed the
charges as “a meaningful step to-
ward justice for George Floyd.”
But he added, “We must also rec-
ognize that the anguish driving
protests around the world is about
more than one tragic incident.”
In the new charges announced
by Mr. Ellison, Mr. Chauvin, a
white police officer who could be
seen in a video pinning Mr. Floyd,
a black security guard, beneath
his knee for nearly nine minutes,
was charged with second-degree
murder, a count that is more seri-
ous and could carry a longer pris-
on sentence than the third-degree
murder charge he had initially
faced.
In Minnesota, second-degree
murder requires prosecutors to
prove either that Mr. Chauvin in-
tended to kill Mr. Floyd, or that he
did so while committing another
felony. A court filing indicated that
prosecutors planned to take the
latter approach. Third-degree
murder does not require an intent
to kill, according to the Minnesota
statute, only that the perpetrator
caused someone’s death in a dan-
gerous act “without regard for hu-
man life.”
Under Minnesota law, second-
degree murder comes with a max-
imum sentence of 40 years in pris-
on, and accomplices can be eligi-
THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
rights groups, churches and
newly minted activist organiza-
tions have provided guidance and
tactical and practical support to
activists around the country.
Carmen Means, a pastor who
has led a mostly online congrega-
tion since 2015 and is the director
of the Central Area Neighborhood
Development Organization in
Minneapolis, said her congre-
gants helped set up a memorial for
Mr. Floyd. And she has led discus-
sions where people talked about
how Mr. Floyd’s death has af-
fected them.
“They were weeping,” she said.
“You could see the trauma that
was in their eyes.”
More than emotional support,
Pastor Means and her fellow ac-
tivists also try to help strategize
the demonstrators’ next moves.
She said she has convened daily
meetings for “strategic thinking,
planning because we understand
that this is not a sprint. This is a
marathon, right?”
Part of that strategy is figuring
out how to channel the energy of
young activists who are not affili-
ated with official organizations.
They may have raw rage, she said,
and need guidance in finding pro-
ductive ways to express it.
“We tell them that it’s their right
to protest and be angry. That’s
something courageous,” said
Shanene Herbert, a member of
Protesters on Monday in St. Paul, Minn., called for the arrest of all four officers involved in the death of George Floyd.
ble for the same penalties as the
primary defendant.
Three other officers who were
present — Thomas Lane, J. Alex-
ander Kueng and Tou Thao —
were charged with aiding and
abetting second-degree murder.
Mr. Lane and Mr. Kueng are white
and Mr. Thao is Hmong, according
to a spokesman for Mr. Ellison. Mr.
Chauvin was also charged with
manslaughter in the second de-
gree, and the three other officers
also were charged with aiding and
abetting manslaughter in the sec-
ond degree.
Lawyers for the four officers de-
clined to comment or did not re-
spond to inquiries. Court appear-
ances were scheduled for as early
as Thursday for at least some of
them. Mr. Chauvin, who has been
in custody since last week, was
scheduled to appear in court on
Monday, according to jail records.
New court documents, released
on Wednesday, shed light on what
happened before Mr. Floyd’s
death on May 25.
The episode began when Mr.
Kueng and Mr. Lane, answering a
911 call from a store clerk about re-
ceiving a fake $20 bill from a
customer, approached a parked
PETER VAN AGTMAEL FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
Pastor Means’s congregation who
helps youth in the community.
“But we want them to under-
stand what their rights are,” add-
ed Keeya Allen, another congre-
gant. “They have a life to live. So
it’s not about, are you going to die
for the cause? Or are you going to
live for the cause every day?”
These days, social media is the
strongest, most prominent leader.
Young activists announce the lo-
A belief that everyone
has a voice and every
voice matters.
cation of an action or protest on
Twitter or Instagram, and within
an hour, scores of people are there.
“I think it makes it hard to man-
age because you don’t know who’s
coming,” said Maryan Farasle, a
17-year-old high school senior who
lives in the Minneapolis suburbs
and is an activist organizer. “You
don’t know the people showing up
and what their intentions are.”
But at the same time, she add-
ed, “I think it is a way to get a lot of
people together quickly.”
Tensions on the streets in Min-
neapolis and elsewhere have sim-
car. Mr. Lane drew his handgun
and pointed it at Mr. Floyd
through an open window, putting
the gun back in his holster after
Mr. Floyd put his hands on the
steering wheel.
The two officers then took Mr.
Floyd and sat him on the ground,
handcuffed. “When Mr. Floyd sat
down he said, ‘thank you man,’
and was calm,” according to a
statement of probable cause. But
when officers tried to put him in
the squad car, Mr. Floyd stiffened
and fell to the ground.
Mr. Floyd said he was not resist-
ing but that he was claustrophobic
and did not want to go in the back
seat. He struggled with the two of-
ficers and with Mr. Chauvin and
Mr. Thao, who had arrived sepa-
rately. After that, Mr. Floyd was
put face down on the ground, Mr.
Chauvin’s knee on his neck, the
court documents said.
Mr. Lane held his legs and Mr.
Kueng held his back. Mr. Floyd be-
gan to cry out “I can’t breathe”
and “I’m about to die.” Mr. Lane
asked whether they should roll
Mr. Floyd on his side. “No, staying
put where we got him,” Mr. Chau-
vin responded, according to the
document. Mr. Lane then said, “I
Pastor Carmen Means, left, whose congregation is mostly online,
set up a microphone outside the Cup Foods store, to allow people
to spontaneously speak their emotions. Tony Clark, above, ad-
dressed protesters marching on Highway I-35 on Saturday.
mered in recent days, amid a
tough law enforcement crack-
down and passionate pleas from
Mr. Floyd’s family to keep the
peace.
But today’s young activists also
avoid singular leaders. “We’ve
seen what happens to people in
the past when they’re the lead of
anything,” Ms. Farasle said, refer-
ring to civil rights leaders who
have been slain.
Tay Anderson, a 21-year-old or-
ganizer in Denver, has found him-
self facing that danger — and
walking a tightrope.
As the protests in Denver
tipped into violence and vandal-
ism, he spoke out against looting
and rioting while police officers
shot projectiles and launched tear
gas at the crowd. But after days of
speaking through a megaphone to
sign-waving crowds about police
killings and systemic racism, Mr.
Anderson said that chilling online
messages forced him to pull back
from the crowds on Monday.
He was doing online searches of
his name to fact-check news arti-
cles that quoted him when
Google’s “related searches”
showed a disturbing list: “Tay An-
derson shot.” “Tay Anderson shot
in head.” “Tay Anderson shot in
back of head.”
“They can try to silence me but
I’m not going to let anybody put a
muzzle on me,” he said.
Despite the dangers, some lean
into the prospect of being a leader.
“I am a leader,” Mr. Clark said
am worried about excited deliri-
um or whatever.” Mr. Chauvin re-
plied, “That’s why we have him on
his stomach.”
Soon after, Mr. Floyd stopped
moving, and he was later pro-
nounced dead at the Hennepin
County Medical Center.
A private autopsy conducted by
doctors hired by Mr. Floyd’s fam-
ily determined that Mr. Floyd died
not just because of the knee on his
neck, but also because of pressure
other officers applied on his back.
The cause of death was listed as
mechanical asphyxia, a homicide,
the autopsy found.
The Hennepin County medical
examiner also found that the man-
ner of death was homicide but said
that Mr. Floyd, who had heart con-
ditions, went into cardiac arrest
while being restrained by law en-
forcement. A summary also noted
that Mr. Floyd was intoxicated
with fentanyl and had recently
used methamphetamines. The of-
ficial autopsy gave no indication
that the coronavirus played any
role in his death.
Mr. Thao, 34, had faced six mis-
conduct complaints in his career
with the Minneapolis Police De-
partment. He also was the subject
N A15
VICTOR J. BLUE FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
this week, standing among people
at the vigil site for Mr. Floyd on
Minneapolis’s South Side.
Moments later, commotion
broke out on the edges of the gath-
ering, an apparent dispute be-
tween some of the protesters.
Some began to scatter.
“Why are we running?” a man
with dreadlocks shouted. “Stand
your ground,” a woman with a
white cap yelled. Others ex-
horted: “Stay here! Stay here!”
Things eventually calmed
down, until police lights appeared
in the distance and protesters
rushed toward a makeshift wood-
en fence they had erected as a bar-
rier to protect their vigil site. “Be
peaceful!” protesters shouted.
“Don’t instigate!”
Mr. Clark sprang into action and
urged everyone to stay disci-
plined.
It turned out to be a false alarm.
The police turned around, but Mr.
Clark worked his way back to the
center of the crowd and spoke into
the megaphone like a general
readying his troops for battle.
Is anyone going home tonight,
he asked.
“No!”
And when the tear gas and rub-
ber bullets come, he said, they
need to stand pat.
“Our ancestors have been
through worse,” said Mr. Clark, a
barber who is struggling to find
work because of the coronavirus
pandemic. “We’re going to beat
this by being in peace tonight.”
STEPHEN MATUREN/GETTY IMAGES
of a lawsuit that claimed he and
another officer punched, kicked
and kneed an African-American
man, leaving the man with broken
teeth and bruises. A lawyer in-
volved in the case said the city set-
tled the case by agreeing to pay
$25,000.
Mr. Chauvin had faced at least
17 misconduct complaints over
nearly two decades with the de-
partment.
Neither Mr. Lane, 37, nor Mr.
Kueng, 26, had prior misconduct
complaints filed against them, ac-
cording to the Police Department.
In Minneapolis on Wednesday,
Quincy Mason, the son of George
Floyd, walked slowly to the site
where his father was killed,
through a phalanx of journalists
and onlookers. He dropped to one
knee on top of a chalk drawing of
Mr. Floyd’s body with wings and a
crown.
Mr. Mason thanked the pro-
testers for demonstrating and
noted the emotional weight of the
moment before a crowd of about
300. They stood in front of a corner
market that has become a make-
shift memorial flooded with flow-
ers, murals, posters and other
tributes to Mr. Floyd.
A16 N THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Unrest in the Streets Lessons From History
Old Riots, New Pain:
Recalling the Past
In Los Angeles
By TIM ARANGO
LOS ANGELES — Patrisse Cul-
lors was 8 in 1992, when Los Ange-
les erupted in riots after four po-
lice officers were acquitted of as-
sault for the beating of Rodney
King, which occurred outside a
San Fernando Valley apartment
building not far from where Ms.
Cullors grew up.
“I was scared as hell,” she re-
called. “As children, when we
would see the police, our parents
would tell us, ‘Behave, be quiet,
don’t say anything.’ There was
such fear of law enforcement in
this city.”
With America seized by racial
unrest, as protests convulse cities
from coast to coast after the death
of George Floyd, Los Angeles is on
fire again. As peaceful protests in
the city turned violent over the
past few days, with images of loot-
Deliberately changing
the focus of today’s
demonstrations.
ing and burning buildings cap-
tured by news helicopters shown
late into the night, Ms. Cullors, like
many Angelenos, was pulled back
to the trauma of 1992.
The parallels are easy to see:
looting and destruction, fueled by
anger over police abuses; shop-
keepers, with long guns, protect-
ing their businesses. The differ-
ences, though, between 1992 and
now, are stark. This time, the faces
of the protesters are more diverse
— black, white, Latino, Asian;
there has been little if any racially
motivated violence among Ange-
lenos; and the geography of the
chaos is very different, with pro-
testers bringing their message to
Los Angeles’ largely white and
rich Westside.
“South Central has been com-
pletely quiet and peaceful,” said
Ms. Cullors, now a prominent ac-
tivist and co-founder of Black
Lives Matter who organized a pro-
test on Saturday in the Fairfax
District, west of downtown.
“That’s an important distinction,
that these current situations are
not happening in black communi-
ties.”
Los Angeles, in many ways, is
Shawn Hubler contributed report-
ing from Sacramento, and Jennifer
Medina from Los Angeles.
Scenes from the 1992 riots and their aftermath, when more than 40 people were killed during protests over the acquittal of four officers in the beating of Rodney King.
‘This Country Was Founded on Protest,’ Obama Says as He Urges Police Reform
By GLENN THRUSH
WASHINGTON — Former
President Barack Obama threw
his support behind the efforts of
peaceful protesters demanding
police reforms during his first on-
camera remarks since a wave of
protests over the killing of George
Floyd convulsed the country and
upended the 2020 election.
Mr. Obama, offering a strikingly
more upbeat assessment of the
protesters than President Trump
and White House officials, said he
believed only a “tiny” percentage
had acted violently.
“For those who have been talk-
ing about protest, just remember
that this country was founded on
protest — it is called the American
Revolution,” Mr. Obama said from
his home in Washington. He made
the comments during an online
round-table event with his former
attorney general Eric H. Holder
Jr. and activists from Minneapolis
sponsored by My Brother’s
Keeper Alliance, a nonprofit
group Mr. Obama founded.
“Every step of progress in this
country, every expansion of free-
dom, every expression of our
deepest ideals have been won
Peter Baker contributed reporting.
America’s reference point for ur-
ban racial unrest, including the
Watts riots in 1965 and the upris-
ing in 1992. The Rodney King beat-
ing in 1991, captured on film, was
one of the first viral videos of a
black man being abused by the po-
lice, before cellphones even ex-
isted. In those uprisings, dozens of
people were killed — 34 in 1965,
and more than 40 in 1992.
Some of the most searing im-
ages from 1992 were of racially
motivated violence on the streets
— the beating of Reginald Denny,
a white truck driver; gun battles
between Korean shop owners and
black looters. But the mayhem
largely stayed in the historically
black community of South Los An-
geles and in Koreatown.
Now, organizers here say, they
have very deliberately brought
their anger to those they believe
need to hear it the most: the white
and the wealthy.
In 2013, when Black Lives Mat-
ter held its first demonstration in
Los Angeles, it was in Beverly
Hills.
“We launched it there because
we said, ‘Hey, our community
knows about this issue,’ ” Ms. Cul-
lors said. “ ‘Let’s go into the heart
of what is symbolically white in
Los Angeles, which is Beverly
Hills. These people need to hear
our pain and our grief.’ ” Ms. Cul-
lors added, “We wanted to bring
this to communities who often
aren’t dealing with police vio-
lence.”
The protest on Saturday in Fair-
fax stayed peaceful for hours be-
fore descending into chaos after
confrontations with the police.
Looters ransacked hip boutiques,
running off with expensive sneak-
ers. They looted expensive purses
from Alexander McQueen and
tagged graffiti on the walls and
windows of Rodeo Drive in Bever-
ly Hills, a symbol of privilege and
luxury.
The people turning out this time
are different as well. The first
rocks and bottles hurled in the
1992 riots were in working-class
black neighborhoods, where
white and Hispanic bystanders
were attacked. This time, the par-
ticipants are mostly young and
from diverse backgrounds and
races.
In these protests, rage and an-
ger over racism and police abuses
have been compounded by out-
rage at another of America’s most
profound issues — growing in-
come inequality. In an annual
countywide survey by the Luskin
JOHN GAPS III/ASSOCIATED PRESS
through efforts that made the sta-
tus quo uncomfortable,” said Mr.
Obama, who adopted a concilia-
tory tone that contrasted sharply
with Mr. Trump’s tweets and pub-
lic remarks. “And we should all be
thankful for folks who are willing,
in a peaceful, disciplined way, to
be out there making a difference.”
Mr. Obama called on every
mayor in the United States to re-
view use-of-force policies and to
aggressively pursue an eight-
point slate of police reforms that
include mandatory de-escalation
of conflicts, a ban on shooting at
moving vehicles, timely reporting
of violent incidents, and prohibi-
tions on some forms of restraint.
“Chokeholds and strangleholds,
that’s not what we do,” Mr. Obama
said as he sat, tieless in blue shirt
sleeves, in front of a bookcase.
He said officials in New York
City and Chicago had already
agreed to adopt the measures.
Other localities, including Atlanta,
quickly followed suit.
Mr. Obama also said that the
“vast majority” of police officers,
in his view, were not violent, and
predicted many would ultimately
support reforms despite the oppo-
sition of some unions.
Reflecting on the larger mean-
School of Public Affairs at Univer-
sity of California, Los Angeles,
nearly two-thirds of residents un-
der 40 said this year that the Los
Angeles area was not a place
where people who worked hard
could succeed, but rather “a place
where the rich keep getting richer,
and the average person cannot
get ahead.”
Erwin Chemerinsky, who in
1992 was a law professor in Los
Angeles living in the Fairfax Dis-
trict and is now dean of the law
school at University of California,
Berkeley, said he remembered ex-
plaining to his children what was
happening in 1992.
Now, he said, they are calling
him from L.A. about new images
on CNN of burned-out cars and
broken storefronts, stretching far
more deeply into their neighbor-
ing of the protests, Mr. Obama
said the unrest after Mr. Floyd’s
death was “unlike anything I have
seen in my lifetime” and ex-
pressed hope that Americans
would be “reawakened” to unite
around racial justice.
“In a lot of ways, what has hap-
pened in the last several weeks is
that challenges and structural
problems here in the United
States have been thrown into high
Voicing support for
rallies, in contrast
with Trump’s remarks.
relief,” he said. “They are the out-
come of not just an immediate mo-
ment in time, but as the result of a
long host of things — slavery, Jim
Crow, redlining and institutional
racism.”
With the exception of his sup-
port for protesters, Mr. Obama
confined his remarks to the issues
of policing and racial disparities in
health care during the coro-
navirus pandemic that have led to
higher rates of infection and death
BRYAN DENTON FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
hood than last time.
“It’s just sad,” Mr. Chemerinsky
said. “It’s sad that the police vio-
lence against African-Americans
continues in the same way that
precipitated riots in the 1960s. It’s
sad that we have this enormous
economic disparity that has made
people so desperate. It’s sad that
there is so much anger and that
we are so divided."
For city and county officials in
Los Angeles struggling to contain
the violence, the trauma of 1992
never fully healed and has rarely
been far from mind in recent days.
Hours before the city erupted in
violence over the weekend, Mayor
Eric M. Garcetti tried to assure his
anxious city, saying he would not
need to call on the National Guard.
“This is not 1992,” he said.
A few hours later, with chaos
in nonwhite communities.
Mr. Obama, as he often does,
tried to avoid a one-on-one battle
with his successor, a fight he
thinks will energize the presi-
dent’s conservative base and
overshadow his friend Joseph R.
Biden Jr., the Democrats’ pre-
sumptive nominee.
Mr. Obama did not directly ad-
dress Mr. Trump’s demand that
the authorities “dominate” pro-
testers, although people close to
the former president said he was
outraged by the use of chemical
spray on protesters before Mr.
Trump walked to a fire-damaged
church near the White House and
brandished a Bible.
Instead, Mr. Obama expressed
optimism that the reform effort
could transcend political divi-
sions. He said that he was heart-
ened by polls showing broad sup-
port for their grievances, and that
this made the current situation
more heartening than the protests
in the late 1960s.
Mr. Obama’s remarks tracked
closely with two essays he posted
online over the last week in which
he implored young protesters to
channel their rage into political
action by turning out for Mr. Biden
in November and to embrace local
An abandoned police cruiser burning after being set on fire dur-
ing protests on Beverly Boulevard in west Los Angeles on Satur-
day. Protestors facing police in Santa Monica on Sunday. Dem-
onstrations are focusing on the city’s largely white and rich areas.
growing, Mr. Garcetti was on the
phone with Gov. Gavin Newsom,
asking him to send in the Guard.
Mr. Garcetti made a point to say
that they would not be patrolling
South Los Angeles — now pre-
dominantly Latino — an acknowl-
edgment of the painful history, but
also largely a moot point because
the streets there have been calm.
“I think it’s very different from
1992 because this is a collective
national pain,” Mr. Garcetti said in
an interview. “It happened in Min-
neapolis on top of an incident in
Louisville on top of an incident in
Georgia.”
In 1965, Mark Ridley-Thomas
was an 11-year-old boy, standing
on the corner of Vernon and
Hooper in South Los Angeles,
watching the National Guard roll
through his neighborhood.
In 1992, as a first-term City
Council member, he was at the
First A.M.E. Church awaiting the
verdict in the Rodney King case.
On Saturday night, Mr. Ridley-
Thomas, who is African-American
and a member of the powerful
county board of supervisors, was
at home because of the pandemic
watching the footage on televi-
sion, and thinking about history.
“The locus of the crisis was not
pinpointed in Los Angeles,” he
said, of Mr. Floyd’s death in Min-
neapolis. “So there’s some real dif-
REED SAXON/ASSOCIATED PRESS
reforms to hold the police account-
able for abuses of power.
“We should be fighting to make
sure that we have a president, a
Congress, a U.S. Justice Depart-
ment, and a federal judiciary that
actually recognize the ongoing,
corrosive role that racism plays in
our society and want to do some-
thing about it,” he wrote in a post
on Medium on Monday.
For all his outward calm, Mr.
Obama’s passions are running
high, and the former president is
finding it harder to stay on script,
friends said. Over the last few
days, he has been working the
phones with close associates, in-
cluding Mr. Holder, and strategiz-
ing about the best way to address
the issues without inflaming the
crisis.
Shortly before Mr. Obama
spoke on Wednesday, former
President Jimmy Carter issued a
statement calling for peaceful pro-
test and systemic change. “As a
white male of the South, I know all
too well the impact of segregation
and injustice to African-Ameri-
cans,” the 95-year-old former
president wrote. “We need a gov-
ernment as good as its people, and
we are better than this.”
Those comments came a day af-
BRYAN DENTON FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
ferences, but the pain, the hurt,
the disgust, the frustration, the
anger is real and is cumulative. So
it’s not hard for people to reach
back to ’92 and many events since
that time.”
George Gascon, who was a 38-
year-old L.A.P.D. sergeant in
South Central in 1992, when the ri-
ots erupted at the corner of Flor-
ence and Normandie, said he was
“brokenhearted” over the week-
end watching the television
footage.
After the 1992 unrest and the
Rampart corruption scandal, the
L.A.P.D. underwent a number of
reforms and improved relation-
ships with black and brown com-
munities. But the city still faces
accusations of abuse, and to this
day, police officers are rarely pros-
ecuted for shootings — the last
time an officer faced charges was
in 2000.
“At the end of the day, as soon as
the dust settles, as soon as the
fires are put out and the broken
glass is fixed,” Mr. Gascon said,
“we go back to business as usual.
And we go back to giving a pass
over and over and over again to a
broken policing system.”
He added, “Floyd was definitely
the spark, but I can tell you that
there are many Floyds in L.A.
County happening all the time,
just as there are in other parts of
the country.”
On Sunday, the protests moved
further west, reaching Santa Mon-
ica, on the ocean.
Jaaye Person-Lynn, a lawyer
who was protesting there on Sun-
day, was mindful of the history of
Watts and Rodney King and said
in an interview with Spectrum
News 1, a local news channel, that
this time was different.
“Now we are right here on the
water,” he told Spectrum. “We
can’t get any further west.”
And he vowed that protesters
would continue to bring their
voice to enclaves of white privi-
lege.
“We’re going to start hitting
these farmers’ markets right
where people are most comfort-
able,” he said. “While they are
buying their gluten-free bread
and their organic tomatoes,
they’re going to have to feel it the
same way we do.”
ter former President George W.
Bush expressed solidarity with
the demonstrators in the streets
and warned against trying to sup-
press the protests.
“It is a strength when pro-
testers, protected by responsible
law enforcement, march for a bet-
ter future,” Mr. Bush said on Tues-
day. “This tragedy — in a long se-
ries of similar tragedies — raises a
long overdue question: How do
we end systemic racism in our so-
ciety? The only way to see our-
selves in a true light is to listen to
the voices of so many who are
hurting and grieving.”
Mr. Bush, the only living Repub-
lican former president — and one
who refused to vote for Mr. Trump
in 2016 — made no direct refer-
ence to him. But Mr. Bush spoke
after Mr. Trump’s photo op havoc,
and the former president’s com-
ments read like a rebuke.
“Those who set out to silence
those voices,” he said, “do not un-
derstand the meaning of America
— or how it becomes a better
place.”
Mr. Obama struck a similar tone
Wednesday, saying the overall
message of the protests was sim-
ple, admirable and unifying:
“See me, I’m human,” he said.

Unrest in the Streets Monuments and Rights
Virginia to Take Down Statue of Confederacy’s Commander
This article is by Nicholas Bogel-
Burroughs, Aimee Ortiz and Johnny
Diaz.
Gov. Ralph Northam of Virginia
plans to order the Robert E. Lee
statue in Richmond to be re-
moved, an administration official
said on Wednesday, the same day
Richmond’s mayor said he would
propose removing additional Con-
federate monuments from the
state capital.
Demonstrators in at least six
cities have targeted symbols of
the Confederacy in recent days af-
ter George Floyd was killed while
Minneapolis police officers ar-
rested him, marring some statues
and monuments whose presence
has long ignited controversy.
The Northam administration
official, speaking on the condition
of anonymity because the move
had not yet been publicly an-
nounced, said Mr. Northam, a
Democrat, would release more de-
tails at a news conference on
Thursday morning.
The official said the Robert E.
Lee monument was the only Con-
federate statue in Richmond over
which the state had control. The
statue of Lee, the Confederacy’s
commanding general during the
Civil War, was one of many monu-
ments in Richmond that were re-
cently vandalized with spray
paint; protesters tried to topple
others from their bases.
Mayor Levar Stoney of Rich-
mond said on Wednesday that he
would propose an ordinance to re-
move all four Confederate monu-
ments that the city controls along
Monument Avenue. Mr. Stoney
said he would introduce the bill on
July 1, when a new state law goes
into effect giving local govern-
ments the authority to remove the
monuments on their own.
“Richmond is no longer the cap-
ital of the Confederacy — it is filled
with diversity and love for all —
and we need to demonstrate that,”
Mr. Stoney said in a statement.
Michael Jones, a City Council
member who has been a leading
voice for removal of the Confeder-
ate monuments, is also sponsor-
ing the proposed ordinance. “This
is not my victory,” he wrote on
Twitter. “To our great grandpar-
ents, who lived in their shadow
and to young protesters who ech-
oed the call — this is all yours.”
At least two cities have re-
moved contentious statues from
public spaces this week amid the
protests that have followed the
death of Mr. Floyd, a black man
who worked as a bouncer. Pros-
ecutors have charged Derek
Chauvin, a white police officer
who has since been fired, with
murder and said three other offi-
cers aided in the killing.
Reporting was contributed by Ma-
ria Cramer, Audra D. S. Burch,
Richard Pérez Peña, Mihir Zaveri
and Christopher Mele. Sheelagh
McNeill contributed research.
Philadelphia Removes
Statue of Divisive Mayor
By JON HURDLE
and MARIA CRAMER
PHILADELPHIA — The city of
Philadelphia took a step to heal a
notable scar from its past early
Wednesday morning by quietly
removing the statue of the former
mayor Frank Rizzo, who took a
confrontational approach to black
and gay people as police commis-
sioner in the 1960s and ’70s.
But even as the city carted
away the bronze statue, long criti-
cized as a symbol of racism and di-
vision, it still had to confront fresh
anger from protesters decrying
police brutality as well as a wave
of looting and destruction that
have evoked some of the anguish
of Mr. Rizzo’s era.
“This is the beginning of the
healing process in our city,” Mayor
Jim Kenney said on Wednesday
as he stood near the empty space
where the statue had been. “This
is not the end of the process. Tak-
ing the statue down is not the be-
all and end-all of where we need to
go.”
The statue of Mr. Rizzo, his
hand aloft in a wave, had sat on the
steps of a municipal services
building facing City Hall since its
unveiling in 1999. Mr. Rizzo,
whose funeral in 1991 was presid-
ed over by two cardinals and was
one of the largest in the city’s his-
tory, was loved and detested be-
fore he died of a heart attack at
age 70 in the midst of his fifth cam-
paign for mayor.
But most of his supporters,
overwhelmingly white, have also
died and his confrontational style
as police commissioner and may-
or is viewed as the relic of another
time when he could appeal to ra-
cial resentment while trying to
run for a third term as mayor, by
urging supporters to “vote white.”
Mihir Zaveri contributed report-
ing. Alain Delaquérière contribut-
ed research.
Gov. Ralph Northam of Virginia has announced plans to remove the statue of Gen. Robert E. Lee in Richmond.
On Monday, the mayor of Birm-
ingham, Ala., ordered the removal
of a Confederate statue from a
public park. Protesters had de-
faced the statue, the 115-year-old
Confederate Soldiers & Sailors
Monument in Linn Park, and
chipped away at its base over the
weekend. A large crane arrived to
remove it shortly before 8 p.m.
Monday, which was Jefferson Da-
vis Day, a state holiday in Ala-
bama honoring the president of
the Confederacy.
The city of Philadelphia took
down a statue on Wednesday
morning that depicted the former
mayor Frank Rizzo, a champion of
conservatives who aggressively
policed black people and gay peo-
ple in the 1960s and ’70s and
whose likeness has long been crit-
icized as a symbol of racism and
oppression.
The statue, which sat on the
steps of a municipal services
building since its unveiling in
1999, was often vandalized, and
protesters in recent days have
tried to take it down and light it on
fire.
Mayor Jim Kenney said the
Rizzo statue was already sched-
uled to be removed — in 2021, ac-
cording to The Philadelphia In-
quirer. But he said the protests
The statue of Mr. Rizzo, which
was often vandalized, was sched-
uled to be removed in 2021, ac-
cording to The Philadelphia In-
quirer. In recent days, protesters
rallying after the death of a black
man in Minneapolis police cus-
tody tried to take it down with a
rope and light it on fire.
Its removal was the culmina-
tion of days of sometimes destruc-
tive protests in the city. Protests
that began peacefully escalated
into violent clashes with the police
and acts of looting and vandalism.
About 50 A.T.M.s around the
city were damaged or blown open
by explosive devices since Satur-
day as thieves tried to take advan-
tage of the chaos in the city to steal
cash, the police said.
Protesters said they were at-
tacked by police officers even as
they demonstrated peacefully.
State police used tear gas on pro-
testers who marched on the Vine
Street Expressway, stopping traf-
fic after authorities said officers
were pelted with rocks.
In the Fishtown neighborhood
of Philadelphia on Monday, doz-
ens of white men patrolled the
streets with baseball bats, golf
clubs and even a hatchet, claiming
they were protecting police offi-
cers and local businesses from
protesters. But some residents
said they heard the men scream-
ing racial epithets as they as-
saulted people. A public radio
producer was treated for a broken
nose, he said, after he was at-
tacked by four of the men.
Mr. Kenney said the protests
showed that the statue “had to go
away for us to understand where
we need to go to look forward.”
“If there’s someone who wants
it, wants to take it somewhere
else, we’ll talk,” Mr. Kenney said.
“We needed to get it to a place
where it was out of people’s sight.”
For many black residents of
Philadelphia, the removal was
THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
showed that the statue “had to go
away for us to understand where
we need to go to look forward.”
In the weeks after Charlottes-
ville, dozens of plaques, statues
and other monuments to the Con-
federacy were challenged or re-
moved from public places across
the country. Since then, there has
been no unified plan for what to do
with these landmarks. Some have
been auctioned, moved, stored,
covered or dismantled in recent
years; others have remained
while legal challenges have
played out or failed.
“The conversation has never
really died,” said Lecia Brooks,
outreach director at the Southern
Poverty Law Center in Mont-
gomery, Ala.
The group has estimated that at
least 138 Confederate symbols
have been removed from public
spaces since 2015, when it started
tracking them after a white su-
premacist killed nine black con-
gregants at a church in Charles-
ton, S.C.
“There has been a consistent
drive, primarily in the South, to re-
move these monuments,” Ms.
Brooks said. “They are a constant
reminder of the dehumanization
of African-Americans and the
pushback against our civil and hu-
Philadelphia reportedly had plans to take down a statue of former Mayor Frank Rizzo next year.
long overdue.
“A lot of people look at the stat-
ue and see that he’s saying hello,
but to me it’s more like ‘Heil
Hitler,’ ” said Frantz Douion, 44,
who walked by the municipal
building shortly after Mr. Kenney
made his remarks.
“The type of mayor he was, it
doesn’t make sense that the city
would even have a statue of him
up there unless they are trying to
rub it in people’s faces,” said Mr.
Douion, a home health care
worker. “He was not a good mayor.
He split the people apart.”
Mr. Rizzo’s son, Frank Rizzo Jr.,
a former city councilman, said his
father was often misunderstood
by critics who failed to give him
credit for protecting black-owned
businesses as police commis-
sioner or for hiring black officers
for his security detail when he was
mayor.
“There are people who love
him. There are people who dislike
him,” he said. “He loved Philadel-
phia as much as he loved his fam-
ily.”
man rights.”
Confederate monuments that
survived the protests are facing
renewed scrutiny as protesters
have taken to the streets in at least
140 cities across the country.
A football coach in Murray, Ky.,
wrote a public letter to the town’s
mayor on Tuesday asking for the
removal of a statue of Lee — and
offered to help take it down him-
self.
“I am a black male,” the coach,
Sherman Neal II, wrote. “I am no
longer willing to accept state-
sponsored symbols of institu-
tional racism in my community.”
In an interview, Mr. Neal said he
wrote the letter because “you
don’t get opportunities like this in
history more than once in a life-
time to take action that can result
in a change.”
The mayor, Bob Rogers, said
the memorial sits on land owned
by Calloway County and not the
city.
“While we respect the opinions
of all of our citizens, we are simply
not in a position to legally pursue
any efforts with regard to the
Robert E. Lee Confederate Memo-
rial,” Mr. Rogers said on Wednes-
day. County officials declined to
comment.
Frank Rizzo became the police
commissioner in 1967 and served
two terms as mayor, from 1972 to
1980. As police commissioner, he
rounded up gay people late at
night and forced members of the
Black Panthers to strip down in
the streets.
He was celebrated by some as a
law-and-order leader who
cracked down on crime. But his
tactics, to many, bordered on the
dictatorial, intended to suppress
opposition and keep black people
out of middle-class neighbor-
hoods.
Verbose and imposing — he
stood about 6 foot 2 and 250
pounds — he both courted media
coverage and attacked the press,
especially as it documented police
abuses. He was once filmed
threatening to beat up a reporter
and his camera crew, after they
tried to interview him while he
was walking his dog.
“I want to fight you,” Mr. Rizzo
said. “Because you’re a crumb,
creep, lush, coward.”
For years, Mr. Rizzo was
STEVE HELBER/ASSOCIATED PRESS
In Huntsville, Ala., where pro-
testers gathered on Monday to de-
mand the removal of a Confeder-
ate monument from the grounds
of the Madison County Court-
house, according to AL.com, a
group of business owners wrote to
the city on Tuesday asking that it
be moved.
“The tragic killing of George
Floyd has magnified the deep pain
experienced by African-American
and other members of our com-
munity,” the group wrote.
In Oxford, Miss., the words
“spiritual genocide,” along with
red handprints, were painted on a
Confederate monument on the
University of Mississippi campus
on Saturday, The Oxford Eagle re-
ported.
The school’s chancellor said
planning had begun months ago
to relocate the statue from the
center of campus.
In an open letter dated Sunday,
the chancellor, Glenn F. Boyce,
said the death of Mr. Floyd and
those of Ahmaud Arbery in Geor-
gia and Breonna Taylor in Ken-
tucky “have evoked much anger,
horror and disbelief” and “contin-
ue to tear apart the fabric of our
country and impact our campus.”
“This is a time for change,” he
wrote.
MATT SLOCUM/ASSOCIATED PRESS
viewed as a fighter for working-
class Philadelphians, especially in
South Philadelphia, where he was
raised and where a mural of him
on a three-story building looms
over the Italian Market on 9th
Street.
On Wednesday, the mural was
marred by splashes of cream-col-
ored paint. Mural Arts Philadel-
phia — the nation’s largest public
art program — said on Twitter on
Wednesday that it would not long-
er be involved with the mural.
Andrew Bonazelli, who lives in
the Italian Market, said there are
still people who remember Mr.
Rizzo as a hero of Italian-Ameri-
cans, even as South Philadelphia
has changed and immigrants
from Mexico and Vietnam have
settled in the neighborhood.
The mural should be removed
like the statue was, said Mr.
Bonazelli, 43, an editor whose wife
is Vietnamese.
“It shouldn’t have taken the
events of the last couple of days to
have it not be here,” he said.
N A17
A.C.L.U. Sues
Minneapolis
For Attacks
On Reporters
By MARC TRACY
Dozens of journalists covering
the nationwide protests against
racism and police brutality have
said they were attacked, arrested,
intimidated with weapons or shot
with nonlethal projectiles while
doing their jobs.
In response, the American Civil
Liberties Union of Minnesota on
Tuesday filed what is believed to
be the first lawsuit accusing a city
of abridging the constitutionally
mandated freedom of the press.
The lawsuit, filed on behalf of
Jared Goyette, a freelance jour-
nalist who has contributed to The
Washington Post and The Guard-
ian in recent days, named the City
of Minneapolis along with several
law enforcement officials as de-
fendants. The A.C.L.U. is seeking
class-action status for the suit,
which was filed in Federal District
Court in Minnesota.
The Minneapolis city attorney,
Erik Nilsson, said in a statement
Wednesday that “we will review
the allegations and take them seri-
ously.”
“We continue to support the
First Amendment rights of every-
one in Minneapolis,” he added.
According to the complaint, Mr.
Goyette was reporting on a pro-
test in south Minneapolis on May
27 when he was shot in the face
with what the suit described as
“less-lethal ballistic ammunition.”
At the time, he was helping an in-
jured person, and there was no
warning before the projectile was
fired, the suit said. Mr. Goyette
was identifiable as a member of
the press by a camera attached to
a stand and his notepad, the suit
said.
“These acts would chill a rea-
sonable person from continuing to
Accounts of being
threatened, shot at,
arrested and struck.
engage in a constitutionally pro-
tected activity,” the lawsuit said.
“These acts did, in fact, chill plain-
tiff and the plaintiff class from
continuing to observe and record
some events of public interest, in-
cluding constitutionally protected
demonstrations and the conduct
of law enforcement officers on
duty in a public place.”
Minneapolis, the city where
George Floyd was killed while in
police custody on May 25, has
been the site of numerous pro-
tests. Many journalists who cov-
ered those demonstrations and
others around the country told
The New York Times that they
were targeted by police officers
while doing their jobs, even as
they wore press badges or in-
formed law enforcement officials
that they were journalists.
The A.C.L.U. said this lawsuit
would not be the last it would file
on behalf of journalists who had
been harmed while covering the
protests.
“We will not let these official
abuses go unanswered,” Brian
Hauss, a lawyer with the
A.C.L.U.’s Speech, Privacy and
Technology Project, said in a
statement. “This is the first of
many lawsuits the A.C.L.U. in-
tends to file across the country.
Law enforcement officers who
target journalists will be held ac-
countable.”
Journalists are not immune to
crowd-control orders, but the
First Amendment is widely recog-
nized to confer protections on the
work of public documentation.
Many cities, including Minneapo-
lis, have seemingly recognized the
status of journalists by exempting
them from the recent curfews.
The A.C.L.U. lawsuit noted
other journalists targeted by law
enforcement in Minneapolis while
covering protests, drawn from
Twitter posts and news reports.
The defendants in the suit “in-
terfered with the news media’s
right to cover public events by re-
fusing access to areas where
events were unfolding and creat-
ing obstacles to the reporters’
movement about the city,” the law-
suit said. “These incidents consti-
tute flagrant infringements on the
constitutional rights of individual
reporters, as well as the public’s
interest in the dissemination of ac-
curate information and account-
ability of government.”
The lawsuit asked for a declara-
tion of constitutional violation and
an injunction. It asserted that the
defendants had retaliated against
Mr. Goyette and other journalists
for exercising their First Amend-
ment rights; had unlawfully
“seized” Mr. Goyette and others,
under the Fourth Amendment, in
their attacks; and denied them
due process of law.
A18 N THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Unrest in the Streets The Day After
Mom-and-Pop Stores in Bronx Reel From Looters’ Crowbars Wartime Flag
From Page A1
New York more than two months
ago and businesses like his, which
were considered nonessential,
were forced to close. He was plan-
ning to reopen next week when
the state’s stay-at-home order was
lifted. Now, he does not know how
he can.
“I’m 100 percent with people
who are protesting for justice, but
is this justice?” Mr. Araujo said.
“You’re killing me.”
The looting that erupted in New
York during protests over the
death of George Floyd has hit
many stores, including the flag-
ship Macy’s store in Herald
Square and Nike and Coach stores
in Manhattan. But in the Bronx,
many of the victims were not
brand-name retailers but small
businesses owned by immigrants
and minorities who were already
in free fall from the coronavirus.
The Bronx, the city’s poorest
borough, with 1.4 million resi-
dents, has been the hardest hit by
the health crisis: It has the high-
est rates of coronavirus cases,
hospitalizations and deaths.
The economic fallout has shut
down stores, restaurants and
other businesses and left thou-
sands of people out of work. The
unemployment rate for the Bronx
soared to 16.5 percent in April
from 4.7 percent in February, com-
pared with 14.6 percent for New
York City as a whole.
The protests started out largely
peacefully in the Bronx on Mon-
day, but hours later there were re-
ports of arrests, fires and looting.
The looting left a trail of
smashed doors and windows,
wiped out shelves, and shattered
hopes for recovery along the
Grand Concourse, one of the
Bronx’s signature thoroughfares.
It also tore up stores on Fordham
Road and Burnside Avenue, two
popular shopping corridors.
Many of these businesses were al-
ready struggling before the loot-
ing, with no income coming in to
cover their rent and expenses.
“These aren’t large franchise
businesses — these are small
mom-and-pop stores that are
barely getting by,” said State As-
semblyman Victor M. Pichardo, a
Democrat, who represents the
area. “The looters who came in at-
tempted to destroy a very impor-
tant and vital part of the Bronx.”
Mr. Pichardo said he saw the
damage for himself on Burnside
Avenue early Tuesday morning.
“Burnside was a war zone,” he
said. “There was trash every-
where. Fires were just put out.
Businesses had been raided.”
He headed over to Fordham
Road. It was bad, too.
On Tuesday afternoon, Ruben
Diaz Jr., the Bronx borough presi-
dent, and other Bronx officials,
community leaders and residents
gathered at a noisy intersection
on Fordham Road and the Grand
Concourse to condemn the looting
and call for peaceful protests.
Many of them helped sweep up de-
bris and consoled business own-
ers. Nearby, Black Lives Matter
demonstrators handed out food
and water.
“What happened was a direct
assault on what we’re trying to ac-
complish,” Mr. Diaz said. “What
happened last night was not a pro-
test. What happened was crimi-
nal.”
The prior night’s mayhem and
looting brought out a heavy police
presence across the city on Tues-
day night, and some store owners
posted security guards out front,
or in some cases, hunkered down
in their shops themselves for a
long night of keeping watch.
It turned out to be mostly quiet
in the Bronx, though there were
reports of a few break-ins there
Washington Man Shelters Over 70 Demonstrators Fleeing the Police
By DERRICK BRYSON TAYLOR
A man in Washington, D.C., is
being widely praised after he took
in more than 70 protesters who
were being pursued by police offi-
cers with pepper spray after
breaking curfew on Monday
night.
The demonstrators were pro-
testing the death of George Floyd,
a 46-year-old African-American
man who died last week after a
white Minneapolis police officer
pinned him to the ground by the
neck. Mr. Floyd’s death has ignit-
ed protests in several cities across
the United States, including in
Washington, where Mayor Muriel
E. Bowser had issued a 7 p.m. cur-
few for Monday and Tuesday.
Rahul Dubey, 44, described the
chaotic moments just before 9:30
p.m. when he opened the door of
his Swann Street home, near
Dupont Circle, to scrambling pro-
testers.
“As soon as I heard the flash
bang and the thudding of shields, I
swung open my door,” Mr. Dubey,
who works in health care, said on
Tuesday, adding that he called for
people to come in. A “tsunami” of
demonstrators came barreling
through his front door seeking
and in other parts of the city. But it
was too late for the stores and
businesses that had already been
wiped out on Monday night.
The looters helped themselves
to jewelry, sneakers and designer
clothing. At bodegas and pharma-
cies, they made off with lottery
tickets, sodas, candy and toilet pa-
per, among many other items.
At Good Life Pharmacy, the
looters punched holes in the front
door and window. The owner,
George Yirenkyi, was home when
it happened but rushed over when
he saw the looters on the store’s
security camera. “We just couldn’t
stop them,” said Mr. Yirenkyi, 58,
an immigrant from Ghana.
He opened the pharmacy eight
years ago and has 10 workers, all
of whom live in the Bronx. “I can’t
describe it — all your investment,
all the years you’ve invested in it,”
he said. “You think about all your
employees, and now there’s no
work.”
A few doors over, Ten Chen, 39,
cried as he recounted how his liq-
uor store was ransacked. An em-
ployee hid in the bathroom and
called him at home. Mr. Chen
called 911, but he said it took too
long to get through. The store’s se-
curity camera caught dozens of
people drinking and smashing
bottles, ripping down shelves and
grabbing money from the register.
“They go inside and take any-
thing they want,” said Mr. Chen,
an immigrant from China. “They
broke everything.”
Another business owner,
Stephen Mensah, said the looters
trashed the pharmacy he opened
shelter, he said, and protesters be-
gan scattering to all three floors of
his home.
“They were trying three and
four to get through the little door-
way,” he said. Protesters were
screaming and police were chas-
ing after them, spraying pepper
spray at the backs of their heads.
“The first hour and half that ev-
eryone was in here was pure may-
hem,” Mr. Dubey said. “It was
pure terror.”
Allison Lane, a protester who
documented the night on Twitter,
said on Tuesday that people inside
Mr. Dubey’s home were coughing
and doing whatever they could to
ease one another’s pain. Some
people had brought homemade
eyewash solutions, said Ms. Lane,
who had cuts and bruises on her
arm.
People eventually began to
calm down and started working
together to help, she said.
“Rahul is very calm at this
point,” said Ms. Lane, 34, who
lives in Washington and works as
a bartender. “A lot of those kids
were younger. I think the young-
est person in the house was may-
be 16. Rahul just gave him ice
cream sandwiches. It was really
JAMES ESTRIN/THE NEW YORK TIMES
three years ago, shattering his
dream for a better life along with
the display cases. “You work to-
ward your goals,” said Mr. Men-
sah, 57, who immigrated from
Ghana in 1988. “We thought we
were getting there.”
In the Fordham and Morris
Heights neighborhoods in the
West Bronx, there were sheets of
plywood where window displays
should have been. Doors were
broken. Piles of sharp glass were
“These aren’t large franchise businesses — these are small mom-and-pop stores that are barely
getting by,” said State Assemblyman Victor M. Pichardo, referring to the looted shops in the Bronx.
comforting.”
Throughout the night, the police
made several attempts to get in-
side, including sending “fake pro-
testers” to the door to try to gain
access, Ms. Lane said.
The police repeatedly tried to
persuade Mr. Dubey to make the
protesters leave, she added, but
“Rahul was not having it.”
Chief Peter Newsham of the
Metropolitan Police Department
Finding ‘pure
mayhem’ and pepper
spray on his doorstep.
said at a news conference on
Wednesday that after the curfew
went into effect, officers were
monitoring a group on Swann
Street that was acting in a way
consistent with “the behavior that
preceded very violent events” in
Washington the previous two
nights.
In all, there were 194 arrests on
Swann Street on Monday, and
there were reports of people kick-
Good Life Pharmacy, above, along the Grand Concourse in the
Bronx after being looted. “Now there’s no work,” said the owner,
George Yirenkyi, center, an immigrant from Ghana. Left, an em-
ployee cleaned another pharmacy on the Grand Concourse.
scattered on sidewalks and
streets.
Store owners and workers
picked through what was left of
their businesses, like shell-
shocked survivors returning to in-
spect the damage after a tornado.
Some owners said they had al-
lowed their business insurance to
lapse during the shutdown, while
other owners said they had insur-
ance but were unsure whether the
looting would be covered.
Geraldine White, 64, a Bronx
resident, walked up to a hair
braiding shop with plywood over
the window. She taped up a hand-
written sign: “Black Lives Matter
But Please Don’t Loot.” Next to it,
someone else had put up a photo-
graph of George Floyd.
“I’m sticking it here to ask peo-
ple, please don’t loot. It doesn’t
make any sense,” Ms. White said.
“You should demonstrate for the
right reasons.”
Mr. Araujo, an immigrant from
ing in doors on the block, Chief
Newsham said. “Believing that
there were burglaries occurring
and that residences were being
entered, the police did deploy pep-
per spray,” he said, adding that the
officers’ use of the spray would be
investigated, as would allegations
of excessive force. He also con-
firmed that at least one officer had
multiple conversations with Mr.
Dubey through a window of his
home.
Mr. Dubey said that by 12:30
a.m., he knew that everyone
would need to settle in until the
curfew lifted, at 6 a.m.
Mr. Dubey organized for pizza
to be delivered, and the group re-
ceived pizza donations from at
least one neighbor.
Over the course of the night the
protesters, whom Mr. Dubey de-
scribed as a mix of all ages, races
and sexual orientations, talked ex-
tensively with one another. “They
were talking about where they
had been that night, where they
were peacefully protesting,” said
Mr. Dubey, who is of Indian de-
scent. “It was just beautiful.”
The houseguests offered to help
clean up and offered to send him
money, Mr. Dubey said, but he re-
JAMES ESTRIN/THE NEW YORK TIMES
the Dominican Republic, said he
has to reopen his watch and jew-
elry store, Cibao Multiservices, to
support his five children and eight
employees. But he did not yet
know where to start.
“We have to fix the store, and
we’re not making money,” said Mr.
Araujo, 45, as he paced back and
forth, a cigar in hand.
Shattered glass carpeted the
store floor, making a crunching
sound like gravel when walked on.
Outside, a contractor was sawing
a plywood plank.
Mr. Araujo said he was appalled
by the police brutality that had ig-
nited the protests in New York
and around the world. And he sup-
ported the protests but not the
looting that followed.
“Black lives matter, all lives
matter, but what about my life, my
family’s life?” he asked. “My fam-
ily’s life matters. You cannot jus-
tify doing something wrong be-
cause something wrong hap-
pened.”
TOM KAMINSKI/WCBS CHOPPER 880
fused. “We made up a rule about 3
a.m. that no one is allowed to say
‘thank you’ anymore because I
was getting tired of it,” he said.
It wasn’t until several hours af-
ter he let the protesters in that Mr.
Dubey remembered the extraor-
dinary night was taking place
amid a pandemic, he said. The
fear of the coronavirus “became
secondary” to “the brutality that
the authorities were inflicting
upon some of the guests in my
home, now friends and new ex-
tended family members.”
By 6 a.m., the protesters had or-
ganized a caravan of escorts so ev-
eryone could get home safely, Ms.
Lane said.
Video on social media of Mr.
Dubey on the steps of his home on
Tuesday morning showed him re-
ceiving a round of applause from
protesters and onlookers.
“It’s not something that should
be celebrated,” Mr. Dubey said. “I
shouldn’t be getting attention.”
Asked whether he would do it
all over again, Mr. Dubey said of
course.
“I don’t think what I did was
anything special,” he said. “If it is,
we have a ton of work to do in this
country.”
Is Returned
After Protests
In Nevada
By JENNY GROSS
When people broke into City
Hall in Reno, Nev., this weekend
during protests against police
brutality, they smashed windows,
set fires and took items from the
building — including an American
flag from a World War II Navy
ship.
City officials thought the flag,
which had been held in a display
box on the first floor of the build-
ing, might have been one of the
few that were burned Saturday
night.
But on Tuesday, the flag re-
appeared with a handwritten,
anonymous note attached:
“Needed protecting. Looters were
flag burning. RIP George Floyd.”
The note was addressed to a lo-
cal television news reporter, Ken-
zie Margiott, who had written a
story about the missing flag. The
flag had a tag labeled “85-55-A
USS Reno CL-96.”
Mrs. Margiott, the Reno report-
er, said she had at first posted the
story about the flag without her
name, fearing a backlash for writ-
ing about the protests because of
hostility toward the news media.
But an hour later, after seeing
reaction from readers about how
important the flag was to them,
she added her name. Readers
posted messages on her station’s
Facebook page and to her Twitter
account about how their fathers
and grandfathers had been
aboard the ship, she said.
When she opened the package
at the television station, she was
shocked to find the tattered flag,
which had bloodstains on it.
As soon as he heard the news,
Devon Reese, the vice mayor of
Reno, sped to the television sta-
A note indicated the
artifact ‘needed
protecting.’
tion. “As a country and a commu-
nity, we’ve been having a rough
couple of days,” he said, tearing
up. “The idea that someone re-
turned the flag just gave me a little
more faith in humanity.”
Demonstrators in scores of
American cities have protested
police brutality and the death of
George Floyd while in the custody
of the Minneapolis police.
Many of the protests have been
peaceful, but a number of police
officers and protesters have been
injured, and at least five people
have died. Videos have shown po-
lice officers using batons, tear gas,
pepper spray and rubber bullets
on protesters, bystanders and
journalists, sometimes without
warning. People have vandalized
and looted stores, government
buildings and police stations.
Mr. Reese said that earlier Sat-
urday, there was a peaceful pro-
test of about 2,500 people. By the
early evening, there were about
200 hundred people left. Several
spray-painted the outside of the
police department and threw
rocks at police cars, he said.
They then forced their way into
City Hall, Mr. Reese said, starting
fires and smashing items on the
first floor of the 15-story building,
including the case where the flag
was held.
During World War II, the Navy
ship Reno supported carriers that
sent air attacks against enemy
forces. The ship also provided pro-
tection to the fleet against aerial
attacks at Iwo Jima. In November
1944, the ship was hit by a Japa-
nese torpedo that caused an ex-
plosion and flooded parts of the
vessel, according to the City of
Reno.
The ship’s flag was donated to
the city in 1946, The Reno Gazette
Journal reported.
The return of the flag was not
just an emotional moment for Mr.
Reese; the chief of police was also
crying, he said.
“If you exhale about the last
several days and what the na-
tional news looks like, and you can
say, ‘OK, we can get through this,
too,’” Mr. Reese said. “This is just
a little symbol of that.”
City officials do not know who
returned the flag. Mrs. Margiott
later reviewed security footage
and saw that the man who deliv-
ered the package looked as if he
was in his 20s or 30s and seemed
nervous and fidgety.
She said she only cared that the
flag was back with the city and the
citizens of Reno.
“In the grand scheme of things,
Reno is a really small town,” she
said, adding in reference to the
vandalism and looting: “I think I
could speak for most people in this
community when I say that that’s
not the Reno we know and love.
“To have a little glimmer of
hope in some really dark times re-
ally means a lot.”

Unrest in the Streets International Response
Around the World: Hope, Horror
And Uncomfortable Reflections
By RICK GLADSTONE
A 92-year-old Italian, fondly recalling the G.I.s
who parachuted in to liberate his country from fas-
cism, says he now sees the ghost of Mussolini in TV
clips from the United States. In Iraq, people are
sharing photos that compare President Trump hold-
ing up a Bible with Saddam Hussein clutching a
ITALY
Memories of Fascism
The scenes on mobile phones, on
televisions and on the front
pages have prompted some
Italians to reconsider their ad-
miration of America.
Giovanni Marzona was 16 in
the summer of 1944 when he
saw Americans for the first time,
parachuting over the mountains
to help liberate Italy from fas-
cism. He said they brought food,
weapons “and democracy.”
Mr. Marzona, 92, said what he
sees now worries him. “We
always looked at America as the
first defender of freedom,” he
said. “If they go backward we
will all go backward.”
He often visits schools to warn
students about “the danger of
bullies,” and the importance of
standing up to them. “Now
Trump wants to be a bully,” he
said, “but you have to stop bul-
lies, otherwise they become little
Mussolinis.”
Alessio Cotroneo, a 24-year-
old student from Turin, keeps a
poster of the Declaration of
Independence by his bed and
dreams of working in the United
States. But now, he said, “I am
seeing a thin vein of authoritari-
anism.”
Emma Bubola, Rome
KENYA
Diminished Esteem
In Kenya, one of the closest
American allies in Africa and a
country where police brutality
has festered, some said the clips
of tear-gassed demonstrators
and journalists had diminished
the moral right of the United
States to criticize injustice else-
where or lecture African nations
on human rights.
“There are assumptions that
dictatorships only happen in
particular places in the world,”
said Patrick Gathara, a commu-
nications specialist in Nairobi.
“It’s about time we started rec-
ognizing and calling out failure
even when it happens in the
West.”
Njeri Wa Migwi, a Kenyan
activist raising five children in
Nairobi, lived and worked in
Boston in 2009. She said the
unrest in America had con-
vinced her to never send any of
her children to the United
States, for fear of a middle-of-
the-night phone call that “my
child has been killed by police
simply because he’s black.”
Abdi Latif Dahir, Nairobi
FRANCE
Looking Inward
Many interviewed on the streets
of Paris said Mr. Floyd’s death
reinforced their already dimin-
ished view of the United States,
which has been eroding since
the 2003 invasion of Iraq. But
their message was tempered by
France’s own problems with
racism and police brutality.
“What happened was inhu-
man,” Frederic Kauffmann, a
48-year-old business owner, said
of Mr. Floyd’s death.
“It shocked me,” said Alyssa
Mievilly, a 17-year-old hair salon
apprentice.
The anti-racism protests in
America “speak to us,” said
Laurence Nardon, the head of
the North America program at
the French Institute of Interna-
tional Relations, because “there
are many parallels that one can
draw with what’s happening
here.”
That much was clear on Tues-
day evening when 20,000 people
converged outside the main
courthouse in northern Paris to
denounce police violence and
racism, defying orders against
large assemblies because of the
coronavirus.
The protest was meant to
honor Adama Traoré, a French
black man who died four years
ago in police custody. But it also
echoed the outcry over Mr.
Floyd’s death. Hundreds of
people waved signs reading “I
can’t breathe” and “Black Lives
Matter,” and many protesters
said Mr. Floyd’s killing had
given the movement a new
sense of urgency.
Aurelien Breeden, Constant Méheut and
Thophile Larcher, Paris
MEXICO
Fear and Admiration
Bárbara Arredondo, 36, said she
had been apprehensively watch-
ing the images of American
protests on Instagram feeds
Quran. In Mexico, no stranger to mayhem, a 36-year-
old author worries about her relatives in New York.
With emotions that range from horror to hope,
from schadenfreude to self-reflection, the world has
been transfixed by the cascading crises in the United
States — the coronavirus scourge, 40 million sud-
denly unemployed, the police killings of George
One protester in London said on Monday, “They are listening, they are reacting,
they are saying ‘no more’ and those messages are rippling through the world.”
Police brutality is a long-running problem in Kenya, where protesters gathered in
Nairobi last month after a man died during an encounter with law enforcement.
A crowd in Frankfurt gathered in solidarity with American protesters. They also
held up pictures of black men who died in encounters with the German police.
from friends around the country
and family members in New
York.
“It’s personally devastating to
see that no one is safe on the
streets in the United States,”
said Ms. Arredondo, a writer
and entrepreneur based in Mex-
ico City. The past few days she
has been kept up at night.
“The language that Trump is
using is key to the violence that
we are seeing, and is the reason
no one is safe,” she said.
Ms. Arredondo grew up about
three hour’s drive from Texas
and said she always admired the
United States for its values and
entrepreneurism. The unrest
has only made her respect
Americans more.
“So many U.S. citizens, no
matter how they identify, are on
the streets,” Ms. Arredondo said.
“They are role models for social
transformation.”
Natalie Kitroeff, Mexico City
BRITAIN
A Sense of Affinity
The protests have resonated
THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
LUIS TATO/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
YANN SCHREIBER/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
with black communities in Brit-
ain, which say they, too, are
disproportionately subjected to
police violence and racial injus-
tice.
“The same things happen
here, and that’s why people in
the U.K. have reacted so emo-
tionally,” said Nadine Batchelor-
Hunt, the former president of
Cambridge University’s Black
and Minority Ethnic Campaign.
“The level of violence that we
get from the police is not as
severe, but the structures that
facilitate it are the same.”
Thousands of protesters
crowded into London’s central
Hyde Park on Monday in soli-
darity with American protesters.
“What happened to George
Floyd has happened too many
times before, but what’s been
really surprising this time
around is that persons actually
care,” said Richie Newton, 28, a
musician who attended the Hyde
Park protest. “They are listen-
ing, they are reacting, they are
saying ‘no more’ and those
messages are rippling through
the world.”
“This is the first time I’ve
Floyd and other African Americans, and President
Trump’s threats of a military crackdown on pro-
tests that have convulsed dozens of cities.
In what amounts to a Dear America letter,
people from around world offered The New York
Times a taste of how they see what’s happening in
the United States:
DAN KITWOOD/GETTY IMAGES
seen so many different ethnici-
ties come out and stick up for
black people,” he added. “We
have never received so much
support.”
Melanie Bennett, 44, a restau-
rant manager who studied in
Washington in 2013, said she
barely recognized the America
she had been watching on televi-
sion. She blamed Mr. Trump.
“What we have seen in the
last few days is the conse-
quences of a leader who will just
fan the flames and watch the
streets burn,” she said. “It’s
appalling and sad.”
Ceylan Yeginsu, London
IRAQ
Cheering On Democracy
The American protests have
struck a nerve in Iraq, where
people are paying more atten-
tion to the events in Minneapolis
and Washington than in their
own troubled cities.
“Protests in America have a
global impact because people
consider that the U.S. is a demo-
cratic state applying all human
rights conventions,” said Sheikh
Abdul Jabbar al-Khuzai, who
teaches in a Shiite educational
institution.
Protesters in Basra, Iraq’s
second-largest city, drew inspi-
ration from the American
streets. “These demonstrations
have painted a positive and
supportive picture for demon-
strators and demonstrations
around the world that want to
fight racism and despotism,”
said Karrar Muslim, who at-
tended a sit-in on Wednesday in
central Basra.
A favorite WhatsApp meme
showed a photo of President
Trump holding the Bible, paired
with a photo of Saddam Hussein
holding the Quran at his trial as
a way to emphasize his loyalty
to Islam.
Soran Tawfiq, 43, a father of
four who is a shopkeeper in
Sulaimaniyah, in northern Iraq’s
Kurdistan region, said he sym-
pathized with the American
protesters and was shocked by
the video of Mr. Floyd’s death.
“I wondered: ‘Is it true?’” he
said. “I mean yes, there are
killings in the world every day,
but a policeman, who is sup-
posed to be a protector of the
law, kills a civilian, and for racial
reasons? This is a difficult thing
to accept.”
Alissa J. Rubin and Falih Hassan, Bagh-
dad; Kamil Kakol, Sulaimaniyah
RUSSIA
Fascination
Katya Gazetnikova, 19, a univer-
sity student majoring in sports
management, said she was
“very closely” following the
protests in America, a subject of
fascination among Russia’s
young.
“I was always interested in
what is happening in the United
States. It is the main country in
the world, all new technologies
appear there, most interesting
things, too,” she said. “What is
happening is shaking the foun-
dations in the U.S.”
The video of Mr. Floyd’s
death, she said, was disturbing,
“but it doesn’t mean that all
American policemen are bad.
Many of them are also pro-
testing. Many of them are hug-
ging protesters. They support
their people.”
Ivan Nechepurenko, Moscow
GERMANY
Shocked by Brutality
Ozge Siteiss, 22, a law student at
Berlin’s Free University, said she
had always considered the
United States hypocritical.
“They go around the world
promoting democracy and hu-
man rights, but can’t enforce
them at home,” she said.
“Among my friends, we all un-
derstand the anger, because the
racism has been systemic, but
are wondering, where will this
end? It’s almost like a civil war.”
Still, she said, she was not
expecting the scenes of Ameri-
can police brutality.
“I shouldn’t be surprised at
what is happening, but I am,”
she said. “It makes me realize
how easy it is, even in a Western
country, for those in power to
turn against their own people.”
Melissa Eddy, Berlin
INDIA
Echoes of Recent Unrest
For many Indians watching the
protests in America, it’s a famil-
iar sight. Just a few months ago,
the police in New Delhi were
seen thrashing students in vid-
eos taken at a predominantly
Muslim university as India, the
world’s largest democracy, con-
vulsed in protest over a divisive
citizenship law seen as favoring
the Hindu majority.
Critics of Prime Minister
Narendra Modi, a Hindu nation-
alist, see many parallels be-
tween him and Mr. Trump.
Ramachandra Guha, a biogra-
pher of Mohandas K. Gandhi,
who was arrested last year
during a peaceful demonstra-
tion, saw especially clear simi-
larities in their penchant for
polarizing photo-ops.
Just as Mr. Trump held up a
Bible at a Washington church,
Mr. Modi posed in a saffron robe
last year at a Hindu shrine deep
in the Himalayas.
Both moments had a “sublimi-
nal appeal,” said Mr. Guha.
“Modi saying I am a true Hindu
and Trump’s appeal to his Bible
belt.”
Karan Singh, New Delhi
N A19
A Long Pause
By Trudeau
Ricochets
On the Net
Asked About Trump,
A 21-Second Silence
By CATHERINE PORTER
TORONTO — When asked what
he thought of President Trump’s
call for military action against
American protesters and the tear
gassing of peaceful demonstra-
tors to make way for a photo-op,
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau
paused at his podium for 21 un-
comfortable, televised seconds.
He opened his mouth, then shut it
— twice. He softly groaned.
Finally, in a scene on Tuesday
that has now spread wildly around
the internet, Mr. Trudeau said:
“We all watch in horror and con-
sternation what’s going on in the
United States.”
From their perch above the
United States, Canadians have
been watching in shock as the
country they’ve long considered
their closest friend and protector
now seems like a crazed, erratic
and dangerous stranger.
Most of the country’s horror has
been focused on Mr. Trump. Even
the country’s conservative news-
papers were filled with columns
like one by Gary Mason stating,
“There couldn’t be a scarier per-
son inhabiting the White House at
this very moment.”
“It’s deliberate what he’s doing.
He’s deliberately stoking anger so
he can run a law-and-order plat-
ADRIAN WYLD/THE CANADIAN PRESS
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau
resorted to speaking on racism
rather than addressing Presi-
dent Trump’s actions.
form,” concurred Janice Stein, the
founding director of the Univer-
sity of Toronto’s Munk School of
Global Affairs. “It’s horrifying.”
Most Canadians soured on Mr.
Trump two years ago when he
placed tariffs on their country’s
steel and aluminum exports,
threatened to cut Canada out of
the continental free trade deal and
insulted Mr. Trudeau as “very dis-
honest and weak” moments after
leaving the Group of 7 summit,
which Mr. Trudeau had hosted.
But, during the pandemic, pub-
lic opinion of Mr. Trump has sunk
to even lower levels among Cana-
dians.
While politicians here have set
aside their partisan differences to
work together to protect Canadi-
ans from the coronavirus, Mr.
Trump is viewed as politicizing
the pandemic for his re-election
effort.
“My view is one of profound
sadness — sadness at watching
communities we respect being so
torn apart, and sadness at watch-
ing the loss of life in the pan-
demic,” said Frank McKenna, a
former premier of New Bruns-
wick and a former Canadian am-
bassador to the United States.
“The United States is so polarized,
the question of wearing a mask or
not is fraught with political over-
tones. It’s excruciating to watch.”
Mr. Trudeau, however, dared
not openly criticize Mr. Trump in
his response on Tuesday. Instead,
like many other Canadian leaders,
he chose to ruminate on racism
against black Canadians and
other minorities.
Protests in support of George
Floyd, the black man killed by a
white Minneapolis police officer,
occurred across the country last
weekend and in Toronto were con-
nected to the death of Regis Ko-
rchinski-Paquet — a 29-year-old
black woman who plunged from
her family’s high-rise apartment
shortly after the police arrived,
answering a distress call. The inci-
dent is being investigated by a po-
lice oversight unit.
“It is a time for us as Canadians
to recognize that we too have our
challenges,” said Mr. Trudeau,
whose own record on race was
badly tarnished after old photos of
him wearing blackface and
brownface at parties surfaced
during the 2019 re-election cam-
paign.
“There is systemic racism in
Canada,” Mr. Trudeau said.
A20 N THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Unrest in the Streets Washington
Long Silent, Mattis Delivers a Blistering Criticism of Trump as a Divider
By ERIC SCHMITT
and HELENE COOPER
WASHINGTON — Former De-
fense Secretary Jim Mattis,
breaking months of public silence
on President Trump since resign-
ing in protest in December 2018,
on Wednesday offered a withering
critique of the president’s leader-
ship amid growing protests across
the country.
“Donald Trump is the first pres-
ident in my lifetime who does not
try to unite the American people
— does not even pretend to try,”
Mr. Mattis wrote in a statement is-
sued late Wednesday. “Instead he
tries to divide us. We are witness-
ing the consequences of three
years of this deliberate effort. We
are witnessing the consequences
of three years without mature
leadership.”
Mr. Mattis, a retired four-star
Marine Corps general, also criti-
cized comments by the current
defense secretary, Mark T. Esper,
who in recent days has described
protest sites across the nation as a
“battle space” to be cleared.
“We must reject any thinking of
our cities as a ‘battle space’ that
our uniformed military is called
upon to ‘dominate,’ ” Mr. Mattis
wrote. “At home, we should use
our military only when requested
to do so, on very rare occasions, by
state governors. Militarizing our
response, as we witnessed in
Washington, D.C., sets up a con-
flict — a false conflict — between
the military and civilian society.”
Mr. Trump fired back on Twitter.
“Probably the only thing Barack
Obama & I have in common is that
we both had the honor of firing
Jim Mattis, the world’s most over-
rated General,” he said, although
Mr. Mattis quit.
The president added: “His pri-
mary strength was not military,
but rather personal public rela-
tions. I gave him a new life, things
In Break With President,
Esper Calls Use of Military
‘A Matter of Last Resort’
From Page A1
are witnessing the consequences
of three years of this deliberate ef-
fort. We are witnessing the conse-
quences of three years without
mature leadership.”
Mr. Trump responded late
Wednesday on Twitter to Mr. Mat-
tis’s rebuke, saying that he had
had “the honor of firing” Mr. Mat-
tis. In reality, Mr. Mattis resigned
in protest in December 2018 over
Mr. Trump’s decision to withdraw
American troops from eastern
Syria.
“His primary strength was not
military, but rather personal pub-
lic relations. I gave him a new life,
things to do, and battles to win, but
he seldom ‘brought home the ba-
con,’” the president tweeted. “I
didn’t like his ‘leadership’ style or
much else about him, and many
others agree. Glad he is gone!”
Other former military figures
were less focused on Mr. Trump
than on the specter of the military
being used to police protesters.
“We are at the most dangerous
time for civil-military relations
I’ve seen in my lifetime,” Adm.
Sandy Winnefeld, a retired vice
chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, said in an email. “It is espe-
cially important to reserve the use
of federal forces for only the most
dire circumstances that actually
threaten the survival of the na-
tion. Our senior-most military
leaders need to ensure their politi-
cal chain of command under-
stands these things.”
Pentagon officials note that the
military is trained in using lethal
power against foreign adversar-
ies, not in law enforcement, and
what is appropriate in Falluja is
not in Farragut Square.
On Monday, after major pro-
tests over the weekend across the
United States, as well as late-night
looting, Mr. Trump had discussed
invoking the little-used 1807 In-
surrection Act to deploy active-
duty troops in American cities. He
was dissuaded by General Milley
and William P. Barr, the attorney
general, officials said. Officials
Former Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said President Trump “does not even pretend to try” to unite.
to do, and battles to win, but he sel-
dom ‘brought home the bacon’. I
didn’t like his ‘leadership’ style or
much else about him, and many
others agree. Glad he is gone!”
Mr. Mattis’s condemnation car-
ries huge weight in military cir-
cles, where he remains highly in-
fluential. In the insular world of
Marines, he has an almost cultlike
status. But that influence extends
far beyond just the military to in-
clude much of the national securi-
ty establishment, members of
Congress, foreign dignitaries and
defense contractors.
For instance, at the Reagan Na-
tional Defense Forum in Simi Val-
ley, Calif., last December, Mr. Mat-
MICHAEL A. MCCOY FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
said Mr. Esper initially seemed to
back the president’s position. Still,
on Monday in the Rose Garden,
Mr. Trump declared himself “your
president of law and order.”
Whether or not he had ever in-
tended to make good on his threat,
about 1,600 troops had been or-
dered to hold at bases just outside
Washington, with soldiers drawn
from a rapid-reaction unit of the
82nd Airborne Division at Fort
Bragg, N.C., and a military police
unit at Fort Drum, N.Y. More than
2,000 National Guard forces are
already inside the city, a number
that is expected to double in the
next few days.
The Army had made a decision
to send a unit of the 82nd Air-
borne’s rapid deployment force,
about 200 troops, home from the
capital region. But Mr. Trump or-
dered Mr. Esper during the angry
meeting at the White House to re-
verse it, the administration official
said. The reversal was first re-
ported by The Associated Press.
Despite calls for calm from sen-
ior Pentagon leaders, the troops
on the ground in Washington on
Wednesday night appeared to be
ramping up for a more militarized
show of force. National Guard
units pushed solidly ahead of the
police near the White House, al-
most becoming the public face of
the security presence. They also
blocked the streets with Army
transport trucks and extended the
perimeter against protesters.
Although Mr. Esper’s com-
ments at the Pentagon made clear
that a rise in violence in cities na-
tionwide could prompt a change in
his stance, his statement was
clear. Saying that the Insurrection
Act should be invoked only in the
“most urgent and dire of situa-
tions,” he added that “we are not in
one of those situations now.”
Mr. Esper, a West Point gradu-
ate who once served in the 101st
Airborne Division, said, “I do not
support invoking the Insurrection
Act.”
At the White House, Ms. McE-
nany said that, for now, Mr. Trump
was “relying on surging the
streets with National Guard.” But,
tis, gliding through a reception of
influential national security
thinkers from government and
the private sector, was stopped
constantly by people who wanted
to shake his hand and take photos
with him. A crowd of people
trailed him as he made his way
through the hall, amid excited
murmurs of, “Hey, Mattis is here.”
But his refusal to publicly de-
nounce Mr. Trump since his resig-
nation — over the president’s de-
cision to withdraw troops from
Syria — earned him criticism
even from some longtime admir-
ers. He repeatedly told reporters
who sought comment from him or
engaged him during a tour of his
she noted: “The Insurrection Act
is a tool available. The president
has the sole authority and, if
needed, he will use it.”
General Milley has been able to
influence Mr. Trump in ways that
Mr. Esper, who the president
views with skepticism, has not,
White House officials said.
Mr. Esper’s explicit opposition
to invoking the act came only days
after he described the country as a
“battle space” to be cleared, a
comment that drew harsh con-
demnation from a number of for-
mer senior military officials — the
kind who usually do not criticize
the successors across the Penta-
gon leadership. The use of the
term, bandied about in battlefield
command centers, implies a piece
of terrain, disassembled in grid
squares, characterized by threats
and awaiting one solution: mili-
tary force through violence.
Mr. Esper also backtracked
about what he knew beforehand
about Mr. Trump’s visit to a
church across from the White
PABLO MARTINEZ MONSIVAIS/ASSOCIATED PRESS
best-selling book that he did not
want to criticize a sitting com-
mander in chief.
But the events of Monday night,
in which Mr. Trump put peaceful
American protesters squarely in
the cross hairs of the American
military that is sworn to protect
the Constitution, was a step too far
for Mr. Mattis, people who have
spoken to him say.
“When I joined the military,
some 50 years ago, I swore an
oath to support and defend the
Constitution,” Mr. Mattis wrote.
“Never did I dream that troops
taking that same oath would be or-
dered under any circumstance to
violate the constitutional rights of
WIN MCNAMEE/GETTY IMAGES
House.
Mr. Esper said this week that he
was unaware of his destination
when he set out with the president
on Monday night for what he
thought was a visit to view troops
near Lafayette Square. “I didn’t
know where I was going,” Mr. Es-
per told NBC News in an inter-
view on Tuesday. “I wanted to see
how much damage actually hap-
pened.”
White House officials were furi-
ous, and Mr. Esper tried to walk
back his comments on Wednes-
day. He acknowledged that he did
know that he was accompanying
Mr. Trump to St. John’s Church for
what turned out to be a photo op
after the authorities used some
form of chemical spray against
protesters to clear the way.
Mr. Esper also said it took
nearly 24 hours for the authorities
to determine that a flight of heli-
copters that descended to rooftop
level — kicking up debris and
sending peaceful protesters run-
ning for cover — belonged to the
their fellow citizens — much less
to provide a bizarre photo op for
the elected commander in chief,
with military leadership standing
alongside.”
During a long and tense Mon-
day night, protesters in Lafayette
Square near the White House
were forcibly removed so Mr.
Trump could walk to a nearby
church — with the Mr. Esper and
the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, Gen. Mark A. Milley — for a
photo op.
“We must not be distracted by a
small number of lawbreakers,”
Mr. Mattis said. “The protests are
defined by tens of thousands of
people of conscience who are in-
sisting that we live up to our val-
ues — our values as people and
our values as a nation.”
Citing James Madison’s Feder-
alist Paper 14, Mr. Mattis said:
“We do not need to militarize our
response to protests. We need to
unite around a common purpose.
And it starts by guaranteeing that
all of us are equal before the law.”
Reached by phone at his home
in Washington State on Wednes-
day night, Mr. Mattis declined to
comment.
In Mr. Mattis’s early days as de-
fense secretary, he often ate din-
ner with the president in the
White House residence. Over
hamburgers, and with the help of
briefing folders, Mr. Mattis ex-
plained to Mr. Trump key points
about the United States’ relation-
ships with allies — a bedrock prin-
ciple for the former general
turned secretary.
But Mr. Mattis also quietly
slow-walked many of Mr. Trump’s
proposals, including banning
transgender troops, starting a
Space Force and putting on a
costly military parade in the capi-
tal. In each case, he went through
the motions of acquiescing to the
White House — and then buried
Defense Secretary Mark T. Esper, above, with members of the
National Guard near the White House on Monday, when forces
violently confronted protesters. Far left, Benard Farley neared
the police line Wednesday as protests resumed in Washington.
Near left, Guard members at the Lincoln Memorial on Tuesday.
District of Columbia National
Guard. He said that episode was
under investigation.
Mr. Esper’s remarks about the
delay in finding information on
the helicopter mission stand in
stark contrast to the level of mili-
tary planning that occurred be-
forehand. An email obtained by
The New York Times indicated
that Ryan McCarthy, the Army
secretary, and Gen. James C. Mc-
Conville, the Army chief of staff,
made clear their intent for the
evening, including the clearance
of airspace. The two men, officials
said, were on hand in a command
center in Washington belonging to
the F.B.I., where they pored over
maps, looking at streets.
Compounding the problematic
use of military helicopters to in-
timidate protesters was the fact
that one of the aircraft, a Lakota
helicopter, was adorned with a red
cross, denoting its medical and,
therefore, not hostile affiliation.
Perhaps the most tortured of
the Pentagon top leadership so far
has been General Milley, who is
seen clearly in a video of the
movement across Lafayette
Square walking behind Mr. Trump
and wearing combat fatigues.
General Milley, who has since
been criticized from a host of
voices, both military and civilian,
spent the hours after the photo op
walking the streets of Washington
talking to National Guards troops
there.
He spoke of the need to protect
the peaceful protests, in remarks
the plans in Defense Department
red tape.
By late 2018, the relationship
between Mr. Mattis and Mr.
Trump had deteriorated badly.
The widely accepted narrative
that Mr. Mattis was the adult in
the room, an anchor of reason in a
stormy White House, came to an-
noy the president.
Even as his influence with Mr.
Trump waned, however, Mr. Mat-
tis repeatedly told friends and
aides that he viewed his responsi-
bility to protect the United States’
1.3 million active-duty troops as
worth the concessions necessary
as defense secretary to a mercuri-
al president.
But Mr. Trump’s abrupt deci-
A voice that carries
across the military
and the government.
sion in late December 2018 to
withdraw roughly 2,000 American
troops from eastern Syria without
consulting allies was a step too far
for Mr. Mattis, and he resigned.
Mr. Mattis’s letter of resignation
condemned Mr. Trump’s approach
to the world as destructive to
American influence and power.
In his statement on Wednesday,
Mr. Mattis sounded a call to arms
of a different sort than have re-
sounded in the streets near the
White House, and across the coun-
try.
“We know that we are better
than the abuse of executive au-
thority that we witnessed in La-
fayette Square,” Mr. Mattis said.
“We must reject and hold account-
able those in office who would
make a mockery of our Constitu-
tion.”
CARLOS BARRIA/REUTERS
that appeared jarring to some be-
cause they came in the hours after
the president’s photo op.
The comments from Mr. Esper
and the letter from General Milley
followed a memo on Monday night
from the Air Force chief of staff,
Gen. David L. Goldfein, deploring
as a “national tragedy” the killing
of George Floyd, who died after he
was in police custody in Minne-
apolis. General Goldfein said that
every American “should be out-
raged.”
Since then, other messages to
the armed forces have been re-
leased by several service chiefs
and secretaries — all carefully
drafted and in no way criticizing
Mr. Trump or his policies, but ex-
pressing solidarity with American
values and the military’s history
of staying out of politics.
General McConville and Mr.
McCarthy sent a letter to troops
and their families underscoring
the “right of the people peaceably
to assemble and to petition the
government for a redress of griev-
ances.”
The Navy’s top officer, Adm. Mi-
chael M. Gilday, said in a message
on Wednesday to all sailors: “I
think we need to listen. We have
black Americans in our Navy and
in our communities that are in
deep pain right now. They are
hurting.”
And Chief Master Sgt. Kaleth O.
Wright of the Air Force, who is
black, wrote an extraordinary
Twitter thread declaring, “I am
George Floyd.”

Unrest in the Streets Messages and Response
Trump and Aides Try to Change the Narrative on White House Protests
By MICHAEL D. SHEAR
and KATIE ROGERS
WASHINGTON — President
Trump and his aides spent much
of Wednesday trying to rewrite
history, claiming that Mr. Trump
was merely “inspecting” a bunker
last week during riots over the
death of George Floyd and insist-
ing falsely that peaceful pro-
testers near the White House
were attacking the police when
authorities used chemical agents
to make them move so that Mr.
Trump could have his picture tak-
en at a nearby church.
Mr. Trump has been under fire
from religious and political lead-
ers since federal agents abruptly
used smoke, flash grenades and
chemical spray to disperse pro-
testers and clergy members gath-
ered peacefully Monday after-
noon so that the president and his
aides could stage a brief photo op
in front of a historic church.
On Wednesday, Kayleigh McE-
nany, the president’s press secre-
tary, alleged that many of the hun-
dreds of people gathered on H
Street a block from the White
House were throwing bricks and
other objects at police officers,
who moved in, she said, because
they were afraid for their own
safety.
“There were projectiles being
thrown at officers,” she told re-
porters. “Frozen water bottles
were being thrown at officers.
Various other projectiles. And the
officers had no other choice than,
in that moment, to act and make
sure that they were safe.”
In fact, eyewitness reports from
religious leaders, activists, by-
standers and journalists from
A Stew of Law-Enforcement Agencies Has the Nation’s Capital on Edge
By MARK LEIBOVICH
WASHINGTON — Even in
peaceful times, Washington is sit-
uated on a fine line between free-
dom and order, flexibility and bar-
riers. This city of grand architec-
ture and ever-present security
forces conveys an inescapable
message: This might be the seat
of American liberty, but it is also
not a place to be messed with.
The contrast fosters a constant
tension in the capital’s govern-
ance. How do you police a city of
heavily fortified targets without
making it feel like a police state?
What is the proper balance in a
representative democracy?
The question has hung heavy in
recent days. Like the country it
supposedly answers to, Washing-
ton has been on edge, hovered
over by low-flying helicopters and
patrolled by law enforcement
agents from a stew of federal
agencies — the F.B.I., the Defense
Department, the Department of
Many of the police are
in uniforms without
signifying emblems.
Homeland Security, Customs and
Border Protection, the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and
Explosives, the Bureau of Prisons
and more — dressed in an assort-
ment of uniforms, riot gear and
military fatigues.
Nowhere has this tension be-
tween autonomy and authority
been on more vivid display than in
the area around the White House,
site of the city’s largest and most
intense protests after the death
last week of George Floyd, an Afri-
can-American man in Minneapo-
lis held down by a police officer
who placed his knee on Mr.
Floyd’s neck for nearly nine min-
utes.
By late Wednesday afternoon,
many of the streets around the
White House were closed off to
traffic and, in some cases, secured
with newly installed black fencing
that gave the area a feel of a caged
outcry. Sirens blared from every
direction, and helicopters loomed
and zigzagged overhead in a sig-
nal of the obvious: These are not
normal times.
The killing of Mr. Floyd has in-
cited days of nationwide outrage
and protest over police brutality
and racial inequality, as well as in-
tense debate over what is the
proper balance between liberty
and law enforcement.
The debate is hardly just a mat-
ter of legal and legislative abstrac-
tion in the local life of Washington.
Here, the tension plays out as a
continuing and on-the-ground
scenario, nowhere more so than in
the area around the White House.
“Of course when you live
around here you’re used to seeing
a lot of cops,” said Celia Martin,
who ventured into the city
Wednesday afternoon from
Northern Virginia and wore a T-
shirt that read, “Roses are red,
President Trump on Monday walking to St. John’s Episcopal
Church, which was damaged by fire the day before.
multiple news organizations doc-
umented no such activity in the
hours before a concerted effort
was made to move the protesters
away from St. John’s Episcopal
Church.
Ms. McEnany also claimed that
officials warned the protesters to
move “three times over loud-
speaker,” though multiple people
who were there said they heard no
warning.
She also repeatedly insisted
that “tear gas” was not used to dis-
perse the crowd despite clear evi-
dence from the scene that many of
the protesters were sprayed with
a harsh chemical irritant. And she
cited the fact that St. John’s,
Doritos are savory, the U.S. prison
system is legalized slavery.” She
spoke on Connecticut Avenue, a
few blocks from the White House.
Recent days have felt deeply
uncomfortable to her, Ms. Martin
said, particularly given the heav-
ily armored gear of many law en-
forcement officers.
“It has felt superthreatening,”
Ms. Martin said. “Whenever you
see anyone in military gear, it’s
like, ‘Why are they here? Who are
they protecting?’”
Striking the balance between
the egalitarian promise of the so-
called People’s House and the se-
curity demands of the 18.7-acre
White House complex has grown
increasingly complicated in re-
cent decades. After the 1995
bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah
THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
succeeded.”
“The church was badly hurt,”
Mr. Trump said.
He added that “Democrat and
superliberal mayors” were to
blame for failing to confront vio-
lence and looting touched off by
the death of Mr. Floyd, a black
man in Minneapolis whose neck
was pinned under the knee of a
white police officer.
He had less to say on police bru-
tality and racism, two underlying
problems protesters say they are
trying to address through their
demonstrations. When Mr. Spicer
asked Mr. Trump to address the is-
sues of police reform and sys-
temic racism, the president in-
stead asked why Joseph R. Biden
Jr., his Democratic challenger, had
not solved the problems during
his career in politics.
“Why didn’t he do something
DOUG MILLS/THE NEW YORK TIMES
about it?” Mr. Trump said. “I’ve
only been here for three and a half
years.”
Mr. Trump was given another
where Mr. Trump posed for the chance to address the deaths of
cameras, “was burning” the night black people in police custody
before. during an interview earlier
In fact, there was a small fire set Wednesday with Brian Kilmeade
by looters in the basement that of Fox News Radio. He again
was quickly extinguished. blamed Mr. Biden and said law en-
Mr. Trump echoed the com- forcement officers “have to get
ments of his press secretary later better than what they’ve been do-
throughout the day during two ing.”
separate interviews with sympa- In that interview, Mr. Trump ini-
thetic listeners. During an inter- tially denied, and then acknowl-
view filmed early Wednesday edged, that he had gone to a se-
with Sean Spicer, his former press cure bunker as protesters demon-
secretary, who now hosts a politi- strated nearby. But the president
cal program on Newsmax TV, the said he went there for an “inspec-
president said authorities moved tion,” not because of concerns
protesters out of the way because over his safety.
“they tried to burn down the “Well, it was a false report,” Mr.
church the day before and almost Trump told Mr. Kilmeade, who
Federal Building in Oklahoma “Put down your shields!”
City, the Secret Service closed the chanted a crowd on Wednesday
portion of Pennsylvania Avenue afternoon arrayed about a dozen
in front of the White House to ve- feet from a squadron of heavily ar-
hicles. Subsequent years and mored police in black uniforms
events — especially the terrorist near the church. It was not imme-
attacks of Sept. 11, 2001 — have diately clear which forces the offi-
brought an assortment of progres- cers represented since many were
sively more restrictive barriers, in riot gear with no badges or sig-
measures and checkpoints. nifying emblems visible.
The tension exploded into full It was a tense scene. “Tell us
view of the nation on Monday who you are, identify yourselves!”
night, when peaceful protesters one protester demanded, refer-
outside the White House were ring to the mystery of which local
routed by chemical spray, flash or federal entities they worked for.
grenades and mounted police so The officers stood silent in a
that President Trump could walk row.
across Lafayette Park for a photo “Your duty is to protect Ameri-
op in front of St. John’s Episcopal can citizens,” shouted another
Church, a historic house of wor- protester in the front, Anita Bhatt,
ship visited by centuries of presi- of Alexandria, Va. It was Ms.
dents. Bhatt’s first time protesting. Part
had asked if he had been brought
to the bunker along with his fam-
ily as was reported by The New
York Times and other news media
organizations.
Then Mr. Trump reversed him-
self and said he had gone to the
bunker. But he did not say when
he went there or with whom. “I
wasn’t down — I went down dur-
ing the day, and I was there for a
tiny little short period of time, and
it was much more for an inspec-
tion,” the president said. “There
was no problem during the day.”
Mr. Trump added that he had
been there “two, two and a half”
times before because he had
“done different things” related to
inspecting the bunker.
The president’s account was
contradicted by a person with
firsthand knowledge who told The
Times in an article published Sun-
day that on Friday night, Secret
Service agents nervous for his
safety abruptly rushed him to a
bunker used in the past during
terrorist attacks.
A second official familiar with
the events said the agents acted
after the White House’s security
status was changed to “red” when
protesters breached a set of tem-
porary fences that had been
erected around the Treasury De-
partment alongside the White
House grounds.
The change in status indicated a
heightened threat to those inside
the White House, although offi-
cials said the president was never
really in danger. Officials said he
and his family were rattled by the
sometimes violent protests near
the White House.
It was Mr. Trump’s concern
PHOTOGRAPHS BY ERIN SCHAFF/THE NEW YORK TIMES
of her motivation, she said, was
“the shock and disgust” she felt
witnessing the tactics undertaken
by the patrols.
“It seems like we’re on the
verge of a dictatorship,” said Ms.
Bhatt, who came to Washington to
attend college 30 years ago and
said she was accustomed to living
with the region’s heavily guarded
presence. The last week, though,
has felt jarringly different.
“After 9/11, you would see police
and soldiers everywhere,” she
said. “But you always had the
sense that they were protecting
you, that the cops were your
friends. Now these same men feel
like they’re fighting against us.”
This same sentiment was ech-
oed by several demonstrators,
some of whom said they only de-
N A21
over the perception that he was
hiding during those protests at the
end of last week that prompted
him on Monday to tell his staff that
he wanted to take some kind of ac-
tion to address that impression.
After a discussion over whether
to send the military into American
cities, he decided instead to walk
across Lafayette Square to St.
John’s, but not before law enforce-
ment officers used riot-control
tactics, including pepper spray
and other chemical irritants, to
disperse the demonstrators in his
path.
In the Fox News interview, Mr.
Trump suggested that religious
leaders who criticized his visit to
the church were members of the
“opposition party” and said that
the evangelist Franklin Graham
and “many other people” had
loved the visit.
When Mr. Kilmeade asked why
the president was focusing on
things like fighting with the
MSNBC host Joe Scarborough
when so much turmoil was unfold-
ing across the country, Mr. Trump
again falsely claimed that Mr.
Scarborough, a former congress-
man, was connected to the death
in 2001 of Lori Klausutis, a young
woman who worked for him.
Mr. Trump said he “strongly
felt” that Mr. Scarborough “got
away with murder.” But a coroner
determined that Ms. Klausutis’s
death was an accident that hap-
pened when she fainted from an
undiagnosed heart condition and
died after hitting her head. The
widower of Ms. Klausutis has
pleaded that Mr. Trump stop using
his wife’s death to attack Mr. Scar-
borough.
The area around the White
House has been the scene of
the most intense protests, but
it is also where an increased
police presence is most evi-
dent. Demonstrators have to
step around armored vehicles,
and low-flying helicopters
hover constantly overhead.
cided to join the protests when
they saw what happened Monday
night.
Regardless of what brought
them here, everyone was aware of
the fragile balance of considera-
tions at work.
“You definitely always walk a
fine line,” said Robert Apgar, a 13-
year veteran of the District of Co-
lumbia Transit Police. He was sta-
tioned near the entrance to the
Farragut North Metro stop at the
corner of Connecticut Avenue and
K Street. As he spoke, a growing
procession of protesters streamed
past him toward the White House.
Mr. Apgar made it clear that he
was speaking for himself, not on
behalf of the police force. He held a
sign that contained three mes-
sages: “End police brutality,”
“Blue 4 BLM,” “Be the change.”
“Safety is paramount, but we
are dealing with human beings
here,” Mr. Apgar said. “We our-
selves are human beings. And af-
ter the events of the last week, it’s
clear that America’s children are
crying out and demanding to be
heard. If police want to survive,
we need to heed that call.”
A22 N THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
The 45th President The Agenda
Rosenstein Defends Naming
Special Counsel on Russia
This article is by Charlie Savage,
Katie Benner and Nicholas Fandos.
WASHINGTON — The former
deputy attorney general Rod J.
Rosenstein defended during con-
gressional testimony on Wednes-
day his decision to appoint a spe-
cial counsel for the Trump-Russia
investigation, as Republican allies
of President Trump sought to
keep a skeptical spotlight on the
inquiry heading into the Novem-
ber election.
“I still believe it was the right
decision under the circum-
stances,” Mr. Rosenstein said to
the Senate Judiciary Committee
about appointing Robert S. Muel-
ler III as special counsel. “I recog-
nize that people can criticize me
for them. That’s the consequence
of being in these jobs — you make
decisions and people criticize you
for them — but I believed it was
the right decision at the time.”
But Mr. Rosenstein also said he
would not have signed an applica-
tion in June 2017 to renew a court
wiretap order targeting Carter
Page, a former Trump campaign
adviser, if he had known at the
time that it contained factual er-
rors and omissions, as an inspec-
tor general found.
The Republican chairman of the
Judiciary Committee, Senator
Lindsey Graham of South Car-
olina, has made clear that he in-
tends to try to keep a focus in the
coming months on the investiga-
tors who sought to understand the
scope of Russia’s election interfer-
ence and ties to Trump campaign
associates.
JIM LO SCALZO/EPA-EFE
Rod J. Rosenstein, the former
deputy attorney general.
Mr. Graham and Senator Ron
Johnson, a Wisconsin Republican
who is chairman of the Homeland
Security and Governmental Af-
fairs Committee, plan to ask their
panels on Thursday to empower
them to issue subpoenas related
to the Russia investigation. Those
would seek reams of records and
testimony from dozens of current
and former law enforcement and
national security officials, includ-
ing prominent members of the
Obama administration.
The session was the first major
investigative hearing the Senate
has had in months, scheduled de-
spite the economic and health cri-
ses caused by the coronavirus
pandemic and amid days of na-
tional unrest over police brutality.
Democrats insisted repeatedly on
Wednesday that those were far
more obvious and urgent topics
for the Senate’s consideration
than an investigation that has al-
ready been widely scrutinized.
“I just do not understand why
we as a committee are focusing on
things that further deepen the dis-
cords of partisan posturing in
America,” said Senator Cory
Booker, Democrat of New Jersey
and one of only three black sena-
tors. “I might be missing some-
thing, but to me we are in a pan-
demic like we have not seen since
1918, an economic crisis like we
have not seen since the Depres-
sion and uprisings across Amer-
ica like we have not seen since
1968.”
Mr. Rosenstein was sworn in to
the No. 2 post at the Justice De-
partment just weeks before the
president fired James B. Comey
as the F.B.I. director, and within
days Mr. Trump publicly and pri-
vately linked the dismissal to the
Russia investigation. Mr. Rosen-
stein then called Mr. Mueller, a for-
mer F.B.I. director and prosecutor,
out of retirement to lead the inqui-
ry.
Mr. Mueller’s investigators
found that while the Russian gov-
ernment covertly intervened in
the 2016 election with a goal of
helping Mr. Trump defeat Hillary
Clinton, and while the Trump cam-
paign welcomed that assistance
and had many links to Russian fig-
ures, the evidence was insuffi-
cient to prove any criminal con-
spiracy.
Republican and Democratic
senators used the questioning of
Mr. Rosenstein as a proxy to argue
about whether the investigation
was justified, given Mr. Mueller’s
findings. Mr. Rosenstein defended
the investigation while casting
Mr. Trump’s longstanding attacks
as understandable grievances.
“I do not consider the investiga-
tion to be corrupt, Senator, but I
certainly understand the presi-
dent’s frustration given the out-
come,” Mr. Rosenstein said to Sen-
ator Richard J. Durbin, Democrat
of Illinois.
Lawmakers also jostled over
the findings in December by the
Justice Department’s independ-
ent inspector general, Michael E.
Horowitz. He concluded that the
Russia investigation had a lawful
basis and found no evidence of po-
litical bias in its opening, but un-
covered serious errors and omis-
sions by the F.B.I. in applications
to obtain a wiretap order under
the Foreign Intelligence Surveil-
lance Act, or FISA, targeting Mr.
Page in October 2016, as well as
three renewal orders in 2017.
The Justice Department has
since told a court that it did not
think the available evidence met
the legal standard to keep invad-
ing Mr. Page’s privacy for the last
two renewals. While Mr. Rosen-
stein was not involved in the early
iterations of monitoring Mr. Page,
he signed off on the third and final
renewal application for surveil-
lance.
Mr. Rosenstein blamed the
F.B.I. for the problems, citing the
inspector general’s findings that
the bureau failed to follow its pro-
cedures and that blamed manage-
ment breakdowns.
But Republicans found Mr.
Rosenstein’s explanations unper-
suasive and, as the hearing went
on, began to criticize him for ob-
fuscating and failing to correct
what they argued were blatant
abuses of the system he oversaw.
“You came into a profoundly po-
liticized world, yet all of this was
allowed to go forward under your
leadership,” said Senator Ted
Cruz, Republican of Texas. “That
unfortunately leads to only two
possible conclusions: either that
you were complicit in the wrong-
doing, which I don’t believe was
the case, or that your perform-
ance of your duties was grossly
negligent.”
But Democrats accused Repub-
licans of misrepresenting the in-
vestigation for political gain. The
hearing in particular highlighted
a partisan split over the signifi-
cance of the flaws in a dossier
compiled by Christopher Steele, a
former British intelligence agent
whose research was funded by
Democrats, that included allega-
tions about Mr. Page.
Republicans repeatedly sought
to keep the focus on the dossier,
sometimes overtly conflating it
with the larger Russia investiga-
tion. For example, Senator Josh
Hawley, Republican of Missouri,
accused Democrats on the com-
mittee of contending that the
Mueller report was of “no conse-
quence” and then pivoted to the
use of the dossier in the wiretap
applications as if they and the re-
port were the same thing.
“Now we hear from person after
person on that side of the dais that
the Mueller report is of no conse-
quence. No consequence?” he
thundered, before seamlessly
shifting into denouncing the use of
the Steele dossier information in
the wiretap applications.
None of the Democratic sena-
tors had said the Mueller report
was of no consequence. But they
did repeatedly seek to distinguish
the larger Russia investigation
and the eventual Mueller report
from the use of Steele dossier in-
formation in the wiretap applica-
tions. They asked Mr. Rosenstein
questions that focused on the facts
that none of Mr. Mueller’s find-
ings, nor any of the criminal
charges brought by his office, re-
lied upon information from the
Steele dossier — and that Mr.
Page’s name appears on only a
handful of pages of the lengthy re-
port.
Senator Dianne Feinstein,
Democrat of California, noted that
the F.B.I. officials who opened the
inquiry “had not even seen the
Steele dossier, but because the
Steele dossier was cited in the
Carter Page FISA applications,
the president and his allies falsely
claim that the entire Russia inves-
tigation” would never have hap-
pened but for the document.
Mr. Rosenstein also denied
making provocative suggestions
in the chaotic days after Mr.
Comey’s firing to both secretly
record his conversations with the
president as part of any investiga-
tion into whether the dismissal
constituted obstruction of justice
and to recruit cabinet members to
invoke the 25th Amendment to re-
move Mr. Trump.
Andrew G. McCabe, who served
as acting F.B.I. director after Mr.
Comey’s firing, has described Mr.
Rosenstein’s comments in televi-
sion interviews and documented
them at the time in a memo that
has since become public. Another
former law enforcement official
relayed Mr. McCabe’s account to
congressional investigators.
When The New York Times first
reported on Mr. Rosenstein’s com-
ments in 2018, a Justice Depart-
ment spokeswoman provided a
statement from an official present
for one of the times when Mr.
Rosenstein suggested wearing a
wire who acknowledged that he
had made the remark. The official,
however, said Mr. Rosenstein was
being sarcastic.
Twitter last week restricted a post of President Trump’s in which he said that protesters in
Minneapolis could face a violent crackdown. It also added fact-check labels to other tweets.
Trump’s Tweets, the Murky to the Misleading
A look at seven days of his posts found that over a third contained dubious claims.
By LINDA QIU
Twitter and its chief executive,
Jack Dorsey, placed warnings
on three of President Trump’s
tweets last week, taking a
measured but hotly debated
step to place some limit on the
president’s use of social media
to spread falsehoods and incite
his followers.
Twitter attached labels refut-
ing two of Mr. Trump’s tweets
on voter fraud and restricted
one that implied protesters in
Minneapolis could be shot. But
it left countless others unchal-
lenged, including those base-
lessly insinuating that the
MSNBC host Joe Scarborough
killed a former staff member.
A New York Times review of
the president’s 139 Twitter
posts from Sunday, May 24, to
Saturday, May 30, found at least
26 contained clearly false
claims, including five about
mail-in voting that were not
flagged, five promoting the
false conspiracy theory about
Mr. Scarborough and three
about Twitter itself. Another 24
were misleading, lacked con-
text or traded in innuendo.
(This analysis did not include
dozens of Mr. Trump’s re-
tweets.)
To put it another way, more
than a third of the president’s
tweets over the course of a
week contained dubious infor-
mation. That presents a chal-
lenge both to Twitter and to the
millions of people who are
exposed to Mr. Trump on social
media, especially now, with the
nation facing the triple chal-
lenge of a pandemic, economic
dislocation and nationwide
protests over systemic racism.
Unsubstantiated charges of
fraud in mail-in voting
Twitter attached information to
refute two of Mr. Trump’s posts
about mail-in voting that falsely
claimed that California was
sending ballots to “anyone
living in the state no matter
who they are or how they got
there.” State officials will mail
ballots to registered voters only.
Mr. Dorsey said that those
tweets on May 26 specifically
violated the company’s civic
integrity policy as they “may
mislead people into thinking
they don’t need to register to
get a ballot.”
Five others posts by Mr.
Trump repeated his general
falsehoods about mail-in voting
but did not specify any one
state’s election process or ballot
distribution plans — and were
not affixed with a label.
Two days before Twitter
labeled the two tweets on May
26, the president warned twice
that the upcoming presidential
election will be “rigged”
through mail-in ballots. After
Twitter’s actions, Mr. Trump
continued to claim that mail-in
voting would lead to a “free for
all on cheating, forgery and the
theft of Ballots,” a ”tainted”
FACT CHECK
election process, “MASSIVE
FRAUD AND ABUSE” and
“THE END OF OUR GREAT
REPUBLICAN PARTY.”
There is no evidence for any
of these claims. Voter fraud in
general is extremely rare.
While mail-in voting is less
secure than in-person voting,
fraud incidence rates remain
extremely low — one study
found an improper voting rate
of 0.004 percent. Studies have
found little evidence that mail-
in voting and so-called no-
excuse absentee voting benefit
one political party over another.
Inaccurate claims about Twitter
Mr. Trump responded to Twit-
ter’s actions by issuing an
executive order that seeks to
strip liability protection in
certain cases for companies like
Twitter, Google and Facebook
for the content on their sites. If
carried out, the order could lead
to the companies facing legal
liability for false and defama-
tory statements posted on their
sites.
The president also took to
Twitter to castigate the plat-
form in three false posts.
He accused the company of
“completely stifling FREE
SPEECH.” But this is a mis-
reading of the First Amend-
ment, which prohibits Congress
from “abridging the freedom of
speech.” While the Supreme
Court has held that this applies
to all government agencies, it
does not apply to private com-
panies like Twitter.
In two tweets on Friday
morning, Mr. Trump com-
plained that Twitter had not
flagged “China’s propaganda.”
But the company had attached
similar warning labels two days
earlier to tweets posted by
Zhao Lijian, a spokesman for
China’s foreign ministry, that
suggested that the coronavirus
originated in the United States.
Baseless claims about continuing
protests
Mr. Trump has dismissed the
nationwide protests over the
killing of George Floyd by
suggesting they are not organic
or legitimate.
In three tweets, he said with-
out evidence that the protests
across the country and in front
of the White House were “pro-
fessionally organized” and
“have nothing to do with
George Floyd.”
While it is impossible to know
the motivation of every person
participating in these demon-
strations, Mr. Trump’s broad
generalization discounts the
thousands who have taken to
the streets specifically to pro-
test the killing of Mr. Floyd, a
black man who died after being
handcuffed and pinned to the
ground by a white police officer.
In another tweet on Saturday,
Mr. Trump said that “80% of
the RIOTERS in Minneapolis
last night were from OUT OF
STATE.” This was an estimate
first offered by Gov. Tim Walz
of Minnesota, a Democrat. But
after reporting by local news
outlets that suggested the oppo-
site was true, Mr. Walz declined
to repeat the estimate and said
that more data was needed to
properly characterize the pro-
portion of those arrested who
were not local residents.
These theories echoed Mr.
Trump’s previous claims that
those who protested the confir-
mation hearings of Justice
Brett M. Kavanaugh in 2018
were paid by George Soros, the
billionaire investor and Demo-
cratic donor.
Mr. Trump did not name the
supposed organizers of the
current protests.
Other falsehoods
Other inaccuracies from a week
of Mr. Trump’s tweets centered
on familiar foes and oft-re-
peated boasts.
Mr. Trump tweeted, with no
evidence, that Speaker Nancy
Pelosi had complained that he
had moved too quickly in im-
posing some restrictions on
travel from China in response
to the coronavirus. The Times
was unable to find an instance
of Ms. Pelosi publicly address-
ing or criticizing that decision.
He repeated his claim that
former Vice President Joseph
R. Biden Jr., the presumptive
Democratic presidential nomi-
nee, had “apologized” for op-
posing the policy. No record of
an apology exists.
He falsely accused Repre-
sentative Conor Lamb, Demo-
crat of Pennsylvania, of break-
ing his campaign promise to
vote against Ms. Pelosi for
speaker. Mr. Lamb, who won
his seat in 2018, voted for Rep-
resentative Joseph P. Kennedy
III, Democrat of Massachu-
setts, when the House held its
election for speaker last year.
He falsely claimed on Satur-
day that Washington’s Demo-
cratic mayor, Muriel E. Bowser,
“wouldn’t let the D.C. Police get
involved” in monitoring pro-
tests outside of the White
House on Friday. But the Secret
Service, which Mr. Trump
praised in the same tweet, said
in a statement that it had made
six arrests that night and “the
Metropolitan Police Depart-
ment and the U.S. Park Police
were on the scene.”
He again took undue credit
for the Veterans Choice health
care program. The program
was created in 2014, developed
by Senators John McCain and
Bernie Sanders and signed by
former President Barack
Obama — three of Mr. Trump’s
political enemies.
Mr. Trump’s declaration that
“it was me who shattered 100%
of the ISIS Caliphate” was also
not true. About a third to a half
of the territory formerly held
by the Islamic State was re-
gained under Mr. Obama’s
administration, according to
military and independent esti-
mates. And officials and ex-
perts had always anticipated
that the campaign, started in
2014, long before Mr. Trump
took office, would result in
pushing the extremist group
out of its self-declared ca-
liphate.
Half truths and murky
accusations
Three dozen tweets from the
president occupied a factual
gray zone. Some were typical
examples of political spin, nei-
ther completely true nor totally
wrong.
Twice, he claimed to have
banned travel from China and
to have done so “before any-
body thought necessary” to
contain the spread of the coro-
navirus. These were exaggera-
tions. The restrictions did not
amount to full ban. They did not
apply to American citizens or
green card holders, and they
contained other exemptions.
Numerous other countries had
taken similar actions before Mr.
Trump did.
He misleadingly boasted of
the United States having car-
ried out 15 million coronavirus
tests, “by far the most in the
World,” and the number of
cases and deaths “going down
all over the Country.” The raw
number of tests, while accurate,
did not reflect that the United
States continues to lag other
countries in testing per capita.
Cases and deaths were decreas-
ing across the country as a
whole, but not in some states.
Ten tweets were devoted to
the announcement of grants to
local transit agencies from the
Department of Transportation.
Left unsaid was that these
grants have been routinely
awarded since the 2013 federal
fiscal year and in the first two
years of his presidency, Mr.
Trump’s proposed budgets
called for the grants to be
phased out.
Other tweets were ambigu-
ously worded, making them
difficult to fact check even as
they hint at nefarious activity.
Mr. Trump twice said that
social media companies “at-
tempted”and “failed” to do
something in the 2016 election,
but never specified what ex-
actly the companies attempted.
(In the past, he has mischarac-
terized research to mount a
baseless suggestion that Google
“manipulated” votes.)
Perhaps there’s no better
example of how Mr. Trump
trades in vague claims than his
repeated allegations of the
“greatest political crime” or
scandal in history, committed
by the Obama administration to
undercut his 2016 campaign
and the start of his presidency.
In four tweets, the president
echoed this but never specified
what that crime was. In others,
he simply referred to “Obama-
gate.”

Election
Trump ‘Remains Healthy’ After Taking Hydroxychloroquine, Doctor Says
By KATIE ROGERS
and LAWRENCE K. ALTMAN
WASHINGTON — President
Trump’s cardiac health was
closely monitored while he took a
two-week course of hydroxy-
chloroquine to prevent contract-
ing Covid-19, his physician said on
Wednesday, and the president
completed the treatment “safely
and without side effects.”
That assessment was contained
in a summary of Mr. Trump’s
health compiled by Dr. Sean Con-
ley, the White House physician,
who also reported a one-pound
weight gain by the president since
last year, as well as a decline in his
cholesterol levels.
“Based on my history, examina-
tion and consultations, the data in-
dicates the president remains
healthy,” Dr. Conley wrote.
But the summary was not the
customary report released in the
past by Mr. Trump and other pres-
idents immediately after an annu-
al physical exam. Rather than one
examination, the summary was
based on an unknown number of
medical appointments that in-
cluded a highly unusual un-
announced visit the president
made to Walter Reed National
Military Medical Center in No-
vember, and another from a
checkup conducted at the White
House in April.
In his report, Dr. Conley did not
explain the Walter Reed visit or
give specific dates for Mr. Trump’s
two-week drug regimen of hy-
droxychloroquine.
Mr. Trump began taking the hy-
droxychloroquine, along with vi-
tamin D and zinc, in May after two
administration officials tested
positive for the coronavirus. Mr.
Trump has repeatedly promoted
the drug as a cure for Covid-19
while offering little proof of the
drug’s efficacy, and dismissed the
views of many doctors and scien-
tists — including some in his own
administration — who question
whether it is safe to use as a treat-
ment.
As Poll Numbers Dive,
Trump Spends to Hold
States He Won in 2016
From Page A1
to capture another thin victory de-
spite the strong possibility of los-
ing the popular vote again.
But amid the human and eco-
nomic devastation of the coro-
navirus pandemic and now a
wave of demonstrations and so-
cial unrest in American cities, Mr.
Trump has fallen significantly be-
hind his Democratic challenger,
Joseph R. Biden Jr.
In private polling conducted by
Mr. Trump’s campaign, the presi-
dent is now well behind Mr. Biden,
according to people briefed on the
most recent round of results. Sev-
eral public surveys this week have
found Mr. Trump trailing Mr. Bi-
den, the former vice president, by
double-digit margins, including a
Monmouth University poll pub-
lished on Wednesday that showed
Mr. Biden ahead by 11 percentage
points.
The presidential election is still
five months away and Mr. Trump,
despite his political vulnerability,
retains some important assets as
a candidate. While Mr. Biden’s
fund-raising efforts have picked
up momentum, Mr. Trump is sit-
ting on a considerably larger war
chest and is resuming in-person
fund-raising next week. There is
almost no open dissent within the
Republican Party, giving Mr.
Trump a solid political foundation
on the right from which he can try
to rebuild his strength before the
fall campaign.
Tim Murtaugh, a spokesman
for Mr. Trump’s campaign, said in
a statement that the race re-
mained highly competitive.
“Our internal data consistently
shows the president running
strong against a defined Joe Biden
in all of our key states,” Mr. Mur-
taugh said, using a term that typi-
cally refers to polling that tests
positive and negative messages
about both candidates.
But Mr. Trump’s belligerent re-
sponse to protests after the killing
of George Floyd, a black man,
while in the custody of white po-
lice officers in Minneapolis, ap-
pears to have worsened his politi-
cal position even further, officials
in both parties said. On an almost
daily basis, he has issued a combi-
nation of wild threats and com-
plaints about news media cover-
age and other personal griev-
ances.
“There is no obvious strategy in
terms of message,” said Rob
Stutzman, a Republican strategist
based in California. “The presi-
dent defaults to base messages re-
gardless of strategy, thus the cam-
Giovanni Russonello contributed
reporting.
President Trump has promoted hydroxychloroquine as a cure for Covid-19 while offering little proof of the drug’s efficacy.
“Here’s my evidence: I get a lot
of positive calls about it,” an indig-
nant Mr. Trump told reporters af-
ter unexpectedly announcing he
was taking the drug.
After the president’s announce-
ment that he was taking hydroxy-
chloroquine, Dr. Conley released a
letter in which he said he had
“concluded the potential benefit
from treatment outweighed the
relative risks.”
In that letter and in the report
released Wednesday, Dr. Conley
did not specify whether he had
prescribed the hydroxychloro-
paign becomes a base-driven
campaign.”
Signs of anxiety inside the
Trump team are evident across
the electoral map. Over the past
few weeks, the president’s opera-
tion has spent about $1.7 million
on advertising in just three states
he carried in 2016 — Ohio, Iowa
and Arizona — that it had hoped
would not be competitive at all
this year. Much of that sum went
to a concentrated two-week bar-
rage in Ohio, according to the me-
dia-tracking firm Advertising An-
alytics.
The spending in Ohio startled
many Republicans, given that
four years ago Mr. Trump de-
feated Mrs. Clinton there by eight
percentage points.
Perhaps just as telling were two
trips last month to Georgia by
Vice President Mike Pence. The
state has become a source of nag-
ging concern to Republicans, both
because of the stakes in the presi-
dential race and because there are
two Senate seats up for election
this year, including one held by a
highly unpopular appointee, Sen-
ator Kelly Loeffler, who has been
snared in a personal financial
scandal.
The fact that any of those states
is competitive at this point looms
as a significant hurdle to Mr.
Trump’s re-election. Should he
lose a state like Georgia, with its 16
Electoral College votes, or Ari-
zona, with 11, it could blow a hole
in Mr. Trump’s map even if he
were to hold other battleground
states like Florida, North Carolina
and Wisconsin.
A set of state-level polls re-
leased on Wednesday by Fox
News found Mr. Biden leading Mr.
Trump in Arizona by four percent-
age points, and slightly ahead of
Mr. Trump in Ohio as well. The for-
mer vice president held a nine-
point lead in Wisconsin, where Mr.
Trump eked out a win over Hillary
Clinton in 2016.
Aaron Pickrell, a Democratic
strategist in Ohio who helped
steer former President Barack
Obama’s campaigns there, said
Mr. Trump’s decision to shift
money into the state suggested
just how precarious his overall po-
sition was. Mr. Pickrell said there
were now conversations among
national Democrats about
whether to commit resources to
contesting a state that most effec-
tively gave up on after Mrs. Clin-
ton’s thumping defeat there.
“I don’t think anybody will dis-
pute the fact that if Trump loses
Ohio, there’s no path at all,” Mr.
Pickrell said. “We’re not going to
be a tipping-point state this time,
but I think Joe Biden can win here
and I think the Trump campaign
sees that.”
THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
quine. Judd Deere, a White House
spokesman, would not comment
on that question or any others
about the summary.
“Nothing to add to this memo or
the doctor’s memo on hydroxy-
chloroquine,” he said.
Historically, presidential check-
ups tend to buoy whatever image
the commander in chief wishes to
present about his health, and
presidents can decide how little or
how much information to release,
like any other medical patient. A
review of medical records dating
back to President Jimmy Carter
BEN GRAY/ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS
Polls released on Wednesday
show another troubling sign for
Mr. Trump: His numbers have
flagged recently among white vot-
ers, driven by a continued erosion
of support from those with college
degrees. The latest Monmouth
survey found Mr. Trump with the
support of just 52 percent of white
voters nationwide — five percent-
age points lower than his share in
2016, according to exit polls.
There are also at least faint
signs of renewed discomfort with
Mr. Trump among a sliver of sub-
urban Republican primary voters
who could doom him altogether if
they were to shift to Mr. Biden in
November.
In a few states with primary
elections this week, a smattering
of suburban counties registered
substantial, though far from
strong, protest votes against the
president from his fellow Republi-
cans.
In Maryland, for instance, more
than a tenth of Republican prima-
ry voters cast their ballots for Bill
Weld, the former governor of
Massachusetts who ended his
shows that there is no template for
how a report is released, and the
amount of information presidents
have chosen to share varies.
This year, the decision to pub-
lish the results came after Mr.
Trump weathered scrutiny over
taking a drug more commonly
used to treat arthritis and malaria
to treat a virus that has killed
more than 107,000 Americans.
Dr. Conley said that Mr. Trump’s
weight was 244 pounds, a one-
pound increase from last year. At 6
feet 3 inches tall, the president has
a body mass index of 30.5. Anyone
quixotic campaign in March after
registering in the low single digits
in a string of primaries. With most
precincts reporting, Mr. Weld was
drawing more than 20 percent of
the primary vote in two populous
and diverse suburban counties
outside Washington, D.C., that are
rich with racially diverse and
highly educated voters who have
grown increasingly uncomfort-
able with the G.O.P. under Mr.
Trump.
In Indiana, Mr. Weld took
nearly 13 percent of the vote in
Hamilton County, a suburb of Indi-
anapolis, while in New Mexico a
similar share of voters in
Bernalillo County, home to Albu-
querque, voted for an uncommit-
ted slate of Republican delegates
rather than for Mr. Trump.
In many of the states that voted
on Tuesday, however, including
Pennsylvania and Montana, there
were only scant signs of protest
voting, underscoring the extent of
Mr. Trump’s dominance within his
party even in a period of extraor-
dinary political adversity. And his
advisers point to the relatively
DOUG MILLS/THE NEW YORK TIMES
with a B.M.I. over 30 is considered
obese.
Mr. Trump, a longtime fan of
junk food, has not succeeded in
losing the 10 to 15 pounds he was
said to want to lose after earlier
checkups by Dr. Ronny L. Jack-
son, the former White House phy-
sician, who at the time had enthu-
siastically declared his patient in
“excellent health.”
Dr. Jackson, who is now running
for Congress from Texas, said
then that Mr. Trump’s wife, Mela-
nia Trump, and his daughter,
Ivanka, would help the then-239-
Above, a campaign rally for President Trump in Charlotte, N.C.,
in March. Left, Vice President Mike Pence landing at Dobbins
Air Reserve Base in Marietta, Ga., in May. One poll shows the
president trailing his rival, Joseph R. Biden Jr., by 11 points.
high turnout on the Republican
side in some states, like New Mex-
ico, as a sign that Mr. Trump’s
base is still intensely engaged.
It is not clear how fully Mr.
Trump grasps the depths of his po-
litical peril; when he was asked on
Wednesday about trailing Mr. Bi-
den in the polls, he replied, “I have
other polls where I’m winning,”
though he did not cite one. At
times, his allies have taken un-
usual steps to try to calm his frus-
tration, including commissioning
and then leaking a poll last month
that suggested that Mr. Trump
had gained ground rapidly on Mr.
Biden, people familiar with the ef-
forts said, even as other Republi-
can and nonpartisan polling
showed the president’s numbers
stagnant.
But Mr. Trump has been lashing
out for weeks at some of his politi-
cal lieutenants, according to peo-
ple briefed on his reactions, who
were not authorized to speak pub-
licly. He blamed them for the diffi-
culty of the campaign, comparing
them unfavorably to the operation
surrounding Mr. Biden. The presi-
dent has complained that his fund-
raising advantage has dimin-
ished, and indeed some of Mr.
Trump’s advisers were caught off
guard when Mr. Biden raised
nearly as much money as the
president in April.
“Biden has a team of killers and
all I’ve got is a defense,” Mr.
Trump has said to allies, taking a
decidedly different view of the Bi-
den campaign than most Republi-
cans as well as a good number of
Democrats.
N A23
pound president lower the fat and
carbohydrate content of his diet
and get exercise.
On Wednesday, Dr. Conley did
not address how that program
was going, or say whether he had
made any recommendations
about losing weight to the presi-
dent.
Losing weight “would be to his
advantage,” said Dr. Richard
Chazal, the medical director of the
Lee Health Heart and Vascular In-
stitute in Fort Myers, Fla., and a
former president of the American
College of Cardiology.
The president’s cholesterol was
167, with an LDL measurement of
91 and an HDL level of 70. Those
represent drops from elevated
numbers recorded in recent
years. In 2018, his LDL level was
143, high above the recommended
100.
The drops are likely the result of
a decision made last year to in-
crease the president’s rosuvas-
tatin dose, used to help control his
cholesterol, to 40 milligrams per
day, up from 10. Dr. Chazal said the
LDL level presented by the White
House constituted a 36 percent
drop, which he said was a “good
response” to the medication.
It is still unclear whether Mr.
Trump has undergone a colonos-
copy, a procedure his former phy-
sician had delayed in the past. Af-
ter Mr. Trump’s examination in
January 2018, Dr. Jackson said he
had deferred a routine colonos-
copy “until the next periodic phys-
ical exam,” but Dr. Conley made
no reference to whether the presi-
dent had recently undergone the
procedure.
In 2018, after the president’s
mental acuity was questioned af-
ter the book “Fire and Fury” de-
scribed some of Mr. Trump’s ad-
visers questioning his fitness for
office, Dr. Jackson said Mr. Trump
had requested a test to detect cog-
nitive impairment and had re-
ceived a perfect score.
The report on Wednesday did
not say whether Mr. Trump had
undergone such tests this year.
DOUG MILLS/THE NEW YORK TIMES
Mr. Trump’s campaign has al-
ready carried out an organization-
al shake-up, elevating a trusted
adviser, Bill Stepien, to the role of
deputy campaign manager and
giving him an expansive portfolio.
The move came after Mr. Trump
spent much of the spring railing
bitterly about his campaign man-
ager, Brad Parscale, and other Re-
publicans raised questions about
whether Mr. Parscale had suffi-
cient political experience and
knowledge to steer a presidential
campaign.
Mr. Parscale’s job is safe, sev-
eral officials insisted, but other
changes on the campaign could
happen in the coming weeks, ac-
cording to people close to Mr.
Trump.
Across the Republican Party,
there is a mood of intense appre-
hension and hope — though not
optimism — that Mr. Trump can
stabilize his candidacy and re-
build his political position as he
did after several political crises in
2016.
But Republicans also acknowl-
edge that Mr. Trump has seldom,
if ever, faced a moment as difficult
as this one, for the country or for
his campaign, especially given his
erratic handling of the twin crises
facing the country.
Like many Republicans, includ-
ing top officials in Mr. Trump’s
campaign and administration, Mr.
Stutzman, the strategist, saw the
president’s impulses as a largely
unfixable problem: “He’s too de-
fective to have any other strategy
than to be who he is,” Mr. Stutz-
man said.
A24 N THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Election
6 Years After Racial Unrest, Ferguson Has First Black Mayor New Mexico
By JENNIFER MEDINA
Ella Jones became the first Afri-
can-American and first woman
elected mayor in Ferguson, Mo.,
on Tuesday, nearly six years after
the city erupted in protests after a
white police officer shot and killed
Michael Brown, a black teenager,
propelling Ferguson into the na-
tional spotlight and galvanizing
the Black Lives Matter move-
ment.
The victory for Ms. Jones, a Fer-
guson City Council member, came
as another night of protests un-
folded throughout the country
over the killing of George Floyd
and persistent police brutality
against black Americans.
Ms. Jones, 65, and her oppo-
nent, Heather Robinett, 49, had
both vowed to continue changes
enacted after the 2014 shooting of
Mr. Brown, including a federal
consent decree, a legally binding
agreement requiring reforms to a
police department.
And both had made clear that
they supported peaceful protests
after the killing of Mr. Floyd in
Minneapolis, while condemning
A Day of Historic Wins
For Women of Color
This article is by Reid J. Epstein,
Jennifer Medina and Nick Corasa-
niti.
WASHINGTON — As the na-
tion remained gripped by wide-
spread protests against police
brutality and systemic racism,
black and Hispanic women won
elections in multiple states on
Tuesday while Representative
Steve King, a nine-term congress-
man with a long history of racist
remarks, was ousted in a Republi-
can primary in Iowa.
And as the coronavirus pan-
demic upended the election
process, with millions of absentee
ballots flooding clerks offices and
consolidated polling locations
leading to hourslong waits in cit-
ies across the country, a deter-
mined electorate pushed turnout
past 2016 levels in nearly all of the
eight states that held primary
contests.
In Philadelphia, voters strode
past National Guard troops de-
ployed amid the protests to drop
off their absentee ballots. In
Washington, D.C., voters observ-
ing social-distancing measures
waited in line for close to five
hours, some not returning home
until after midnight, long after the
curfew that had been set by the
city.
The result was a dramatic night
for candidates of color up and
down the ballot, largely in Demo-
cratic primaries for Congress,
state legislatures and city halls, at
a time when national leaders like
former President Barack Obama
are encouraging a nation reeling
from the killings of George Floyd,
Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery
and other black Americans to em-
brace civic action and vote.
The city of Ferguson, Mo.,
elected its first African-American
mayor, six years after protests
against the police killing there of
Reid J. Epstein reported from
Washington, Jennifer Medina
from Los Angeles and Nick Cora-
saniti from Easton, Conn. Simon
Romero contributed reporting
from Albuquerque and Rachel
Shorey contributed reporting from
Washington.
Corrections
FRONT PAGE
An article on Wednesday about
protests against police brutality
evolving into a nationwide move-
ment with diverse interests and
tactics misidentified the location
of an episode at a protest in Balti-
more. It was outside City Hall, not
outside the governor’s mansion.
INTERNATIONAL
An article on Tuesday about
similarities between the current
demonstrations in the United
States and those of the Arab
Spring referred incorrectly to the
involvement of the Egyptian
writer and activist Ahdaf Soueif
in a recent street protest in Cairo.
She participated in the protest;
she did not lead it.
NATIONAL
An article on Wednesday about
the Pennsylvania primaries
viewed as a “dry run” for the
election in November described
incorrectly a Pennsylvania law
that aims to make it easier for
voters to receive mail-in ballots
for the November election. Any-
one who voted by mail in the
state’s June 2 primary election
was able to check a box to request
a mail-in ballot for November; the
law did not mandate that those
voters would automatically be
sent a November ballot.
DAVID CARSON/ST. LOUIS POST-DISPATCH, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS
Ella Jones, a city councilwoman in Ferguson, Mo., was elected
mayor on Tuesday night after losing a bid for the office in 2017.
the violence that has broken out in
several cities.
“My election gives people
hope,” Ms. Jones said in an inter-
view Wednesday. “Everybody is
looking for a change, everybody
wants to have a better way of life.
Michael Brown, a black teenager,
propelled the Black Lives Matter
movement to national promi-
nence.
The mayor-elect, Ella Jones, a
city councilwoman, said she had
received hundreds of messages
from throughout the country, in-
cluding from congressional lead-
ers, senators and Democratic
Party officials.
Her favorite, though, was a
tweet from Mr. Obama, who called
her victory “a reminder of the dif-
ference politics and voting can
make in changing who has the
power to make real change.”
“My election gives people
hope,” Ms. Jones said in an inter-
view.
Many of the candidates of color
who won on Tuesday, most of
whom are Democrats, still face
difficult battles in November. And
Republican women won in five
House districts expected to be
competitive this November, a sig-
nificant shift as the party has tried
to recruit more women in recent
years.
Progressive activists hailed
Tuesday’s primary results as evi-
dence that the widespread pro-
tests can spur political action,
leading to important gains in
electing more candidates who fo-
cus heavily on issues of race and
inequality.
Adrianne Shropshire, the exec-
utive director of BlackPAC, a pro-
gressive group focused on black
voters, said her polling has found
that each political crisis brings a
growing intensity among black
voters to vote, in whichever elec-
tion is on the ballot, to reject
whichever candidate or policy is
more closely associated with
President Trump.
“People believe that every vote
they cast is a message being sent
to Donald Trump, no matter what
they’re voting for,” Ms. Shropshire
said.
Mayra Macías, the executive di-
rector of the Latino Victory
Project, which endorsed several
candidates who won on Tuesday,
said the protests of the last 10 days
illustrated the need for more di-
verse elected officials.
“We are winning with people we
ARTS
An article on Wednesday about
the closing of the Metropolitan
Opera for the rest of the season
misidentified the director of a
canceled production of “Fidelio.”
He was Jürgen Flimm, not Her-
bert Wernicke.
OBITUARIES
An obituary on Wednesday about
the photographer Elsa Dorfman
misstated the status of the 20x24
Studio, a Massachusetts company
that acquired the Polaroid ma-
terials she used. It remains open;
it did not close.
An obituary on May 27 about the
author Anthony Bailey misstated
the surname of a priest about
whom he wrote in the 1950s. He
was Ivan Illich, not Ilyich.
Errors are corrected during the press
run whenever possible, so some errors
noted here may not have appeared in
all editions.
Contact the Newsroom
nytnews@nytimes.com or call
1-844-NYT-NEWS (1-844-698-6397).
Editorials
letters@nytimes.com
Newspaper Delivery
customercare@nytimes.com or call
1-800-NYTIMES (1-800-698-4637).
You don’t want to go four blocks
and worry about getting shot, no-
body wants that. It is starting to
get better. We are making
changes.”
“I have been living in injustice
all my life,” she added. “I didn’t
DIANE LOOS/ASSOCIATED PRESS
Teresa Leger Fernandez, a Democratic congressional candidate from New Mexico, top. Paulette
Jordan won a Democratic Senate primary in Idaho, left. At right, Representatives Debra Haaland,
left, and Xochitl Torres Small are first-term Democrats from New Mexico running for re-election.
need, who can represent the com-
munities that are suffering,” she
said.
Democrats see the wins as a
prelude to November, when they
hope to recapture the White
House in part by relying on voters
who are enraged by Mr. Trump’s
rhetoric and actions.
“The attacks that the president
has been consistent about making
are against people of color, immi-
grants and especially women,”
said Representative Tony Cár-
denas, Democrat of California and
the chairman of BOLD Pac, the
Congressional Hispanic Caucus’s
political action committee. “I
think that a lot of women are step-
ping up and saying, ‘I just can’t
leave it to people like him, I need
to do my part.’ ”
In New Mexico, 17 women won
Democratic primaries for the
state legislature. In Iowa, 11 wom-
en won primaries for the state-
house. In Monroe County, Pa.,
Claudette Williams, the first black
woman to serve as county chair,
won her primary to represent a
competitive state House district, a
seat that state Democrats are hop-
ing to flip. And in Washington,
D.C., Janeese Lewis George, a
self-described democratic social-
ist, beat a sitting city councilman
whose mailers said Ms. George
wanted “to cut police in Ward 4.”
She prevailed by 10 percentage
points.
States that aggressively pro-
moted mail voting saw large in-
creases in turnout compared with
their 2016 primaries — even
though four years ago there were
competitive presidential races in
both parties and Tuesday’s con-
test featured only a long-decided
Democratic race.
Iowa, which mailed absentee
ballot request forms to every reg-
istered voter, had the largest turn-
out for a June primary in the
state’s history, according to Paul
Pate, the secretary of state. In
Montana, which mailed ballots to
all registered voters, total turnout
was up 35 percent compared with
the state’s 2016 primary. Turnout
was up 14 percent in New Mexico
just get exposed to it because I be-
came a City Council member.”
Ms. Jones, who prevailed with
54 percent of the vote, will succeed
James Knowles III, who has been
the mayor since 2011 and could not
run for re-election because of term
limits. Ms. Jones lost to Mr.
Knowles in the 2017 mayoral elec-
tion.
A resident of Ferguson for more
than 40 years, Ms. Jones is also a
pastor in the African Methodist
Episcopal Church.
Protests convulsed Ferguson
for weeks in 2014, after the white
officer, Darren Wilson, shot and
killed Mr. Brown, 18. A grand jury
and the Department of Justice de-
clined to prosecute Mr. Wilson,
who eventually resigned.
In 2015, Ms. Jones became the
first black woman elected to the
City Council, and though she was
critical of the city’s law enforce-
ment system, she did not have en-
thusiastic backing from pro-
testers at the time.
“I don’t get along to go along,”
she said then. “If I see something
that needs to be addressed, I will
and 12 percent in South Dakota,
despite few competitive races
there.
The primary results in New
Mexico reflected a significant
shift. In the Democratic contest
for a House seat representing the
northern part of the state, Teresa
Leger Fernandez, a progressive
with deep roots in New Mexico,
easily defeated Valerie Plame, the
former C.I.A. agent.
Ms. Leger Fernandez is widely
expected to prevail in November
in her staunchly Democratic dis-
trict. Her victory would mean
New Mexico could have a House
delegation that entirely com-
prises Hispanic and Native Amer-
ican women.
Representative Deb Haaland, a
Native American elected to Con-
gress in 2018 to represent the dis-
trict encompassing Albuquerque,
is expected to hold her seat.
And in the southern part of the
state, Representative Xochitl Tor-
res Small, a Hispanic first-term
Democrat, is running for re-elec-
tion against Yvette Herrell, who
won the Republican primary. Ms.
Herrell is an enrolled member of
the Cherokee Nation.
The congressional delegation
will represent a state where Ang-
los are in the minority, accounting
for 37 percent of the population.
Hispanics make up 49 percent of
New Mexico’s population while
Native Americans account for
about 11 percent.
Throughout her campaign, Ms.
Leger Fernandez emphasized her
family’s long history in the state —
her parents helped institute the
state’s early bilingual education
programs, which she views as a
key element of the state’s multi-
cultural identity.
And she drew on her father’s ex-
perience as a rancher bringing
meat to restaurants with signs on
the door that read “No dogs or
Mexicans.”
“We bring these voices, we
know what it is like to be from a
community that has suffered,” Ms.
Leger Fernandez said.
In a race certain to be competi-
tive in November, Christina Hale,
address it.”
After losing her 2017 bid for
mayor, Ms. Jones said that many
black residents told her that they
did not believe electing her would
change their own fortunes and
questioned whether she had ac-
complished anything in her two
years on the City Council.
“If you’ve been oppressed so
long, it’s hard for you to break out
to a new idea,” Ms. Jones said at
the time. “And when you’ve been
governed by fear and people
telling you that the city is going to
decline because an African-Amer-
ican person is going to be in
charge, then you tend to listen to
the rhetoric and don’t open your
mind to new possibilities.”
Ferguson is one of the smallest
cities in the country with a federal
consent decree, which includes
scores of new policies to reform
the police department.
Like many other cities through-
out the country, Ferguson officials
declared a state of emergency and
issued a curfew in recent days, as
the protests over police brutality
have continued.
CEDAR ATTANASIO/ASSOCIATED PRESS
CHERISS MAY/NURPHOTO VIA GETTY IMAGES
a Cuban-American state legislator
who won a Democratic congres-
sional primary in Indiana on Tues-
day, will face Victoria Spartz, a
Ukrainian-born Republican state
senator who self-funded her pri-
mary campaign and overcame 14
primary opponents.
They are seeking to represent
the state’s Fifth Congressional
District, which covers suburbs
north of Indianapolis and several
rural counties. Ms. Hale would be
the first Latina congresswoman
from Indiana.
Ms. Hale, whose suburban and
rural district is just 9 percent
black and 5 percent Hispanic, said
the Trump era, along with the
events of recent weeks, had
spurred more women to become
involved in politics.
“We’ve had traditionally low
voter turnout in Indiana,” Ms.
Hale said in an interview. People
around her were starting to take
their role in the democratic
process more seriously, she said,
“turning out to vote, and stepping
up to be candidates themselves.”
In Idaho, Paulette Jordan, a Na-
tive American former state repre-
sentative who previously ran for
governor, won a Democratic Sen-
ate primary. Though she faces an
uphill battle to defeat Senator Jim
Risch in her heavily Republican
state, Ms. Jordan’s candidacy
gives Idaho, with its large Native
American population, the chance
to elect the first Native American
to statewide office since Larry
Echo Hawk was elected attorney
general in 1990.
In Ferguson, Ms. Jones said she
hoped other women of color would
see her win as a reason to be per-
sistent — she lost her first bid for
mayor in 2017.
As she waited for the election
results on Tuesday night, she sat
on a bench outside the Ferguson
Community Empowerment Cen-
ter, surrounded by a few support-
ers wearing face masks.
The site used to be home to a
QuikTrip convenience store that
was burned down during the 2014
protests. The bench is dedicated
to Michael Brown.
Progressive
Beats Plame
In Primary
By JENNIFER MEDINA
Teresa Leger Fernandez, a pro-
gressive candidate who played up
her deep roots in New Mexico, de-
feated the former C.I.A. officer Va-
lerie Plame early Wednesday in
the Democratic primary election
for the state’s Third Congressional
District.
Ms. Plame, who rose to fame af-
ter her identity was leaked during
George W. Bush’s administration,
ran a well-funded campaign in
what is widely regarded as a safe
Democratic district. Her debut
television advertisement, in
which she drove a Chevy Camaro
backward through the desert, at-
tracted national attention for its
James Bond-style flash. But it
may have helped contribute to her
defeat, as she faced persistent
criticism that she was an outsider.
By contrast, Ms. Leger Fernan-
dez emphasized her long history
in the district throughout her cam-
paign. She received endorse-
ments from high-profile national
Democrats, including Senator
Elizabeth Warren of Massachu-
setts and Representative Alexan-
dria Ocasio-Cortez of New York.
“In New Mexico, we recognize
there’s nothing to gain in demoniz-
ing an other,” Ms. Leger Fernan-
dez said in an interview Wednes-
day. “It’s clear that voters liked
that I am a Latina, based in the
land and respectful of the land,
and have complete acknowledg-
ment of how we are different and
that can be celebrated.”
The northern New Mexico dis-
trict is at the center of the state’s
deep Hispanic culture, and also in-
cludes more than a dozen Pueblo
tribes, the Navajo Nation and the
Jicarilla Apache Nation. Hispan-
ics make up 41 percent of the dis-
A Democratic district
favors local roots over
an ex-C.I.A. agent.
trict’s population, while Native
Americans make up 19 percent.
The district has been repre-
sented since 2009 by Ben Ray
Luján, who became the highest-
ranking Hispanic person in the
House and is now running for the
Senate.
The congressional race at-
tracted several Hispanic Demo-
crats with deep roots in the state,
including Ms. Leger Fernandez, a
Yale-educated lawyer who re-
ceived endorsements from the po-
litical arm of the Congressional
Hispanic Caucus, Emily’s List and
the Latino Victory Fund, a politi-
cal action committee that works to
elect progressive Hispanic lead-
ers.
Another candidate, Joseph
Sanchez, a state legislator, em-
phasized his family’s 12-genera-
tion history in New Mexico. And
Marco Serna, the Santa Fe district
attorney, attacked Ms. Plame by
accusing her of misunderstanding
local values and exaggerating her
C.I.A. exploits.
Ms. Plame had significantly
outraised and outspent her rivals,
much of the money coming from
donors outside the district who
were impressed by her vows to
take on President Trump. Along
with her former husband, Joseph
C. Wilson, Ms. Plame, 56, left
Washington for Santa Fe when
her identity was leaked after Mr.
Wilson undercut the Bush admin-
istration’s 2003 claim that Iraq
was trying to build nuclear weap-
ons.
Ms. Plame testified to Congress
that she blamed the Bush admin-
istration for intentionally disclos-
ing her identity and undermining
her career, a contention she has
maintained and cited as a motiva-
tion to run.
Ms. Plame said in an interview
that she had been raised by
“Rockefeller Republicans” and
voted for Ronald Reagan in the
1980s. But she said that she “didn’t
know better at the time,” and that
her politics and worldview had
changed since then.
RAMSAY DE GIVE FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
Teresa Leger Fernandez is run-
ning for a seat in the House.

Election
Incendiary Iowa Republican Loses House Primary
By TRIP GABRIEL
Representative Steve King of
Iowa, the nine-term Republican
with a history of racist comments
who only recently became a party
pariah, lost his bid for renomina-
tion early Wednesday, one of the
biggest defeats of the 2020 prima-
ry season in any state.
Mr. King was defeated by
Randy Feenstra, a state senator,
who had the backing of main-
stream state and national Repub-
licans who found Mr. King an em-
barrassment and, crucially, a
threat to a safe Republican seat if
he were on the ballot in November.
The loss was most likely the fi-
nal political blow to one of the na-
tion’s most divisive elected offi-
cials, whose insults of undocu-
mented immigrants foretold the
messaging of President Trump,
and whose flirtations with ex-
tremism led him far from rural
Iowa, to meetings with anti-Mus-
lim crusaders in Europe and an
endorsement of a Toronto may-
oral candidate with neo-Nazi ties.
In interviews over the years,
voters in Iowa’s most conserva-
tive region downplayed Mr. King’s
incendiary comments. His loss af-
ter 18 years in office was mainly
because opponents painted him
as ineffective after party leaders
in Congress stripped him of his
committee assignments last year.
That move came after com-
ments that Mr. King made in an in-
terview with The New York Times
in 2019, in which he asked, “White
nationalist, white supremacist,
Western civilization — how did
that language become offensive?”
The remarks caused an uproar.
Senator Mitch McConnell, the Re-
publican majority leader, told Mr.
King to “find another line of work.”
Instead, Mr. King clung to his
seat, claiming to be the victim of
Republican insiders and of the
news media.
Now Mr. Feenstra, a political
and social conservative in a deep-
red district in northwest Iowa, is
the odds-on favorite to hold the
seat against J.D. Scholten, who
nearly defeated Mr. King two
years ago and ran unopposed in
the Democratic primary.
The belief that Mr. King, who
had crushed earlier primary op-
ponents, was vulnerable this year
drew four challengers, including
Mr. Feenstra; Jeremy Taylor, a
former state lawmaker; and two
businessmen, Bret Richards and
Steve Reeder. All four opponents
campaigned as equally conserva-
tive as Mr. King on red-meat is-
sues like abortion and gun rights,
but they promised more effective
representation of the district after
Mr. King lost his committee as-
signments.
“Our Fourth District desper-
ately needs a seat at the table,” Mr.
Feenstra said at a debate last
month, calling for the district to
have “an effective conservative
voice.”
Although there was a question
of whether the four challengers
would split voters opposed to Mr.
King too many ways and allow
him to skate through, Mr. Feen-
stra’s margin was decisive, 46 per-
cent to 36 percent for Mr. King.
In comments Mr. King recorded
on Facebook after his loss, he said
none of his challengers had taken
issue with “a single statement that
I have made” during his career,
and he urged Iowans to continue
to “teach our children well” about
“values we care about,” including
opposition to abortion and same-
14-Year-Old Pleads Guilty to Robbery in Barnard Killing
By EDGAR SANDOVAL
One of the three teenagers the
police say was involved in the
stabbing death of an 18-year-old
Barnard College student in Morn-
ingside Park pleaded guilty to
robbery in Family Court on
Wednesday.
Six months ago, the teenager,
whom the Times is not naming be-
cause he is a minor, told the police
he took part in the mugging that
led to the death of the first-year
college student, Tessa Majors, as
she walked through the park in
the evening of Dec. 11.
Ms. Majors was stabbed while
struggling with the three teen-
agers and later died, after climb-
ing up a set of concrete steps and
collapsing on 116th Street just
outside the park, the police have
said.
Her death, coming in an era of
record-low crime, rattled the city
and brought to mind the high
crime days of 30 years ago, when
parks were considered danger-
ous.
Prosecutors had originally
charged the teenager with sec-
ond-degree felony murder as a ju-
venile. A slight youth, he bit his
bottom lip nervously as he en-
tered a not guilty plea at his first
appearance in Family Court in
late December. He was 13 at the
Jan Ransom contributed report-
ing.
sex marriage.
His defeat, he said, was the re-
sult of “an effort to push out the
strongest voice for full-spectrum
constitutional, Christian con-
servatism” in Congress.
Mr. Feenstra promised during
the campaign to be an unflagging
social and fiscal conservative in
Congress. “I’ll fight with Presi-
dent Trump to build the wall,” he
said at a candidate forum, boast-
ing that he had voted in the Iowa
Senate to ban “sanctuary cities”
and defund Planned Parenthood.
As a lawmaker, he co-sponsored a
bill to define life as beginning at
conception. He ran on his support
of Iowa’s largest tax cut in history,
in 2018, which a state Department
of Revenue analysis showed
aimed the highest benefits to the
wealthy.
Mr. Feenstra was the preferred
candidate of establishment Re-
publicans, and he easily outraised
Mr. King, bringing in $925,800 to
Mr. King’s $331,000. He won en-
dorsements from the U.S. Cham-
ber of Commerce and the National
Right to Life Committee. And in an
extraordinary rebuke of Mr. King
by House colleagues, five Republi-
can congressmen donated to Mr.
Feenstra’s campaign.
Anticipating the general elec-
tion, Mr. Scholten on Wednesday
indicated he would run a populist
campaign around economic is-
sues, while accusing Mr. Feenstra
of siding with corporate donors.
“Not being Steve King isn’t
enough for this district,” he said.
“It won’t be enough to revitalize
rural communities, ensure farm-
ers get a fair price and can stay on
their land, or for families to afford
VIA MAJORS FAMILY
Tessa Majors, who was a fresh-
man at Barnard College, was
stabbed to death in December.
time.
Two other youths, Luchiano
Lewis and Rashaun Weaver, who
were 14 when Ms. Majors died,
were charged as adults in Crimi-
nal Court in Manhattan with sec-
ond-degree murder and robbery.
Under state law, prosecutors
have the discretion to try defend-
ants as young as 14 as adults in
certain cases of violent crime.
Prosecutors said Mr. Lewis placed
Ms. Majors in a headlock and Mr.
Weaver stabbed her at least four
times after she refused to give
them her cellphone, one thrust hit-
THE NEW YORK TIMES NATIONAL THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
HILARY SWIFT FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
health care and save for retire-
ment. We need someone with vi-
sion and the ability to bring people
together. That’s not Feenstra.”
During the primary, Mr. Feen-
stra refrained from attacking Mr.
King’s years of demeaning com-
ments about immigrants — he
once compared Dreamers to drug
mules “with calves the size of can-
taloupes” — and instead por-
trayed the congressman as pow-
erless to help Iowans.
Mr. King, 71, claimed during the
campaign that Representative
Comments on race
made King a party
pariah with no sway.
Kevin McCarthy of California, the
House Republican leader, had pri-
vately pledged to help him regain
his committee assignments. But
Mr. McCarthy denied having said
any such thing, adding that if the
Republican Steering Committee,
which decides on committee roles,
met again to weigh in on Mr. King,
he would not win back his posts.
Even before facing Republican
discipline in the House in January
2019 after the Times interview, Mr.
King was in electoral trouble. He
just barely won re-election in 2018
over Mr. Scholten, a former pro-
fessional baseball player, by three
percentage points — in a district
Mr. Trump carried by nearly 30
points.
Just before that election, the
ting her heart. Ms. Majors was
heard yelling “Help me! I’m being
robbed!” according to court docu-
ments.
On Wednesday Judge Carol
Goldstein agreed to drop the mur-
der charge against the younger
teenager as part of a plea deal
with prosecutors. Appearing via a
video screen because of the coro-
navirus epidemic, the youth
pleaded guilty to robbery in the
first degree instead.
The teenager, now 14, pressed
his boyish face close to a computer
monitor and nodded “Yes” after
the judge asked him if he under-
stood the terms of the deal.
He then looked into the camera
and anxiously licked his lips as he
mustered the words to describe
how he and his two friends had
gone to the park to rob people and
zeroed in on Ms. Majors as a tar-
get, just as she was making her
way up a set of stairs. Minutes
earlier, he had picked up a knife
his friend Rashaun Weaver
dropped and handed it to him, he
said
“Rashaun went up to her and
said something to her and Tessa
yelled for help,” he said. “Rashaun
used the knife that I had handed to
him to stab Tessa and I saw feath-
ers coming out of her coat. Then I
saw Rashaun take a plastic bag
out of her pocket.”
The teenager’s legal guardians,
Roosevelt Davis and Shaquoya
Carr, disappeared momentarily
CHARLIE NEIBERGALL/ASSOCIATED PRESS
State Senator Randy Feenstra
of Iowa, above left, will run for
the U.S. House seat long held
by Steve King, left, whose
views on immigration made
him a liability to Republicans.
head of the Republican House
campaign arm, Representative
Steve Stivers of Ohio, denounced
Mr. King for his endorsement of
the Toronto mayoral candidate,
Faith Goldy, who has espoused
white nationalism, and for com-
ments seeming to embrace the
“Great Replacement,” a far-right
conspiracy theory. “We must
stand up against white suprema-
cy and hate in all forms, and I
strongly condemn this behavior,”
Mr. Stivers said at the time.
A paradox of Mr. King’s career
is that, in his anti-immigrant lan-
guage and policies, he was years
ahead of Mr. Trump, who won the
presidency by stirring fears about
nonwhite immigrants.
Well before Mr. Trump prom-
ised to build a wall on the south-
west border, Mr. King, who
founded an earth-moving com-
pany, stood on the House floor and
showed off a model of a 12-foot
border wall of his own design.
Soon after Mr. Trump took of-
fice, he invited Mr. King — who
even then was snubbed by estab-
lishment Republicans like the for-
mer House speaker John A. Boeh-
ner — to the Oval Office. The pres-
ident boasted to Mr. King of hav-
ing supported him, and raised
money for him during an Iowa vis-
it in 2014, Mr. King told The Times.
In the past, Mr. King routinely
won the backing of other Iowa Re-
publicans, including Gov. Kim
Reynolds, who named him a co-
chair of her 2018 election cam-
paign. He sought to be a king-
maker in presidential politics giv-
en Iowa’s early-voting role. In
2015 he played host to a forum for
2016 hopefuls, including Mr.
Trump, who attacked Jeb Bush for
saying that immigrants enter the
United States in an “act of love.”
“Say what?” Mr. Trump said.
“Half of them are criminals!”
“For two decades Steve King
has been something of the sun in
the political universe around
here,” Douglas Burns, an owner of
newspapers in Mr. King’s district,
said on Tuesday night. “I’ll still
have to see the eclipse tomorrow
to believe these results.”
from the video screen as the teen-
ager spoke. When they re-
appeared, the judge asked the
youth to repeat his statement. He
grimaced and covered his face.
Rachel Glantz, an attorney for
the city, said Wednesday the pros-
ecution had considered the teen-
ager’s age and his willingness to
cooperate with investigators be-
fore agreeing to the lesser
charges. “He was not the main ac-
tor,” Ms. Glantz added.
Hannah Kaplan, a Legal Aid So-
ciety lawyer representing the
teenager, argued her client should
not have been charged with mur-
der in the first place, given his role
in the mugging.
“This plea clears a path for him
and his family to move forward
with their lives,” the Legal Aid so-
ciety said in a statement. “His ac-
ceptance of responsibility is an
important first step.”
Judge Goldstein said she ex-
pects to give the teenager a sen-
tence of six to 18 months when he
returns to court on June 15.
Ms. Majors’s parents did not at-
tend Wednesday’s court proceed-
ings.
Prosecutors have said they
have amassed enough evidence to
prove murder charges against Mr.
Weaver and Mr. Lewis. Mr.
Weaver told investigators in a re-
corded interview he had attacked
Ms. Majors because “she was
hanging on to her phone,” accord-
ing to court documents.
N A25
On Politics
A Race Isn’t About ‘Who We’re Against’
By STEPHANIE SAUL
The 2020 campaign had
been going well for J.D.
Scholten, the former minor
league pitcher turned Demo-
cratic congressional candidate
in Iowa.
He had raised more than $1
million in a bid to unseat
Representative Steve King,
the nine-term Republican
congressman who had alienat-
ed voters with his racist com-
ments about immigration.
Kevin Costner had narrated
an ad for Mr. Scholten, evok-
ing the Iowa landscape in
“Field of Dreams.” National
Democrats such as Cory
Booker and Julián Castro had ALEX EDELMAN/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE —
GETTY IMAGES
lined up to endorse him.
But just when it seemed the
J.D. Scholten, a Democratic,
momentum was in Mr. is running for a Congres-
Scholten’s favor, the dynamics sional seat in Iowa.
shifted. In a dramatic turn of
events in Tuesday’s primary are fighting to keep their
election, Mr. King was de- grocery stores. Some have to
feated by another Republican, drive 30 minutes to buy fresh
Randy Feenstra. produce. When farmers aren’t
With the removal of Mr. making a dime, something
King, who had been ostracized isn’t adding up.
even within his own party, the
seat Democrats hoped to flip How do you change your
appears to be further out of strategy?
reach. Mr. Scholten was only It literally doesn’t change. We
about 10,000 votes shy of go out there and campaign
defeating Mr. King in their everywhere and, like I said, it
previous matchup in 2018. But doesn’t matter who you are,
Republican voters outnumber we’re going to invite you to
Democrats in the congres- the table. If you came on the
sional district, Iowa’s Fourth, road with us last time, we
by more than 70,000. barely mentioned Steve King.
Now, it’s almost as if Iowa There’s not enough people
Democrats are mourning Mr. fighting for something who
King’s primary defeat as are running for office. The
much as any of his Republican people of the Fourth District
supporters.
are sick of divisive politics. It’s
We spoke to Mr. Scholten
not enough just not being
about what this means for his
Steve King. We need to have
campaign between now and
something for this district and
Nov. 3, when he will face Mr. the ability to bring people
Feenstra in the general elec- together. And that’s what we
tion. plan to do.
He seemed undeterred and
said he planned to hit the road Do you intend to make it a
in his R.V., sleeping in Wal- campaign issue that Mr.
mart parking lots during Feenstra did not attack Mr.
campaign trips through the King’s racism?
39-county district, a rural He talks about how much of a
swath of the state that man he is of faith. And there’s
stretches from Sioux City to a Proverbs message that
Mason City to Ames. (Mr. really is near and dear to my
Feenstra didn’t respond to our heart. It’s “Speak up for those
request for an interview.) who cannot speak up for
Mr. Scholten said his strat- themselves, ensure justice for
egy would remain the same, those being crushed.” To me,
but a new theme emerged: He the absence of all five of the
suggested that Mr. Feenstra is
beholden to outside interests.
Republicans even addressing
the George Floyd death or any
This conversation has been of these protests or anything
edited and condensed. like that, I feel that’s a huge
Hi. You tweeted this morning
issue. I think that’s the type of
people we don’t need to go to
that your campaign was
Congress.
responsible for ousting Steve
King, but his defeat by a What are the differences
Republican primary challenger between Mr. King and Mr.
must be bittersweet. Feenstra?
Not at all. We laid the ground- I would say they are both
work in 2018 and he wouldn’t extremely conservative, but
have had a competitive prima- with King, I’ll say he is his
ry if not for what we were able own man. If you put the rac-
to do. I think what America ism and the controversy aside,
needs is for people like Steve you get an anti-establishment
King to have their voices person. I feel that fits this
quieted, and I think this is a district.
huge step forward for Amer- With Feenstra, you see a
ica. What we’re trying to do career politician. In his cam-
here in the Fourth District is paign, you saw a lot of outside
the same thing we did last influence, whether it’s Des
time. It’s not talking about Moines or D.C., you saw what
who we’re against or what Congressman King referred to
we’re against, but what we’re as the D.C. swamp. Whether
for. it’s taking money from corpo-
rations, whether it’s the ex-
But doesn’t this mean you have
a tougher campaign ahead? tremely wealthy coastal peo-
ple influencing this primary.
The people who are saying
That goes to the heart of my
this race is an uphill battle as
campaign, where we don’t
of now are the same people
who told me that last time.
We’re going to work our tails
take corporate PAC money.
We don’t need more tax
breaks for these multinational
off, get out there with our
corporations. What we need to
campaign R.V., which we
do is enforce our antitrust
named Sioux City Sue. We’re
laws.
going to go out and earn your
vote. I spent more nights in Do you expect to get any help
Walmart parking lots the last from the Democratic
few months of the campaign Congressional Campaign
last cycle than I did in my own Committee?
bed.
We’re the second biggest Before this race, the D.C.C.C.
agriculture-producing district called and begged me to run
in America. We’re 39 counties, against King for a second time
very rural, and in order to and said we’d be a top-five
compete and connect with race. To be honest, we haven’t
folks where they’re at, you’ve had much discussion with
got to get out there. This past them since we launched. Last
fall we went to 38 of 39 coun- cycle they didn’t return my
ties and towns of under 1,000 phone calls. That’s all I know
people and we called it the right now. That’s where we’re
“Don’t Forget About Us” tour. at. They’ve been helpful by
Some of these communities not getting in our way.
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A26
N K
NICHOLAS KRISTOF
Trump Uses the Military to Prove His Manhood
FOR TWO DECADES, the United States has
repeatedly made the mistake of over-re-
lying on the military toolbox to try to
solve intractable problems — particu-
larly in Afghanistan and Iraq — without
adequately relying on diplomacy. Now
President Trump wants to repeat the
mistake at home.
The United States military is, accord-
ing to Gallup polling, the most trusted in-
stitution in the country. But Trump’s call
to dispatch armed forces to crush pro-
tests so that he can look tough betrays
the military’s nonpartisan tradition and
should trigger all our alarm bells.
It was exactly 31 years ago that I cov-
ered the Chinese military’s assault on
pro-democracy protesters at Tiananmen
Square. There was outrage worldwide,
with virtually the only praise in the West
coming from . . . Donald Trump.
“When the students poured into Tian-
anmen Square, the Chinese government
almost blew it,” Trump told Playboy
Magazine months later. “Then they were
vicious, they were horrible, but they put
it down with strength. That shows you
the power of strength.”
No, United States troops won’t massa-
cre protesters, as Chinese troops did, but
Trump’s deployment of troops for politi-
cal purposes would betray our traditions,
damage the credibility of the armed
forces and exacerbate tensions across
the country.
Trump introduced Gen. Mark Milley,
the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
to governors as the man “in charge” of
putting down protests. “It’s a beautiful
thing to watch,” Trump said of a National
Guard crackdown in Minneapolis.
The Pentagon has rushed active-duty
military police and combat engineers to
just outside Washington, where they
would back up National Guard units, and
military helicopters have already been
used in a show of force to intimidate pro-
testers.
“I am dispatching thousands and thou-
sands of heavily armed soldiers, military
personnel, and law enforcement officers
to stop the rioting,” Trump said in his
Rose Garden address.
The Times has reported that there
have been heated arguments in the
White House about whether to invoke an
1807 law called the Insurrection Act that
on its face provides broad authority to
deploy the military. Trump also declared,
“I am mobilizing all available federal re-
sources — civilian and military — to stop
the rioting and looting
Think of that phrase: “all available re-
sources.” In this annus horribilus, the
United States has endured more than
100,000 deaths from the coronavirus and
40 million jobs lost. In response to those
GAIL COLLINS
What We Have Here Is a Failure to Dominate
HAVE YOU NOTICED how almost every
other word out of Donald Trump’s mouth
lately seems to be some variation on
“dominate?”
“If you don’t dominate, you’re wasting
your time,” he told America’s governors.
“They’re going to run all over you. You’ll
look like a bunch of jerks.”
This, of course, was in that telephone
rant about protesters. There is some-
thing about crowds of people willing to
take to the streets to denounce racism
that seems to make the president feel,
um, unmanly.
“I will not allow angry mobs to domi-
nate,” he told the country during his visit
to the space launch.
Minneapolis authorities, he con-
tended, were “weak and pathetic” until
events spiraled out of control and the Na-
tional Guard moved in. (“Domination . . .
it’s a beautiful thing to watch.”)
Tweeting on the same subject, Trump
reported: “Great job done by all. Over-
whelming force. Domination. Likewise,
Minneapolis was great. (thank you Pres-
ident Trump!)”
Which pretty much sums up his week.
And, I guess, his id.
The president’s most famous response
to the protests was that assault on dem-
cataclysms, Trump responded lethar-
gically and ineffectively: The American
death rate from the virus is three times
Germany’s and the unemployment rate
roughly four times Germany’s. But in re-
sponse to a week of protests and looting,
Trump seeks to send in the Army? Ac-
cording to the Daily Beast, he even in-
quired about sending in tanks.
The impulse to call in the military is
perhaps rooted not only in his authoritar-
ian instincts but also in something more
personal. Trump seemed mortified at
disclosures that when protesters ap-
proached the White House he was
rushed to an underground bunker; on
Wednesday, he claimed instead that he
went down “more for an inspection.”
Embarrassment at his “inspection”
trip seems to have fueled his desire to
A dangerous and
damaging tactic of an
insecure man.
project toughness by using the United
States armed forces as a prop.
Most shamefully, Trump’s aides dis-
patched federal forces to use rubber bul-
lets, chemical irritants and flash bang
grenades to clear peaceful, lawful pro-
testers — so that the president could in-
dulge in a photo op at a nearby church.
The church’s leaders were outraged, for
those protesters had as much moral right
to be there as Trump did.
General Milley and Defense Secretary
Mark T. Esper accompanied Trump on
this stroll, and Esper spoke of American
onstrators outside the White House, in
which federal troops cleared the area so
that Trump could accomplish his impor-
tant mission of standing in front of a
church and holding up a Bible. Critics felt
that in the pictures Trump looked as if he
had never touched a Bible before in his
life. True cynics felt that it looked as if he
had never touched a book, period.
Anyhow, everything has been going
great, by Trump’s interpretation. “And
we had no problem at all last night,” he
told Fox Radio on Wednesday. “We had
substantial dominant force and it — we
have to have a dominant force. Maybe it
doesn’t sound good to say it but you have
to have a dominant force.”
Dependency on the d-word seems to
be catching.
“We need to dominate the battle
space,” Defense Secretary Mark Esper
told the governors during that same
rather lively presidential phone call. De-
spite their mutual affection for the con-
cept of domination, Esper has been drift-
ing away from the administration line.
Lately he’s been trying to reassure the
nation that the president isn’t going to
take it upon himself to send federal
troops into cities uninvited, even as
Trump himself seems to feel it’s a pretty
ROBERTO SCHMIDT/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
cities as a “battlespace.” I spoke to sev-
eral retired American commanders who
were deeply troubled by this.
“I cannot remain silent,” Admiral Mike
Mullen, a much-respected former chair-
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, wrote in
The Atlantic. “Our fellow citizens are not
the enemy, and must never become so.”
“America is not a battleground,”
tweeted Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, a for-
mer chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
“Our fellow citizens are not the enemy.”
On Wednesday, Esper backed off and
said that he opposed the use of active
duty military forces for now.
I find it thrilling that so many Ameri-
cans have marched peacefully against
racism, although I do wish they would all
wear masks and be extremely careful
about spreading the coronavirus. My 88-
year-old mom joined a peaceful protest
the other day in rural Oregon, with hun-
dreds of people turning out in a lily-white
community and chanting “black lives
matter.”
Rioting and looting are deplorable of
course, and it’s great that protesters
have tried to stop the looters. Police
forces are available, so it’s baffling to
hear Senator Tom Cotton, a Republican
from Arkansas, suggest sending in the
101st Airborne Division. We need not
turn American cities into Falluja.
When you’ve seen the ugliness of war,
you don’t lightly summon tanks, helicop-
ters or heavily armed troops to deal with
civil disturbances; that’s a dangerous
and damaging tactic of insecure old men
who claimed heel spurs to dodge the
Vietnam draft and now need to prove
their own manhood. 0 “fret over the destruction of prop-
DOUG MILLS/THE NEW YORK TIMES
cool idea.
Esper has been serving as defense
secretary for almost a year, which makes
him, in Trump terms, a long-running cab-
inet veteran. Given the way the presi-
dent treasures cabinet members who
aren’t afraid to speak their mind, insiders
expressed confidence that he might well
But everything’s going
great, the president
assures Americans.
remain in the administration for quite a
few more . . . hours.
“As of right now, Secretary Esper is
still Secretary Esper,” said the White
House press secretary, Kayleigh McE-
nany, on Wednesday.
It’s certainly been a tough time for the
cabineteers. Attorney General William P.
Barr is getting the blame for all the mess-
iest aspects of that Trump trip to the
church. And Secretary of State Mike
Pompeo has been fighting off investiga-
tions into whether he gets government
employees to run his personal errands.
LETTERS
How to Reduce Police Brutality
TO THE EDITOR:
Re “The Message Is Clear: ‘Stop
Killing Us’ ” (editorial, June 2):
Your diagnosis is right, but your
prescriptions are way off. The most
important challenge is not to work
out ways to make the police more
accountable and responsive, but to
make the society less fundamen-
tally racist.
Most policing in America reflects
the attitudes embedded in the vast
majority of government policies.
Health, education, housing and food
policies all reflect racist assump-
tions that African-Americans are
the real problem, rather than sys-
tematic exclusion, discrimination
and oppression.
Having served as United Nations
special rapporteur on both unlawful
killings and on poverty, I find that
focusing primarily on police mis-
conduct and discipline is to misun-
derstand the depth of the chal-
lenges and the nature of the re-
forms required.
Minority access to decent rather
than degraded education, universal
rather than elite access to reason-
able health care, law and order that
seeks to ensure just outcomes
rather than protecting white privi-
lege, and a concerted war on pov-
erty rather than a war against the
poor are the real solutions.
PHILIP ALSTON, NEW YORK
The writer is a professor at N.Y.U.
School of Law.
TO THE EDITOR:
Re “How Cops Get Away With
Murder” (editorial, May 30):
Although you are correct that the
“qualified immunity” defense hin-
ders civil lawsuits against police
officers who use lethal or excessive
force, I regret to say that elimina-
tion of that defense — however
unlikely — would not be a signifi-
cant deterrent to police misconduct.
Officers found liable by civil juries
are rarely disciplined or fired by
police departments. Furthermore,
most municipalities indemnify the
officers for civil damages, treating
the judgments as simply the cost of
doing business.
In nearly 25 years of litigating
police misconduct cases against
New York City, I have seen numer-
ous officers remain unpunished and
The Looting: The Victims and the Vandals
TO THE EDITOR:
I’m always impressed by Roxane
Gay’s impassioned and eloquent
writing, but in “Remember, No
One’s Coming to Save Us” (Sunday
Review, May 31) she goes some-
what astray when she impugns
white people for their capacity to
erty” when citizens of color are
being abused and killed in acts of
systemic racism.
Certainly, one can’t compare the
value of money or property with
that of a human life. Even so, is it
appropriate to dismiss the looting
and torching of a merchant’s busi-
ness when that merchant had
nothing to do with the murder in
question, especially when the
owner of that business is a person
of color himself or herself?
If violence is emerging out of
indigence and injustice, how does
it help anyone (the murder victim
included) to deprive another inno-
cent victim of the savings and
livelihood on which he or she has
relied? The anger behind the re-
cent demonstrations is absolutely
justified, and yet the violence,
especially when directed against
those not responsible for the crime
We are only bringing that last matter
up because it provides a chance to revisit
Trump’s defense of Pompeo — that it’s
better to have him use federal funds to
buy a home helper than forcing him to
“wash dishes because maybe his wife
isn’t there.” After all, if Pompeo wasn’t in
the kitchen he might otherwise be “on
the phone with some world leader.”
Yeah, and one thing we do not have to
worry about is Donald Trump doing
housework when Melania and all the
help are out of town. What could be more
un-dominant?
The president’s super-favorite word
came up in his speech to the nation this
week, when he urged deployment of the
National Guard “in sufficient numbers
that we dominate the streets.” In pass-
ing, he also assured Americans that they
had no need to worry about “your Second
Amendment rights.” Have you noticed
how often Trump throws the right to bear
arms into these conversations? It’s as if
he’s worried that any time he tells the
country things are OK, he has to re-
assure them that won’t mean less arma-
ments.
Just recently, while he was unveiling a
program to help support agriculture dur-
ing the coronavirus crisis, Trump as-
THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
unscathed financially — even when
found liable for punitive damages
as a result of deliberate or reckless
misbehavior — and left on the
N.Y.P.D., or even promoted, to
continue their misconduct.
The foremost deterrent is not
civil lawsuits, but rather the expedi-
tious firing of the officers. That is
what the Minneapolis mayor and
police department did in the George
Floyd case — exactly the opposite
of what Mayor Bill de Blasio and
the N.Y.P.D. did in the Eric Garner
case, where they dithered for five
years. In the most extreme cases
the deterrent of criminal prosecu-
tions is also necessary.
In one of my cases the officer
actually told the victim, “Go ahead
and sue, the money isn’t coming out
of my pocket.” Although civil rights
lawsuits are important and the
victims deserve compensation, they
are no substitute for firings and
criminal prosecutions.
JOEL BERGER, NEW YORK
The writer is a civil rights lawyer and
former executive in the New York City
Law Department.
TO THE EDITOR:
We should eliminate the power of
the police to arrest people for mi-
nor, nonviolent offenses. Police
officers cannot use excessive force
in an arrest if they cannot make the
arrest at all. Forcible arrest and
forcible incarceration are dispro-
portionate, unjust responses to
petty crime.
ROBERT HUGHES, BROOKLYN
The writer is an assistant professor of
legal studies and business ethics at the
Wharton School.
TO THE EDITOR:
A military background is generally
considered a good reference for
anyone seeking employment as a
police officer. I think that needs to
be reconsidered. The mind-set of
winning a battle is very different
from that of keeping the peace.
RICHARD BROCKMAN, NEW YORK
The writer is a clinical professor of
psychiatry at Columbia University
Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons.
that precipitated them, can at best
be rationalized but never excused.
STUART FREEMAN, BROOKLYN
TO THE EDITOR:
I’m pained that The Times and
other media continue to present
the looters who have pillaged SoHo
and Herald Square in New York
City as a rogue element of those
who are protesting George Lloyd’s
very public murder.
The protesters have mostly been
diverse young people. The looters
who plundered SoHo over the
weekend were diverse grown men
who appeared to be from organized
gangs. They were armed with
crowbars, hammers — and even
guns, as rapid shots were fired at
one point.
SoHo’s streets were dense with
people cruising in cars, many with
out-of-state plates, stopping to talk
with men on bicycles who ap-
peared to be acting as lookouts. In
the absence of police, they loaded
the cars with boxes of loot and
moved on to loot more. The only
thing these men ever protested
would have been their arrest.
INGRID WIEGAND, NEW YORK
sured visiting Virginia farmers: “We’re
going after Virginia with your crazy gov-
ernor. They want to take your Second
Amendment away. You know that, right?
You’ll have nobody guarding your pota-
toes.”
Signing a proclamation in honor of Na-
tional Nurses Day, he bragged to his
guests about “saving your Second
Amendment, which is under siege, by the
way.”
And on it goes. Trump has also fit the
Second Amendment into Coronavirus
Task Force news conferences, a signing
ceremony for a bill on veterans’ educa-
tion, the celebration of a new trade
agreement with Mexico and Canada and
of course, the rallies back in the happy
days when rallies were his way of life.
Now, some people believe that when
men go overboard with weaponry issues
it may be linked to insecurity about their
sexuality. Certainly isn’t always true, but
here you’ve got a guy who talks compul-
sively both about the Second Amend-
ment and his need to dominate.
This could be a great protest theme.
Fill the street with banners saying, “Mr.
President, we’re not really questioning
your masculinity.” Very positive mes-
sage that’ll drive him completely nuts. 0

When You
Can’t Save
Your Boy
Keisha Lance Bottoms
ATLANTA
I
FRANTICALLY screamed into the
phone to my teenage son: “Lance,
WHERE ARE YOU?!”
Social media posts were swirling
that protests were being planned in At-
lanta in response to the death of George
Floyd, a black Minnesotan, while a police
officer knelt on his neck.
Although as mayor, the chief of police
reports to me, in that moment, I knew
what every other parent to a black child
in America knows: I could not protect
my son. To anyone who saw him, he was
simply who he is, a black man-child in the
promised land that we all know as Amer-
ica.
I know that as a mayor of one of the
largest cities in our country, I should now
be offering solutions. But the only com-
forting words I have to offer so far are
those that I know to be most true: that
we are better than this; that we as a
country are better than the barbaric ac-
tions that we are forced to keep watching
play out on our screens like a grotesque
horror movie stuck on repeat. We are
better than the hatred and anger that
consumes so many of us. We are better
than this deplorable disease called rac-
ism that remains so rampant.
With each passing second separating
me from the peace of mind a mother feels
having secured the safety of her chil-
dren, I could not waste minutes articulat-
ing all of those things to my son. All I
could say was, “Baby, please come home
— now! It’s not safe for black boys to be
out today.”
I thought of his adoption process,
when my husband and I were told there
was no wait for black boys.
I wondered then if this country’s fear
— and too frequent hatred — of black
men began, even subconsciously, at their
birth. The harsh reality is that if we ex-
amine the historical conditions of living
while black in America, then we’ll realize
There has never been a
day when it was truly safe
for black boys to be out.
that there has never been a day when it
was truly safe for black boys to be out, to
be free, to just be.
America has a long and unreconciled
history of tearing black boys and men
from their homes, their families and their
communities — and of throwing them
into the unrelenting grip of death, more
often than many Americans may like to
admit. From being captured and assailed
on African shores, subjected to mass in-
carceration and being cuffed and as-
phyxiated in American streets, black
men have always had an inverse rela-
tionship with life, liberty and the pursuit
of happiness.
Reflecting on the current state of af-
fairs, my mother said to me, “This does-
n’t feel like we’ve gone back to 1965; this
feels like before 1965 in America.”
To hear her say that was heartbreak-
ing. To think that her generation made so
many sacrifices and that despite it all to-
day’s climate harkens back to feelings
that predate the reforms they fought so
hard for is scary and sobering. But recog-
nizing the truth within it is also neces-
sary.
During the Civil Rights Movement we
saw people of all races and all walks of
life coming together to say: This is not
right, and we are going to stand up for the
goodness of America. That same spirit
must rise and prevail today. Such a pur-
suit is not partisan. It’s American.
I cannot guarantee that I will pass
freedom down to my children, but I can
and will continue to fight for it and teach
them how to fight for it every single day.
One of the best ways that we can fight for
it is by fighting to ensure that our gov-
erning bodies are led by people who val-
ue the freedom, equality and humanity of
all of mankind.
Now, more than ever, elections matter;
leadership matters. That’s why Novem-
ber 2020 matters.
So as Atlanta’s mayor, I would like to
offer one salient solution to the atrocities
we are faced with today. Let us each com-
mit to exercise our right to vote this No-
vember. Let us vote against state-sanc-
tioned violence, vitriolic discourse and
the violation of human rights. In memory
of George Floyd and all the other inno-
cent black lives that have been taken in
the recent and distant past, let us commit
to registering black people, especially
black men, to vote.
Think of what could be possible if each
of us allied in favor of justice spent more
than nine minutes getting people regis-
tered in preparation to make change at
the federal, state and local levels this fall.
That would be the most effective re-
sponse, the deepest payback, for each
minute that passed when that Minneapo-
lis policeman pressed into Mr. Floyd’s in-
nocent body.
Join me in getting ready for the polls.
Together our generation of Americans
can declare — without equivocation —
that freedom will not face extinction and
that progress will not be paralyzed. 0
KEISHA LANCE BOTTOMS is the mayor of
Atlanta.
THE NEW YORK TIMES OP-ED THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Put Limits on the Violent Videos
Melanye Price
I
WAS 18 when Rodney King was beat-
en. Videos of police brutality were
rare then, but now I’m 47 and they
are ubiquitous. With the killing of
George Floyd in Minneapolis and the
threats against Christian Cooper in Cen-
tral Park, the nation’s attention has
turned again to images that show how
law enforcement can be weaponized
against black people. These videos are
necessary not only because they gener-
ate outrage among whites, outrage that
is ever-present for African-Americans.
They are necessary because the political
leaders empowered to stop this are not
outraged enough.
I don’t know if it’s ethical, though, to re-
peatedly show and share what are essen-
tially snuff films with African-American
victims. The news media must rethink
their decisions to binge broadcast these
images and reconsider how much of the
content should be shown. Additionally,
citizens need to think more critically
about whether to share them on social
media. There are alternatives. Media
outlets can put a moratorium on broad-
casting the content 48 hours after the
videos are released, or place them online
with plenty of warnings for people who
want to find them. We should spread im-
ages of the victims that give us a fuller
sense of their humanity.
Why do these videos have to be on a
Will the Military Push Back Against Trump?
Jonathan Stevenson
O
N TUESDAY, a day after mobi-
lizing military policemen and
an Army Black Hawk helicop-
ter for aggressive crowd con-
trol during a photo op, President Trump
deployed elements of the 82nd Airborne
Division to Washington.
These were down payments on his
pledge to use the nation’s armed forces to
quash the nationwide protests triggered
by the death of George Floyd, if the presi-
dent is not satisfied with state and local
efforts.
Legal and military experts have de-
bated whether Mr. Trump can or should
deploy troops in response to the protests.
On Wednesday the secretary of defense,
Mark Esper, broke with the president,
saying he did not think the military was
needed.
While the protests continue, the wide-
spread looting and arson that marked
some of them over the weekend have
abated. What’s left, though, is yet an-
other example of Mr. Trump’s dangerous
fetishization of the military.
Early on, he surrounded himself with
what he called “my generals” — John
Kelly, James Mattis, H.R. McMaster and
others. He seems obsessed with military
parades. He panders to excessively vio-
lent military personnel. Two common
threads connect it all: a desire to obscure
his own flagrant evasion of military serv-
ice and to gain vicarious credibility as a
tough guy.
Through the first three years of his ad-
ministration, Mr. Trump’s fatuous strut-
ting amounted to a largely harmless and
certainly transparent charade. Now,
though, he actually appears to be con-
templating a form of martial law, oblivi-
ous to the customary American abhor-
rence for it.
Unlike, say, China’s People’s Libera-
tion Army, U.S. forces are essentially ex-
peditionary, focused on external threats
and overseas operations. There is a clear
historical aversion to using the military
for domestic law enforcement, and fed-
eral laws restrict military authority and
actions in the domestic context.
It’s true that the Insurrection Act of
1807 allows the president to deploy the
armed forces domestically to quell civil
disorder that renders ordinary law en-
forcement impracticable. But presidents
have used it only about 20 times, in most
cases at the request of a state governor.
Although the statute does not require
state consent, it is clearly preferred. The
only explicitly defined instances in
which the federal government can ignore
constant loop on every news show and
across social media platforms? We are
now inundated with footage. I saw a ca-
ble news network with multiple screens
showing different shootings all at once —
a high definition wall of black death. By
now, we know the scripts. We are keenly
aware of the plot. Even the language has
become codified. “I can’t breathe.” “I
don’t have a gun.” “You’re going to kill
me.”
These videos are fodder for ratings,
clicks and increased trauma as much as
rage. What is the efficacy of rampant
sharing? These images have not re-
sulted in substantial changes to police
culture or policy. A vast majority of of-
fending officers are not convicted. It
seems as though the only penalties for
false 911 reports are doled out by #Black-
Twitter and private employers. These
videos have not resulted in the develop-
ment of new policing strategies that
make people of color feel safe. Nor have
they persuaded most white viewers that
these horrific experiences are routine in
minority communities.
Black death has long been treated as a
spectacle. White crowds saw lynchings
as cause for celebration and would set up
picnic lunches and take body parts with
them as souvenirs. Their children would
pose for pictures in front of swinging
corpses, and those photos often became
postcards. The journalist Ida B. Wells,
who was posthumously awarded a Pul-
itzer Prize a few weeks ago, traveled
across the South to investigate cases of
An apolitical army is
central to American
democracy.
state resistance, established by expan-
sions of the original act during and after
the Civil War, are direct rebellion against
federal authority and persecution of Afri-
can-Americans by the Ku Klux Klan. Nei-
ther instance remotely fits the present
circumstances. (An amendment passed
in 2006 granting the president broader
authority to deploy federal troops with-
out state consent when state and local
law enforcement have been compro-
mised was opposed by all 50 governors
and repealed in 2008.)
The last president to invoke the Insur-
rection Act was George H.W. Bush in
1992, to calm the riots in Los Angeles
over the acquittal of a policemen on trial
for beating Rodney King, also a black
man. Gov. Pete Wilson of California had
requested federal assistance without
showing that state and local agencies
were unable to enforce the law, and legal
scholars and law-enforcement experts
have since criticized that request as an
overreaction.
In any case, no state has thus far asked
for national military assistance, and sev-
LUCAS JACKSON/REUTERS
lynching and recorded detailed ac-
counts. The lynchings then, just as now,
were justified using lies about black
criminality and the need to protect white
womanhood.
Long before we put hashtags in front of
the names of Trayvon Martin, Michael
Brown, Sandra Bland and Ahmaud Ar-
bery, there were the Scottsboro Boys and
Emmett Till, and for my generation, Rod-
ney King. This is not a straight historical
line for white Americans. Yet, it is a litany
We can fight injustice
without an endless loop of
black people being killed.
of black deaths that African-Americans
learn to cite early on. The political scien-
tist Achille Mbembe conceptualizes
necropolitics as such: “The ultimate ex-
pression of sovereignty resides, to a
large degree, in the power and the capac-
ity to dictate who may live and who must
die.” Law enforcement officers, in Min-
neapolis and elsewhere, have been given
this power. The more passive violence
like that of Amy Cooper, who threatened
Christian Cooper (no relation) in Central
Park by lying to the police about her
safety shows that the authority to chal-
lenge black people’s lives has been ex-
tended to other whites beyond law en-
forcement. This kind of aggression
PETER TURNLEY/CORBIS/VCG, VIA GETTY IMAGES
eral have overtly refused Mr. Trump’s of-
fer. Thus, the legal basis for his resort to
the act is shakier than Mr. Bush’s was.
(Mr. Trump has more leeway to deploy
troops in Washington than in the states.)
Beyond legal risks, there are practical
ones. The Covid-19 pandemic has al-
ready stretched the U.S. military’s range
of functions, claiming some of its re-
sources for public health. Deploying the
military domestically also increases the
risk of spreading the disease among the
troops. And the more we demand of the
military at home, the less able it is to per-
form its core functions overseas, thus
compromising the United States’ stra-
tegic interests.
None of this, obviously, matters to the
president. His priority is not American
interests. It is getting re-elected. Having
botched the Covid-19 response and
squandered one opportunity to cast him-
self as a wartime president, he now sees
another chance — to run as a hard-core
law-and-order candidate, with the mili-
tary as the ultimate martial prop.
As Mr. Esper asserted on Wednesday,
the military must remain an apolitical in-
stitution. If Mr. Trump does decide to use
the military for political intimidation, it
will fall to the military to show restraint,
even if it means disobeying orders.
Whether it will do so is open to doubt.
Certainly, the early hope that generals
would act as the “adults in the room” has
N A27
works only if a person believes the police
will use their power to protect him or her
at the potential cost of a black person’s
life.
Consider some lesser-known incidents
that show how whites use the racial dis-
parities in policing in their favor. Officials
in Florida began a statewide manhunt af-
ter Patricia Ripley made a false police re-
port last month claiming that two armed
black men had forced her off the road,
then kidnapped her autistic son. In May,
an all-white mob led by a sheriff’s deputy
in Wilmington, N.C., demanded entry
into a black family’s home to search for a
girl, who they believed was inside. It is
not just that whites have been socialized
to believe the police will protect them. It
is more nefarious than that: Whites are
being socialized to believe that the police
will protect them at the expense of all
other groups and that the police will en-
gage in violence on their word alone.
This is a toxic combination and, until this
problem is dealt with, the perpetual dis-
play of black death will continue.
Even if the news media and the mil-
lions who share these horrific videos are
sincere about their intent to inform, are
their efforts getting the desired result?
Instead of transforming policing, the
ubiquity of these images may be re-
inforcing pernicious narratives that
black lives do not matter, while affirming
the actions of people like Amy Cooper
and law enforcement officers like Derek
Chauvin who killed George Floyd. The
trigger warnings and pensive tones do
not make up for the fact that black life is
being snuffed out over the left shoulders
of well-coifed news anchors without any
accountability for the actions we have all
witnessed. Also, statements of personal
outrage attached to a retweet do not out-
weigh the harm of the constant barrage
of these images.
I have never turned on the news and
accidentally watched a white child being
shot and killed. Following the 9/11 at-
tacks, the news media had robust public
conversations about why they refused to
show beheadings and other killings of
Americans by terrorists overseas. Why
isn’t there a similar crisis of conscience
with videos of the killings of black peo-
ple? Pressing the power button on my re-
mote or opening an app does not mean I
consent to be bombarded with images of
black death. I see no benefit to being am-
bushed by scenes of black death every
time I turn on the TV. Anyone who needs
one more video to believe the injustices
around us, either refuses to learn or is
content with the violence.
#BlackLivesMatter is a call for every-
one to take greater care with black lives.
The deceased in these videos are sons,
daughters, mothers and uncles. They are
each more than their deaths and should
not be used as tools of instruction to
teach lessons that are already familiar to
us. There must be some new rules of en-
gagement around these videos. 0
MELANYE PRICE, a professor of political
science at Prairie View A&M University
in Texas, is the author, most recently, of
“The Race Whisperer: Barack Obama
and the Political Uses of Race.”
proved hollow, in part because Mr.
Trump simply removed those who of-
fered resistance, but also because it was
unrealistic to expect professionals hard-
wired to respect civilian control to resist
it on a wholesale basis.
Traditionally, service members must
carry out orders as long as they don’t
consider them patently illegal — or else
resign. The military now finds itself in
highly unusual, if not unprecedented, cir-
cumstances, and may need new stand-
ards to handle them.
In 2010, Andrew Milburn — then an ac-
tive-duty Marine Corps lieutenant colo-
nel, now a retired colonel — wrote that a
military officer’s oath and code of ethics
accord him the “moral autonomy” to dis-
obey an order he believes would harm
the United States, its military or the sol-
diers in his charge “in a manner not
clearly outweighed by its benefits.” In his
view, “generals like being generals, and
thus would select judiciously those
causes for which they were prepared to
sacrifice their careers.”
Mr. Milburn’s argument was contro-
versial then; I voiced deep skepticism
about it in a piece in Harper’s. But over
the course of nine years — perhaps espe-
cially in the last three — it has gained
some traction in the military, and U.S.
military doctrine has come to recognize
greater flexibility in dealing with orders
considered improper.
In fact, the general whom Mr. Trump
tasked with responding to the protests,
the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Mark A. Milley, has advocated such flexi-
bility. In 2017, as Army chief of staff, he
gave a speech for the Atlantic Council in
which he expressed support for “disci-
plined disobedience” for the sake of a
mission’s “higher purpose.”
We may be close to the moment at
which active-duty service members
need to consider disciplined disobedi-
ence. American democracy depends in
part on the ingrained commitment of its
armed forces to civilian control. But as
more and more military leaders — in-
cluding, publicly, two of General Milley’s
predecessors — are coming to recognize,
the risk has increased that a president
will abuse that control to subvert the
very democracy it is meant to uphold.
There may yet be hope that they will de-
cline to facilitate Mr. Trump’s dangerous
overreach. 0
JONATHAN STEVENSON is a senior fellow at
the International Institute for Strategic
Studies and managing editor of Survival.
Trained as a lawyer, he served on the
National Security Council staff from 2011
to 2013 and as a professor of strategic
studies at the U.S. Naval War College.
A28 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

Make sense of the

news, every day, with
David Leonhardt.

The Morning

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4 SOCIAL MEDIA 6 TECH FIX 8 SPORTS

In a letter, dozens of early Dreading the traffic and N.B.A. owners are expected
Facebook workers denounced germs of the new commute? to vote soon on a plan for
Mark Zuckerberg’s stance on E-bikes turn a slog into a joy 22 teams to return to play,
posts by President Trump. ride, and keep your shirt dry. all at Disney World.

TECH ECONOMY MEDIA FINANCE THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 B1

N

Between an Iron Fist

And a World on Fire

LAM YIK FEI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES

The Chinese government is pushing a national security law that many fear will curtail the freedoms that helped make Hong Kong a financial hub, possibly damaging the city economically and politically.

Why Beijing is betting that this is the right
moment for its move to rein in Hong Kong.
By ALEXANDRA STEVENSON
and VIVIAN WANG
HONG KONG — China long depended on
Hong Kong to be everything it was not.
The city’s freewheeling capitalism and
personal freedoms, both absent from
the mainland, made it one of the
world’s premier financial hubs. To-
gether, they flourished for decades.
Now China is doing what was once
unthinkable: imposing its will on
Hong Kong in a way that could perma-
nently damage the former British col-
ony economically and politically. In
pushing for a new national security
law that many fear will curtail the
city’s liberties, the Chinese Commu-
nist Party is calculating that control
and stability outweigh the benefits the
city has long provided.
Other countries are threatening to
retaliate in ways that could leave Hong
Kong a shadow of its former self. The
United States has vowed to end the
special economic treatment it has long
granted the territory. Britain has said
it could open its doors to three million
Hong Kongers, laying the groundwork
for a severe brain drain.
But Beijing sees its position as
strong while the rest of the world is di-
vided and still recovering from the co-
ronavirus pandemic. The United
States will hurt itself more by coming
down hard against Hong Kong, offi-
cials believe. Hong Kong’s protest
movement, at least for the moment,
seems demoralized.
And when it comes to the global
economy, the Communist Party is wa-
gering that the world needs China,
with or without Hong Kong. The re-
sponse of the business community has
been muted so far. Even if it protested,
business has always come back to
China, whether in the wake of the 1989
CONTINUED ON PAGE B5

Fed Broadens
Bond Program
To More Cities
By JEANNA SMIALEK
WASHINGTON — The Federal Re-
serve said on Wednesday that it
would allow states to designate
some cities, counties and other
debt issuers, like mass transit sys-
tems, to raise funds by selling debt
to the central bank’s municipal
bond-buying program.
The Fed’s program, first an-
nounced on April 9, was previ-
ously able to buy debt only from
cities with populations of 250,000
or more and counties with popula-
tions of at least 500,000. Those
larger cities and counties, along
with some entities that work
across state lines, remain eligible
to sell notes of up to 36 months to
the central bank’s facility.
The change means that states
that do not have sufficiently large
cities or counties — or that have
only one — will be able to desig-
nate up to two city or county issu-
ers to use the program. Governors
from each state will also be able to
designate two bond issuers whose
CONTINUED ON PAGE B3
Snap Pulls Trump From Spotlight
By CECILIA KANG
and KATE CONGER
WASHINGTON — Snap said on
Wednesday that it had stopped
promoting the Snapchat account
of President Trump after deter-
mining that his public comments
off the site could incite violence, in
another hardened stance by a so-
cial media company against the
president.
Snap, which makes the
Snapchat app that is popular
among young users, said Mr.
Trump’s account would remain in-
tact but would not be promoted on
its Discover home page for news
and stories. Mr. Trump’s account
was previously regularly featured
on Discover, along with the ac-
counts of other high-profile users
like the celebrity Kim Kardashian,
the actor Kevin Hart and Gov. An-
drew M. Cuomo of New York.
Snap’s move is part of a tough-
ening position by social media
companies against Mr. Trump’s
posts, which are often aggressive
and contain threats and inaccura-
cies. Over the past week, Twitter
has labeled several of the presi-
dent’s tweets for giving misinfor-
CONTINUED ON PAGE B4
Ex-U.A.W. President Pleads
Guilty to Embezzling Funds
By NEAL E. BOUDETTE
The former president of the
United Auto Workers Union, Gary
Jones, on Wednesday pleaded
guilty to embezzling union funds,
becoming the highest-ranking un-
ion official to admit wrongdoing in
a wide-ranging federal investiga-
tion that has involved more than a
dozen senior union officials and at
least three executives from Fiat
Chrysler.
Under a cooperation agreement
reached with federal prosecutors,
Mr. Jones, 63, acknowledged us-
ing more than $1 million in union
funds for vacation rentals, golf
outings, clothing, liquor and ex-
pensive meals. According to pros-
ecutors, Mr. Jones spent some
$60,000 just on cigars and smok-
ing paraphernalia.
In hearing held via Zoom before
the U.S. District Court for the
Eastern District of Michigan, Mr.
Jones admitted filing expense re-
ports to the U.A.W. that concealed
his use of union funds.
“While some of these expendi-
AMR ALFIKY/ASSOCIATED PRESS tures related to union activities,
President Trump’s account will no longer appear on Snapchat’s discover page. others were personal in nature
and did not relate to union busi-
ness,” he said. “I recognize that
my actions violated the law as well
as my sworn obligation to my fel-
low union members.”
In a statement, the current
U.A.W. president, Rory Gamble,
said Mr. Jones and other union of-
ficials violated the trust of the un-
ion’s members. “Their actions
were selfish, immoral, and against
everything we stand for as a un-
ion,” he said.
As part of the plea agreement
with prosecutors, Mr. Jones has
agreed to cooperate in the investi-
gation, and forfeit more than
$140,000 in cash obtained illegally.
He is scheduled to be sentenced
Oct. 3. Federal guidelines call for a
prison sentence of 47 to 56
months.
The U.S. attorney’s office in De-
troit has agreed to seek a lesser
sentence if Mr. Jones cooperates
fully, said David Gardey, chief of
the office’s public corruption unit.
The investigation has uncov-
ered several loosely related
schemes carried out by different
CONTINUED ON PAGE B4
B2 N THE NEW YORK TIMES BUSINESS THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

The Digest

ENTERTAINMENT

Warner’s Healthy Debut

caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.
“We concluded that there was S&P 500 Rallies to Within 8% of High
sufficient market momentum.
Signals I.P.O. Recovery Without ever trying to time the By The Associated Press

market, this looked like a good S&P 500 INDEX Stocks bubbled even higher on The S& P 500 Index
Warner Music Group’s stock time to go,” Warner’s chief execu- +1.36% Wednesday, vaulting Wall Street
back to where it was just one week Position of the S& P 500 index at 1-minute intervals on Wednesday.
popped 8 percent on its Nasdaq tive, Stephen Cooper, said in an in- 3,122.87
debut on Wednesday, after the terview. after it set its all-time high earlier 3,130
world’s third-largest recording la- The company increased the of- this year, as optimism builds that
bel sold shares in its $1.9 billion fering to 77 million class A shares the economy can climb out of its
3,120
initial public offering, toward the at $25 per share, valuing it at current hole relatively quickly.
higher end of its target. $12.75 billion. It had initially pro-
The deal, the biggest U.S. listing posed to sell 70 million shares at a STOCKS & BONDS 3,110
so far in 2020, marks a further sign target range of $23-$26 per share. The S&P 500 rose 1.4 percent for
of recovery for the U.S. I.P.O. mar- The stock opened at $27 and ex- its fourth straight gain as lock- 3,100
ket, which was hampered in tended gains in early trading to DOW JONES INDUSTRIALS downs loosen around the world Previous close
March by plunging stock prices $28.75. REUTERS and raise hopes for a coming eco- 3,080.82
+2.05% nomic recovery. Treasury yields 3,090
also strengthened in a sign of im-
proved confidence after reports 3,080
MANUFACTURING suggested that while the U.S.
economy is still getting pum- 10 a.m. Noon 2 p.m. 4 p.m.
U.S. Factory Orders meled, it may not be as bad as Source: Reuters THE NEW YORK TIMES
Extend Decline in April economists had feared.
“It’s fairly clear to us that the
New orders for U.S.-made goods economy clearly bottomed in late sustained earlier this year on wor-
plunged in April and business April and early May,” said James Factory Orders ries that the recession would
spending plans on equipment NASDAQ COMPOSITE INDEX Ragan, director of wealth man- mean waves of loan defaults for
were much weaker than initially agement research at D.A. Da- Manufacturers’ total new orders, them.
thought, suggesting business in-
+0.78% vidson. “At some point the con- seasonally adjusted. Smaller stocks were also
9,682.91 cern will be on the pace of the re- among the market’s biggest win-
vestment remained depressed FEB. MARCH APRIL
early in the second quarter amid covery and not just the recovery $520 billion +0.2% –11.0% –13.0% ners, as they often are when ex-
the Covid-19 pandemic. itself.” pectations are rising for the econ-
The Commerce Department EVAN VUCCI/ASSOCIATED PRESS The S&P 500 rose 42.05 points 480 omy’s strength. The Russell 2000
said on Wednesday factory orders to 3,122.87, the latest upward index of small-cap stocks rose 2.4
dropped 13 percent after falling 11 move in its nearly 40 percent percent.
Monday that its measure of na- surge since late March. The index 440 Stocks that had been stalwarts
percent in March. Economists had tional factory activity eased from is back above where it was on Feb. earlier when investors were build-
forecast factory orders diving 14 an 11-year low in May. 26, one week after setting its 400 ing portfolios that could win in a
percent in April. The sector remains hobbled by
10-YEAR TREASURY YIELD record. stay-at-home economy, mean-
Factory orders fell 8 percent supply chain disruptions follow- The Dow Jones industrial aver- while, were lagging. Netflix fell 1.2
360
year-on-year in April. But the ing business closures around the 0.77% age gained 527.24 points, or 2 per- percent.
slump in manufacturing, which globe to slow the spread of +0.09 points cent, to 26,269.89, and the Nasdaq The four straight gains for the
320
accounts for 11 percent of U.S. eco- Covid-19. Social distancing meas- composite rose 74.54, or 0.8 per- overall S&P 500 mark its longest
nomic activity, probably is close to ures at factories as they reopen ’18 ’19 ’20
cent, to 9,682.91. Source: Commerce winning streak since early Febru-
bottoming. The Institute for Sup- are also hurting production. A survey from payroll proces- Department THE NEW YORK TIMES ary, before the market sold off by
ply Management reported on REUTERS sor ADP said that private employ- nearly 34 percent on worries that
ers cut nearly 2.8 million jobs last the coronavirus outbreak will
month, but that was much milder report said factory orders send the economy into its sharp-
than the 9.3 million that econo- dropped 13 percent in April, but est recession in decades.
FINANCE the fund, which is described as mists told investors to expect. not by as much as the 14.8 percent The S&P 500 has climbed back
SoftBank’s bid to improve diversi- That raises optimism that Fri- that economists had forecast. within 7.8 percent of its record.
SoftBank Fund to Invest ty.
CRUDE OIL (U.S.)
day’s more comprehensive jobs Companies that would most Widespread protests around
In Minority Entrepreneurs Named the “Opportunity $37.29 report from the U.S. government benefit from a growing economy the country following the killing of
Growth Fund” and focused on Af- +$0.48 may also not be as bad as feared. led the market Wednesday, con- George Floyd have not dented the
SoftBank Group is launching a rican Americans and Latinos in Economists say it may show a loss tinuing a recent trend as hopes rally, at least so far. One worry is
$100 million fund to invest in the U.S., it is, SoftBank says, the of 8 million jobs, which would be a rise that the economy and life in that by bringing so many people
“companies led by founders and largest fund of its kind. deceleration from April’s loss of general can return closer to nor- together, the protests could also
entrepreneurs of colour,” in the It will invest in entrepreneurs 20.5 million jobs. mal as business-shutdown orders lead to more infections of the coro-
latest corporate action as protests “from communities that face sys- Other reports showed an econ- lift. navirus.
roil the United States. temic disadvantages in building omy that remains in bad shape, Financial stocks in the S&P 500 Many professional investors
“We have to put money behind and scaling their businesses,” Mr. but not quite as terrible as econo- jumped 3.8 percent for one of the have been warning that the stock
it, set plans, and hold ourselves ac- Claure wrote. mists had forecast. One report largest gains among the 11 sectors market’s rally may have been too
countable,” SoftBank’s chief oper- Mr. Claure is seen as one of the GOLD (N.Y.) said the nation’s services indus- that make up the index. JPMor- much, too soon.
ating officer, Marcelo Claure, potential successors to SoftBank’s tries contracted by less than econ- gan Chase rose 5.4 percent, and The yield on the 10-year Treas-
wrote in a letter to employees on chief executive, Masayoshi Son. $1,697.80 omists expected, and at a more Wells Fargo added 5.2 percent. ury rose to 0.77 percent from 0.68
Wednesday. Mr. Claure will head REUTERS –$27.40 modest rate than in April. Another They recovered more of the losses percent late Tuesday.

What Happened in Stock Markets Yesterday

POWERED BY

S&P 500 3122.87 1.4% Nasdaq Composite Index 9682.91 0.8% Dow Jones industrials 26269.89 2.1%

3,400
+10% +10% +10%
28,000
3,200
+ 5% 9,000 + 5% + 5%
3,000 0% 0% 26,000 0%

2,800 – 5% 8,000 – 5% 24,000 – 5%

2,600 –10% –10% –10%

22,000
–15% –15% –15%
2,400 7,000
–20% –20% 20,000 –20%
2,200
6,000 18,000
Apr. May Apr. May Apr. May

TOTAL
Best performers Worst performers Most active Municipal bond funds TOTAL RETURN
ASSETS
VOLUME
S&P 500 COMPANIES CLOSE CHANGE S&P 500 COMPANIES CLOSE CHANGE S&P 500 COMPANIES CLOSE CHANGE IN MIL. 1 YR 5 YRS IN BIL.

1. Coty (COTY) $4.75 +13.4% 1. Campbell Soup (CPB) $48.82 –6.1% 1. BofAML (BAC) $25.99 +4.6% 86.5 1. Vanguard Interm-Term Tx-Ex Adm(VWIUX) +3.9% +3.6% $69.7
2. Boeing (BA) 173.16 +13.0 2. Conagra Brand (CAG) 33.65 –2.4 2. Boeing (BA) 173.16 +13.0 65.5 2. Vanguard Ltd-Term Tx-Ex Adm(VMLUX) +2.8 +2.1 28.3
3. Alliance Data (ADS) 55.17 +10.9 3. Anthem (ANTM) 289.27 –1.7 3. Carnivl (CCL) 17.25 +2.3 52.8 3. Vanguard Short-Term Tx-Ex Adm(VWSUX) +2.1 +1.4 16.0
4. Alaska Air Gr (ALK) 39.30 +8.6 4. Centene (CNC) 65.36 –1.4 4. Coty (COTY) 4.75 +13.4 47.9 4. Vanguard CA Interm-Term Tax-Exempt Adm(VCADX) +4.1 +3.6 14.7
5. CBRE Group (CBRE) 49.50 +7.6 5. Abbott (ABT) 91.40 –1.3 5. Citigroup (C) 53.34 +4.9 33.3 5. Vanguard Long-Term Tax-Exempt Adm(VWLUX) +4.0 +4.4 13.3
6. Arconic (ARNC) 17.09 +7.2 6. Colgate (CL) 71.65 –1.1 6. Apache (APA) 12.53 +2.5 16.1 6. Vanguard High-Yield Tax-Exempt Adm(VWALX) +1.4 +4.3 12.5
7. Affiliated Mn (AMG) 74.49 +6.8 7. Church & Dwig (CHD) 75.14 –1.0 7. Bristol-Myers (BMY) 60.21 –0.7 13.5 7. American Funds Tax-Exempt Bond A(AFTEX) +2.7 +3.4 11.9
8. Citizns Fncl (CFG) 26.82 +6.8 8. Chipotle (CMG) 1049.71 –0.9 8. Boston (BSX) 37.91 +1.0 12.5 8. Franklin CA Tax Free Income A1(FKTFX) +3.6 +4.1 11.0
9. Franklin Rsc (BEN) 21.09 +6.5 9. Bristol-Myers (BMY) 60.21 –0.7 9. Carrier Glob (CARR) 22.22 +4.0 9.6 9. BlackRock Strategic Muni Opps Instl(MAMTX) –3.7 +2.9 6.8
10. Aimco (AIV) 40.14 +6.5 10. BD (BDX) 243.04 –0.6 10. CenterPnt Ene (CNP) 18.46 +2.0 9.3 10. Invesco High Yield Municipal A(ACTHX) –2.9 +4.0 5.6
Source: Morningstar

Sector performance How stock markets fared yesterday in Asia … … in Europe … and in the Americas.
S&P 500 SECTORS
+4.5
Industrials +3.9% +4.0
Financials +3.8
+3.5
Energy +3.1
+3.0
Real estate +2.4 Frankfurt +3.9%
+2.5
Materials +2.3
+2.0
Consumer discretionary +1.6 Tokyo +1.3% New York +1.4%
+1.5
Utilities +1.3 Toronto +1.2%
+1.0
Information technology +0.8 London +2.6%
+0.5
Communication services +0.2 Shanghai +0.1%
0.0
Consumer staples +0.2 Major stock market indexes
–0.2 Health care –0.5
6 p.m. E.T. 8 10 12 a.m. 2 4 6 a.m. 8 10 12 p.m. 2 4 6 p.m.

What Is Happening in Other Markets and the Economy

Bonds Currencies Consumer rates Commodities Economy

10-year Treas. Key rates 1 euro = $1.1235 Crude oil Unemployment Rate Consumer confidence
3% $1.3
6% $100 a barrel
10% 120
1.2 Borrowing rate
2
30-year fixed mortgages
5 50
Fed Funds 2-year Treas. 1.1 5 100
1

0 1.0 4 0 0 80
’19 ’20 ’15 ’16 ’17 ’18 ’19 ’20 ’12 ’14 ’16 ’18 ’20 ’16 ’18 ’20 ’16 ’18 ’20

3
Yield curve $1 = 108.91 yen Corn New-home sales Industrial production
3% 120 $6 a bushel
1-YEAR AGO 2 700 thousand
260
2 110 Savings rate 4
600
1 1-year CDs
YESTERDAY 240
1 100 2 500

0 Maturity 90 0 0 400 220

3 6 2 5 10 30 ’15 ’16 ’17 ’18 ’19 ’20 ’10 ’15 ’20 ’12 ’14 ’16 ’18 ’20 ’16 ’18 ’20 ’16 ’18 ’20
Months Years

More than 250 employees at The Post and Courier, a locally owned daily in Charleston, S.C., were asked to return to the office full time on Monday. Their temperatures are taken at the door.
Wary Staff Returns to Reopened South Carolina Paper
By RACHEL ABRAMS
Staff members at one of South
Carolina’s largest newspapers re-
ported to the office on Monday af-
ter more than two months of work-
ing remotely. With the number of
Covid-19 cases hitting new highs
in the state, many of them said
they were wary of going back.
Employees at The Post and
Courier, a locally owned daily in
Charleston with a paid weekday
circulation of about 40,000, had
been doing their jobs from home
since the second week of March to
guard against the spread of the co-
ronavirus.
Early last month, the publisher
and the top editor announced a
limited reopening, telling its more
than 250 employees, including
more than 60 journalists, to work
at least one day a week in the of-
fice. On Monday, staff members
were asked to return full time, and
they complied, although some
said they had concerns about po-
tentially exposing themselves to
the virus.
‘Send In the Troops’ Op-Ed
Spurs Anger at The Times
By MARC TRACY
“Country Braces for a 9th
Straight Night of Unrest,” went
the headline at the top of the New
York Times home page Wednes-
day evening. Lower down, on the
right-hand side, the usual spot for
opinion articles, was the headline
for an essay by a United States
senator that had stirred opposi-
tion outside and inside the paper:
“Send In the Troops.”
The Op-Ed, written by Tom Cot-
ton, a Republican of Arkansas, ar-
gued for the federal government
to invoke the Insurrection Act,
which would enable it to call up
the military to put down protests
in cities across the country.
“One thing above all else will re-
store order to our streets: an over-
whelming show of force to dis-
perse, detain and ultimately deter
lawbreakers,” Mr. Cotton wrote.
The Times has reported on the
debate within the administration
over whether or not to follow this
course of action.
In the essay, Mr. Cotton also de-
scribed instances of looting in
New York City as “carnivals for
the thrill-seeking rich as well as
other criminal elements” and
warned that the antifascism
movement “antifa” had infiltrated
the marches. (On Monday, a
Times article described the theory
that antifa was responsible for the
riots and looting as “the biggest
piece of protest misinformation
tracked by Zignal Labs,” a media
insights company.)
It is not unusual for right-lean-
ing opinion articles in The Times
to attract criticism. This time, the
outcry from readers, Times staff
members and alumni of the paper
was strong enough to draw an on-
line defense of the essay’s publica-
tion from James Bennet, the edito-
rial page editor.
“Times Opinion owes it to our
readers to show them counter-ar-
guments, particularly those made
by people in a position to set pol-
icy,” Mr. Bennet wrote in a thread
on Twitter. “We understand that
many readers find Senator Cot-
ton’s argument painful, even dan-
gerous. We believe that is one rea-
son it requires public scrutiny and
debate.”
“I believe that the workplace is
a safe place to be at the moment,
but I understand why others are
concerned,” Mitch Pugh, the exec-
utive editor, said in an interview.
“There’s also no question we do
better when we can talk to each
other.”
More than 12,400 Covid-19 cases
have been reported in South Car-
olina, with 500 deaths attributed
to the virus in the state. The sev-
en-day average of new cases
reached a high on Tuesday for the
fifth day in a row, the paper re-
ported.
The state was among the last to
issue a stay-at-home order and
among the first to begin the re-
opening process, on April 20. The
stay-at-home orders issued by
Gov. Henry McMaster, a Republi-
can, expired on May 4. Many of
the newspaper’s full-time employ-
ees worked in the office through
the lockdown period, Mr. Pugh
said, since the state had deemed
the paper an essential business.
As businesses across the coun-
Mr. Bennet was the editor in
chief of The Atlantic before he be-
came the head of the opinion de-
partment in 2016. The opinion sec-
tion is run separately from the
news side. Mr. Bennet reports to
the publisher, A.G. Sulzberger, as
does the paper’s executive editor,
Dean Baquet, who is in charge of
news coverage. The distinction
between opinion pieces and news
articles is sometimes lost on read-
ers, who may see an Op-Ed — pro-
moted on the same home page —
as just another Times article.
The Times published Mr. Cot-
ton’s essay on a day when the
country was gripped by civil un-
rest prompted by the death of
George Floyd, a black man who
was killed while in police custody
in Minneapolis on May 25.
Several Times staff members
responded to the Op-Ed on Twitter
by tweeting the same sentence:
“Running this puts Black @NY-
Times staff in danger.” The news-
paper’s social media policy in-
structs newsroom employees not
to post partisan comments and to
be “especially mindful of appear-
ing to take sides on issues that The
Times is seeking to cover objec-
tively.”
Nikole Hannah-Jones, a corre-
spondent for The New York Times
Magazine who won the Pulitzer
Prize in commentary last month,
tweeted, “As a black woman, as a
journalist, as an American, I am
deeply ashamed that we ran this.”
Several members of the Times
opinion staff, whom the paper al-
lows more leeway on social media,
also weighed in. Charlie Warzel,
an opinion writer, tweeted, “i dis-
agree with every word in that Tom
Cotton op-ed and it does not re-
flect my values.”
Kara Brown, a freelance jour-
nalist in Los Angeles, tweeted that
she had turned down an assign-
ment from The Times because of
the Op-Ed. In an interview, she
said the assignment would have
been to profile the rapper Noname
for the Styles section.
In his tweets on Wednesday, Mr.
Bennet noted that the opinion de-
partment had published several
essays in support of the protests.
Edmund Lee contributed reporting.
THE NEW YORK TIMES BUSINESS THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
MEDIA | ECONOMY
try puzzle over how to bring work-
ers back safely, The Post and
Courier is requiring employees to
have their temperatures checked
at the entrance by a no-contact
scanner. Anyone with a reading of
99.4 degrees or greater is not al-
lowed into the building. Employ-
ees are encouraged, although not
required, to wear protective
masks while working indoors.
On Tuesday, staff members re-
ceived a memo from Evening Post
Industries, which owns The Post
and Courier and other newspa-
pers in the state. “Neither the
state of South Carolina, nor
Charleston County, nor the city of
Charleston have a mandate in
place, and therefore we cannot
force people to wear masks,” the
memo said. “Within the newspa-
per division, we strongly recom-
mend wearing a mask to help
keep each other protected.”
The memo added that employ-
ees who felt uncomfortable about
returning should use paid time off
to stay away from the office.
Five newsroom employees said
Fed to Expand Bond Program;
Could Aid More Cities and M.T.A.
FROM FIRST BUSINESS PAGE
revenue comes from operating
government activities, like public
transit, airports or toll facilities.
As a result, the biggest towns or
counties in sparsely populated
states like Wyoming, and bond is-
suers like New York’s subway sys-
tem, may be able to sell debt to the
Fed.
Pandemic-related shutdowns
have slammed state and local gov-
Each governor would
be able to designate
two bond issuers.
ernment budgets, forcing local
leaders to contend with delayed
income tax payments and falling
sales tax receipts just as health
and public safety expenses climb
significantly.
The Fed is using its emergency
lending powers, which it can tap at
times of serious economic stress,
to buy state and local debt as a
way to keep the markets that gov-
ernments use to raise cash func-
tioning normally.
“State and local governments
provide many of the critical serv-
ices that people rely on,” Jerome
H. Powell, the Fed chair, said last
month in a “60 Minutes” inter-
view, adding that it was a “tough
time” for those governments. “So
that’s one of the reasons why
we’ve created a facility to lend
money to them,” he said, “to get
them through this period of low
revenue.”
The Fed’s facility seems poised
to help at least some states and
large local governments raise
short-term funding. Illinois has
announced that it is tapping the
program, and the Port Authority
of New York and New Jersey said
last week that its board had also
given it permission to apply.
“The Municipal Liquidity Facil-
Books of The Times:
Monday through Friday,
The New York Times
N B3
Virus Briefing
ENTERTAINMENT
AMC Theaters Warns
It May Not Survive Crisis
AMC Theaters, the largest the-
ater operator in the world, said in
a financial filing on Wednesday
that “substantial doubt exists
about our ability to continue as a
going concern for a reasonable
period of time” because of the dis-
ruption caused by the coro-
navirus pandemic.
Moviegoing has essentially
ceased around the country, with
most multiplexes closed since
March and new releases from ma-
jor studios delayed. All AMC the-
aters are closed worldwide.
“During this period, we are
generating effectively no reve-
nue,” the company said. It esti-
mated that its net loss for the first
quarter would be between $2.1 bil-
lion and $2.4 billion, compared
with a $130.2 million loss in the
same period last year.
In April, AMC took on $500 mil-
lion in new debt, pushing its total
to $5.3 billion, which it said would
allow it to withstand closures
around the world into November.
In its filing, it said it believed it
had enough cash on hand to re-
sume operations “this summer or
later.” It cautioned that factors
LESLIE RYANN MCKELLAR FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES like not producing enough reve-
nues when it opens and another
suspension of operations could
force it to seek more financing.
The pandemic closures came
as theaters were already feeling
pressured by streaming. Since
theaters have been shut, some
in interviews that they felt they angry and frustrated.” Ms. Korn-
studios have released new mov-
were required to work in the office bluth, who said she shared the ies through video services.
and were worried that the safety concerns, approved the comment.
measures did not go far enough. “I knew it was going to be a pro- ECONOMY
The concerns of Post and Courier vocative action,” Ms. Kornbluth $267 Billion in Stimulus
employees were previously re- said. “I did not think at all that it Has Been Sent to Americans
ported by The Daily Beast and the could lead to termination.”
media news website Poynter. The Internal Revenue Service
She said she had been called has distributed 159 million eco-
The staff members spoke to The into Mr. Pugh’s office and fired.
nomic stimulus payments —
New York Times on the condition Mr. Pugh declined to comment on
worth a total of $267 billion over
of anonymity. A few noted the fir- a personnel matter. In Ms. Korn-
ing of an audience engagement the past two months — the Treas-
bluth’s termination letter, which ury Department said on Wednes-
producer, Kristen Kornbluth, as The Times reviewed, The Post
an example of the consequences day.
and Courier called her approval of The stimulus money was in-
they could face for publicly criti-
the comment “an immensely seri- cluded in the $2 trillion economic
cizing their employer.
ous error in judgment.” relief package Congress ap-
As part of her job, Ms. Korn-
bluth was charged with approving Thousands of journalists across proved in March. The payments
comments that appeared in a pri- the country have been laid off, provide about $1,200 per adult
vate Facebook group for sub- been furloughed or received pay and $500 per child, although the
scribers, she said. On May 6, a cuts in the economic fallout relat- amounts are smaller for people
reader submitted a comment ex- ed to the pandemic. Ms. Kornbluth with higher incomes.
pressing concern about the news- said she thought her firing sent a The I.R.S. made 120 million
paper’s decision to have its em- message to colleagues at a time payments by direct deposit, 35
ployees go back to the office. when jobs in the news media are million by check and four million
The reader’s comment included scarce. by prepaid debit card, the Treas-
a link to a May 1 Poynter article “I think that people are kind of ury said.
headlined “The Post and Courier worried that if they express any The White House and members
is requiring staff return to the sort of dissent publicly, then this of Congress have been weighing
newsroom, leaving its reporters can happen to them, too,” she said. whether to provide additional
stimulus payments in future eco-
nomic relief legislation, but no de-
cisions have been made.
EUROPE
Eurozone Unemployment
Rises as Cushions Near End
Joblessness in Europe ticked up
slightly in April, the second
month after most countries put in
place coronavirus quarantines, as
ity is an important and critically ments have balanced budget re- government-backed furlough
valuable short-term backup finan- quirements that limit how exten- programs intended to limit mass
cial resource as the agency man- sively municipal issuers can take
unemployment cushioned the
ages its cash flow during this cri- on debt to fund operations.
blow of a devastating economic
sis,” Rick Cotton, the Port Authori-
“State and local governments downturn.
ty’s executive director, said in a have to balance their budget,
But many national financial
statement. states do,” Mr. Powell said on “60
support programs are set to run
New York’s Metropolitan Minutes.” “And if they can’t do
out soon, making it likely that job-
Transportation Authority, which that, what they’ll do is they’ll lay
lessness will continue to march
operates the subway system, had people off and they’ll cut back on higher in Europe over the coming
been pushing to be included in the services.” months, economists said.
Fed’s program, with the authori- The Fed’s purchases — which The eurozone unemployment
ty’s chief executive officer, Patrick could total up to $500 billion — are rate rose to 7.3 percent from 7.1
Foye, calling the facility a “critical protected against loss by $35 bil- percent in March, although it was
bridge to helping us through the
Covid-19 pandemic” in a May 21
lion in backing from the Treasury
Department, a portion of a $454
down from 7.6 percent a year ago.
About 12 million people in the 19
letter to Mr. Powell. billion pot Congress earmarked to countries that use the euro were
The authority could become eli- support Fed lending programs in registered as unemployed, a rela-
gible if Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo of the $2 trillion stimulus package. tively low number compared with
New York designates the subway The facility purchasing the mu- figures in the United States,
system one of the state’s two issu- nicipal notes, a special-purpose where more than 40 million peo-
ers. vehicle, became operational on ple have filed claims for jobless
But the Fed program may be a May 26, according to a Fed ques- benefits since the start of the pan-
limited fix. Many state govern- tion-and-answer sheet. demic.
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that on June 19, 2020 commencing at 2:00 p.m. Eastern Time (the notice there are specific requirements for any potential successful bidder in connection with
“Sale Date”), at the law offices of Rich Michaelson Magaliff, LLP located at 335 Madison obtaining information and bidding on the Collateral, including but not limited to execution
Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017, based upon the occurrence of one or more Events of of a confidentiality agreement and a requirement that each bidder must be a “Qualified
Default under certain documents (the “Loan Documents”) copies of which are available for Transferee” (as defined in that certain Intercreditor Agreement (“Intercreditor Agreement”)
inspection as hereinafter described, pursuant to such Loan Documents and Article 9 of the concerning, among other things, the Collateral) and that each bidder must deliver such
Uniform Commercial Code as enacted in the State of New York (“UCC”), MSC-Two Tower documents as are required by the Intercreditor Agreement and the governing documents
HoldCo, LLC (“Secured Party”) shall dispose of, by public sale, the right, title, and interest relating to the Collateral.
of TTC Mezz LLC (“Debtor”) in and to the following assets (collectively, the “Collateral”): Secured Party will be permitted to bid at the sale, and notwithstanding any requirement
(i)one hundred percent (100%) of the limited liability company interests in Two Tower
herein that the sale of the Collateral be for cash, Secured Party may credit bid all or any
Center LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Premises Owner”); and (ii) all other portion of the outstanding balance of the amounts due under the Loan Documents, originally
“Collateral” (as such term is defined in that certain Pledge and Security Agreement from in the amount of $12,000,000 plus interest, fees and expenses as permitted under the Loan
Debtor to Secured Party dated as of August 31, 2018 (the “Pledge Agreement”)) pledged by Documents. Secured Party reserves the right, in its sole and absolute discretion, to (a) set a
Debtor to Secured Party under the Pledge Agreement. The public sale shall be conducted by minimum reserve price, to reject all bids (including without limitation any bid that it deems to
Mannion Auctions, LLC, by William Mannion, Auctioneer, NYC DCA License No. 796322, and/or have been made by a bidder that is unable to satisfy the requirements imposed by the Secured
Matthew D. Mannion, Auctioneer, NYC DCA License No. 1434494. At the election of Secured Party upon prospective bidders in connection with the sale or to whom in the Secured Party’s
Creditor, the public auction sale may take place by telephonic conference and/or other remote sole judgment a sale may not lawfully be made) and terminate the sale, or adjourn the sale to
electronic means, in which case instructions for participating in the auction shall be provided such other date and time as Secured Party may deem proper, by announcement at the place
to all Qualified Bidders. and on the date of sale, and any subsequent adjournment thereof, without further publication
Based upon information provided by Debtor, Premises Owner, and certain other persons or notice, and (b) impose any other commercially reasonable conditions upon the sale of the
Collateral as Secured Party may deem proper in its sole and absolute discretion.
and entitles affiliated therewith, it is the understanding of Secured Party (but without any
representation or warranty by Secured Party as to the accuracy or completeness of the The Membership Interests are unregistered securities under the Securities Act of 1933 as
amended. Because of this, each prospective bidder seeking to be a “Qualified Bidder” (as
following matters) that (i) Debtor owns one hundred percent (100%) of the limited liability
company membership interests in Premises Owner (the “Membership Interests”); and (ii) determined by Secured Party in its sole and absolute discretion) shall be required, among
Debtor indirectly owns a total of one hundred percent (100%) of the fee interest in the real other things, to execute and deliver to Secured Party a “Bidding Certificate” certifying, among
property designated as (x) Tract I, Tax Lot 2.21 xlot SFLA 418800, Tax Block 2.02 in the other things, that such bidder: (i) will acquire the Collateral for investment purposes, solely
Township of East Brunswick, County of Middlesex, State of New Jersey; and (y) Tract II, Tax for its own account and not with a view to distribution or resale; (ii) is an accredited investor
Lot 2, Tax Block 2.02 Qual C0200 in the Township of East Brunswick, County of Middlesex, within the meaning of the applicable securities laws; (iii) has sufficient knowledge and
experience in financial and business matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and
State of New Jersey and, together with Tract I, also known as 2 Tower Center Boulevard,
risks of investment and has sufficient financial means to afford the risk of investment in the
East Brunswick, NJ 08816 (Tract I and Tract II are together the “Premises”). Based upon
information from the public records, the Premises are encumbered by and subject to, among Collateral; and (iv) will not resell or otherwise hypothecate the Collateral without either a valid
other things, a first mortgage (“Mortgage”) originally made by Premises Owner to Benefit registration under applicable federal or state laws, including without limitation the Securities
Street Realty Partners Operating Partnership L.P. (“Original Mortgage Lender”) securing Act of 1933 as amended, or an available exemption therefrom.
indebtedness in the original principal amount of $50,000,000 (“Mortgage Loan”). The public sale of the Collateral shall be subject to the further terms and conditions set forth
The Collateral is offered “AS IS, WHERE IS”, with all faults, and neither Secured Party nor in the “Terms of Public Sale” (including without limitation terms and conditions with respect
any person acting for or on behalf of Secured Party makes any guarantee, representation, or to the availability of additional information, bidding requirements, deposit amounts, bidding
warranty (including, without limitation, any representation or warranty of merchantability or procedures, and the consummation of the public sale), which are available by contacting:
fitness), express or implied, of any kind or nature whatsoever. Each bidder must make its own Newmark & Company Real Estate, Inc.,
inquiries concerning the Collateral. 125 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017,
PLEASE TAKE FURTHER NOTICE that in addition to any other requirements referenced in this Attn: Brock Cannon, tel. (212) 372.2066, email Brock.Cannon@ngkf.com
B4 N THE NEW YORK TIMES BUSINESS THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

SOCIAL MEDIA | LABOR

Snap Pulls Spotlight

From Trump Account
A Plea for Action on Trump’s Facebook Posts
By MIKE ISAAC cluded Facebook’s first chief of stop promoting Mr. Trump’s for the inaction. The dissent has
last Thursday, Mr. Trump signed communications, as well as de- Snapchat account after deter- spilled out across internal mes-
FROM FIRST BUSINESS PAGE SAN FRANCISCO — Mark
mation on voting and glorifying an executive order intended to signers, engineers and policy mining that his public comments sage boards, with some Face-
Zuckerberg, Facebook’s chief
violence. In contrast, Facebook chip away at legal protections that executives. Some had helped off the site could incite violence. book employees resigning in
executive, faced fresh criticism
has not touched Mr. Trump’s internet companies rely on so that write the social network’s origi- Facebook has taken no action protest, while others staged a
on Wednesday as nearly three
posts, arguing that they are news- they are not liable for the content nal community guidelines, on posts in which Mr. Trump virtual “walkout” this week and
dozen people who worked at the
worthy and should remain up in posted on their sites. which govern what can and can- made inaccurate statements refused to work. On Tuesday, Mr.
social network in its early years Zuckerberg defended his posi-
the name of free speech. Twitter and others have de- not be posted. about mail-in ballots in the No-
called out his decision to leave tion, saying Mr. Trump’s posts
Snap said it had decided to stop nounced the executive order. Twit- Mr. Zuckerberg has been un- vember election or his ag-
President Trump’s aggressive gressive messages about pro- did not violate Facebook’s poli-
highlighting Mr. Trump’s account ter has since pressed ahead in la- der fire since Twitter added la-
posts on the site unaltered. testers after the death of George cies and reiterated that he sup-
because of tweets, posted on Sat- beling more tweets by public offi- bels to several of Mr. Trump’s
cials, while Facebook has faced The former employees said in tweets last week for the first Floyd, an African-American ported free speech.
urday, in which he threatened to an open letter that Mr. Zucker-
send “vicious dogs” and “ominous criticism for doing nothing about time to indicate they were inac- man killed in police custody in Facebook did not immediately
Mr. Trump’s posts. Mark Zucker- berg’s position was a “betrayal” curate or glorified violence. On Minneapolis. have a comment on the new let-
weapons” into the protests that of Facebook’s ideals and urged
have erupted across the nation af- berg, Facebook’s chief executive, Wednesday, Snap, which makes Mr. Zuckerberg has since ter.
grappled with a virtual walkout on him to reconsider it. They in- the Snapchat app, said it would faced strong internal pushback Read the full text of it below:
ter the death of George Floyd, an
African-American man who was Monday by hundreds of his em-
ployees over the issue, but has
killed in police custody in Minne-
continued defending his decision
apolis. The comments did not ap-
to leave Mr. Trump’s messages FACEBOOK’S LEADERSHIP MUST
pear in Mr. Trump’s Snapchat ac- reconsider their policies re-
untouched.
count. Social media companies are en- garding political speech, begin-
“We will not amplify voices who titled to enforce their own stand- ning by fact-checking poli-
incite racial violence and injustice ards on speech, said First Amend- ticians and explicitly labeling
by giving them free promotion on ment and social media speech harmful posts.
Discover,” Rachel Racusen, a scholars. As early employees on teams
Snap spokeswoman, said. Snap’s decision “shows that across the company, we au-
After Mr. Trump’s comments, companies increasingly under- thored the original Community
Evan Spiegel, Snap’s chief execu- stand that they do not need to be in Standards, contributed code to
tive, addressed them in a lengthy the binary leave-up or take-down products that gave voice to
message to his employees. dynamic,” said David Kaye, a law people and public figures, and
“We will make it clear with our professor at the University of Cali- helped to create a company
actions that there is no gray area fornia, Irvine, and the United Na- culture around connection and
when it comes to racism, violence tions special rapporteur on free- freedom of expression.
dom of opinion and expression. We grew up at Facebook, but
“They have multiple tools to deal it is no longer ours.
A hardening stance with the dynamics of the spread of The Facebook we joined
hateful content, disinformation, designed products to empower
against aggressive harassment and other kinds of people and policies to protect
content.” them. The goal was to allow as
posts by the president. But the impact of Snap’s action much expression as possible
is likely to be modest, said Kate unless it would explicitly do
and injustice,” Mr. Spiegel said in Klonick, an assistant professor at harm. We disagreed often, but
the memo that was posted on the law school at St. John’s Uni- we all understood that keeping
Snap’s blog on Monday. “We sim- versity. people safe was the right thing
ply cannot promote accounts in “The president doesn’t need to to do. Now, it seems, that com-
America that are linked to people be promoted by Snap, or Twitter mitment has changed.
who incite racial violence, or Facebook,” she said. “His We no longer work at Face-
whether they do so on or off our speech is amplified by social me- book, but we do not disclaim it.
platform.” But the company would dia organically.” We also no longer recognize it.
not remove accounts, he added. Mr. Trump has a following of We remain proud of what we
Mr. Spiegel said he had reached about 1.5 million people on built, grateful for the opportuni-
Snapchat, according to Bloom- ty, and hopeful for the positive
his decision while thinking about
berg. On the account, he currently force it can become. But none
the future of the country and his
features video and images of his of that means we have to be
company’s role in it, musing in his
photo op in front of St. John’s quiet. In fact, we have a respon-
letter to employees about the in- Church in Washington, along with sibility to speak up.
tentions of the founding fathers a screenshot of one of his tweets. Today, Facebook’s leadership PETE MAROVICH FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
and reflecting on the time he spent Mr. Trump was regularly pro- interprets freedom of expres-
studying in South Africa. A letter to Mark Zuckerberg from former Facebook employees says that policies that allow President Trump’s
moted on the Discover feature, sion to mean that they should aggressive posts to stand but would block such content from a regular user are a betrayal of company ideals.
White House representatives which is curated by people and al- do nothing — or very nearly
did not respond to requests for gorithms and allows publishers nothing — to interfere in politi-
comment. Brad Parscale, the and public figures to reach new cal discourse. They have de-
manager of Mr. Trump’s 2020 worse, it is cowardly. Facebook lence by the state against its To Mark: we know that you
Snap audiences. cided that elected officials should be holding politicians to citizens, it also sends a signal to think deeply about these issues,
campaign, accused Mr. Spiegel of People have been spending should be held to a lower stand- a higher standard than their millions who take cues from the but we also know that Face-
liberal bias and said, “Snapchat is more time on Snapchat since the ard than those they govern. constituents. President. Facebook’s policy book must work to regain the
trying to rig the 2020 election.” coronavirus pandemic began. One set of rules for you, and Second, since Facebook’s allows that post to stand alone. public’s trust. Facebook isn’t
Mr. Trump has been embroiled Snap reported in April that its another for any politician, from inception, researchers have In an age of live-streamed neutral, and it never has been.
in a confrontation with social me- number of daily active users had your local mayor to the Presi- learned a lot more about group shootings, Facebook should Making the world more open
dia companies since Twitter be- grown more rapidly than ex- dent of the United States. This psychology and the dynamics know the danger of this better and connected, strengthening
gan labeling some of his tweets pected, reaching 229 million peo- exposes two fundamental prob- of mass persuasion. Thanks to than most. Trump’s rhetoric, communities, giving everyone
last week. He immediately ac- ple. Communication between lems: work done by the Dangerous steeped in the history of Ameri- a voice — these are not neutral
cused Twitter, his preferred social friends was 30 percent higher in First, Facebook’s behavior Speech Project and many oth- can racism, targeted people ideas. Fact-checking is not
media platform, where he has the last week of March than in the doesn’t match the stated goal of ers, we understand the power whom Facebook would not censorship. Labeling a call to
more than 81 million followers, of last week of January, Snap said. avoiding any political censor- words have to increase the allow to repeat his words back violence is not authoritarian-
stifling his speech and meddling ship. Facebook already is act- likelihood of violence. We know to him. ism. Please reconsider your
in the November presidential Cecilia Kang reported from Washing- ing, as Mark Zuckerberg put it the speech of the powerful It is our shared heartbreak position.
election. ton, and Kate Conger from Oakland, on Friday, as the “arbiter of matters most of all. It estab- that motivates this letter. We Proceed and be bold.
In an apparent act of retaliation Calif. truth.” It monitors speech all lishes norms, creates a permis- are devastated to see some-
the time when it adds warnings Sincerely, some of your earliest
sion structure, and implicitly thing we built and something
to links, downranks content to employees:
authorizes violence, all of which we believed would make the
reduce its spread, and fact is made worse by algorithmic world a better place lose its Meredith Chin, Adam Conner,
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT a. Any claim as to which the holder has already filed a proof of claim checks political speech from
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK against the Debtors in the above-captioned case in a form substantially amplification. Facebook’s lead- way so profoundly. We under- Natalie Ponte, Jon Warman,
In re: DEAN & DELUCA : Chapter 11 similar to Official Bankruptcy Form No.410, so long as the claimant does non-politicians. ership has spoken with these stand it is hard to answer these Dave Willner, on behalf of Ezra
NEW YORK, INC., et al., : Case No. 20-10916 (MEW) not wish to assert such claim against a Debtor who was not named in the
Debtors.1 : (Jointly Administered) original claim,in which case another Proof of Claim must be filed; This is a betrayal of the experts, with advocates, and questions at scale, but it was Callahan, Chris Putnam, Bob
NOTICE OF DEADLINES REQUIRING THE FILING OF b. Any claim that is listed on the Schedules filed by the Debtors,
provided that (i) the claim is not scheduled as “disputed”,“contingent” or
ideals Facebook claims. The with organizers, yet they still also hard to build the platform Trahan, Natalie Trahan, Ben
PROOFS OF CLAIM
TO ALL PERSONS WITH CLAIMS AGAINST ANY DEBTOR “unliquidated”; and (ii) the claimant does not disagree with the amount, company we joined valued seem committed to granting that created these problems. Blumenrose, Jocelyn Blumen-
nature and priority of the claim as set forth in the Schedules; and (iii) the
SET FORTH BELOW
claimant does not dispute that the claim is an obligation of the specific giving individuals a voice as the powerful free rein. There is a responsibility to rose, Bobby Goodlatte, Simon
Name of Debtor and Last Four Digits of Federal Tax Identification
Number, Case No.: Dean & Deluca New York, Inc. (3111), 20-10916; Debtor against which the claim is listed in the Schedules; loud as their government’s — So what do we make of this? solve them, and solving hard Axten, Brandee Barker, Doug
Dean & Deluca, Inc. (2998), 20-10917; Dean & Deluca Brands, Inc. (2878), c. Any claim that heretofore has been allowed by Order of this Court;
20-10918; Dean & Deluca International, LLC (8995), 20-10919; Dean & d. Any claim that has been paid in full by any of the Debtors; protecting the powerless rather If all speech by politicians is problems is what Facebook is Fraser, Krista Kobeski, Warren
Deluca Small Format, LLC (1806), 20-10920; Dean & Deluca Atlanta, LLC e. Any claim for which different specific deadlines have previously
been fixed by this Court; or
than the powerful. newsworthy and all newswor- good at. Hanes, Caitlin O’Farrell Galla-
(6678),20-10921; Dean & Deluca Markets,LLC (2674),20-10922
The United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New f. Any claim by a Debtor against another Debtor, or any claim by Facebook now turns that goal thy speech is inviolable, then To current employees who gher, Jake Brill, Carolyn Abram,
any of the non-debtor subsidiaries of Dean & DeLuca, Inc. having a claim
York (the“Bankruptcy Court”) has entered an order (the“Bar Date Order”)
establishing July 10, 2020 at 11:59 p.m. (ET) as the last date and time against any of the Debtors. on its head. It claims that pro- there is no line the most power- are speaking up: we see you, Jamie Patterson, Abdus-Salam
for each person (as defined in section 101(41) of title 11 of the United This notice may be sent to many persons that have had some relation-
ship with or have done some business with the Debtors,but that may not
viding warnings about a poli- ful people in the world cannot we support you, and we want to DeVaul, Scott Fortin, Bobby
States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”)), excluding governmental units (as
defined Bankruptcy Code section 101(27), the “Governmental Units”) to have an unpaid claim against the Debtors.The fact that you have received tician’s speech is inappropriate, cross on the largest platform in help. We hope you will continue Kellogg, Tanja Balde, Alex
this notice does not mean that you have a claim against the Debtors or
file a proof of claim (each, a“Proof of Claim,” and collectively, the“Proofs
that the Bankruptcy Court or the Debtors believe that you have a claim but removing content from the world — or at least none to ask yourselves the question Vichinsky, Matt Fernandez,
of Claim”) in respect of any prepetition claim (as defined in Bankruptcy
Code section 101(5)) (such deadline,the“General Bar Date”) against Dean against the Debtors. citizens is acceptable, even if that the platform is willing to that hangs on posters in each of Elizabeth Linder, Mike Ferrier,
5. EXECUTORY CONTRACTS AND UNEXPIRED LEASES. If you hold
& DeLuca NewYork,Inc.and the debtors and debtors in possession (collec-
tively,the“Debtors”) in the above-captioned chapter 11 cases (collectively, a claim arising out of the rejection of an executory contract or unexpired both are saying the same thing. enforce. Facebook’s offices: “What Jamie Patterson, Brian Suto-
the“Chapter 11 Cases”). lease as to which the order authorizing such rejection is dated on or before
the date of entry of the Bar Date Order,then you must file a Proof of Claim
That is not a noble stand for President Trump’s post on would you do if you weren’t rius, Amy Karasavas, Kathleen
The General Bar Date and the procedures set forth below for filing
Proofs of Claim (the“Procedures”) apply to all claims against the Debtors by the applicable Bar Date.If you have a claim arising from the rejection of freedom. It is incoherent, and Friday not only threatens vio- afraid?” Estreich, Claudia Park
that arose before March 31, 2020 (the “Petition Date”), which was the an executory contract or unexpired lease as to which the order authorizing
date that the Debtors commenced their Chapter 11 Cases. Governmental such rejection is dated after the date of entry of the Bar Date Order, then
Units have until September 28, 2020 at 11:59 p.m. (ET). (the you must file a Proof of Claim with respect to such claim by the dated
“Governmental Bar Date,” and, together with the General Bar Date, the fixed by the Bankruptcy Court in the applicable order authorizing rejec-
“Bar Dates”) as the deadline to file Proofs of Claim against the Debtors. tion of such contract or lease as the deadline for filing a Proof of Claim.
1. WHO MUST FILE A PROOF OF CLAIM. You must file a Proof of Notwithstanding the foregoing,a party to an executory contract or unex-

Ex-U.A.W. Boss Pleads Guilty to Embezzling Over $1 Million

Claim in order to vote on a chapter 11 plan filed by the Debtors or to be pired lease that asserts a claim on account of unpaid amounts accrued and
able to share in distributions from the Debtors’estates if you have a claim outstanding as of the Petition Date pursuant to such executory contract
that arose before the Petition Date,and it is not one of the types of claims or unexpired lease (other than a claim for rejection damages) must file a
described in section 4 below. Claims based on acts or omissions of the Proof of Claim for such amounts on or before the applicable Bar Date.
Debtors that occurred before the Petition Date must be filed on or before 6. CONSEQUENCES OF THE FAILURE TO FILE A PROOF OF CLAIM
the applicable Bar Date, even if such claims are not now fixed, liquidated, BY THE APPLICABLE BAR DATE. ANY HOLDER OF A CLAIM THAT IS NOT FROM FIRST BUSINESS PAGE Details revealed in the investi- burg. Professor Witwer pointed to
EXEMPTED FROM THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BAR DATE ORDER, AS SET union and corporate officials. In
or certain or did not mature or become fixed,liquidated,or certain before
the Petition Date. FORTH IN FULL IN SECTION 4 ABOVE, AND THAT FAILS TO TIMELY FILE A gation also led G.M. to file a law- the 1981 indictment of Roy L.
Under Bankruptcy Code section 101(5) and as used in this notice, the PROOF OF CLAIM IN THE APPROPRIATE FORM SHALL NOT BE TREATED AS one case, a union vice president suit in November that accuses Williams, president of the Interna-
A CREDITOR WITH RESPECT TO SUCH ALLEGED CLAIM FOR THE PURPOSES
word“claim”means a right to (a) payment,whether such right is reduced
to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unma- OF VOTING ON ANY PLAN OF REORGANIZATION FILED IN THESE CHAPTER who once held a seat on the board Fiat Chrysler of bribing union offi- tional Brotherhood of Teamsters
tured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured; or (b) 11 CASES AND FOR PARTICIPATING IN ANY DISTRIBUTION IN THE DEBTORS’
CHAPTER 11 CASES ON ACCOUNT OF SUCH ALLEGED CLAIM.
of General Motors received kick- cials to get a leg up on G.M. in la- at the time, on charges that he had
an equitable remedy for breach of performance if such breach gives rise to
a right to payment,whether such right to an equitable remedy is reduced 7. THE DEBTORS’ SCHEDULES AND ACCESS THERETO. You may be backs from the purchase of U.A.W. bor contracts. Fiat Chrysler has conspired to bribe a senator in
listed as a holder of a claim against one or more of the Debtors on the
tojudgment,fixed,contingent,matured,unmatured,disputed,undisputed,
secured,or unsecured. Debtors’Schedules. branded watches. In another, Fiat said the lawsuit is without merit. hopes of blocking or delaying a
2. WHAT TO FILE. The Debtors are enclosing a Proof of Claim form To determine if and how you are listed on the Schedules,please refer to
the descriptions set forth on the enclosed Proof of Claim form(s) regarding
Chrysler’s top labor negotiator The federal investigation into trucking deregulation measure.
for use in these Chapter 11 Cases. If your claim is listed on the schedules
of assets and liabilities filed by the Debtors (collectively,the“Schedules”), the nature, amount, and status of your claim(s). If you received post-peti- pleaded guilty to using union the U.A.W. began more than five Three years earlier, Joseph P.
tion payments from the Debtors (as authorized by the Bankruptcy Court)
then the Proof of Claim form also sets forth the amount of your claim
onaccountofyourclaim(s),thentheenclosedProofofClaimform(s)should funds to buy a Ferrari and reno- years ago and is still active. Tonelli, at the time the president of
as listed on the Schedules, the specific Debtor against which the claim is
scheduled, and whether the claim is scheduled as disputed, contingent, reflect the net amount of your claim(s).If the Debtors believe that you hold vate his 6,800-square-foot home. Among those still under scrutiny the United Paperworkers Interna-
or unliquidated.You will receive a different Proof of Claim form for each claims against more than one Debtor, then you will receive multiple Proof PAUL SANCYA/ASSOCIATED PRESS
claim listed in your name on the Schedules. You may utilize the Proof of Claim forms, each of which will reflect the nature, amount, and status is Mr. Jones’s predecessor, Dennis tional Union and a top official with
of your claim against the applicable Debtor,as listed on the Schedules. Prosecutors said Gary Jones spent
of Claim form(s) provided by the Debtors in order to file your claim(s).
As set forth above, if you agree with the nature, amount, and status Williams. A plea agreement in the A.F.L.-C.I.O., was charged
Additional Proof of Claim forms and instructions may be obtained at some $60,000 just on smoking.
(a) the website established by the Debtors’ Court- approved claims and of your claim as listed on the Debtors’ Schedules, and if you do not dis- February with a former aide to along with other union officials for
pute that your claim is only against the Debtor specified by the Debtors’
noticing agent, Stretto, located at https://cases.stretto.com/DeanDeLuca
or (b) the Bankruptcy Court’s website located at www.uscourts.gov/ Schedules, and if your claim is not described as disputed, contingent, or Mr. Jones indicated that a U.A.W. embezzling $360,000 from the un-
forms/bankruptcy-forms. unliquidated, then you need not file a Proof of Claim.Otherwise, or if you
decide to file a Proof of Claim, then you must do so before the applicable
officer, whom court filings refer to big blow to the U.A.W. Mr. Gamble ion. Both leaders were later con-
All Proofs of Claim must be signed by the claimant or, if the claimant
is not an individual, by an authorized agent of the claimant. All Proofs of Bar Date,in accordance with the Procedures as set forth in this notice. as Official B, had urged using un- has apologized for its failings and victed.
Copies of the Debtors’ Schedules are available for inspection on the
Claim must be written in English and be denominated in United States
Bankruptcy Court’s electronic docket for the Debtors’ Chapter 11 Cases, ion money in ways that would ben- has pledged to reform it. While the The plea agreement marks a
currency (using the exchange rate, if applicable, as of the Petition Date).
You should also attach to your completed Proof of Claim any documents on which is posted on (a) the website established by Stretto for the Debtors’ efit himself and other officials. Un- union no longer has the power and dramatic fall for Mr. Jones, who
whichsuch claimis based(ifthe supporting documentationis voluminous, Chapter 11 Cases at https://cases.stretto.com/DeanDeLuca and (b) on the
attach a summary of such documentation instead) or an explanation as to Bankruptcy Court’s website at http://www.nysb.uscourts.gov. A login ion officials have confirmed that political influence it wielded dec- joined the U.A.W. as a welder and
why the supporting documents are not available. and password to the Bankruptcy Court’s Public Access to Court Electronic
Records (“PACER”) are required in order to access this information through
Official B is Mr. Williams. The un- ades ago, it remains one of the was elected president in 2018.
All Proofs of Claim must not contain complete social security numbers
or taxpayer identification numbers (include only the last four (4) digits the Bankruptcy Court’s website, and can be obtained through the PACER ion also built a luxurious lakeside largest labor groups in the coun- Last year, he led workers through
Service Center at http://www.pacer.gov.Copies of the Debtors’Schedules
of such numbers), complete birth dates (include only the relevant year),
the names of any minors (include only such minors’ initials), or financial also may be examined between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. cabin for Mr. Williams at a U.A.W. try and is a key player in the U.S. a 40-day strike against G.M. The
account numbers (include only the last four (4) digits of such numbers). (Eastern Time), Monday through Friday at the Office of the Clerk of the resort about 250 miles north of De- auto industry. The U.A.W. repre-
IF YOU ARE ASSERTING A CLAIM AGAINST MORE THAN ONE DEBTOR, Bankruptcy Court, located at One Bowling Green, New York, New York strike yielded increased pay and
10004-1408. Copies of the Debtors’ Schedules also may be obtained by troit. sents about 400,000 workers and
SEPARATE PROOFS OF CLAIM MUST BE FILED AGAINST EACH SUCH DEBTOR,
sending a request to Stretto: Dean & DeLuca New York, Inc., et al. Claims benefits for temporary workers
AND YOU MUST IDENTIFY ON EACH PROOF OF CLAIM THE SPECIFIC DEBTOR A lawyer for Mr. Williams did is the biggest union at G.M., Ford
AGAINSTWHICHYOUR CLAIM IS ASSERTED ANDTHE CASE NUMBER OFTHAT Processing, 8269 E. 23rd Ave, Ste 275, Denver, CO 80238, Toll Free: (877) and those with less seniority, a key
DEBTOR’S CHAPTER 11 CASE. A LIST OF THE NAMES OF THE DEBTORS AND 220-9865, Email: teamdeandeluca@stretto.com. not respond to requests for com- Motor and Fiat Chrysler.
A HOLDER OF A POTENTIAL CLAIM AGAINST THE DEBTORS SHOULD union goal. In exchange, the union
THEIR CASE NUMBERS IS SET FORTH ABOVE.
CONSULT AN ATTORNEY REGARDING ANY MATTERS NOT COVERED BY THIS ment. Mr. Jones pleaded guilty to two
3. WHENANDWHERETO FILE.All ProofsofClaimmustbefiledsoas accepted G.M.’s decision to close a
to be received on or before July 10,2020 at 11:59 p.m.(ET) (for all persons NOTICE,SUCH AS WHETHER THE HOLDER OF SUCH A POTENTIAL CLAIM The U.S. attorney in Detroit, counts: for improperly using un-
exceptGovernmentalUnits),orsoastobereceivedonorbeforeSeptember SHOULD FILE A PROOF OF CLAIM. plant in Lordstown, Ohio, a move
27, 2020 at 11:59 p.m. (ET) (for all Governmental Units) using one of the Dated: May 28, 2020, New York, New York, Respectfully submitted, Hotels, Motels, Resorts Matthew Schneider, has previ- ion funds and tax fraud for not re-
BROWN RUDNICK LLP, By: /s/ William R. Baldiga, Esq., William R. Baldiga, that frustrated some U.A.W. mem-
methods as follows: IF BY FIRST-CLASS MAIL OR OVERNIGHT DELIVERY:
Esq., Bennett S. Silverberg, Esq., Seven Times Square, New York, NY and Inns 3444 ously said that he could not rule porting and paying taxes on that
Dean & DeLuca New York,Inc.,et al.Claims Processing,c/o Stretto,8269 E. bers.
23rd Ave,Ste 275,Denver,CO 80238;IF DELIVERED BY HAND:US Bankruptcy 10036, wbaldiga@brownrudnick.com, bsilverberg@brownrudnick. Montana Finest lodging - Small town out a federal takeover of the illicit income.
Court,Southern District of New York , One Bowling Green Room 617,New com, Telephone: (212) 209-4800, Facsimile: (212) 209-4801 and Tristan
U.A.W. Another union that was the Mr. Jones took a leave of ab-
York, NY 10004-1408; IF ELECTRONICALLY: The website established by G. Axelrod, Esq. (Pro Hac Vice), One Financial Center, Boston, MA 02111, His plea agreement is the first
taxelrod@brownrudnick.com,Telephone:(617) 856-8200,Facsimile:(617) subject of a corruption investiga- sence a week after that strike
Stretto, using the interface available on such website located at https://
856-8201, Counsel for Debtors and Debtors-in-Possession
E of Glacier Park on Hwy 2. superb time in decades that a union presi-
cases.stretto.com/DeanDeLuca (the“Electronic Filing System”).
1
trout & walleye fishing, upland & big
game hunting. 406-759-5900 tion, the International Brother- dent of national stature has faced ended and quit a few weeks later
All Proofs of Claim will be deemed filed only when actually received The Debtors in the Chapter 11 Cases and the last four digits of each
at one of the addresses listed above or via the Electronic Filing System on Debtor’s taxpayer identification number are as follows: Dean & Deluca hood of Teamsters, regained its in- such serious criminal charges, as the union moved to oust him.
or before the applicable Bar Date. New York, Inc. (3111); Dean & Deluca, Inc. (2998); Dean & Deluca Brands, Miscellaneous 3454
PROOFS OF CLAIM MAY NOT BE DELIVERED BY FACSIMILE, Inc.(2878);Dean & Deluca International,LLC (8995);Dean & Deluca Small TELEHOSP AND TELEMEDICINO
dependence in February after 30 said an expert on union corrup-
TELECOPY,OR ELECTRONIC MAIL TRANSMISSION. Format, LLC (1806); Dean & Deluca Atlanta, LLC (6678); Dean & Deluca
years of federal oversight. tion, David Witwer of Pennsylva- Noam Scheiber contributed report-
4. WHO DOES NOT NEED TO FILE A PROOF OF CLAIM. Proofs of Markets, LLC (2674). The registered address for the Debtors is 251 Little TELEHEALTH ASSET FOR SALE ing.
Claim need not be filed as to the following types of claims: Falls Drive,Wilmington,Delaware 19808. Contact: info@acsforhealthcare.com The investigation has dealt a nia State University at Harris-

U.S. Banks Took $11.7 Billion in Overdraft Fees in 2019, Report Says
By MARY WILLIAMS WALSH
Large U.S. banks took $11.68 bil-
lion in overdraft fees out of their
customers’ accounts last year,
even before the pandemic kicked
off an economic crisis, according
to research by the Center for Re-
sponsible Lending.
Vulnerable people were by far
the hardest hit: Nine percent of
account holders paid 84 percent of
the overdraft fees, according to
the review, which focused on
banks with assets of more than $1
billion. Those customers tended to
carry low balances, averaging
less than $350.
The organization said banks
should halt overdraft fees during
the pandemic, which has led to 40
million new unemployment
claims and significant uncertainty
about how any recovery will play
out.
Peter Smith, a researcher and a
co-writer of the report, said that
overdraft fees were a source of
Between an Iron Fist and a World on Fire: Why Beijing Is Squeezing Hong Kong Now
FROM FIRST BUSINESS PAGE
Tiananmen Square crackdown or
the British handover of Hong
Kong back to China in 1997.
“There will be some unhappy
people for some time,” said John
L. Thornton, a former president of
Goldman Sachs who has long-
standing ties with China’s leader-
ship. “But the drum rolls, the dogs
bark and the caravan moves on.
That’s the political judgment.
They have had a fair amount of
empirical evidence that the con-
cerns will disappear.”
On Wednesday, HSBC said Pe-
ter Wong, its Asia-Pacific chief,
had signed a petition supporting
the national security law.
Unquestionably, Hong Kong
has declined in importance to
China as the mainland economy
has surged. In 1997, Hong Kong’s
economic output was nearly one-
fifth the mainland’s, making it a
necessary growth engine for Bei-
jing. Deng Xiaoping, then China’s
top leader, had agreed to allow
Hong Kong to keep its business
and personal freedoms for dec-
ades to come, saying years earlier
that “there was no other possible
solution.”
Today, Hong Kong’s output is
less than 3 percent of the main-
land’s. While investors still prize
Hong Kong’s rule of law, low taxes
and transparent business envi-
ronment, they have grown more
accustomed to doing business in
mainland cities like Shanghai,
where the stock market is bigger
than Hong Kong’s by value.
Nevertheless, Washington be-
lieves Hong Kong is still too valu-
able for China to jeopardize.
President Trump said last week
that he would strip Hong Kong of
the special status granted to it by
Washington. Depending on what
he does, it could subject Hong
Kong to the same tariffs and trade
restrictions imposed on mainland
China.
If the United States wants to
raise the stakes sharply, it could
harness one of its major
strengths: its vital role over the
global financial system.
China relies heavily on Hong
Kong’s unlimited access to U.S.
dollars, the world’s de facto cur-
rency. China tightly limits the
amount of its currency that flows
past its borders, making the Chi-
nese renminbi less useful in mak-
ing global payments and loans,
striking deals or participating in
international finance. About
three-quarters of all renminbi
payments flow through Hong
Kong, according to data from the
Society for Worldwide Interbank
Financial Telecommunication, a
network that facilitates global fi-
nancial transactions.
American retaliation may be
enough to get many businesses to
leave. In a survey released on
Wednesday by the American
Chamber of Commerce in Hong
Kong, more than a quarter of com-
panies questioned said they were
considering moving elsewhere.
Individuals may leave, too. The
British government, which says
the national security law violates
the handover agreement, said it
would offer a path to citizenship to
nearly three million Hong Kong
residents — almost half the city’s
population — if China proceeded.
“This would amount to one of
the biggest changes in our visa
system in British history,” Brit-
ain’s prime minister, Boris John-
son, wrote in an opinion piece in
The South China Morning Post, a
Hong Kong newspaper, on
Wednesday. “If it proves neces-
sary, the British government will
take this step and take it willingly.”
Firms that help Hong Kong res-
idents apply for British visas have
seen a surge in interest. One,
British Connections, said 120 peo-
ple had applied for British travel
documents between May 22 and
May 31, up from 67 in the same pe-
riod last year.
Hong Kong residents have also
explored other options, including
Canada, Australia and Ireland.
distress for many families even in
the best of times and that the coro-
navirus pandemic only magnified
their effects.
“Banks should not experience
an unprecedented windfall as the
direct result of their customers’
unprecedented distress,” he said.
The group, which supports poli-
cies to improve access to the fi-
nancial system for poor and mar-
ginalized groups, urged banks to
waive overdraft fees voluntarily,
but said it was also backing a pro-
posal to ban such fees during the
pandemic.
A spokesman for the American
Bankers Association, Mike
Townsend, said banks across the
country were providing “unprece-
dented assistance” to customers
affected by the pandemic, al-
though the specific actions vary
by bank. “This includes fee
waivers, deferred payments and
other accommodations depending
on the customer’s individual cir-
cumstances,” he said.
Protesters detained last month in Hong Kong. Beijing sees its position as strong while the city’s protest movement, slowed during the coronavirus pandemic, seems demoralized for the moment.
The Central district of Hong Kong in December. In 1997, the city’s economic
output was nearly a fifth of the mainland’s. Today, it is less than 3 percent.
Those departures could deprive
the city of talent and embarrass
Beijing to boot, which is perhaps
why China reacted furiously to
Britain’s announcement.
“All Chinese compatriots re-
siding in Hong Kong are Chinese
nationals,” Zhao Lijian, a spokes-
man for China’s Foreign Ministry,
said at a news conference, adding
that China could take unspecified
countermeasures.
China’s response has suggested
that Beijing is willing to sacrifice
China sees the risk
as limited if it calls
other nations’ bluff.
Hong Kong to get its way. Other
Chinese cities, like Shanghai and
Shenzhen, have pledged to make
investor-friendly legal and finan-
cial changes to fight for Hong
Kong’s business. The resort island
of Hainan has promised to turn it-
self into a free-trade port like
Hong Kong.
More broadly, China sees the
risk as limited.
In the face of Mr. Trump’s
threat, for example, China is cal-
culating that he is bluffing. Ameri-
can business interests in Hong
THE NEW YORK TIMES BUSINESS THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
BANKING | INTERNATIONAL
A Chase bank in Brooklyn. An American Bankers Association spokesman
said banks nationwide were helping customers affected by the pandemic.
The trade group supplied a list
of the banks, many of them re-
gional, that have offered help, in-
cluding with fee waivers. Some
Kong are extensive. If the White
House takes the more drastic
route of limiting Hong Kong’s ac-
cess to U.S. dollars, Chinese banks
have other ways to maintain ac-
cess to the global financial sys-
tem, said Victor Shih, an expert on
the Chinese financial system at
the University of California, San
Diego.
China also holds more than $1
trillion in U.S. Treasury bills,
which accounts for more than 4
percent of America’s total debt.
While China cannot quickly sell
that debt without making major
problems for itself, such a move
could cause disruptions globally.
Chinese officials also believe
that Hong Kong’s business elite,
historically a moderating force on
Beijing, has been successfully
persuaded or pressed to go along.
Many have extensive business
holdings in the mainland.
“We probably need not overin-
terpret it,” Li Ka-shing, Hong
Kong’s richest man, said of the law
in a statement.
Some of Hong Kong’s biggest
investors contend that business
will continue as usual.
Weijian Shan, a major private
equity investor in Hong Kong, re-
cently wrote a memoir detailing
recollections of his difficult child-
hood under the harsh policies of
Mao Zedong. In a letter to his cli-
JOHN TAGGART FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
specifically said they were offer-
ing to stop overdraft fees for a par-
ticular time period, or case by
case.
A booth in support of a new security law last month. Some of the city’s
wealthy elite contend the measure will not affect business as usual.
ents this week, he expressed little
concern about Beijing’s new secu-
rity law for Hong Kong.
“There will not be any change in
the rule of law, independent judi-
cial system or freedom of expres-
sion,” he said.
China is also acting at a time of
political strength. It has contained
the coronavirus within its bor-
ders, a feat few other countries
have managed. The moment may
have emboldened China’s top
leader, Xi Jinping, to take steps
that his predecessors dared not.
Other rivals have been weak-
ened. Mr. Trump is struggling to
pass the blame for American mis-
steps in dealing with the outbreak
and is increasingly consumed
with unrest at home.
Other Western democracies,
historically allies of the pro-de-
mocracy movement in Hong
Kong, are preoccupied with their
own crises. The United States,
with its steady retreat from global
leadership under Mr. Trump, is in
no position to rally them, say sup-
porters of both the protesters and
Beijing.
“‘We expect foreign condemna-
tion for everything we do’ basical-
ly is their attitude,” said Andrew
Nathan, a professor of political
science at Columbia University.
“ ‘You guys can bark all you want
but you can’t bite, so what do we
A group urges a halt
to overdraft charges
during the pandemic.
Overdrafts have already been
an issue during the pandemic.
Customers of some banks were
unable to get access to the full
amount of their stimulus pay-
ments because they had a nega-
tive balance, but other financial
institutions made the full pay-
ments available to customers
even if they had balances that
were under zero.
Repeated overdrafts can result
in account closures, amplifying
problems for low-income con-
sumers — including blacks and
Latinos, who are already far more
likely to lack access to banking
services. In the worst cases,
banks used overdraft fees — typi-
cally $35 — to strip all the money
PHOTOGRAPHS BY LAM YIK FEI FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
care?’”
Beijing’s gamble has already
yielded gains in one key arena:
suppressing the protests that in-
spired it to act in the first place.
While some protesters have
vowed an even more determined
fight against the new security
push, others acknowledged that
THEREPUBLICOFARGENTINA
EXTENDSEXPIRATIONOF
ITSINVITATION
Buenos Aires, Argentina: On
June 1, 2020, the Republic of
Argentina announced that it has
extended the expiration of its
invitationmadetoholdersofcertain
eligible bonds listed in the
Prospectus Supplement dated April
21, 2020 to submit orders to
exchangetheireligiblebondsfornew
bonds pursuant to the terms and
subjecttotheconditionsdescribedin
theprospectussupplementfrom5:00
p.m.,NewYorkCitytime,onJune2,
2020, to 5:00 p.m., New York City
time,onJune12,2020,unlessfurther
extended or early terminated.
Accordingly, assuming that the
Republic, among other things, does
not further extend the expiration or
terminate the invitation early, the
invitationperiodisextendedthrough
the new expiration, the results
N B5
out of a low-balance account and
then closed it, leaving the
customer without access to bank-
ing services.
Last year, multiple Wells Fargo
customers told The New York
Times that they continued to ac-
crue overdraft fees even after
they were told that their accounts
would be closed. Customers said
overdrawn accounts were kept
open beyond their stated closure
date and racked up charges when
the bank’s automated system
tried to remove money to make a
recurring payment.
The practice prompted Senator
Elizabeth Warren, Democrat of
Massachusetts, to ask the bank
for an explanation. The bank said
it was looking into the matter.
According to the American
Bankers Association, Wells Far-
go’s assistance to customers dur-
ing the pandemic included waived
fees. But it did not specify what
types of fees.
the movement was fractured,
tired and pessimistic.
Peaceful mass protests have
been barred by laws aimed at con-
taining the coronavirus. Those
who join anyway are arrested en
masse by an increasingly ag-
gressive police force. Many of the
front-line protesters who clashed,
often violently, with the police
have fled Hong Kong or have been
arrested.
A few activists have clung to
hope that China still needs and
wants the world’s approval.
“If the rest of the world doesn’t
trust China at all, they would have
to gang up against China. Is this a
way forward for China and for Xi
Jinping?” Martin Lee, a promi-
nent veteran democracy support-
er, said. “We have to persuade
them that it is ultimately and emi-
nently in the interest of China that
they win the confidence of the rest
of the world.”
It is not clear that Beijing
agrees. Mr. Lee, 81, who is some-
times called the “Father of De-
mocracy” in Hong Kong, was ar-
rested in April for his participa-
tion in protests last year.
announcementdateshallbeon June
15, 2020 or as early as practicable
thereafter,andtheexecutiondate,the
effectivedateandthesettlementdate
shallbeonJune18,2020orasearly
as practicable thereafter. More
information, and any further
notifications with regards to this
invitation, will be available at:
https://sites.dfkingltd.com/argentina.
This announcement shall not
constitute an offer to sell or the
solicitation of an offer to buy any
securitiesnorwilltherebeanysaleof
thesesecuritiesinany stateorother
jurisdiction in which such offer,
solicitationorsalewouldbeunlawful
prior to registration or qualification
underthesecuritieslawsofanysuch
stateorotherjurisdiction.
B6 N THE NEW YORK TIMES BUSINESS THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

TECHNOLOGY | INVESTING | FOOD

Fresh Air, Freedom and a Dry Work Shirt

An e-bike can turn a daily slog into a joy ride. The only hard part may be getting your hands on one.
Brian X. Chen
TECH FIX
Many of us are entering a new stage
of pandemic grief: adaptation. We are
asking ourselves: How do we live with
this new reality?
For many Americans, part of the
solution has been to buy an electric
bike. The battery-powered two-wheel-
ers have become a compelling alterna-
tive for commuters who are being dis-
couraged from taking public trans-
portation and Ubers. For others, the
bikes provide much-needed fresh air
after months of confinement.
So it’s no surprise that e-bikes are
now as difficult to buy as a bottle of
hand sanitizer was a few weeks ago. In
March, sales of e-bikes jumped 85 per-
cent from a year earlier, according to
the NPD Group, a research firm. Ama-
zon, Walmart and Specialized are sold
out of most models. Even smaller
brands like Ride1Up and VanMoof have
waiting lists.
That’s a remarkable shift. For many
years, e-bikes carried the stigma of
being vehicles for lazy pedalers and
seniors. The bikes draw power from a
battery and motor to make pedaling
significantly easier. You can also accel-
erate with the press of a button, trans-
forming cycling from a strenuous exer-
cise into a joy ride.
“I was convinced that e-bikes would
completely change cities all over the
world in the next 10 years, but it seems
like because of this crisis, suddenly it’s
all happening in the next three or four
months,” said Taco Carlier, the chief
executive of VanMoof, which is based in
Amsterdam.
If you are contemplating an e-bike
purchase, there are trade-offs to con-
sider. For one, the battery packs and
motors add bulk. For another, these
ostentatious bikes may lure thieves.
To find out what you get for your
money, I tested two different e-bikes on
the streets and steep hills of San Fran-
cisco over the last two weeks. Both can
be ordered online: VanMoof’s $1,998 S3,
an internet-connected smart bike, and
Ride1Up’s $1,495 700 Series, which is
more like a normal bicycle with a bat-
tery and motor.
After the tests, I’m totally sold. E-
bikes, I concluded, are for people who
want to get around quickly with min-
imal effort — and that’s a large portion
of the population. Here’s what you need
to know.
The Options
E-bikes come in many forms and
with various features. They also range
widely in price: Some cost a few hun-
dred dollars, while others cost tens of
thousands of dollars. In general,
though, e-bikes fall into two camps:
■ E-bikes with pedal assistance. These
use a motor system and sensors to
detect how fast or hard you are ped-
aling and determine how much power
to provide. So if you are pedaling hard
up a hill, the motor will use more power
to assist you. Well-known brands in-
Testing out the Ride1Up 700 Series e-bike, which has a top speed of 28 m.p.h. and can travel about 50 miles on a fully charged battery.
The VanMoof S3 e-bike ($1,998), at rear,
and the Ride1Up 700 Series ($1,495).
clude Trek, Specialized and Fuji.
■ E-bikes with a throttle. These work
like the twist throttle on motorcycles
and mopeds. To accelerate, you press a
trigger or twist a switch on the handle-
bar. Many modern e-bikes with a throt-
tle also have pedal assist. Brands in-
clude Rad Power, Luna Cycle and Aven-
ton.
VanMoof’s S3, which was released in
late April, is a pedal-assist e-bike. In-
stead of a throttle, it has a Turbo Boost
button on the right handlebar, which
immediately gives a jolt of power. It has
a top speed of about 20 miles per hour
and can travel about 90 miles on a full
charge.
VanMoof e-bikes are known for their
antitheft security. Kicking a button on
the rear brake activates an electronic
lock, which makes the rear wheel un-
movable. Trying to pick up the locked
bike triggers a loud alarm. In addition,
the bike includes a cellular connection
A control panel on the Ride1Up 700 Series
lets riders select the pedal-assist level.
to help you find it if it’s stolen, using
VanMoof’s smartphone app.
Ride1Up’s 700 series has both a throt-
tle and pedal assistance. On the left
handlebar is a small screen with but-
tons to let you select the pedal-assist
level; on the right handle bar is a gear
shifter. With a larger, faster motor than
the VanMoof, the Ride1Up has a top
speed of 28 m.p.h. and can travel about
50 miles on a full charge.
Testing, Testing
For two weeks, I alternated between
riding the VanMoof and the Ride1Up. I
found you get what you pay for: While
$1,500 buys you a nice e-bike that takes
time to get used to, like the Ride1Up, an
additional $500 secures you a VanMoof,
a smarter bike that is extremely simple
to use.
The VanMoof’s motor system made
pedaling feel more natural and smooth,
like riding a normal bicycle but with a
PHOTOGRAPHS BY JIM WILSON/THE NEW YORK TIMES
The rear light of the VanMoof, which looks
like an elegantly designed tech product.
bit of oomph. The motor was also very
quiet, and at points I forgot I was riding
an e-bike. In areas where pedaling was
more challenging, like hills, a press of
the Turbo Boost button provided an
extra push.
The Ride1Up bike was less intuitive.
The control panel on the handlebar lets
you choose from nine pedal-assist lev-
els. Level 3 felt sufficient for getting me
around the streets, but Level 5 felt
better for getting up hills. Sometimes,
when trying to pedal from a stop, I
forgot to lower the pedal assist from
Level 5, which caused the bike to jerk
forward. That was a bit scary.
Ride1Up offers a YouTube tutorial on
advanced settings for people to adjust
the power of each pedal-assist level.
Eventually, I reduced the power output
for Levels 4 and 5, which made ped-
aling smoother.
As for the Ride1Up’s throttle, which is
a trigger on the left handlebar, it was
nice to have the option to accelerate
without pedaling when I was getting
exhausted. It felt like cheating, though.
The Downsides
Testing the two e-bikes underlined
some of their trade-offs.
■ E-bikes are heavy. The VanMoof
weighs about 41 pounds and the
Ride1Up about 55 pounds — more than
double the average road bike, which
weighs about 20 pounds. You probably
won’t want an e-bike if you’d have to
regularly carry it up many flights of
stairs.
■ Maintenance may be tricky. VanMoof
and Ride1Up said their bikes were
designed to be user-serviceable, and
any local bike mechanic should also be
able to service minor parts, like brake
pads.
But with e-bikes in general, you may
need to seek help from the maker if
something major goes wrong with
proprietary electronic components. It’s
a safer bet to buy your e-bike from a
local store that can service it.
■ They may attract burglars. Parking
the VanMoof made me anxious. When-
ever I was locking it up, it got lots of
attention from passers-by — it looks
like an elegantly designed tech product.
A VanMoof spokesman said that up
to 20 of its bikes are reported stolen
each month worldwide, and that 70
percent are found within two weeks. So
make sure to have renter’s or home
insurance that covers the theft of e-
bikes. (VanMoof offers its own three-
year insurance for $340.)
■ Batteries are expensive. Like smart-
phones, e-bikes use consumable batter-
ies that eventually need to be replaced.
With regular riding, the batteries for
the VanMoof and the Ride1Up may
deplete in three to five years. Replace-
ments cost roughly $350.
Pros Outweigh Cons
Despite some misgivings, my experi-
ence with e-bikes made me realize the
benefits are far greater than the down-
sides.
Most important, e-bikes kept me out
of my car. Whenever I had a reason to
go outside — like making a trip to the
grocery store or dropping off baked
goods at a friend’s — I preferred riding
an e-bike.
This will become increasingly impor-
tant in the coming months. As busi-
nesses reopen, the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention has advised
commuters to drive alone in cars. An
e-bike may become crucial for squeez-
ing through nightmare traffic.
There’s another benefit, which is
important in hard times: E-bikes bring
joy. I’m no fan of cycling in San Fran-
cisco, but on an e-bike, I saw more of
the outdoors than I normally would,
while keeping a safe distance from
people. That beat bingeing on Netflix.
So I’ll probably buy an e-bike soon,
even if it means getting on a waiting
list. I figure we could all use a little
more joy.

401(k) Plans Inch Closer to Private Equity Action
By EDMUND LEE
Everyday investors may soon be
able to get a piece of private equity
action.
The Department of Labor on
Wednesday issued a letter that
clarifies how, under existing rules,
certain retirement plan sponsors,
including 401(k)’s, can put money
into private equity investments
that are usually reserved for the
super rich and big institutional in-
vestors.
Labor Secretary Eugene Scalia
said the new guidance “helps level
the playing field for ordinary in-
vestors and is another step by the
department to ensure that ordi-
nary people investing for retire-
ment have the opportunities they
need for a secure retirement.”
But it’s unclear how quickly the
managers of big retirement plans
will embrace private-equity in-
vestments. Vanguard, one of the
largest managers of 401(k) plans
in the country, declined to com-
ment on the letter. Another major
manager, Fidelity, did not respond
to a request for comment.
Consumer advocates and some
regulators have been wary of giv-
ing ordinary investors broader ac-
cess to investments in businesses
that do not adhere to the same dis-
closure rules as public companies
and that could put them at risk.
Even without access to this un-
tapped pool of capital, private eq-
uity managers have been able to
raise record amounts in recent
years. Fund managers in the
United States had access to $914
billion as of mid-May, according to
the investment data firm Preqin.
Many of those dollars come
from wealthy clients, but big pen-
sion funds, such as the Texas
County and District Retirement
System, also put their money into
funds managed by private equity
firms.
But the move away from tradi-
Labor Secretary Eugene Scalia said new guidance could aid with retirement.
A lucrative and risky
option usually limited
to the super rich.
tional pensions and into defined
contribution plans means most re-
tail investors don’t have access to
those kinds of investments, which
proponents say can provide added
diversification to an investment
portfolio.
“This is a positive step toward
helping more Americans gain ac-
cess to private equity invest-
ment,” Drew Maloney, the chief
executive of the American Invest-
ment Council, which represents
the private equity industry, said in
a statement.
Private equity investments in
new start-ups or in growth busi-
nesses can produce high returns.
The private equity funds in the top
25 percent for performance
earned at least 16.2 percent over
the 10 years that ended in Septem-
ber 2018, according to PitchBook.
POOL PHOTO BY STEFANI REYNOLDS
But that comes with numerous
risks.
As the term “private equity”
suggests, investments can be
opaque. Companies in such port-
folios don’t have to disclose as
much information as publicly
traded businesses. Investors also
can’t cash out as easily as they can
with public investments. Money is
often locked up for eight to 10
years at a time.
And while private equity can
score big by investing in the next
Facebook, it can also lose money
when a company doesn’t get off
the ground. According to the same
PitchBook data, the bottom 10 per-
cent of funds had negative returns
over 10 years.
In November, Andrea Seidt, the
Ohio securities commissioner,
told the federal Securities and Ex-
change Commission that a review
of 100 enforcement actions over
the prior two years — a partial
snapshot — showed that more
than 1,000 investors had lost in ex-
cess of $100 million in private of-
ferings gone wrong.
The private marketplace has
become increasingly important as
start-ups stay private longer. Also,
there are half as many public com-
panies as there were two decades
ago, leaving fewer places for ev-
eryday investors to store their
money.
The Labor Department out-
lined the new guidance in coordi-
nation with the S.E.C. Jay Clayton,
the commission’s chairman, said
in the statement that the clarifica-
tion “will provide our long-term
Main Street investors with a
choice of professionally managed
funds that more closely match the
diversified public and private
market asset allocation strat-
egies.”
The S.E.C. has supported giving
smaller investors access to pri-
vate equity through special in-
vestment vehicles that might
work like mutual funds. Right
now, only accredited investors —
those with at least $1 million in as-
sets not including their home, or
$200,000 in annual income — can
participate in private equity deals.
In December, the agency pro-
posed rules that would relax the
accredited investor rules, but it
stopped short of figuring out a
way to make private equity more
widely accessible. The Labor De-
partment’s guidance was a re-
sponse to Partners Group, a pri-
vate equity firm with $94 billion in
assets under management, and
Pantheon Group, which has $49
billion in assets under manage-
ment and is controlled by Affiliat-
ed Managers Group, a publicly
listed company that specializes in
asset management.
Susan Long McAndrews, a
partner at Pantheon, said in a
statement that the change was “a
critical step toward improving re-
tirement outcomes.”
Tara Siegel Bernard contributed
reporting.
Chicken Industry Executives
Charged With Price Fixing
By CADE METZ
The chief executive of one of the
country’s largest chicken
producers was indicted on a price-
fixing charge on Wednesday
along with three other current and
former executives at companies
that supply chicken to groceries
and restaurants across the United
States.
The indictment, by a federal
grand jury in United States Dis-
trict Court in Denver, alleges that
senior executives at Pilgrim’s
Pride, based in Colorado, and
Claxton Poultry Farms in Georgia
fixed prices and rigged bids from
2012 to 2017. The charges are the
An indictment is the
first in a federal probe
of poultry producers.
first in a still-open Justice Depart-
ment investigation involving
other major chicken producers.
Jayson Penn, the Pilgrim’s
Pride president and chief execu-
tive, and Roger Austin, the compa-
ny’s former vice president, were
indicted. Pilgrim’s Pride is the
country’s second-largest supplier
of “broiler chickens,” which ac-
count for nearly all the chicken
meat sold in the United States.
The company’s customers include
the wholesaler Costco and the
fast-food chain KFC.
Also indicted on Wednesday
were Mikell Fries, the president of
Claxton Poultry Farms, and Scott
Brady, a vice president. Claxton
supplies chicken to Chick-fil-A.
Each executive faces one count
of price-fixing, with a maximum
penalty of 10 years in prison and a
$1 million fine, which may be
raised if ill-gotten gains or losses
to victims are found to be higher
than $1 million.
“Executives who cheat Ameri-
can consumers, restaurateurs and
grocers, and compromise the in-
tegrity of our food supply, will be
held responsible for their actions,”
Assistant Attorney General Ma-
kan Delrahim, of the Justice De-
partment’s Antitrust Division,
said in a statement.
Pilgrim’s Pride did not respond
to a request for comment. A law-
yer for Claxton Farms, Charles
Murphy, did not respond to a re-
quest for comment.
Accusations of collusion have
dogged the U.S. chicken industry
since 2016, when Maplevale
Farms, a food service firm in up-
state New York, filed a lawsuit
saying that Tyson Foods, Pil-
grim’s Pride, Sanderson Farms,
Perdue Farms and other compa-
nies had conspired to fix the price
of broiler chickens.
Maplevale claimed that Tyson
and Pilgrim’s, the country’s two
largest producers, led these com-
panies in a scheme to destroy
hens that bred new chickens,
causing a significant increase in
prices. The suit asserts that from
2008 to 2016, the wholesale price
of broiler chicken rose 50 percent.
Last year, Sysco and US Foods,
two of the largest food distributors
in the nation, also sued Tyson and
other chicken producers, claiming
they had conspired to fix prices
across a $65 billion industry.
Tyson, Pilgrim’s Pride, Perdue
Farms and Sanderson Farms
have denied the accusations.
In June, the Justice Depart-
ment intervened in the Maplevale
lawsuit, asking a United States
District Court to halt the discov-
ery process for six months as it
pursued a criminal investigation.
SCORES ANALYSIS COMMENTARY
‘We will take the necessary time, effort and collaboration to address symptoms of systemic racism, prejudice and injustice,
but will be equally as focused on the root of the problem.’ Part of Major League Baseball’s statement on Wednesday, nine days after the killing of George Floyd
SAM NAVARRO/USA TODAY SPORTS, VIA REUTERS
‘Took long enough . . .
BLACK LIVES MATTER!’
MARCUS STROMAN, Mets pitcher,
on Twitter after the M.L.B. statement
STEVE MITCHELL/USA TODAY SPORTS, VIA REUTERS
‘A statement done right !
Thank you, MLB.’
DEXTER FOWLER, Cardinals outfielder who has
received racist attacks in the past, replying on Twitter
‘Give me a call.’
PRESTON WILSON, former outfielder,
in a tweet responding to M.L.B.’s message
A League’s First Comment, at Last
By JAMES WAGNER
Five days after George Floyd was
killed while in custody of the Minneapo-
lis police on May 25, N.F.L. Commis-
sioner Roger Goodell released a 150-
word statement about the death and en-
suing protests. The N.H.L. and the
N.B.A. followed suit the next day.
But M.L.B.’s first public statement on
the matter did not come until 10:29 a.m.
on Wednesday — nine days after Floyd’s
death. Until then, its only words came
from a leaked internal memo from Com-
missioner Rob Manfred to employees on
Monday.
“Our game has zero tolerance for rac-
ism and racial injustice,” the statement
on Wednesday read. “The reality that the
Black community lives in fear or anxiety
over racial discrimination, prejudice or
violence is unacceptable.
“Addressing this issue requires action
both within our sport and society. MLB is
committed to engaging our communities
to invoke change. We will take the neces-
sary time, effort and collaboration to ad-
dress symptoms of systemic racism,
prejudice and injustice, but will be
equally as focused on the root of the
problem.”
For some fans and players, the delay in
comment from a league that bills itself as
a social institution and wraps itself in the
legacy of Jackie Robinson did not sit well.
“Took long enough . . . BLACK LIVES
MATTER!,” Mets pitcher Marcus Stro-
man, who is black, wrote on Twitter while
sharing M.L.B.’s statement.
Nathan Kalman-Lamb, who teaches
about the intersection of sport, labor,
race and social inequality at Duke Uni-
versity, said he found sports leagues’
statements to be particularly hollow now
considering how they responded — or
didn’t — to the peaceful protests by the
former N.F.L. quarterback Colin Kaeper-
nick in 2016.
“If the N.F.L. or Major League Base-
ball had come out and endorsed that
BARTON SILVERMAN/THE NEW YORK TIMES
While N.B.A. and N.H.L. players protested police brutality in 2016, the only major leaguer to kneel during the national
anthem was Bruce Maxwell of the Athletics. Black players have dwindled to about 8 percent of M.L.B. in recent years.
JUAN ARREDONDO FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
statement, saying they’re going to make
meaningful and material changes to sup-
port a movement against police violence
and policy brutality and murder in soci-
ety against black people, that would’ve
sounded pretty powerful to me,” Kalman-
Lamb said.
Instead, Kaepernick faced backlash
for his actions, remains unemployed by
an N.F.L. team and settled his collusion
case with the league last year. In M.L.B.,
the league, teams and players were rela-
tively silent on the issue at the time.
Considering the extent of the protests
over the past week, Kalman-Lamb said,
“it doesn’t mean that much to me when
more than a week later an organization
like Major League Baseball sees that al-
most every other corporation in the
country had released a statement like
this and followed suit.”
Baseball has long publicly grappled
with racism and racial issues. Some of
the best players in the sport's history,
like pitcher Satchel Paige and catcher
‘George Floyd should
be breathing right now.
We have a lot of
progress to make.’
ROCCO BALDELLI, the manager
of the Twins, in a tweet he posted
one week before M.L.B.’s statement
Josh Gibson, had to play in the Negro
leagues in the first half of the 20th cen-
tury because of segregation. In 1947,
Robinson integrated M.L.B. and the
league has leaned heavily on his legacy,
dedicating every April 15, the anniversa-
ry of his debut, in his honor. The last
M.L.B. team to integrate was the Boston
Red Sox in 1959.
The proportion of black players has
dwindled from a peak of 19 percent in the
1980s to 8 percent in recent seasons.
Sixty percent of players are white, a
stark contrast to the N.F.L. and N.B.A.,
where black players make up the over-
whelming majority.
While players in the N.B.A. and the
N.F.L. were demonstrating in 2016,
Adam Jones, who is black and was play-
ing for the Baltimore Orioles at the time,
called baseball “a white man’s sport.”
Only one M.L.B. player, Bruce Maxwell,
then a rookie catcher for the Oakland
Athletics, knelt during the national an-
them before a game. Players often worry
about stirring controversy in baseball, a
team sport that is filled with tradition
and unwritten rules.
Manfred consulted with his staff be-
fore sending the one-page memo ad-
dressing the unrest to M.L.B.’s 1,400 em-
ployees on Monday, which the league pri-
oritized before making a public state-
ment. But since the deaths of Ahmaud
Arbery, Breonna Taylor and Floyd,
M.L.B. players and team officials of all
ethnicities have spoken up about race in
a manner unseen in some time in the
sport.
“As other people have pointed out,
that’s better than nothing,” said Kalman-
Lamb, referring to the waves of com-
ments from players. “If it actually starts
a real conversation now and doesn’t stop,
that has value.”
Minnesota Twins Manager Rocco
Baldelli, who is white, tweeted two days
after Floyd’s death, “George Floyd
should be breathing right now. We have a
lot of progress to make.”
Adam Wainwright, a white pitcher for
the St. Louis Cardinals, wrote on Twitter
that he had reached out to his teammate
Dexter Fowler, a black outfielder who
has received racist attacks on social me-
dia in the past, “to tell him that I was sure
he didn’t need my affirmation but just
wanted him to know he was awesome
and making a difference.”
According to Wainwright, Fowler told
him that his call was needed. “The si-
lence can be hurtful so I respect the hell
out of you for reaching out,” Wainwright
said Fowler told him. “Would really be
meaningful if you used your platform
too!”
“My white privilege has allowed me to
be oblivious to the true magnitude of op-
pression the black community faces,”
Yankees pitcher James Paxton, who is
white, wrote on his Instagram account.
“My silence to this point is also a product
of my white privilege. I’m beginning to
realize my privilege and ignorance. Time
THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 B7
N
LM OTERO/ASSOCIATED PRESS
to listen, learn and take action.”
On Monday, Derek Jeter, the former
Yankees star and the son of a black father
and white mother, was the first M.L.B.
owner to release a statement about
Floyd, and said protesters should not be
demonized.
“I hope that my children and nephews
don’t have to live in a society where peo-
ple are unjustly treated because of the
color of their skin,” his team-issued state-
ment said. “I hope that their white
friends grow up to recognize that it is not
only enough to verbalize their non-racist
views, but also to participate at an active
level to eradicate racism.”
Statements from M.L.B. teams poured
in ahead of the league’s statement. Some
were criticized for being vague or boiler-
plate. The Yankees, for example, one of
the most recognizable sports brand in
the world, posted a quote from and a
photo of former President Nelson Man-
dela of South Africa in Yankees gear and
his Monument Park plaque.
“Black Lives Matter,” the Tampa Bay
Rays’ statement read in part. “Police
brutality is in inhumane. We fully sup-
port the protestors exercising their civil
rights. We stand with black families liv-
ing in fear. Our country demands better
than this for its people. We can’t
breathe.”
The Rays said its committee on diver-
sity and inclusion would soon meet to de-
cide where to direct a $100,000-a-year
pledge to support causes fighting
“against systemic racism.”
When M.L.B. finally issued its state-
ment on Wednesday morning, some
players were less concerned about the
timing and more about its contents. “A
statement done right ! Thank you, MLB,”
Fowler wrote on Twitter.
Some observers pointed out that the
statement didn’t mention the words “po-
lice brutality.” Others hinted at issues.
“Give me a call,” the former major league
outfielder Preston Wilson wrote.
B8 N THE NEW YORK TIMES SPORTS THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
A Money Squabble With ‘Disastrous’ Potential
It was all there for baseball, a
chance to fulfill some of its high-
minded ideals, to be a symbol of
renewal and a comforting dis-
traction in times of trouble. And
even if you don’t buy
TYLER into that vision, you
have to admit: It
KEPNER sure would be nice to
have some original,
ON live programming
BASEBALL
instead of the end-
less parade of old games being
shown on sports channels.
“I have been getting texts from
people, ‘Hey you’re on doing this
game, you’re on doing that
game,’ ” the longtime broadcaster
Bob Costas said by phone the
other day. “I’ve had this conver-
sation with Al Michaels. He’s
like, ‘I’m just channel-surfing,
and everywhere I turn, it’s me!’ ”
Classic broadcasts from Costas
or Michaels are always a treat.
But when MLB Network aired a
64-hour Derek Jeter marathon
last weekend, it felt like a cry for
help: Can the captain please
swoop across the infield with a
desperate relay flip to save the
day?
The coronavirus pandemic
scrambled everything, of course,
and it’s painful to look at the
phantom schedule and imagine
what should be happening. The
Mets would be in Washington
this weekend facing the Nation-
als, the reigning World Series
champions.
With the sport on pause,
though, the Nationals made news
in the past week for a sobering
reason: They attempted to save
money by shaving $100 per week
off their minor leaguers’ $400
weekly paychecks. The major
leaguers stepped in to cover the
losses, and after reliever Sean
Doolittle tweeted their plan, the
billionaire owners caved.
It could be worse, though:
Doolittle’s previous team, the
Oakland Athletics, cut its minor
leaguers’ pay altogether.
Most owners have done right
by their employees; the Kansas
City Royals vowed to pay their
minor leaguers all season and
not release any of them. But it is
hard to generate much sympathy
for the owners as a group, or for
Commissioner Rob Manfred as
their leader.
N.B.A. Seen Ready to Vote on 22 Teams in Play at Disney World
By MARC STEIN
The N.B.A. will formally pre-
sent a return-to-play plan to its
team owners on Thursday that
calls for 22 of its 30 teams to re-
sume the 2019-20 season at Walt
Disney World Resort in Florida in
late July, according to several peo-
ple familiar with the league’s in-
tentions.
The single-site, 22-team format
requires the voting support of at
least 23 owners but is expected to
be approved comfortably during a
conference call scheduled for
Thursday at 12:30 p.m. Eastern
time, according to the people, who
spoke on the condition of ano-
nymity because they were not au-
thorized to publicly discuss the
details of the proposal.
Subsequent approval from the
National Basketball Players Asso-
ciation will also be required to en-
act the plan, but the league’s com-
missioner, Adam Silver, has been
working on it for weeks with Okla-
homa City’s Chris Paul, the union
Top Website May Be Sold for $125 Million
By TARIQ PANJA
LONDON — DAZN Group, the
sports media company owned by
the billionaire Len Blavatnik, is in
talks to sell Goal.com, the world’s
largest online soccer news web-
site, to the investment giant TPG
for as much as $125 million, ac-
cording to executives with knowl-
edge of the discussions.
The sale of Goal, which offers
content in 19 languages, comes
during continuing financial diffi-
culties at DAZN, which has been
among the sports media compa-
nies worst affected by the coro-
navirus pandemic, which has shut
down sports leagues and competi-
tions worldwide. DAZN (pro-
nounced da-zone) has invested
billions of dollars on sports rights
for its eponymous online sports
streaming business, which has
sustained heavy losses in its ef-
forts to grow its subscriber base.
The company last year hired
Goldman Sachs to explore fund-
raising options, including the sale
of an equity stake. The Financial
Times last month reported that
DAZN’s need for cash had grown
during the pandemic, leaving it
fighting to secure its financial fu-
ture.
In the absence of live sports
events, subscribers have withheld
Without games, Fenway Park hosted an event to honor emergency medical workers last month.
Look at what is happening
with the proposed 2020 season,
which would take place without
fans in the stands, at least ini-
tially. The short version: Owners
proposed an 82-game schedule to
the union, which countered with
a 114-game proposal — and the
owners reportedly rejected that
plan on Wednesday. Now the
owners are threatening to sched-
ule only 50 games.
In other words, the union and
its executive director, Tony
Clark, propose more baseball.
More games mean more money
for players, who agreed in March
to take their 2020 salaries on a
prorated basis.
The owners and Manfred have
proposed fewer games, essen-
tially saying: Fine, you’ll get
your prorated salaries — if you
play a drastically compressed
schedule.
The players do have some
leverage. They must agree to the
expanded playoff format, in
which 14 of the 30 teams would
qualify for the postseason. They
also must agree on the health
and safety protocols baseball has
president, and Robert A. Iger, Dis-
ney’s executive chairman. ESPN,
one of the N.B.A.’s two main media
partners — the other is Turner
Sports — is owned by Disney.
The N.B.A. moved last week to-
ward a 22-team format featuring
the 16 teams that were in each
conference’s playoff positions and
the six teams that were within six
games of a playoff spot when the
league suspended play on March
11 because of the coronavirus pan-
demic. The players will be asked
to live and play at the complex.
Of the six teams that were out-
side the top eight in their confer-
ences, five are from the West:
Portland, New Orleans, Sacra-
mento, San Antonio and Phoenix.
The Washington Wizards are the
only Eastern Conference team
that was within six games of a
playoff spot.
There would be 88 regular-
season games in Orlando under
this plan — eight for each of the 22
teams — with all of them played
payments or declined to renew
agreements, while DAZN has tak-
en its own emergency measures,
including furloughing hundreds of
staff members and suspending
rights payments.
TPG, which has investments in
a broad range of other media and
entertainment companies, includ-
ing Spotify and the Creative Art-
ists Agency, would be acquiring
Goal through one of its affiliates,
according to people familiar with
the discussions, who declined to
be identified because the deal had
yet to close.
The talks, the executives said,
started late last year as part of
DAZN’s plans to focus and grow
the cash-intensive streaming
business. Under the proposals for
the sale, DAZN has committed to
continue working with Goal.
Representatives for TPG and
DAZN declined to comment.
The disposal of Goal echoes the
far larger sale last year of DAZN’s
hugely profitable Perform subsid-
iary to Vista Equity Partners for a
reported $1 billion.
Much of that cash was invested
in the sports streaming business
as it faced the twin challenges of
competing with well-funded in-
cumbents for broadcast rights
while also investing in expensive
BASEBALL
proposed.
But the big obstacle is money.
Players rejected the owners’
proposal of a sliding salary scale
in which the richest players
would take the biggest pay cuts.
Owners have not formally
presented the 50-game proposal,
but have made it clear that it
could be their next move.
Can baseball prevent
a 17-month hiatus?
Time is running low.
A mini-season, in theory, is
better than no season at all. But
this seems as if the players
would be dragged back to work
for a mad dash to the postseason
money spigot, even if some of
them have concerns about the
health risks. Under those circum-
stances, baseball could forfeit
any good will bounce it might
have gotten.
PRO BASKETBALL
with no fans in attendance. ESPN
reported Wednesday that the
N.B.A. would add a play-in round
for the East and West if the No. 9
seed in each conference finished
within four games of the No. 8
seed after the 88 games were com-
pleted. Such a play-in would re-
quire the ninth seed in each con-
ference to beat the eighth seed
twice in a row to wrest the final
playoff spot away.
The season would then contin-
ue with its typical structure: four
best-of-seven playoff rounds
based on 1 to 8 seeding in the East
and West, with league officials de-
termined to make the postseason
as legitimate as possible. ESPN
reported Tuesday that the tenta-
tive dates for the rest of the sea-
son, through the last likely date
for a Game 7 in the N.B.A. finals,
would be July 31 to Oct. 12.
The N.B.A. was the first major
North American sports league to
shut down in response to the virus
outbreak, but questions remain
SOCCER
streaming technology. Goal was
bought in 2007 by Perform Group,
its parent company’s name until it
became known as DAZN Group in
2018, for 18 million pounds ($22.7
million).
Blavatnik, ranked the 51st-rich-
est person in the world by Forbes
magazine, has bet big on DAZN,
which its boosters describe as the
Netflix of sports. According to the
group’s most recently published
set of accounts, through 2018 the
company lost more than a billion
pounds ($1.3 billion) in two years.
It has since spent far more on
acquiring one of the largest sports
rights portfolios in the world, from
exclusive rights to the top names
in boxing to premium soccer prop-
erties like Champions League
broadcast rights for Germany and
Italy’s Serie A.
DAZN’s next set of results, for
the year through 2019, is expected
to be published on Companies
House, Britain’s registrar of com-
panies, in September and will
most likely show a larger loss as
subscriber numbers have not kept
pace with investments, according
to a person familiar with DAZN’s
finances.
News of the potential sale
comes as Blavatnik on Wednes-
day cashed in part of his invest-
ment in Warner Music, in the
BRIAN SNYDER/REUTERS
This was a chance for both
sides to recognize and work
together toward a greater good
that would have helped them all.
If that had been the backdrop of
these talks, they could have
agreed by now on the particu-
lars. Give a little here, take a
little there, and let’s play ball.
“When the industry as a whole
thrives, then everybody bene-
fits,” Costas said. “The owners
won some concessions in the
early 2000s, some. But over all,
when the game thrives, we can’t
say that the players as a group
didn’t thrive. They did.
“So to win certain points at the
negotiating table may turn out to
be a Pyrrhic victory, because if
the industry itself flounders, then
everybody takes a hit.”
If the season were canceled or
derailed solely over virus-related
health concerns, Costas said,
fans would understand.
“But if it’s, ‘Here we go again,
baseball and its labor troubles,’
people don’t have much patience
for that under any circum-
stances,” he said.
And if those labor troubles
about the safety protocols it would
implement in what it has labeled a
campus environment.
The mode and frequency of a vi-
rus testing program, potential
quarantine measures when teams
first arrive in Florida, how the
league will handle players or team
staff members who test positive
for the virus and the various
boundaries on the Disney World
site beyond the two hotels ex-
pected to house the teams are
among the details still being nego-
tiated between the N.B.A. and the
players’ union.
The N.B.A. gradually moved
away from the idea of bringing all
30 teams to Florida because of
safety concerns, in a nod to the
public health experts who have
warned that basketball is suscep-
tible to spreading the virus as a
full-contact indoor sport. But it
settled on 22 teams — rather than
the 16 teams in playoff positions —
in part for the financial benefits
from staging regular-season
DAZN Group is in talks to sell Goal.com to the investment giant
TPG as it raises cash for its struggling sports-streaming platform.
year’s largest initial public offer-
ing, for $1.9 billion. Blavatnik, a
Briton born in Ukraine, built his
fortune in Russia’s oil industry be-
fore broadening his interests
through investments in a range of
media, telecoms and entertain-
ment properties.
DAZN, based in London, has
grown rapidly since striking a $2
billion deal for 10 years of Japa-
nese soccer rights in 2016. Its
business model is based on pro-
lead to a 17-month period without
baseball, it would be “disas-
trous,” Costas said. Even under
ideal circumstances, he added,
some fans would be hesitant to
return to the stands in 2021 —
some from fear of large gather-
ings, others because their discre-
tionary income will be down
because of the economic devasta-
tion the virus has wrought.
“If you add to that: resent-
ment?” Costas said. “They’re
turning a potential positive,
which is to come back before
anybody else and have this
strange circumstance play to
their advantage in a certain
sense — maybe only a small
positive, but a positive — into a
gigantic negative.”
A mini-season, especially one
played under duress by employ-
ees furious with their bosses,
could be seen as more gimmicky
than legitimate. How invested
would fans really be in determin-
ing a quickie champion for a
sport that prides itself on the
long journey?
After 50 games last season, the
Nationals were 19-31. The 2019
season was defined by their long
climb from the bottom to earn
their first title. How could any
fan base or front office properly
evaluate a team that goes 19-31
now, if that constitutes the full
season?
Even an 82-game schedule
would be the shortest one base-
ball has played since the 1870s,
but at least it would be more
than half of the usual 162. Fifty
games is borderline insulting —
both to fans and to the competi-
tive sensibilities of players.
Some of us are baseball ad-
dicts, and would watch a two-
week schedule with keen inter-
est. But baseball does not need
the folks who are hooked. It
needs to retain casual fans and
recruit new ones. The process
should be well underway by now.
The longer the players and the
owners wait, the more chances
they miss. They must under-
stand this, right?
“I’m not an economist and I’m
not a labor expert,” Costas said.
“But there have to be ways for
them to see their mutual interest
and not self-destruct.”
games rather than jumping
straight into the playoffs.
Some team officials and players
lobbied for the need to be able to
play through the rust before the
playoffs, as well as to learn how to
best manage injury risks and to
improve what is bound to be rag-
gedy play, after a layoff far longer
than is customary for the modern
player. In addition, the 88 regular-
season games will give market-
able stars like Portland’s Damian
Lillard and the New Orleans rook-
ie Zion Williamson one last oppor-
tunity to play for a postseason
berth — while also enabling some
teams to meet their contractual
obligations with regional televi-
sion networks and potentially mit-
igate significant losses of revenue.
Teams are still awaiting guid-
ance from the league on how the
schedule will be made for each
club’s eight regular-season games
— with complaints almost guaran-
teed since there is no way to make
schedules balanced.
viding exclusive live sports con-
tent on a market-to-market basis
at a lower price than those
charged by most cable companies.
In the United States, the com-
pany has built a reputation as the
destination for combat sports,
with a particular focus on boxing,
with a number of eye-catching
deals, notably a $365 million, 11-
fight agreement with the Mexican
star Saúl Álvarez, who is known as
Canelo.
K
S C O R E B OA R D
SOCCER
BUNDESLIGA
Team GP W D L GF GA Pts
Bayern . . . . . . 29 21 4 4 86 28 67
Dortmund . . . . 29 18 6 5 80 35 60
RB Leipzig . . . 29 16 10 3 74 31 58
Monchengladbch 29
Leverkusen . . . 29
17 5 7 57 35 56
17 5 7 54 36 56
Wolfsburg . . . . 29 11 9 9 41 36 42
Hoffenheim . . . 29 12 6 11 40 48 42
Freiburg . . . . . 29 10 8 11 38 41 38
Hertha Berlin . . 29 10 8 11 43 50 38
Schalke . . . . . 29
Eintracht . . . . . 29
9 10 10 34 46 37
10 5 14 49 53 35
Cologne . . . . . 29 10 4 15 46 56 34
Augsburg . . . . 29
Union Berlin. . . 29
8 7 14 40 56 31
9 4 16 34 52 31
Mainz . . . . . . . 29
Fortuna Dusseldrf 29
8 4 17 37 62 28
6 9 14 31 58 27
Bremen . . . . . 29 6 7 16 30 62 25
SC Paderborn . 29 4 7 18 32 61 19
Friday, May 29
Freiburg 0, Leverkusen 1
Saturday, May 30
Eintracht 2, Wolfsburg 1
Hertha Berlin 2, Augsburg 0
Hoffenheim 1, Mainz 0
Werder Bremen 1, Schalke 0
Bayern 5, Fortuna Dusseldorf 0
Sunday, May 31
Monchengladbach 4, Union Berlin 1
Dortmund 6, SC Paderborn 1
Monday, June 1
Cologne 2, RB Leipzig 4
Wednesday, June 3
Bremen 0, Eintracht 3
Friday, June 5
Freiburg vs. Monchengladbach
Saturday, June 6
RB Leipzig vs. SC Paderborn
Leverkusen vs. Bayern
Eintracht vs. Mainz
Fortuna Dusseldorf vs. Hoffenheim
Dortmund vs. Hertha Berlin
Sunday, June 7
Bremen vs. Wolfsburg
Union Berlin vs. Schalke
Augsburg vs. Cologne
ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE
Team GP W D L GF GA Pts
Liverpool . . . . . 29 27 1 1 66 21 82
Man City . . . . . 28 18 3 7 68 31 57
Leicester. . . . . 29 16 5 8 58 28 53
Chelsea . . . . . 29 14 6 9 51 39 48
Man United . . . 29 12 9 8 44 30 45
Wolverhampton 29 10 13 6 41 34 43
Sheffield United 28 11 10 7 30 25 43
Tottenham. . . . 29 11 8 10 47 40 41
Arsenal . . . . . . 28 9 13 6 40 36 40
Burnley . . . . . . 29 11 6 12 34 40 39
Crystal Palace . 29 10 9 10 26 32 39
Everton. . . . . . 29 10 7 12 37 46 37
Newcastle . . . . 29 9 8 12 25 41 35
Southampton . . 29 10 4 15 35 52 34
Brighton . . . . . 29 6 11 12 32 40 29
West Ham . . . . 29 7 6 16 35 50 27
Watford . . . . . 29 6 9 14 27 44 27
Bournemouth . . 29 7 6 16 29 47 27
Aston Villa. . . . 28 7 4 17 34 56 25
Norwich . . . . . 29 5 6 18 25 52 21
Wednesday, June 17
Aston Villa vs. Sheffield United
Man City vs. Arsenal
TRANSACTIONS
FOOTBALL
N.F.L.
CAROLINA PANTHERS — Released TE
Seth DeValve with a non-football injury
designation.
MIAMI DOLPHINS — Signed RB Malcolm
Perry.
HOCKEY
N.H.L.
LOS ANGELES KINGS — Signed LW Arthur
Kaliyev and D Jordan Spence to entry-level
contracts.
Ontario Hockey League
HAMILTON BULLDOGS — Acquired D
Colton Kammerer.
COLLEGE
BUTLER — Announced men's basketball
G Bo Hodges has transferred from
ETSU.
MIAMI — Football, received a commitment
from WR Jacolby George.
THIS DATE IN SPORTS
JUNE 4
1870 — Ed Brown becomes the first
African-American jockey to win the Belmont
Stakes, with Kingfisher.
1927 — The United States wins the first
Ryder Cup golf tournament by beating
Britain 9 1/2 to 2 1/2.
1932 — Faireno, ridden by Tommy Malley,
wins the Belmont Stakes by 1 1/2 lengths
over Osculator. Burgoo King, the Kentucky
Derby and Preakness winner, doesn't race.
1940 — The St. Louis Cardinals play their
first night game at Sportsman's Park,
beating the Brooklyn Dodgers 10-1.
1964 — Sandy Koufax pitched his third no-
hitter, striking out 12, as the Los Angeles
Dodgers beat the Phillies 3-0 in Philadelphia.
1966 — Ameroid, ridden by Bill Boland,
wins the Belmont Stakes by 2 1/2 lengths
over Buffle. Kauai King, the Kentucky Derby
and Preakness winner, finishes fourth.
1968 — Don Drysdale of the Dodgers
blanked the Pirates 5-0 for his sixth
straight shutout en route to a record 58
2-3 scoreless innings.
1987 — Danny Harris defeats Edwin Moses
with a 47.56 mark in the 400 hurdles at a
meet in Madrid, Spain, ending the longest
winning streak in track and field history.
Moses, who finishes .13 seconds behind
Harris, had won 122 consecutive races
dating to Aug. 26, 1977.
1988 — West Germany's Steffi Graf beats
17-year-old Natalia Zvereva of the Soviet
Union in 32 minutes with a 6-0, 6-0 victory
to win the French Open women's title for
the second straight year. Graf loses only
13 points in the match.
1990 — Ramon Martinez struck out 18
batters and pitched a three-hitter as the
Los Angeles Dodgers beat the Atlanta
Braves 6-0.
1990 — Penn State officially is voted into
the Big Ten. The school becomes the 11th
member of the league and first addition
to the Midwest-based conference since
Michigan State in 1949.
1994 — Haile Gebrselassie becomes the
first Ethiopian to set a world track record
with a time of 12:56.96 in the men's
5,000-meter race at Hengelo, Netherlands.
1996 — Pamela Davis pitched one inning
of scoreless relief and got the win in a
minor league exhibition game. She is
believed to be the first woman to pitch for
a major league farm club under the current
structure of the minor league system.
Davis, a 21-year-old right-hander, pitched
for the Jacksonville Suns, a Double-A
affiliate of the Detroit Tigers, against the
Australian Olympic team.
1997 — Spain's Sergi Bruguera, No. 16, is
the only seeded player left in the French
Open after a 4-6, 6-3, 6-2, 6-2 victory over
Morocco's Hicham Arazi in the quarterfinals.
The three unseeded players in the semifinals
is a first for the tournament.
2005 — Justine Henin-Hardenne beats a
rattled and fumbling Mary Pierce 6-1, 6-1 to
win the French Open women's singles title,
capping a remarkable comeback from a
blood virus with her fourth Grand Slam title
and her second at Roland Garros.
2005 — Jockey Eddie Castro sets a North
American record for most wins by a jockey
in a single day at one racetrack by winning
nine races on the 13-race card at Miami's
Calder Race Course.
2008 — The Detroit Red Wings win
the Stanley Cup for the fourth time
in 11 seasons with a 3-2 victory over
the Pittsburgh Penguins in Game 6 of
the finals. Detroit defenseman Henrik
Zetterberg, who had a goal and assist in
the Cup clincher, wins the Conn Smythe
Trophy as playoff M.V.P.
2009 — Randy Johnson earns his 300th
win, becoming the 24th major league
pitcher to reach the milestone by leading
San Francisco to a 5-1 victory over the
Washington Nationals in the first game of
a doubleheader.
2011 — China's Li Na captures her first
Grand Slam singles title, becoming the
first tennis player from China, man or
woman, to achieve such a feat. Na beats
Francesca Schiavone 6-4, 7-6 (0) in the
French Open final. The title is only Li's fifth
in her career, and first on clay.
2012 — Los Angeles Angels manager Mike
Scioscia became the ninth manager in AL
history to manage 2,000 games with one
club. The Mariners beat the Angels 8-6.
 THE NEW YORK TIMES OBITUARIES THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 N B9

Johnny Majors, Winning Coach at Pittsburgh and Tennessee, Dies at 85

By FRANK LITSKY
Johnny Majors, a homegrown
college football hero in Tennessee
who coached Pittsburgh to an un-
defeated season and a national
championship before returning to
his native state to forge a success-
ful 16-year head-coaching career
at the University of Tennessee —
although one that ended in bitter-
ness — died on Wednesday at his
home in Knoxville, Tenn. He was
85.
The University of Pittsburgh
announced his death. No cause
was given.
The even-tempered Majors was
a college head coach for 29 years:
five at Iowa State (1968-72), four
at Pittsburgh (1973-76), 16 at Ten-
nessee (1977-92) and four more
back at Pittsburgh (1993-96). His
overall record was 185-137-10.
Majors’s coaching years at Ten-
nessee, in Knoxville, where he had
been an All-America tailback,
brought three Southeastern Con-
ference championships and 12
postseason bowl trips. But just be-
fore the 1992 season, he under-
went quintuple heart bypass
surgery, and his offensive coordi-
nator, Phillip Fulmer, was named
interim coach while Majors recov-
ered.
Fulmer won the first three
games of the season. Majors then
returned and lost three of his first
five games. Some people felt Ma-
jors had returned too quickly,
some felt his football philosophy
was too conservative, and some
felt Fulmer was maneuvering to
get the job full time.
University officials decided to
replace Majors with Fulmer, offer-
ing Majors a job as assistant ath-
letic director. He declined, and ne-
gotiated a buyout of more than
$500,000 (about $910,000 today)
with two years left on his contract.
(Fulmer held the head coaching
job until 2008, when he, too, was
forced out. He is now Tennessee’s
athletic director.)
“The University of Tennessee
jerked the rug out from under me,”
Majors said at the time. “I have a
Frank Litsky, a longtime Times
sportswriter, died in 2018. Alan
Blinder contributed reporting.
Johnny Majors at Tennessee in 1990. When the university forced him out after 16 years in 1992, it “jerked the rug out,” he said.
lot of anger and a feeling of betray-
al.”
As the newspaper The Tennes-
sean said: “It broke his heart. It
also stung his professional pride.”
John Terrill Majors was born on
May 21, 1935, in Lynchburg, Tenn.,
to Shirley and Elizabeth Majors.
His father was a well-known high
school football coach who became
head coach at the University of
the South, in Sewanee, Tenn.
As a freshman, Johnny was a T-
formation quarterback for a hap-
less Lynchburg High School team.
“We won one game,” he recalled.
“We lost the first three by scores
of something like 58-0, 55-0 and
65-7.”
That one win came against a
team his father coached at Hunt-
land High School, and the loss ran-
kled the elder Majors, who vowed
that it would be the “last dad-
blamed time a son of mine plays
against me,” as Johnny Majors re-
called in a memoir, “You Can Go
Home” (1986, with Ben Byrd).
Shirley Majors then moved the
family to Huntland, about 20 miles
to the south, where Johnny fin-
ished out his high school career
playing for his father’s squad.
(Three of his brothers also played
for their father.)
Jackie Sherrill, who was an as-
sistant under Majors at Iowa and
Pittsburgh and succeeded him as
Pitt’s head coach, said in an inter-
view on Wednesday that Majors’
father had been a major influence
on his son’s coaching career.
“He was exposed to what a foot-
ball coach was, and what it took to
be a football coach and a success-
ful coach,” said Sherrill, who add-
ed that he spoke to Majors on Sun-
day night. “And he was certainly
exposed to how to treat players.”
At Tennessee, Majors had an
All-America career as a 5-foot-10,
165-pound tailback who did much
more than run. He variously
passed, punted, called signals and
played safety in a 6-2-2-1 defense.
(His brother Bobby also achieved
All-America honors playing for
Tennessee.)
In 1956, Johnny Majors’s senior
year, Tennessee was 10-0 in the
regular season and ranked second
nationally to Oklahoma before be-
ing upset by Baylor in the Sugar
Bowl. In the voting for the Heis-
man Trophy as the nation’s out-
RICK STEWART/ALLSPORT, VIA GETTY IMAGES
standing player, Majors finished
second to Paul Hornung, the No-
tre Dame quarterback and future
N.F.L. Hall of Fame running back
for the Green Bay Packers.
In 2012, Tennessee retired Ma-
jors’s No. 45 jersey. He was in-
ducted into the College Football
Hall of Fame as a player in 1987.
His death came two days after
that of another former Southeast-
ern Conference head coach, Pat
Dye, of Auburn, who was also 80
and a fellow Hall of Fame induct-
ee.
Considered too small to play in
the National Football League, Ma-
jors was not selected in the draft.
Instead, he spent 11 years as an as-
sistant coach — three seasons at
Tennessee, four at Mississippi
State and four at Arkansas — be-
fore becoming head coach at Iowa
State.
In his next job, at Pittsburgh, he
inherited a team with 11 consecu-
tive losing seasons and only one
victory the year before. He
quickly brought in 83 recruits, and
his first team there went 6-5-1.
Three years later, in 1976, with the
Heisman Trophy winner Tony
Dorsett at tailback, Pittsburgh
went 11-0 in the regular season,
defeated Georgia in the Sugar
Bowl and was voted national
champion. Majors was voted
coach of the year in 1973 and 1976.
Pitt has not won a national
championship since then.
After his ill-fated tenure at Ten-
nessee, Majors returned to Pitts-
burgh to take on another rebuild-
ing job. This time the magic was
gone. After the second game of his
first season, a 63-21 loss to Virgin-
ia Tech, he walked into the media
interview room and asked, “Do
you have any questions?” When
no one spoke up immediately, he
asked, “Do you have any an-
swers?”
In his second stint at Pitts-
burgh, his teams finished 3-8, 3-8,
2-9 and 4-7. In his final season,
Pittsburgh lost to Ohio State by
72-0, Miami by 45-0, Syracuse by
55-7 and Notre Dame by 60-6. Ma-
jors resigned after that.
“I’d like to coach probably until
I couldn’t walk,” he said on step-
ping down, “if I had enough good
teams.”
Majors and his wife of 61 years,
Mary Lynn Majors, had a son,
John, and a daughter, Mary, who
also survive him. “He spent his
last hours doing something he
dearly loved: looking out over his
cherished Tennessee River,” his
wife told Sports Radio WMNL in
Knoxville on Wednesday. Com-
plete information on survivors
was not immediately available.
Majors received an unusual
honor from a young actor (and
former high school and college
football player), who considered
him his childhood hero. As a trib-
ute, Harvey Lee Yeary, who would
become the star of the television
shows “The Six-Million Dollar
Man” and “The Fall Guy,” adopted
the stage name Lee Majors.

Charles Lippincott, 80, Publicist Who Hyped ‘Star Wars’

By DANIEL E. SLOTNIK
Without Charles Lippincott’s
groundbreaking approach to pub-
licity, there is a good chance that
far fewer people would have
flocked to a film set “a long time
ago in a galaxy far, far away.”
That film, of course, was “Star
Wars,” George Lucas’s 1977 space
opera starring Carrie Fisher,
Mark Hamill and Harrison Ford,
which not only became a box-of-
fice smash but also grew into one
of the most successful franchises
of all time. But before it was re-
leased, no one knew if there would
be much of an audience for it.
Mr. Lippincott set out to build
one. He began promoting “Star
Wars” more than a year before its
release date, arranging for tie-ins
with Marvel Comics and building
enthusiasm by courting aficiona-
dos of science fiction and comic
books at conventions. Sometimes
he brought along Mr. Hamill, the
little-known actor who starred as
Luke Skywalker. His approach,
unheard-of at the time, has since
become de rigueur.
Mr. Lippincott — whom Mr. Lu-
cas called “one of the founding pil-
lars of the ‘Star Wars’ films and
phenomenon” in a tribute on the
official “Star Wars” website —
died on May 19 in Vermont after
PHOTOGRAPHS VIA LUCASFILM
Charles Lippincott helping Darth Vader cast his footprint in the Kitty Bennett contributed
wet cement at Grauman’s Chinese Theater in Hollywood in 1977. search.
Mr. Lippincott with Mark Hamill, the original Luke Skywalker.
having a heart attack, his wife,
Geraldine Lippincott, said. He
was 80.
In addition to generating pub-
licity, Mr. Lippincott helped nego-
tiate the first “Star Wars” toy
deals with Kenner Products.
“Charley was the one who said
early on that ‘we can make this
work’ and was the first person to
both develop ‘Star Wars’ licensing
and engage with the fans,” Mr. Lu-
cas said. “He had insights into
marketing and public relations
that were truly unparalleled.”
re- Mr. Hamill, also in the online
tribute, said of Mr. Lippincott, “We
traveled the world together pro-
moting ‘Star Wars’ before anyone
knew what it was.”
The “Star Wars” franchise be-
came a worldwide phenomenon,
but Mr. Lippincott parted ways
with Mr. Lucas after the first film,
retroactively renamed “Star
Wars: Episode IV — A New
Hope.” He went on to publicize
other science fiction films, includ-
ing Ridley Scott’s “Alien” (1979)
and Mike Hodges’s reboot of
“Flash Gordon” (1980). He
produced the high school zombie
film “Night Life” (1989) and an ad-
aptation of the comic book “Judge
Creating a playbook
for future science
fiction movies.
Dredd” (1995) starring Sylvester
Stallone.
Charles Myers Lippincott Jr.
was born on Oct. 28, 1939, in Ad-
ams, Mass., to Ruth and Charles
Lippincott. His mother was a
nurse, his father a businessman.
The family moved to Illinois so
that his father could work for a
heavy equipment manufacturer,
and Charles Jr. graduated from
Northwestern University in Ev-
anston and attended law school
before deciding on a new career
path and entering film school at
the University of Southern Cali-
fornia, where he met Mr. Lucas.
In addition to his wife, who goes
by the nickname Bumpy, he is sur-
vived by a sister, Janet.
In recent years Mr. Lippincott
wrote a blog devoted to his recol-
lections of working on “Star Wars”
and other films. In a post from
2015, he wrote that he “did not ex-
pect the staggering, overwhelm-
ing response” to the film.
“No one did,” he added. “In our
wildest dreams, we could not have
predicted how massive a hit we
had on our hands.”

Deaths Deaths Deaths Deaths Deaths Deaths Deaths

Beit, Patricia Globus, Suellen
Bond, Stephen Hertz, Seymour
Carpenter, Michael Lane, Ellen
BEIT—Patricia Lohse.
“Miss P,” devoted wife, moth-
er, and grandmother, died
peacefully at the age of 88 on
May 30, 2020 in Manhattan
surrounded by her family af-
ter a brief illness. Exception-
ally generous and giving, she
had a unique way of making
you feel special that came in
countless forms, from words
to empower your confidence,
to the most perfectly-
selected rare gift and
gorgeously wrapped present
with a meticulous handmade
bow, or waiting in line for
hours for sticky buns from
Greenberg's for holiday din-
ners. She was born in Flush-
ing, NY in 1931, the only child
of Robert Emmett and
Winifred (Carey) Lohse, and
grew up in New Rochelle. She
was one of the earliest wo-
men in the nation to win a
Westinghouse Science Prize.
She graduated from Radcliffe
College of Harvard Universi-
ty with an AB, cum laude, in
Economics. At that time, eco-
nomics was offered only at
Harvard College (then all
Schlesinger, Harris
Smith, Beverly
male), and she was virtually
always the only woman in the
classroom. Following gradua-
tion, she worked in invest-
ment banking for the First
Boston Corporation. She met
her husband, Erwin R. Beit, a
Yalie, on a skiing vacation in
Stowe, VT and married in
1955. They had two children,
James who graduated from
Northwestern and Eduard
from Yale. While not a sports
fan, she enjoyed betting on
Harvard over Yale with her
family. She was later a dis-
trict leader for the Republi-
can Party on the Upper East-
side of Manhattan and
worked on the campaigns of
her fellow Harvard class-
mates, Bill Green and Roy
Goodman. She was a mem-
ber of the Metropolitan Re-
publican Club and the Cosmo-
politan Club. Her husband
predeceased her in 1997 after
a long illness. She spent many
years caring for him, who, be-
cause of her dedication and
love, was able to grace this
earth far longer than anyone
ever thought possible. She
was the most wonderful wife,
mother, and grandmother
who always met the challen-
ges of life head-on with great
love and determination. She
is survived by her two loving
sons, James (Kim Olson),
Eduard (Kathleen), and
six grandchildren: Robert,
Michael, Caroline, Isabelle,
James and Natalie. Her spirit,
generosity, and perspective
will be sorely missed by all
who knew and loved her. In
lieu of flowers, please send
gifts to the Radcliffe Institute
for Advanced Study, Harvard
University.
BOND—Stephen Robert.
July 5, 1943 - May 29, 2020. Mr.
Bond resided in London and
passed away in Paris, follow-
ing complications from heart
surgery. Mr. Bond was born
and raised in Roslyn Heights,
Long Island. He obtained
his undergraduate degree at
Brown University (1965 cum
laude) and subsequently
received his law degree at
Columbia University (1968).
He is survived by his wife
Bruna Rizzi Bond, his child-
ren, Catherine Bond and
her husband Nicolas Ponset,
Matthew Bond and his wife
Audrey, his sister Deborah
Berk and brother-in-law Dr.
Steven Berk. He was the
most devoted grandfather to
Alexander, William, Sarah
and Eva and a beloved uncle
to Alexandra and Elizabeth.
He was senior of counsel in
the London office at Coving-
ton and Burling specialising in
international commercial ar-
bitration. Previously, he was
co-head of the international
arbitration practice group at
White and Case LLP. During
his career, Mr. Bond held a
number of high profile posi-
tions that included Secretary
General of the International
Court of Arbitration of the In-
ternational Chamber of Com-
merce (ICC) from 1985-1991
and the U.S. Member of the
ICC International Court of
Arbitration for the period
1994-1999. He was Vice Chair-
man of the ICC Working
Group charged with drafting
the 1998 ICC Rules of Arbitra-
tion. He also held several po-
sitions with the United States
Department of State, serving
as Assistant Legal Adviser in
the Office of the Legal Advi-
ser and as Counselor for
Legal Affairs in the United
States Mission to the United
Nations in Geneva. Mr. Bond
began his law career clerking
in the Federal District Court
for the Eastern District of
New York. Over the 52 years
of his career focusing in inter-
national law and arbitration,
he received numerous acco-
lades some of which are: Glo-
bal Arbitration Review and
Who's Who Legal: arbitration
“leading lawyers worldwide
in the field of arbitration”
(2018), recognition as one of
the 20” most highly regarded
individuals for commercial
arbitration by Who's Who Le-
gal, and the U.S. State Depart-
ment's Distinguished Honors
Award. Above all, Mr. Bond
was cherished by his family.
His wit, charm, generous spir-
it, invaluable guidance and
keen sense of humour will be
greatly missed by all of those
who knew him, family,
friends and colleagues. The
love he provided us all will
be forever part of us. A
celebration of life will be
held in London later this fall.
Catherine Bond;
catherinebond@hotmail.com
Matthew Bond;
bondmatt@gmail.com
CARPENTER—Michael
George.
Much beloved husband,
brother, son, and uncle,
passed away on May 30, 2020,
at home in Bronxville, sur-
rounded by family. He was 66
years old. Michael was born
and raised in Jackson
Heights, a block away from
the home where his mother
Virginia grew up. In high
school he was captain of his
bowling team and spent
many hours at Northern
Lanes, where he made life-
long friends. Michael paid for
his education at Queens Col-
lege by driving a cab, an of-
ten terrifying experience for
his passengers. After gra-
duating in 1979, he entered fi-
nance and made his way to
commodities trading specia-
lizing in copper. A true son of
Queens, he was a loyal Mets
and Jets fan. But Michael will
always be known for his
eclectic love of music, travel-
ing the country to see his fa-
vorite bands, never missing a
show on the tour. He was a
regular at the shows of Sonny
Rollins, Bob Dylan, and David
Johansen. That love began
when he roamed the country
following the Grateful Dead.
His massive collection of al-
bums, CD's, posters and con-
cert ticket stubs are a testi-
mony to his passion for mu-
sic. He was also quite a
foodie, with his culinary
tastes as diverse as his musi-
cal ones, from Michelin
starred tasting menus to his
love of White Castle, egg
creams, Russ and Daughters,
Katz's, and foods from his Ar-
menian heritage. Michael
was preceded in death by his
father, Michael. He is sur-
vived by his wife, Mary; his
sister, Karen; his mother, Vir-
ginia, and two nephews, Pe-
ter and Alex. A memorial ce-
lebration will be held at a la-
ter date. The words he lived
by were those of the great
Warren Zevon, “Enjoy every
sandwich.”
GLOBUS—Suellen.
We note with sorrow the
passing of our member,
Suellen Globus and extend
sincerest condolences to her
bereaved family.
Rabbi Angela Buchdahl and
President Jeremy Fielding,
Central Synagogue
of New York City
HERTZ—Seymour.
The partners, counsel, asso-
ciates and staff of the firm of
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton
& Garrison LLP express pro-
found sorrow at the death on
Sunday, May 24, of our for-
mer corporate partner, cur-
rent Of Counsel, friend and
colleague, Seymour Hertz.
We express our deepest sym-
pathies to his wife Elaine and
the Hertz family.
LANE—Ellen.
Ellen Feinberg Lane, of Flor-
al Park, New York passed
away peacefully on May 31,
2020 at the age of 87. Ellen
was born in Brooklyn, NY on
December 28, 1932 to Solo-
mon and Evelyn Feinberg.
She was preceded by the
loves of her life, Lawrence
Lane (father of sons Steven
and Peter Lane), and Mark
Steinhacker. She is survived
by her sons, Steven and Pe-
ter; her granddaughter, Lau-
ren Lane; her niece and nep-
hew, Merle (Feinberg) and
Kenny Weinstein; her daugh-
ter-in-law, Mary Jane Lane;
her brother and sister-in-law,
Allan and Ann Lane; and her
step-daughters, Mickey and
Wendy Steinhacker. Ellen
was a progressive, intelligent,
and iconic New Yorker who
broke the social conventions
of her time. She was known
for her sharp sense of humor
and dedication to beautiful
things, including stunning volunteer and avid reader all
jewelry, unique clothes, the her life. In lieu of flowers, do-
performance arts, cinema, nations to the Church of St.
and music. She listened to El- Luke in the Fields (487 Hud-
vis Presley (the King) every son St., New York, NY 10014)
morning over breakfast. She or The Caring Community
saw a new picture at the mo- /Greenwich House (20 Wash-
vie theater every week, her ington Square N., New York,
favorites being Gone with the NY 10011) would be gratefully
Wind, My Fair Lady, and received.
Moonstruck. In her spare
time, she loved to travel and
paint. Over the course of her
career as a travel agent, she In Memoriam
flew across the world to Afri-
ca, the Soviet Union, and
throughout Asia. These ad- CAREY—Moreen.
ventures inspired her art- Momo! Funny, kind, and
work. Her Korean water fiercely loving. We have
brush paintings have been loved you always and will
displayed in both New York miss you forever.
art galleries and the homes of
her loved ones. Those who
knew her would call Ellen KLEIN—Nancy.
authentic, compassionate, In my thoughts
and one tough cookie. She and heart - always.
will be forever in our hearts With Love,
and greatly missed. Memor- Harold
ial donations in Ellen's name
should be made to the Lin-
coln Center for Performing
MONOSON-SINGER—
Arts.
Norma.
Mother, grandmother, and
SCHLESINGER—Harris.
lovely sophisticated lady. It is
on May 14 at the age of 91,
now 25 years since your pass-
passed peacefully. Prede-
ing and you are missed and
ceased by his beloved wife,
remain in our hearts forever.
Evelyn, of 65 years, devoted
Rest In Peace.
father of Laurie Casserly,
Dr Peter & Donna Monoson
Eileen Cotton (Howard),
Lillian Hertzberg (Robert),
cherished grandfather of
Amanda, Sophie, Wallace,
and Charles. An avid golfer,
and lover of the theater and
jazz, his strength and good
humor will be missed by all
who knew him.
SMITH—Beverly Bates,
of New York City and Ama-
gansett on May 23, 2020. Lov-
ing mother to William, sister,
sister-in-law, aunt and great-
aunt to her nieces and nep-
hews, and a wonderful friend.
Predeceased by her husband,
Roger and son, Roger Jr. She
had a career in publishing at
Pocket Books and Modern
Bride, and was a dedicated
B10 N THE NEW YORK TIMES OBITUARIES THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Bruce Jay Friedman, 90, Author With a Darkly Comic Worldview, Dies
By BRUCE WEBER
Bruce Jay Friedman, whose
early novels, short stories and
plays were pioneering examples
of modern American black humor,
making dark but giggle-inducing
sport of the deep, if not patholog-
ical, insecurities of his white,
male, middle-class and often Jew-
ish protagonists, died on Wednes-
day at his home in Brooklyn. He
was 90.
His son Josh said that the cause
had not been determined, but that
his father had had neuropathy.
Mr. Friedman, who also wrote
the screenplays for the hit film
comedies “Stir Crazy” and
“Splash,” was an unusual case in
American letters: an essentially
comic writer whose work skipped
back and forth between literature
and pop culture and who, after an
early decade of literary stardom,
seemed almost to vanish in plain
sight.
Like his contemporaries Jo-
seph Heller, Stanley Elkin and
Thomas Pynchon, he wrote what
came to be called black humor,
largely because of an anthology
by that name that he edited in
1965. His first two novels, “Stern”
(1962) and the best-selling “A
Mother’s Kisses” (1964) — tales of
New York Jews exploring an
America outside the five bor-
oughs — and his first play, the 1967
Off Broadway hit “Scuba Duba,” a
sendup of race relations that is set
in motion when a Jewish man
fears his wife is having an affair
with a black spear fisherman,
made him widely celebrated. The
New York Times Magazine in 1968
declared Mr. Friedman “The
Hottest Writer of the Year.”
Mr. Friedman was again on the
cultural radar in the 1970s. His
play “Steambath,” which posits
the titular location as purgatory
and a Puerto Rican towel attend-
ant as God, appeared Off Broad-
way in 1970 and on public televi-
sion in 1973. Later that decade he
wrote “The Lonely Guy’s Book of
Life,” a trenchantly uproarious
treatise on adult solitude that be-
gan as a series of essays for Es-
quire magazine and that was
adapted by Neil Simon for a 1984
film, “The Lonely Guy,” starring
Steve Martin and Charles Grodin.
A deadpan prose stylist with a
keen ear for the absurdly self-in-
volved dialogue that emanates
from neurosis, Mr. Friedman was,
at his best, a savage social satirist.
He took advantage of the social
upheaval he lived through in the
1960s and ’70s to write about race
and gender relations from the
suddenly uncertain perspective of
men like, well, himself, gleefully
tweaking the white male psyche’s
tenderest spots.
In “Black Angels,” a short story
often cited as emblematic of his
early and most literary work, the
main character, Stefano, is a white
man left alone, despairing and
struggling to keep up the mainte-
nance on his house after his wife
takes their young child and runs
off with another man, “an assist-
ant director of daytime TV” (a
typically arch Friedmanesque de-
tail). He finds salvation in the
form of a team of black yard work-
ers, led by a man named Cotten,
who labor for bargain prices.
The story, which takes place al-
most entirely in Stefano’s fevered
and guilt-ridden mind, ends when
he invites Cotten in for a beer, be-
Daniel E. Slotnik contributed re-
porting.
Robb Forman Dew, 73, Novelist Who Wrote of Families
By NEIL GENZLINGER
Robb Forman Dew, whose care-
fully etched novels of family life
made her, as one critic put it, “one
of our premier chroniclers of the
everyday,” died on May 22 in
Springfield, Mass. She was 73.
Her son John said the cause was
complications of endocarditis, a
disease that affects the heart.
Mrs. Dew made a splash in 1981
with her first novel, “Dale Loves
Sophie to Death,” about a woman
who returns each summer with
her children to her hometown in
Ohio. Katha Pollitt, reviewing it in
The New York Times, acknowl-
edged that some readers might be
put off by its unhurried pace.
“In a way, though,” she wrote, “I
respect Mrs. Dew all the more for
risking our impatience in order to
tell her story her own way, and for
forcing us, by her own consider-
able talent, to listen and admire. It
takes a certain artistic courage to
write the traditional novel of do-
mestic feeling today, a novel with
no violence, no million-dollar
deals, no weird sex — and perhaps
as much editorial courage to pub-
lish it.”
“Dale Loves Sophie” won an
American Book Awards citation
for first novel. The honors are now
known as the National Book
Awards, although Mrs. Dew was
careful to note that her distinction
was for a first novel, not for the
more prestigious best fiction.
“I keep telling my publishers
not to say I won the National Book
Award,” she told Ron Hogan in
2001 for his website, Beatrice.com,
“but they’ll never change the
blurb now.”
She followed her first effort with
“The Time of Her Life” (1984) and
Bruce Jay Friedman in 1967 at an Off Broadway theater. He wrote the first draft of “Splash,” the hit
1984 film, below, about a love affair between a man (Tom Hanks) and a mermaid (Daryl Hannah).
gins confessing his problems and
places the gardener in the role of a
shrink — a service, Cotten says,
for which he charges $400 an hour.
In his novel “Stern,” an Air
Force veteran moves his family
from the city to the suburbs,
where a brief anti-Semitic and
sexually charged encounter be-
tween his wife and a neighbor un-
leashes a virulent stream of neu-
roses.
“In the Air Force, Stern, re-
cently married and swiftly pack-
ing on hip fat, felt isolated, a non-
flying officer in a flying service, at
a time when jets were coming in
and there was no escaping them,”
“Fortunate Lives” (1992), continu-
ing to eschew fast-paced pyro-
technics for the slowly assembled
quilt.
“For all its uneventfulness,”
Robert Cohen wrote in The Los
Angeles Times of the 1992 book,
which revisited the fictional fam-
ily of her debut, “this is a novel that
heightens our senses, awakens us
to the fragility of even the most
cozy and familiar lives.”
Mrs. Dew’s later books included
a trilogy, “The Evidence Against
Her” (2001), “The Truth of the
Matter” (2005) and “Being Polite
to Hitler” (2011; the title refers to
one character’s feeling that every-
one she knows would obey social
protocol no matter what). These
books followed the Scofield clan,
and the first began in the early
20th century. Mrs. Dew said she
set out to write one book but, as
she began explaining why the
characters were the way they
were, found material for a second
book, and so on, going back in time
as she teased the characters out.
“I started thinking,” she told Mr.
Hogan, “that if I wasn’t careful, I’d
start the story with creatures com-
ing out of the ooze and developing
legs.”
Robb Reavill Forman was born
on Oct. 26, 1946, in Mount Vernon,
Ohio. Her father, Dr. Oliver Duane
Forman, was a neurosurgeon, and
her mother, Helen Elizabeth Ran-
som, was a homemaker and
worked at the Kenyon College
bookstore.
When she was 4 the family
moved to Baton Rouge, La., where
she grew up, with regular ex-
tended summer trips back to Ohio.
When she was a senior in high
school, she said, she lived for a
time with her maternal grandfa-
TOUCHSTONE PICTURES
Mr. Friedman wrote.
“The air,” he continued, “was
full of strange new jet sounds and
the ground reverberated with the
throb of them. Somehow Stern
connected his nonflying status
with his Jewishness, as though
flying were a golden, crew-cut,
gentile thing while Jewishness
was a cautious and scholarly qual-
ity that crept into engines and pre-
vented planes from lurching off
the ground with recklessness.”
“Stern” was almost universally
praised as a shrewd and humor-
ous take on the psychic terrors of
seemingly serene suburbia. “A
Mother’s Kisses” could be thought
ALESSANDRA MONTALTO/THE NEW YORK TIMES
“Being Polite to Hitler” (2011)
was the third book in a trilogy.
ther, the poet, critic and educator
John Crowe Ransom.
“He would read my English
themes, which must have bored
him terribly,” she told The Mis-
souri Review in 1991, “and I would
Unhurriedly crafting
fiction shaped by her
Southern upbringing.
take it upon myself to give him cri-
tiques of his essays on Blake,
which I knew nothing about.”
Mrs. Dew attended Louisiana
State University for a time and in
1968 married a history professor
there, Charles B. Dew. That year
he took a job teaching at the Uni-
SAM FALK/THE NEW YORK TIMES
Mr. Friedman’s novel “A Moth-
er’s Kisses” (1964) was a best
seller and introduced readers
to a character that one critic
called “the most unforgettable
mother since Medea.”
of as something of a prequel, the
story of a 17-year-old Brooklyn
boy whose bulldozing mother ar-
ranges his admission to an agri-
cultural college in Kansas and
then follows him out there.
“A Mother’s Kisses” was
adapted into a stage musical that
nearly made it to Broadway (it
closed out of town). It introduced
readers not only to Joseph, Mr.
Friedman’s portrait of a lonely,
perplexed Jew as a young man,
but also to the indomitable Meg, a
woman whom Haskel Frankel,
writing in The New York Times
Book Review and sparing no hy-
perbole, called “the most unfor-
gettable mother since Medea.”
Mr. Friedman followed up with
two novels that changed milieus,
imbuing both an urban detective
(in “The Dick,” 1970) and a co-
caine-addled screenwriter
(“About Harry Towns,” 1974) with
the signature qualities of baffle-
ment and self-questioning. And he
continued to write short stories,
versity of Missouri, and the couple
lived there for a decade. The fic-
tional town of Lunsbury in “The
Time of Her Life” was a stand-in
for Columbia, Mo., Mrs. Dew ad-
mitted, though she changed the
name in part to give her the lati-
tude to “invent the weather.”
“I was in Columbia during an
amazing ice storm,” she said, “and
the river froze over a long period
of time. I have telescoped that into
three days. I don’t believe a river
can freeze that quickly, but I de-
cided it had to for the sake of my
book.”
In 1977, when Professor Dew
took a job at Williams College, the
couple moved to Williamstown,
Mass., where Mrs. Dew was living
at her death. But her fiction, she
said, was always shaped by her
Southern upbringing.
“I think there’s no escaping fam-
ily,” she told The Missouri Review.
“That may be a particularly South-
ern view — family as destiny. No
matter how much you may like to
be separate from how you grew
up, I believe it shapes you forever.”
In 1994 Mrs. Dew found occa-
sion to write about a nonfictional
family: her own. The book was
called “The Family Heart: A Mem-
oir of When Our Son Came Out,”
and in it she examined her reac-
tion when her son Stephen told her
he was gay. That reaction included
a blunt denunciation of Senator
Sam Nunn, the powerful Georgia
Democrat, whose early opposition
to allowing gay people to join the
military had filled her son with
self-doubt.
“That Sam Nunn — that ghastly
epitome of humorless, patriarchal,
small-town, southern rectitude,”
she wrote, “who is perhaps patho-
logically incapable of empathy —
including “A Change of Plan,” a
comic tale about brutal selfish-
ness in which a young man goes
on a Florida honeymoon, meets
another woman at the hotel pool
and ditches his new wife for her.
Adapted by Mr. Simon, the
story became, as the women’s
movement was taking hold in
1972, a highly provocative film,
“The Heartbreak Kid,” starring
Mr. Grodin, Cybill Shepherd and
Jeannie Berlin, whose mother,
Elaine May, directed. (A 2007 re-
make, starring Ben Stiller, was di-
rected by Bobby and Peter Far-
relly.)
“It hit some kind of chord,” Mr.
Friedman said to a Key West, Fla.,
audience in 2005 after reading the
story aloud. “I guess maybe it’s
not unusual when people are
walking down the aisle for an in-
stant to flash on the possibility
that maybe they’re making a mis-
take. Maybe there’s someone else.
I know it happened to me.
“People ask where do stories
come from,” he continued. “Well,
they come from a lot of places.
Very often it’s your life, and then
you extrapolate from a personal
experience. In my case, yeah, OK,
I got married, went down to Flor-
ida, we were exhausted, my wife
fell asleep, I went down to the pool
and I saw a very pretty girl. And I
said, ‘Oh, God.’ And I did tell her I
was a little married, and she just
splashed some water at me. That
pretty much ended it. I went back
into the marriage, had three chil-
dren. And then got divorced.
“But that’s how a story will hap-
pen. You have a fragment of an ex-
perience and ask yourself, ‘What
if?’”
Bruce Jay Friedman was born
on April 26, 1930, and grew up,
along with his sister, Dollie, in a
three-room apartment in the
Bronx, much like the crowded one
in Brooklyn he described in “A
Mother’s Kisses.” His father, Irv-
ing, worked for a women’s apparel
company; his mother, Molly, a
confident woman with a feisty
patter and a devoted theatergoer
who was described by a friend of
Bruce’s as “someone looking like
a middle-aged Jewish Rita Hay-
worth,” was evidently the model
for Meg.
(Sample dialogue from “Lucky
Bruce,” his 2011 memoir: When a
teenage Bruce Friedman con-
tracted gangrene in his left arm, a
doctor who had amputated the
limbs of soldiers during World
War II wanted to saw it off. “I have
a better idea,” Molly Friedman
said. “I’ll saw off your head.”)
After graduating from DeWitt
Clinton High School and, like Jo-
seph, failing to get into Columbia
University, he went to the Univer-
sity of Missouri, where he studied
journalism. He spent two years in
the Air Force, during which he
wrote for a military publication
called Air Training.
Shortly after returning to the
Bronx, Mr. Friedman sold his first
short story, “Wonderful Golden
Rule Days,” about a boy making
his discomforting way in a new
school, to The New Yorker. He
took a job with a company called
Magazine Management and rose
to become editor of somewhat
cheesy men’s adventure publica-
tions with names like Male, Men’s
World, Men and True Action.
Among the dozens of freelance
writers he hired was Mario Puzo,
who became a lifelong friend. As
Mr. Puzo was writing “The Godfa-
ther,” Mr. Friedman recalled, he
asked Mr. Friedman what he
Robb Forman Dew in 1980, the year before her first novel,
“Dale Loves Sophie to Death,” was published to great acclaim.
that this arrogant, smug man
could touch a child of mine and in-
jure him, and that Sam Nunn
would have been elated to know
that he had done so, made me ill
with rage.”
In addition to her sons and her
husband, Mrs. Dew is survived by
a sister, Elizabeth Ransom For-
man.
In the Missouri Review inter-
view, Mrs. Dew recalled showing
an early attempt at fiction to her
thought of the title.
“Not much,” Mr. Friedman told
him. “Sounds domestic. I’d give it
another try.”
Mr. Friedman’s first marriage,
to Ginger Howard, ended in di-
vorce. In addition to his son Josh,
he is survived by their two other
sons, Kipp and Drew, the cartoon-
ist; his wife, Patricia O’Donohue;
their daughter, Molly Stout; and
three grandchildren. His sister,
Dolly, died a few years ago.
After the 1970s, Mr. Friedman
turned much of his attention to the
movies. “Stir Crazy,” a buddy com-
edy set primarily in a prison, star-
ring Gene Wilder and Richard
Pryor and directed by Sidney
Poitier, became the third-highest
domestically grossing film of 1980.
He later wrote the first draft of
“Splash,” the 1984 romantic com-
edy about a love affair between a
man (Tom Hanks) and a mermaid
(Daryl Hannah), eventually shar-
ing screen credit and an Academy
Award nomination with Brian
Grazer, Lowell Ganz and Babaloo
Mandel.
Mr. Friedman wrote several
more novels, including “Tokyo
Woes” (1985), about an American
gadabout’s adventures in Japan;
“The Current Climate” (1989), a
A deadpan prose
stylist with a keen ear
for dialogue that
stems from neurosis.
revisit to Harry Towns; and “A Fa-
ther’s Kisses” (1996), about an un-
employed poultry distributor who
becomes a hit man. Though they
all received respectful reviews,
critics failed to find in them the
freshness of his early work. He
also had small roles in several
films, including three directed by
Woody Allen: “Another Woman”
(1988), “Husbands and Wives”
(1992) and “Celebrity” (1998).
Mr. Friedman had a wide circle
of celebrity friends and acquaint-
ances from both the literary and
movie worlds; his name-dropping
but good-natured and often self-
deprecating memoir is dotted
with anecdotes about Warren
Beatty, Natalie Wood, Norman
Mailer, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Jo-
seph Heller (who was an espe-
cially close friend) and many oth-
ers. Mr. Friedman often spoke in
interviews about the conflict be-
tween writing screenplays for the
money and the fun of it, and the
higher calling of writing novels.
“The truth is, I tortured myself
by moving back and forth, from
one to the other,” he wrote in
“Lucky Bruce,” in which he also
acknowledged the career arc that
started at the top and declined.
“Stories, quite a few of them,
got written and published,” he
wrote of the later years of his writ-
ing life. “If they lacked energy
(were less frantic?) I assured my-
self they were more ‘dimensional.’
Once I discovered that comforting
description, I clung to it like life it-
self. There were a few books,
some plays that still need atten-
tion. And quite a few pieces about
me in the literary journals, won-
dering what had happened to me.
“Where had I gone? I began to
feel like the most (fondly) remem-
bered forgotten writer in Amer-
ica.”
VIA THE DEW FAMILY
grandfather the critic.
“It was sort of Gothic Southern
with watermelon and maggots
and everything possible in it,” she
said. “He finally said, ‘Robb, don’t
embarrass your reader.’”
She took the lesson to heart.
“You don’t want your reader to
cringe for the writer,” she said.
“You don’t mind if they cringe for
the character, but for a reader to
feel embarrassment on your be-
half — that’s awful.”
5 BOOK REVIEW 2 ART

An unsettling shift Not for the

to a norm-smashing squeamish: Thomas
presidency. Eakins’s ‘The Gross
BY JENNIFER SZALAI Clinic.’ BY JASON FARAGO

NEWS CRITICISM THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 C1

N

WESLEY MORRIS CRITIC’S NOTEBOOK

The Videos That Rocked America . . .

JIM WILSON/THE NEW YORK TIMES

. . . And the Song That Knows Our Rage

Awash in the ghastly video THE MOST URGENT FILMMAKING anybody’s
doing in this country right now is by black
mosaic shot by black people’s people with camera phones. Their work
comprises a ghastly visual mosaic of mis-
phones, I heard a familiar treatment, at best, and whose victims are
international symbols of mourning: Eric
lyric in a crushingly new way. Garner, Philando Castile, Sandra Bland. Art
is not the intent. These videos are the stone
truth. Quaking proof of insult, seasick funer-
als. Livestreamed or uploaded, or sup-
Above, thousands gathered at City pressed then suspiciously unearthed as
Hall in San Francisco on Monday to found footage. Last week, the archive grew
protest the death of George Floyd. by two, and now the nation’s roiling.
First, a white dog walker called the police
on Christian Cooper, a birder in Central
Park. Her unrestrained dog disturbed this
man’s peace. He asked that the dog be
leashed (the park’s rules, not his), and its
affronted owner told him that if he didn’t
stop recording their interaction she’d tell
the police that an “African-American man is
threatening my life.” He kept rolling — actu-
ally, he kept directing. “Please call the
cops,” he calmly instructs her. “Please tell
them whatever you like.” And she does.
But it was how she told on him that you
don’t forget. Three times, she informs the
dispatcher that this man is her emergency.
By the last round, she’s made herself hys-
terical. The person at the other end can hear
distress and can probably sense that the
greater victim in this exchange might be
her mewling dog, choking because the grip
on its leash is so tight. When the call is over,
Cooper thanks her — for now endangering
him, for living down to herself, for quite a
performance of umbrage. This woman has
dialed 911, but she’s also got access to an an-
cient American network of interpersonal
fraud. She knows the advantage of her role.
CONTINUED ON PAGE C4

New Arts Executives

Sail Into the Unknown
Museums face financial, safety and social crises.
By ROBIN POGREBIN
The Children’s Museum of Manhattan had
planned to announce the appointment of
Aileen Hefferren as its new chief executive
and director on Tuesday. But the board de-
cided to wait until Wednesday in deference
to Blackout Tuesday, a social media action
intended to show solidarity with the pro- ‘Everybody believes
tests over the death of George Floyd.
The Children’s Museum is among a grow-
you’re going to die
ing number of arts institutions from New as an institution or
York to Virginia to Colorado trying to navi- you’re going to go
gate the sensitive, uncharted territory of forward as
making major appointments and initiating something better.’
new cultural leaders in this difficult cultural
SARAH JAMES
moment. EXECUTIVE SEARCH
And new appointees find themselves SPECIALIST,
JAMAR ROBERTS, VIA WORKS & PROCESS AT THE GUGGENHEIM
stepping into positions of leadership made PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM
much more complicated by questions like
Jamar Roberts’s video “Cooped” is a powerful artistic response to the virus crisis, and it has added resonance after the killing of George Floyd. when and how to safely reopen, how to stem
financial losses caused by the pandemic

Why the
By BRIAN SEIBERT
When Jamar Roberts, the resident choreog-
rapher of Alvin Ailey American Dance The-
know yet if Ailey was going to keep paying
me, so I said OK.”
Since the museum closed, Works &
Process, a long-running performance se-
and how to respond to a country convulsed
by unrest.
Often, the announcements have been
drowned out by the drumbeat of news that

Caged Bird
ater, got a call from Works & Process at the
Guggenheim Museum inviting him to con-
tribute a video, he had been sheltering for a
few weeks in a friend’s basement outside
ries, has been commissioning its alumni to has accompanied the coronavirus outbreak
make videos no longer than five minutes. — namely layoffs and furloughs — and by
Each Sunday and Monday, another install- the more recent demonstrations in scores of
ment is posted on YouTube. The playlist American cities.

Dances
New York, not dancing or feeling at all in-
spired to dance.
“They were going to pay,” he recalled in a
phone interview, “and at that point I didn’t
now includes more than a dozen, with doz- “They’re looking for people who are
ens more on the way. tested, with a level of competence and confi-
The list of contributors is distinguished, dence that will inspire them to feel comfort-
CONTINUED ON PAGE C5 CONTINUED ON PAGE C6
C2 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

CLOSE READ
JASON FARAGO

Lessons From a Bloody Masterpiece

A century and a half later,
Thomas Eakins’s ‘The Gross
Clinic’ is worth obsessing over.
MAYBE YOU’VE FELT what I’ve felt lately: a
certain skepticism of the idea of art as a
source of solace.
But who said art should be an escape, a
comfort, a barbiturate? Art’s tougher and
mightier than that — and for some of the
greatest painters of the past, the stuff of art
resided in the gory mess of real life.
These last two months I’ve grown ob-
sessed with one American painting: a
bloody masterpiece of pain and healing,
made in Philadelphia nearly a century and a
half ago. Thomas Eakins (1844-1916) was
still a young artist in 1875 when he com-
pleted “The Gross Clinic,” an in-action, up-
to-the-minute depiction of the vanguard of
American medicine that feels particularly
relevant right now.
Eight feet tall, “The Gross Clinic” makes a
hero of its central surgeon. But the painting
has none of the mythmaking of earlier por-
traiture. Instead, the artist plunges us into
the bloody reality of the operating theater,
and paints in a frank, even ruthless new
style that foregrounds the bare facts of ill-
ness and healing.
Critics trashed it when it was first exhib-
ited, and Eakins had to sell it for a pittance.
You want to know what this newspaper
said? “So dreadful that the public may be
well excused if it turn away in horror.”
Now “The Gross Clinic” is celebrated as
one of the most important paintings in
American art history. It is jointly owned by
the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts,
which mounted a $68 million campaign to
keep the painting in Philadelphia when its
previous owner decided to sell. Why such
hatred then, and why such praise now? Let
me try to show you, detail by detail.
1 Look first at our protagonist, Samuel
Gross: surgeon, educator and author of the
leading medical textbook of the age. See the
way he leans, almost like a ship’s captain on
a choppy sea? And notice what he’s wear-
ing: a heavy, blood-caked frock coat.
(Scrubs are still years away.)
His head is crowned with a halo of kinked
white hair. Check out the hard contrast be-
tween the hair and the space behind him.
He’s bathing in the illumination of what I
guess is a skylight. He’s a beacon of knowl-
edge in the darkened theater.
2 A scalpel rests in his right hand, which
he holds to the ready even though he’s
stepped back from the operation. Gross is
gripping the instrument as dexterously as a
paintbrush. Surgery, like art, was a matter of
the brain and the body.
No gloves. The blood stains his meaty fin-
gers. Get close and you can see how it’s
seeped even into the nail bed of his right
thumb. But of course this isn’t blood; it’s red
oil. Eakins’s realism has reduced the distinc-
tion between flesh and paint to almost noth-
ing.
And the painted body in pain, which art-
ists had depicted in all sorts of saints’ tor-
tures, becomes as immediate as a real flesh
wound.
3 Our gazes are quickly drawn from the he-
roic doctor to the body on the table: faceless,
helpless, gushing blood. Male or female, old
or young? I can’t tell — Eakins has left a THOMAS EAKINS; VIA PHILADELPHIA MUSEUM OF ART

strange, scary absence at the picture’s

heart. The face is obscured under an ether-
drenched cloth: not the most advanced form
of anesthesia, but way better than nothing.
You can see the same careful dyeing of the
nail beds of Gross’s chief assistant. And
blood flecks the white sleeve and gray jacket
of another assistant, who’s holding the
clamp that exposes the wound.
The patient is suffering from an infected
femur, an ailment dismayingly common in
19th-century America. At the time, doctors
often just hacked off the blighted limb. Gross
is lecturing the audience on how to extract
necrotic bone — a new technique that would
put an end to the butchery of premodern
surgery.
4 With a little patience and some precise
excisions, amputation could be avoided. And
for Eakins, who signed his name on the oper-
ating table, this precision was a virtue com-
mon to both science and art.
It might look painful. It might lack poetry.
But there was a grandeur in this sort of exac-
titude, and a conviction that progress was
underway.
5 To Gross’s side is the only woman in the
amphitheater. She wears a black shift with a
starchy collar, but she has shielded her face
from us. I can’t tell her age any better than I
can the patient’s.
Do you think she’s the patient’s mother?
Not unlikely: In the 19th century, family
members had to sit in on surgeries, and con-
sent to the most gruesome steps.
You can guess what Eakins meant by in-
cluding her here: a cipher of feminine emo-
tions, set in contrast to Gross’s masculine
enlightenment. And maybe, from 145 years’
distance, you want to dismiss her as a ster-
eotype.
But look how tightly she claws her left
hand. It’s a grip of concentration, of self-
mastery. She is struggling to look, but still
here, overawed.
These two hands, his and hers. One
clawed, one bloodstained. They complement
each other like an Eakins manifesto.
So much of the greatness of “The Gross
Clinic” lies here: between the fact of pain
and the desire for knowledge, between the
gore of surgery and the sublimity of art.
Eakins wasn’t the first artist to take an in-
9 terest in surgical instruction, which was
taught in open amphitheaters until the intro-
duction of aseptic techniques. Painters of
the Renaissance obsessed over anatomy,
and doctors invited them in.
6 An evident forerunner is “The Anatomy
11 Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp,” painted by the
young Rembrandt in 1632; we see a leading
10
Amsterdam surgeon as he grips the muscles
1 of a dead man’s forearm.
By Eakins’s time, Philadelphia had be-
come a capital of medical innovation, and
surgery could be a public spectacle.
2 7 The artist developed friendships with
doctors in the city, and he frequented the
lessons of surgeons like Gross — as well as
5 D. Hayes Agnew, photographed here.
3
8 Eakins would paint him a decade later
in “The Agnew Clinic.” He saw these doctors
as avatars of progress, men of a new age. Yet
when he translated their achievements into
art, it caused an uproar.
Eakins studied anatomy, not just art, in
4 Philadelphia and Paris. He taught the sub-
ject at the Pennsylvania Academy of the
Fine Arts, along with drawing.
9 He encouraged his art students to at-
tend dissections. He also had them pose
nude, in mixed company, for life drawing
and for the camera. Big, big scandal in 19th-
century Philadelphia. It would cost him his
academic post.
But what really shocked people? It wasn’t
the bare flesh: nudes were all over the mu-
seum and the gallery. The problem was his
realism. He had brought painting out of
myth and history, and into the arena of con-
temporary life. The flesh was suppurating.
The paint was blood itself.
It was another kind of scandal: a scandal
about showing what shouldn’t be shown,
about looking directly at what should only
be seen from a distance. And to the grandees
of Philly, it was intolerable.
It was one thing to make studies from
medical observation — as well as from pho-
tography, a relatively new technology Ea-
kins obsessed over. But to translate those
studies directly into art, without adornment,
was untenable.
In “The Gross Clinic,” there are four sharp
objects in use: Two scalpels.
10 Two pencils. One belongs to this stenog-
rapher, jotting down Gross’s lesson for pos-
terity.
The other pencil is harder to see. It’s at the
extreme right edge of the painting, in the
hand of one of the spectators, sitting in shad-
ow. The young man is looking down at the
bloody scene, and he won’t flinch.
11 It’s Eakins: a little over 30, hair still full
and thick. His eyes, if we can make them out,
seem trained on Gross. His pencil is a near
replica of Gross’s scalpel.
To be an artist, Eakins proposed in 1875,
means looking without sentiment at the
blunt facts of life and death. Even if it costs
you your reputation; even if it costs you your
job.
It is a vision of progress in which art and
medicine have common aims. But when you
wield your paintbrush like a scalpel, you
have to be prepared for the blood.

6 REMBRANDT VAN RIJN; VIA MAURITSHUIS, THE HAGUE 7 GEORGE CHAMBERS, VIA UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ARCHIVES 8 THOMAS EAKINS; VIA UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ART COLLECTION
 K THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 N C3

Musicians Push Industry

To Go Beyond Hashtags
Contributions come in
as justice efforts seek
financial support.
By BEN SISARIO
As the music world observed a
voluntary “blackout” on Tuesday
to reflect on issues of race and so-
cial justice, the industry also came
under some criticism for making a
solemn gesture without announc-
ing more concrete plans.
The initiative, called #Black-
outTuesday or #TheShowMust-
BePaused, quickly spread online,
turning many people’s social me-
dia feeds into grids of black
squares — which drew complaints
that the effort was muting debate
rather than contributing to it. It
also raised broader questions
about the value and sincerity of
corporate expressions of empa-
thy.
“What if we posted donation
WALTER WLODARCZYK
and petitions links on instagram
all at the same time instead of
Theresa Buchheister, left, and Ryan William Downey in “Sleeping Car Porters” at the Brick, a performance lab in Brooklyn.
pitch black images,” the “Old
Town Road” star Lil Nas X
tweeted.
donations. Apple said it would
give unspecified sums to a num-
ber of groups, including the Equal
Justice Initiative. And SiriusXM,
which also owns Pandora, said on
Wednesday that it would be mak-
ing undisclosed contributions.
The Universal Music Group an-
nounced a task force to examine
the company’s efforts on inclusion
and social justice, but so far has
not announced any specific plans
for donations.
Still, advocates have noted that
their efforts would not be limited
to a single day, and further dona-
tions may be coming soon. Late on
Tuesday, the organizers of the
Blackout campaign tweeted: “You
just witnessed Act 1.”
On Wednesday, the Warner Mu-
sic Group — home to stars like
Cardi B and Ed Sheeran — upped
the ante by announcing a $100 mil-
lion fund from the company and a
foundation affiliated with its ma-
jority owner, Len Blavatnik of Ac-
cess Industries, “to support chari-
table causes related to the music
industry, social justice and cam-
paigns against violence and rac-
ism.”

Hungry for Unclassifiable Theater? The Weeknd, who said this

week that he would donate
$500,000 to black-empowerment
organizations, called on music’s
That statement came within
minutes of another announce-
ment from Warner about the pric-
ing of shares in its much-anticipat-
Weird Americana and bold catch the play — which tackles anti- give an interesting glimpse of a Europe fac- corporate powers to “go big and ed initial public offering. The com-
Semitism in 1900 Vienna — on Saturday, the ing the same invisible enemy. public” with contributions. Echo- pany will sell 77 million shares —
European visions, all online. only day it’s available. ing an initial statement from seven million more than originally
‘End Meeting for All’ Jamila Thomas and Brianna announced — at $25 each, raising
By ELISABETH VINCENTELLI Agyemang, the two black women
Explore the Underground Dear God, not another Zoom meeting! If $1.9 billion for Access, which is-
A remarkable range of theater has worked The audacious performance lab known as you have the mental bandwidth for just one who started #TheShowMust- sued the stock. Those seven mil-
its way into our homes over the past three the Brick is building up quite the online cat- more, make it this creation from Forced En- BePaused, about the music indus- lion extra shares will bring in $175
months, and it has certainly been soothing alog, which is perfect for the many who tertainment. This British company has long try’s debt to black musicians, he million.
to enjoy some razzmatazz — nothing dis- explored the nature of theater itself, often wrote on Instagram: “No one A spokesman for Access and
have not had the opportunity to visit the
tracts from reality like a powerhouse belt. through duration and repetition, so it makes profits off of black music more Blavatnik said the fund “will not
tiny venue in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Start
But theater can also challenge and probe. perfect sense that its latest project would than the labels and streaming be directly funded from proceeds
with the wonderfully odd, wonderfully
And with American venues that push artis- put a dryly funny twist on the representa- services,” and added: “It would received from the I.P.O.” The fund
creepy “Sleeping Car Porters,” an inventive
tic envelopes — like the Brooklyn Academy tional awkwardness — and occasional mean the world to me and the is being financed by both Warner
take on genre tropes in which Billy the Kid
of Music, the Wexner Center for the Arts, drudgery — of online gatherings. Over community if you can join us on and the Blavatnik foundation.
and the Zodiac Killer somehow run into
and REDCAT — closing their doors, our three surprisingly entertaining install- this.” Blavatnik, who has also in-
each other. The live capture is surprisingly Record labels and tech plat-
pipeline to the weird, the exacting or the ments running about 25 minutes each, “End vested in oil, chemicals and other
good, too. Dropping June 11 is an upload of forms had already made some
plain unclassifiable has moved online. Meeting for All” explores the mayhem that industries, has been ranked by
“Destructo Snack, USA,” written and per- commitments, however. This
We can even enjoy greater access to in- so often wrecks the seemingly neat order of Forbes as the 51st richest person
formed by Sarah Graalman and the Brick’s week, Spotify and Sony Music
ternational theatrical wonders — though small virtual boxes. The works are free on in the world, with a net worth esti-
artistic director, Theresa Buchheister. said they would match employee mated at $19.5 billion.
it’s regrettable that superb French compa- “There will be sweat, there may be tears, YouTube until June 30.
nies like the Comédie-Française and Ariane
there is often blood,” a blurb promised when
Mnouchkine’s Théâtre du Soleil don’t offer Discover Pippo Delbono
the show premiered in 2011. Sold.
English subtitles, thus missing out on ex-
The Italian director Pippo Delbono’s fertile
panding their audience.
‘Stories From Europe: career goes back to the early 1980s, and he
Here is a selection of border- and conven- is a regular on Europe’s most prestigious
tion-busting fare for some head-scratching, Crisis and Reflection’ stages. Yet he is so unknown in the English-
adventurous viewing. This collaborative project, premiering on- speaking world that he doesn’t have a
line June 12, involves nine of Europe’s top Wikipedia page in that language. Now, the
Catch Up With Thomas Ostermeier theaters, all members of the Mitos21 net- Emilia Romagna Teatro Fondazione is of-
The brilliant German director Thomas Os- work — created in 2008 to facilitate creative fering a crash course in the Delbono oeuvre
termeier may be a regular visitor to our cooperation across borders. For “Stories — heady, often provocative nonnarrative
shores — those who saw his “Richard III” at from Europe,” which was initiated by Stock- collages of movement (he worked with Pina
BAM are still reeling — but he’s also very holm’s Royal Dramatic Theater, each com- Bausch), text, music and songs, and visu-
prolific, and Americans have missed out on pany commissioned a playwright to script a ally arresting stagings — by streaming four
a lot of his output. Luckily, many of his pro- short video drawing from interviews with of his shows free. Start with “Vangelo”
ductions have been popping up in the free front-line workers. With contributions from (about religion in a time of devastation and
online offerings of Berlin’s Schaubühne such prestigious institutions as the Berliner unrest), which is available only until June
Theater, which Ostermeier runs. Not all Ensemble, Vienna’s Burgtheater, Bu- 15, but make sure you don’t miss “Orchidee”
have had English subtitles, but his staging dapest’s Katona Jozsef Theater, London’s (through June 25), in which Delbono pro- LEFT, AMY SUSSMAN/GETTY IMAGES; RIGHT, RICHARD SHOTWELL/INVISION, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS

of Arthur Schnitzler’s medical drama “Pro- National Theater (Brexit be damned!) and cesses his mother’s death. Click on the CC Lil Nas X, left, and the Weeknd responded to a music industry day of
fessor Bernhardi” does. Set up an alarm to Turin’s Teatro Stabile, the project should button for English subtitles. reflection with statements imploring the business to do more.

Two Not Touch Crossword Edited by Will Shortz

ANSWERS TO
PREVIOUS PUZZLES PUZZLE BY BARBARA LIN
ACROSS 37 Something blown 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Where the first on for good luck

14 15 16
velociraptor fossil 38 Low-effort
was discovered internet joke
17 18 19
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39 World-weary
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22 23
14 ___ Drago, foe of …
Rocky Balboa 44 Wedding pair 24 25 26 27 28
15 “Schitt’s Creek” 45 President who
actress Catherine also served 29 30 31 32

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33 34 35 36
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Put two stars in each row, column and region of the grid. No two stars may touch, not even diagonally. Foils 40 41 42 43
Copyright © 2020 www.krazydad.com 20 Increases in 49
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21 “I Am the Walrus” orthopedic

Cryptogram and “Revolution,” surgeon … 46 47 48 49 50 51

for two 55 Art Deco artist
52 53 54
22 Cottage cheese 56 First name on
morsel the Supreme 55 56 57
23 Beginner’s Court
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PUZZLE BY BEN BASS YESTERDAY’S ANSWER Side dish 29 They’re raised on mainland Africa
farms for Rachel on
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60 Freeway hauler
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31 RR station info 5 Broadcasting gymnastics software
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33 Polish, in a way 39 “Aladdin” villain
ANSWERS TO
1 Image file 25 Early people of
PREVIOUS PUZZLES 34 Tease type with a 6 Title
woman of the Great Lakes 41 Cute calendar
Join together, in much-debated a 1965 Beach subject
36
Boys hit 26 Speculate
a way pronunciation 42 To whom the
7 Part
of a Mickey 27 Puts coins into Parthenon is
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ANSWER TO PREVIOUS PUZZLE 28 One side of
8 Torah holder New York/ 43 Seafood server
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9 Casually try 46
P A W S L I P O A B A T E G.W. Bridge
Triangular snack 47 Like royal flushes
A L E E L E T O S O F I A 10
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C H E E S E P U F F T E E 12 Shoe designer 32 Perform an 50 Museum on the
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13 There are 10 34 51
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A S K K U R T I S B L O W
Fill the grid with digits so as not to repeat a digit in any row or column, and so that the digits within each S A Y S O K A O N E D A W 18 Taters 35 Book after Joel 54 Mr., abroad
heavily outlined box will produce the target number shown, by using addition, subtraction, multiplication or T H E B I G B A D W O L F
division, as indicated in the box. A 4x4 grid will use the digits 1-4. A 6x6 grid will use 1-6. S L I D E A I M E M A L I Online subscriptions: Today’s puzzle and more than 9,000 past puzzles,
For solving tips and more KenKen puzzles: www.nytimes.com/kenken. For feedback: nytimes@kenken.com S A G G Y S C A N A C I D nytimes.com/crosswords ($39.95 a year).
KenKen® is a registered trademark of Nextoy, LLC. Copyright © 2020 www.KENKEN.com. All rights reserved. A S H E S P A N T R E P S Read about and comment on each puzzle: nytimes.com/wordplay.
C4 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

The Song That Knows Our Rage

Patti LaBelle knocks
everything off the
emotional table she’s
set so carefully.
Right, Patti LaBelle
performing in Illinois in
the 1980s. “If You Don’t
Know Me by Now” is the
last song on her 1985
album.
CONTINUED FROM PAGE C1
So, of course, did he. That’s why his cam-
era’s on. In case. The video would be the
counterfactual that might save his life.
That’s not how it went for George Floyd,
that same Monday, 1,200 miles away. In the
video footage, captured, in part, by Darnella
Frazier, the Minneapolis police officers who
bore down on his body appeared immune to
the cameras trained on them, immune to his
gasping pleas for air and his mother. There
is a madness in how calm they appear as a
grown man rasps and begs. For stretches,
one officer stands there like an inanimate
object that refuses to hear the bystanders
beseeching on Floyd’s behalf. Another offi-
cer had rested his knee in the man’s nape,
comfortably. For more than eight minutes
— eight of George Floyd’s last — it barely
moves, as though that’s what God intended
napes to be, a kneeler.
The Cooper and Floyd videos capture an-
cestral false alarms and overreactions, cen-
turies-old hatreds, miserable inequalities.
(The dog in one video fares better than the
human being in the other.) These videos are
part of some newish optic tradition that
dates back, at least, to those abstract cam-
corder images of the Los Angeles Police De-
partment going to town on Rodney King,
stories black people share to keep one an-
other safe and warn others; bystander evi-
dence, filmed by all kinds of people, that has
to embarrass the wheels of justice into their
slow grind. It’s video that is currently
breaking open the United States once again.
This country manufactures only one
product powerful enough to interrupt the
greatest health and economic crisis it’s
probably ever faced. We make racism, the
American virus and the underlying condi-
tion of black woe. And the rage against it is
strong enough to compel people to risk
catching one disease in order to combat the
other — in scores and scores of American
cities, in cities around the world. They’re a
tandem now, the pandemic bold-underlin-
ing-italicizing what’s endemic to us. The un-
derfunded hospitals, appalling factory con-
ditions and unequal education were readily
evident last year, before Covid-19. Now, the
inadequacies and inequalities expedite
death and compound estrangement. The
low-wage workers have been deemed es-
sential yet remain paid inessentially. The
numbers of black, Latino and Indigenous
people infected, deceased and unemployed
are out of whack with their share of the pop-
ulation. And the president has yet to offer
his condolences, in earnest.
So maybe we were due for another round
of unrest and conflagration. Maybe, Black
Lives Matter and Colin Kaepernick were
simply ahead of their time, even if the calls
for respect that they marched and knelt for
remain absurdly longstanding. This explo-
sion seems meant to occur in the year in
which we saw a video of a 25-year-old black
man, a runner named Ahmaud Arbery,
chased down by white men in Georgia and PAUL NATKIN/GETTY IMAGES
shot dead, men who went on about their
lives for months after. fighting. For so long. In waves, in loops, in denly there’s an “o” in there. Pure Patti. The her, firm yet softly, with that chorus (“never,
It had to happen in a year in which the vacuums, in vain. chorus — “If you don’t know me by now, you never, never”). For half of the remaining 90
police killed a sleeping black woman, Bre- I suppose this is all how I found myself will never, never, never know me” — is left seconds, she is knocking everything off the
onna Taylor, wanted on suspicion of noth- doubled over the kitchen sink on Sunday, to the men doing her backing vocals, while emotional table she’d spent the previous
ing. It had to be in the year of lockdowns, bawling into a bowl of greens, a knife in one LaBelle spreads icing all over their cake. five minutes setting.
masks, in-a-blink job loss and funerals no hand, the other gathered into the loneliest This version is arranged as a march that This is not a protest anthem. It’s a lovers-
one could physically attend. It had to be the fist that hand had ever made. I was doubled keeps cresting: big drums, wagging piano, at-a-crossroads jam. But LaBelle is working
year whose numbers refer to perfect vision. over because Patti LaBelle had wrecked bass that vamps. After four minutes, the this crowd. She’s preaching about some-
People could, perhaps, see anew that, when me. band offers her a clearing to do some thing that, at my sink, at a crossroads, along
it comes to certain white people, what we Now, somehow, Patti’s not for everybody. trapeze work. And this is the moment — in with millions of other black people, sounded
call freedom is basically impunity. Free- And I don’t mean white people (although the middle of a pandemic, with the country like a much bigger love. Her exasperation
dom-plus. Americans have watched that I’ve heard the complaints). My mother was in some of its worst-ever shape, with pro- felt transcendently real and timelessly fi-
plus burn outside their homes. a black woman from Philadelphia just like testers on my street damning the police, nal. Enough.
Impunity permits politicians and TV Patti, and her feelings remained mixed. Not with black America at yet another wit’s end
I heard a woman declaring her value.
hosts to lie about whatever and the police to something you need to know about my oth- — that I heard a song I’ve listened to a hun-
George Floyd was suspected of having used
shoot rubber bullets at nonprotesters as if erwise perfect mother; it’s just to say that dred times like I’ve never heard it before.
a counterfeit bill at a corner store, which
they were squirrels. Impunity is what Patti LaBelle is an unsettled matter. And “I thought you knew me by now,” she
brings black men as different and differ- her unorthodoxy — as a cookbook author, a sings, “but you don’t.” She’s off-book as they means his life was worth less than money. I
ently eloquent as the rapper-activist Killer vocalist and someone who believes that a say, working on mood, instinct and fatigue. heard her thinking through an ultimatum
Mike and the Princeton professor Eddie black woman’s hair ought to be a wonder of “Heh, heh,” she says with a weary laugh be- now being laid down in the streets of this
Glaude Jr. to anger and the verge of tears, in the world — makes her all the more beloved fore she starts talking to the room. country. You still think we’re monkeys,
separate appearances before the media on to her partisans. “You break your back, you break your monsters, beasts, thugs, the living dead, mi-
Friday. They both embodied a sentiment of The last song on her 1985 album, “Patti,” legs and you break your face, trying to norities? If you don’t know that a black
the protests. We’ve been trying to make this is a live cover of a classic written by Kenny make these people know you in life. But man, calling for his mother, his dead mother,
country great, but you won’t let us. Gamble and Leon Huff and released in somehow they just don’t wanna try to,” she is so desperate for somebody to hear him
Black Americans have come in peace, 1972: “If You Don’t Know Me by Now.” Har- says and goes on to wonder, “Is it the way I that he’s screaming for ghosts — or fears
they’ve come armed. They’ve just been try- old Melvin & the Blue Notes recorded the look?” In her story, she’s talking about a he’s in the process of becoming one; if you
ing to mind their business. Disappointment raw, plangent definitive version; Simply man and has a mirror moment. “Self,” she don’t know that we, too, can run for leisure
awaits, regardless. Anytime the racial tem- Red the comparatively subdued hit 1989 in- asks, “is it worth it?” And, in her four-alarm and sleep for rest; if you don’t know that
perature goes up and hell pays a visit to carnation. Both are excellent. It’s a perfect soprano, she lets out a naying, “Uh-uh,” this skin is neither your emergency nor an
earth, the disappointment takes a holiday. song that LaBelle moves into and refur- only with more “uhs” than I could count. excuse to invent one, that the emergency
And you fight. You fight because you’re nishes. She flips and flexes every syllable. “I’m not going to try to prove myself no has tended to be you — by now? — you will
tired. Yet you’re tired because you’ve been The word “eye” is elongated so that sud- more,” she proclaims as her singers back never, never, never . . .

KYLE BUCHANAN THE CARPETBAGGER

Cannes Drops a Trailer on What Could Have Been
Though the pandemic
tanked the film festival,
an official lineup has
been released.
THE 73RD EDITION of the Cannes
Film Festival was supposed to be
a big one: A jury led by Spike Lee
would have spent two weeks in
May picking a Palme d’Or winner
to follow “Parasite,” the Bong
Joon Ho thriller that debuted on
the Croisette last year before it
went on to win the best-picture
Oscar.
Though a global pandemic scut-
tled the festival’s plans, Cannes
has nevertheless offered a tanta-
lizing look at what might have
been.
On Wednesday, the organiza-
tion’s artistic director, Thierry
Frémaux, announced a lineup of
56 films meant to represent the of-
ficial Cannes 2020 selection, in-
cluding Wes Anderson’s “The
French Dispatch,” starring Beni-
cio Del Toro and Timothée Chala-
met; the Kate Winslet-Saoirse Ro-
Timothée Chalamet and Lyna Khoudri in “The French Dispatch.”
nan romance “Ammonite”; and
Pixar’s “Soul.” Stamped with the
Cannes imprimatur, some of these
movies will migrate to festivals
like Telluride, Toronto, and Sun-
dance — unless they, too, are de-
layed or canceled as the pandemic
SEARCHLIGHT PICTURES
continues.
“We will all miss the Cannes ef-
fect: what a single projection at
the Palais des Festivals gives
birth to, an acclamation, a reputa-
tion, a storm and sometimes a
thunderstorm,” Frémaux said in a
CLUE OF THE DAY
statement. “Now that the world
premiere at the Palais won’t hap-
Here is the Cannes 2020 lineup
announced so far. Updates will be
pen, it will have to be in theaters released on festival-cannes.com. NOTABLE
ARTBRITS
and festivals around the world.” ‘The French Dispatch,’ Wes
Compared with a typical Anderson
Cannes slate, the lineup is both
fresher (15 of the films were by ‘Summer of 85,’ François Ozon ON THIS MAN’S DEATH
first-time directors, a record tally) ‘True Mothers,’ Naomi Kawase IN A 1935 MOTORCYCLE
and more female: 16 female film- ACCIDENT, CHURCHILL
makers were invited, compared ‘Lover’s Rock,’ Steve McQueen
SAID, HIS “PACE OF LIFE
with just six in 2015, a reflection of ‘Mangrove,’ Steve McQueen
the festival’s sometimes fitful WAS FASTER & MORE
‘Another Round,’ Thomas
progress toward gender parity. INTENSE THAN THE
Vinterberg
In another break from the ORDINARY”
norm, the films were not divvied ‘Heaven,’ Hong Sang-soo
up into categories, so it’s unclear ‘Peninsula,’ Yeon Sang-ho
which would have been compet- FOR THE CORRECT
ing for the Palme d’Or and which ‘ADN,’ Maïwenn RESPONSE, WATCH
would have played in the festival’s ‘Soul,’ Pete Docter JEOPARDY! TONIGHT
sidebar programs. Twenty-one of OR LOOK IN THIS
‘Ammonite,’ Francis Lee
the selected films were French, SPACE TOMORROW
considerably more than the ‘Falling,’ Viggo Mortensen IN THE TIMES.
Cannes average, suggesting that ‘Broken Keys,’ Jimmy Keyrouz
the festival’s home country helped
fill gaps left when the releases of ‘Truffle Hunters,’ Gregory Yesterday’s Response:
many major movies were post- Kershaw and Michael Dweck WHAT IS NOTRE-DAME?
poned until 2021. ‘Aya and the Witch,’ Goro
Frémaux noted that some of
Watch JEOPARDY!
Miyazaki
those premieres will instead be
held at next year’s Cannes. “We’ll ‘Last Words,’ Jonathan Nossiter
meet them again,” he said. ‘Limbo,’ Ben Sharrock 7 p.m. on Channel 7
 THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 N C5

IMAGES BY JAMAR ROBERTS, VIA WORKS & PROCESS AT THE GUGGENHEIM

Here’s Why the Caged Bird Dances

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C1
and many of the entries are charming, but
Mr. Roberts’s work stands out. Short as it is,
his video, “Cooped,” released last week, is
one of the most powerful artistic responses
yet to the Covid-19 crisis. And as that crisis
changes shape, as the anxiety over disease
and confinement is compounded by vio-
lence and protest, the resonance of the work
only expands.
It begins with Mr. Roberts’s bare torso
and head, seeming to hang upside down in a
dark, tight space: a basement, a cell. As it
continues, the framing shifts but stays
close, focusing on his gleaming body as it
bends in ways both beautiful and uncom-
fortable. Arching his head back or staring at
the camera, he shakes.
“I knew right away that I wasn’t going to
stand in front of the camera and dance for
five minutes,” he said. “I was completely out
of shape.” Thinking he might make some-
thing about his frustration at being stuck in-
doors, he started playing in the basement —
playing with the ceiling and the floor and
the light, filming himself on his iPad and
editing the results.
“It was fun, tinkering with the editing
software,” he said. “Then things got
heated.”
He learned about how Covid-19 has been
disproportionately affecting blacks, who
have been hospitalized and dying at a much
higher rate than whites. “I wasn’t sur-
prised,” he said. “You hear about the dispar-
ities that black people suffer all day long
these days. I wasn’t going to make the
dance about it.”
But then, as he looked at what he was
making, watching 30 seconds of it over and
over for hours, he said he realized, “This is
deeper than I intended.” Following the feel-
ing, he pushed the video further into a kind
of fever dream. “The piece told me what it
wanted to be.”
He thought about how “quarantine is not
foreign to communities of color.” He thought
about segregation and redlining. He re-
membered how his grandfather, dying of
cancer but wary of white authorities,
avoided going to the hospital. “This feeling
of what it’s like to be sick and suffering but
not have resources — that all came out in a
way I didn’t anticipate,” he said.
For the completed video, Mr. Roberts
added a score by his friend David Watson,
composed of bagpipes and the drumming of
the renowned Australian percussionist
Tony Buck. “The bagpipes sound like a
drone,” he said, “sort of mundane, like ‘Here
we go again with the terrors of black experi-
ence in America,’ but then they sound like a
siren, really showing the state of emer-
gency we’re in.”
Commonly, when a choreographer tries
Top, the Ailey choreographer
Jamar Roberts shot “Cooped”
on an iPad. Above, another
moment from “Cooped.”
A choreographer says,
‘This is deeper than
I intended.’
to express a state of emergency though
dance, the results are obvious, didactic or
maudlin. An ability to avoid those traps
seems to be part of Mr. Roberts’s gift. In
“Ode,” his work for the Ailey company last
year, he managed to evoke the pain of gun
violence, harrowingly but delicately, with-
out making a public service announcement.
“I’m very concerned with beauty,” he
said. “With these situations that are hard to
speak about, I always try to make a point
that there’s something beautiful that sits
side by side with it.”
Working in video offered him different
possibilities for expression. “I’m always
trying to show the nuance, the blink of an
eye or the turning of a hand, the change in
body language in the second when you get
really hard information,” he said. “Making
this film allowed me to invest in those tiny
moments that are harder to make register
onstage.”
They do register in the film, concentrat-
ing and channeling the fears stirred up by
the Covid-19 crisis but also tapping into cur-
rents of history deeper and wider than the
immediate subject. Art like that can seem
prescient. Although Mr. Roberts created the
piece before the killing of George Floyd in
police custody and before the video of the
incident sparked an uprising, “Cooped” —
with its images of a bent black body and its
siren tone of emergency — now seems to
speak to those events, too.
Works & Process acknowledged this res-
onance on Monday when, instead of putting
up a new entry, it reposted Mr. Roberts’s
work. “When Jamar turned it in, we were
completely taken away by its power,” Duke
Dang, the organization’s general manager,
said. “We’ve been releasing the videos
pretty much in the order they were sub-
mitted, but considering how relevant his
piece has become, putting it up again
seemed the right thing to do at this mo-
ment.”
Mr. Roberts also sees the relevance. In
his artist’s statement, he wrote about the ef-
fects of Covid-19 on black people as “a crisis
within a crisis.” Now, in recognition of the
events of last week, he has added a para-
graph about the black body as a source of
controversy across hundreds of years. Us-
ing his own black body, he writes, was a way
to make visible the psyche of a marginalized
people and their resilience and their beauty.
“It’s been an issue for a very long time,”
he said, “so it will always have relevance. I
added to my artist’s statement, because I
wanted to speak specifically about the body.
Seeing the destruction of the physical body
gets people going. That’s why I wanted my
body up close to the viewer, so that you can
feel it and really understand what I’m talk-
ing about.”

JENNIFER SZALAI BOOKS OF THE TIMES

Confronting the Facts Directly in Front of Us

Surviving Autocracy
By Masha Gessen
270 pages. Riverhead Books.
$26.
A Russian immigrant’s pointed
survey of the American
political landscape.
I WOULD HAZARD A GUESS that when Masha
Gessen began working on “Surviving Au-
tocracy,” the title was meant more figura-
tively than literally. In the November 2016
essay that gave rise to this book, Gessen of-
fered a set of numbered rules for “salvaging
your sanity and self-respect” during a time
of political upheaval. Physical survival did-
n’t look like it was going to be the hard part.
As a country like Viktor Orban’s Hungary
shows, autocracy can thrive on corruption
and soft oppression: Don’t speak up; just
eat the bread and watch the circuses, and
chances are you’ll get by.
“Most Americans in the age of Trump are
not, like the subjects of a totalitarian re-
gime, subjected to state terror,” Gessen
writes in the new book. But the last few
months have shown what can happen when
a president’s contempt for expert knowl-
edge collides with a dire need for it: “We
could have imagined, but we could not have
predicted, that a pandemic would render his
arrogant ignorance lethal.”
Gessen was born in the Soviet Union and
immigrated to the United States as a teen-
ager, returning to Russia in 1991 to work as a
journalist and document “the death of a
Russian democracy that had never really
come to be.” Gessen moved back to the
Follow Jennifer Szalai on Twitter: @jenszalai.
United States in 2013 and eventually be-
came a staff writer for The New Yorker —
not to mention one of this country’s most ex-
acting critics of Vladimir V. Putin and his
ruthless consolidation of power. As a gay
parent, Gessen had confronted a Russian
regime that threatened to remove children
from same-sex families. When Gessen
speaks about autocracy, you listen.
In “Surviving Autocracy,” Gessen sug-
gests that the United States has been terri-
bly unprepared for a figure like Donald
Trump. Not because he came out of no-
where; if anything, he took advantage of a
political system that was ripe for a dema-
gogue, swollen already by money and the
powers concentrated in the executive
branch. But too many Americans have
maintained a stubborn hope that their
vaunted institutions can save them. Estab-
lishment politicians like Barack Obama ex-
horted Americans to operate from “a pre-
sumption of good faith.” (Gessen quotes at
length from a soaring speech that Obama
gave the day after the 2016 election; read-
ing it now might make you wince.) Even the
most seasoned journalists, Gessen says,
couldn’t bring themselves to assimilate the
unthinkable.
“No powerful political actor had set out to
destroy the American political system itself
— until, that is, Trump won the Republican
nomination,” Gessen writes. “He was prob-
ably the first major party nominee who ran
not for president but for autocrat.”
Gessen isn’t part of the typical #Resist
crowd, fixated on the Mueller report. If any-
thing, Gessen says, “the excruciatingly
slow, tantalizingly complicated, deliciously
dirty story of Russian interference in the
2016 election” served as yet another dis-
traction from the undeniable facts at hand.
By the time the special counsel informed
the public that the president had ordered a
White House lawyer to lie, “the president
had been lying to the public daily for two
and a half years,” Gessen writes.
The words “lie” and “lying” and “liar” ap-
pear a lot in this book. So do “meaning” and
“meaningless.” Gessen’s writing style is
methodical and direct, relying on pointed
observations instead of baroque hyperbole.
The loose use of language, Gessen says, has
been a problem on both sides of the Ameri-
can political divide — though it would take a
fanatical attachment to both-sidesism not to
point out that one party is the more flagrant
and egregious offender. Trump’s critics may
be inordinately fond of words like “coup”
and “treason,” Gessen writes, but none of
that compares to the president’s mangling
of meaning and basic syntax — what
Gessen calls his “word piles.”
To combat nonsense, Gessen counsels
making sense, deliberately and with preci-
sion, including the reclamation of “politics”
and “political” — words that have come to
denote empty bombast and wily maneuver-
ing when they should call to mind some-
thing more substantive: “the vital project of
negotiating how we live together as a city, a
state or a country; of working across differ-
ence; of acting collectively.” The common
hypocritical politician infuriates people by
preaching one thing and doing another;
compare this with the uncommon, non-hyp-
ocritical Trump, who doesn’t bother even to
preach anything lofty in the first place. At
least the hypocritical ideal “serves the func-
tion of reiterating aspirational values,”
Gessen writes.
Gessen excoriates the mainstream me-
dia for resorting to the “neutral tone” of
“normalizing newspaper prose” that helps
its audience “absorb the unabsorbable.”
What journalists ought to do, Gessen says,
is to cover “Trumpism not as news but as a
system.”
“Surviving Autocracy” faces the problem
that most anti-Trump books do: How to con-
clude in a way that strikes the right balance
between realism and hope. Gessen ends
with an excerpt from “Let America Be
America Again,” by Langston Hughes — an
appropriately rousing choice, though it also
happens to be the same poem with which
Amy Chua chose to end her book “Political
Tribes,” published two years ago.
Still, to obsess over endings would be to
miss the larger point of this trenchant book.
We keep doing something analogous with
politics, Gessen says — imagining “that
Trump would do us the favor of announcing
the point of no return with a sweeping, un-
equivocal gesture.” But it’s not as if aspiring
autocrats declare when it’s time for autoc-
racy; instead they resort to their crude rep-
ertoire, inciting bigotry, agitating for “law
and order” and subjecting immigrants to
gratuitous cruelty. There isn’t anything
mysterious about this. We should stop
searching for an enigma that doesn’t exist,
Gessen says, and pay closer attention to the
world as it is.
C6 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

Italians Rediscover Their Museums

After a pandemic lockdown,
locals are enjoying treasures
long lost to visiting hordes.
By ELISABETTA POVOLEDO
ROME — There was no red carpet, but even
so, a cadre of photographers snapped fren-
ziedly as the objects of their attention — the
first visitors to the Vatican Museums when
they reopened on Monday after the coro-
navirus lockdown — squirmed in the unex-
pected spotlight.
With travel among Italian regions re-
stricted until Tuesday, it was a local lineup,
ready to experience what many Romans
dream of: a tourist-free visit to one of the
world’s greatest — and most popular — mu-
seums, which last year drew nearly seven
million visitors.
Though she lives in Rome, Simona Toti, a
statistician, said she hadn’t seen the Sistine
Chapel for years “because of the mobs.”
While online reservations have short-
ened the milelong queue that once snaked
along the walls of Vatican City to the mu-
seum entrance, many residents of Roman
are still daunted by the crowds, and the
crowding. “Normally it’s so packed that you
just can’t appreciate anything,” Ms. Toti
said.
“For once, living in Rome is not a handi-
cap,” she said.
Across town, at the Colosseum, which
also reopened on Monday, Margherita Bla-
conà and her teenage daughter Asia were
enjoying a tourist-free tour as part of a 45-
minute visit of the amphitheater, which now
permits only 14 people to enter every 15
minutes.
The throngs that make the Colosseum It-
aly’s most visited monument, with more
than 7.5 million visitors last year, are also
what make locals give it a wide berth. “The
queues, the people. It’s impossible,” said
Ms. Blaconà, who hadn’t been to the Colos- ALESSANDRA TARANTINO/ASSOCIATED PRESS

seum since she was in elementary school.

“We’re going to profit from the lack of tour-
ists these days and see other sites.”
But while locals were keen to reclaim Ita-
ly’s monuments, the directors of many cul-
tural institutions were worried about the
loss of much-needed revenue from ticket
sales.
“It’s a disaster, obviously,” said Massimo
Osanna, director of the Pompeii archaeolog-
ical site, which drew nearly four million vis-
itors last year, including 40,000 on one day
in May.
Until next Tuesday, entrance at the site is
capped at 400 visitors a day. Mr. Osanna
said that last Thursday only 250 people had
visited the site. “It was like being in a Surre-
alist painting,” he said.
“The budget we reached last year will not
be imaginable this year, so we won’t be able
to carry out many of the projects we had
planned,” Mr. Osanna said. “Now we’re fo-
cused on things that can’t be postponed, like
ordinary maintenance.”
In an interview, Anna Coliva, the director
of the Borghese Gallery, also used the word
“disaster” to describe the loss of revenue at
the gallery, which can now allow 400 vis-
itors a day instead of 2,000. “We’re losing
500,000 euros a month in ticket sales,
events and royalties,” said Ms. Coliva, who
will retire this month after more than a
quarter century at the gallery.
The coming months were going to be
tough for MAXXI, Italy’s national museum
of contemporary art, said the president of
its foundation, Giovanna Melandri. “The
damage is huge,” she said on Tuesday,
speaking of the lockdown that deprived the
museum, and many Italians, of their liveli-
hoods.
At the Uffizi in Florence, which opened on
Wednesday, black dots have been glued to
the floor in front of the museum’s heaviest
hitters — works by Botticelli, Piero della
Francesca, Michelangelo, Raphael and Ca-
ravaggio — to ensure social distancing. The
gallery has halved the number of people
who can visit at any time, to 450 from 900,
and capped guided tours at 10 people.
At a news conference on Wednesday,
Eike Schmidt, the Uffizi’s director, said, “It
would be wonderful if the model of relaxed
tourism that we are experimenting at the
Uffizi in this particular historical moment
become the model for tourism in the future.”
The Uffizi had lost 12 million euros,
around $13.5 million, during the 85 days it
was closed, he told reporters in Florence.
With a maximum of 20,000 visitors a day
at the Colosseum in pre-coronavirus times,
the current cap of 650 made visiting the site
refreshingly relaxing on Monday. Colosse-
um officials were happy that a “slow, more
aware sort of tourism” would allow the mon-
ument to reopen “on the right foot,” said Al-
fonsina Russo, the state official who over-
sees that monument and other archaeologi-
cal sites in downtown Rome.
Normally, she said, the Colosseum — “a
symbol of Italy and of Rome” — is “besieged
by tourists” who “weren’t always aware of
what they were visiting.”
But as the site’s revenues account for a
chunk of financing for other monuments,
their absence will be a big loss, said Feder-
ica Rinaldi, the state official responsible for
the amphitheater.
To say that the Vatican Museums are nor-
mally besieged by tourists is an understate-
ment. Barbara Jatta, the director, said that
some days as many as 29,000 have filed
through the doors compared with the few
hundred they are allowing in every hour
now. “Now, we are missing the crowds,” she
said.
The museum’s coffers had suffered, she
said, not only for lost ticket and trinket sales
Visitors at the Sistine Chapel
on Monday, when the Vatican
Museums reopened after a
lengthy coronavirus closure.
but also because the Vatican had refunded
thousands of tickets booked for 2020.
To commemorate the 500th anniversary
this year of Raphael’s death, new lighting
was installed in the room housing tapestries
based on his cartoons. The room was to be
inaugurated on April 20, during a sympo-
sium on the artist, when the museum also
planned to unveil the recently restored Hall
of Constantine, which visitors saw in its re-
freshed guise on Monday.
On Monday, the Campbell family, Swiss
residents who have lived in Rome for the
past three years, were among the 30 people
gaping at the Sistine Chapel, normally so
crowded that guards spend most of their
time shushing sardine-packed visitors.
“It’s amazing,” said Franziska Campbell,
the mother. She said that when a friend from
Switzerland had visited last summer, she’d
been pushed through so quickly she hadn’t
had time to see the fresco of the creation of
Adam and had to come back.
“We’re seeing Rome as no one normally
sees it, everything is tourist-free,” said Va-
lerie Chambert, a nuclear physicist who
lives in Rome, after finishing her Vatican
visit. “It’s a pity for the hotels and the
restaurants, but for us it is great.”

New Arts Executives Set Sail Into the Unknown

CONTINUED FROM PAGE C1
able, as well as give the staff comfort that
this person understands what they’re up
against,” said Sarah James, who specializes
in cultural executive searches at the firm
Phillips Oppenheim. “Nobody really knows
how to deal with this.”
Since Ms. Hefferren doesn’t take the posi-
tion until Sept. 15, the Children’s Museum
might have waited even longer, but it was
eager to get things moving, in light of press-
ing matters like seeking public approval for
its new home in a former church on Central
Park West; the need to reconceive its inter-
active exhibitions with coronavirus consid-
erations in mind; and the economic losses
resulting from months of lockdown.
“We certainly expect her to lead and take
charge of reimagining what our institution
can and should be,” said Matt Messinger, a
co-chairman of the museum’s board.
Over the past three months, Timothy R.
Rodgers became the new director of the
Phoenix Art Museum; Kathleen Bartels
was named the next executive director of
the Museum of Contemporary Art in Toron-
to and Nicola Lees was appointed the direc-
tor of the Aspen Art Museum.
Other new hires include Jaynelle Hazard,
director at the Greater Reston Arts Center
in Reston, Va.; Amanda Lahikainen at the
Ogunquit Museum of American Art in
Maine; and Matthew Clarke at the Design
Trust for Public Space in Manhattan. Becca
Hoffman is the new managing director of
three art fairs — in Aspen, Chicago and
Palm Springs.
“It’s a very unique time to accept a new
role,” Ms. Hoffman said. “It’s been a chal-
lenge.”
While institutions might be expected to
suspend hiring, some have accelerated or
even initiated searches, given the current
need for strong leadership. But candidates
want to make sure that the boards doing the
hiring aren’t looking for business as usual.
“They don’t want to just come in and stabi-
lize, because nobody believes in going
back,” Ms. James said of candidates. “Ev-
erybody believes you’re going to die as an
institution or you’re going to go forward as
something better.”
Executives’ job descriptions are chang-
ing under their feet, requiring skills in han-
dling not only a global health crisis but also
issues of racial equity. Ms. Hefferren’s back-
ground would seem to make her well
equipped to lead the Children’s Museum,
given that she comes from Prep for Prep,
JAY SAVULICH
the nonprofit organization that offers prom-
ising New York City students of color access
to a private school education.
She said she hoped to bring that experi-
ence to her new position and, for example,
expanding the museum’s outreach to fam-
ilies in homeless shelters, affordable hous-
ing residents and incarcerated parents.
“It’s definitely a challenging time for our
country and for New York,” Ms. Hefferren
said. “But it also just makes the need for the
Children’s Museum that much more appar-
ent.”
The museum, on West 83rd Street in
Manhattan, continues to move forward with
its ambitious renovation of a former church
that it bought for $45 million on Central
Park West at 96th Street; the matter goes
before the Landmarks Preservation Com-
mission next month. Because its typically
hands-on installations have yet to be de-
signed, the museum will be able to make ad-
justments in light of social-distancing con-
siderations.
Ms. Hoffman, the former director of the
Outsider Art Fair and now the manager of
Intersect Aspen (formerly Art Aspen), the
Sculpture Objects Functional Art and De-
sign Fair in Chicago and Art Palm Springs,
PRATHIBHA POLAPRAGADA
Facing new uncertainties, from
left: Aileen Hefferren, chief
executive and director of the
Children’s Museum of
Manhattan; Jaynelle Hazard,
director of the Greater Reston
Arts Center, in Virginia; and
Becca Hoffman, the managing
director of three arts fairs in
Colorado, Chicago and
California.
has started her position at a time when the
future of art fairs seems to hang in the bal-
ance with the current bans on large gather-
ings.
Many in the art market predict that the
proliferation of art fairs over the past few
years will shake out, leaving only the
strongest standing, and that the pivot to on-
line formats may force galleries to reassess
whether the steep cost associated with a
fair (including travel, shipping and insur-
ance) is worth it.
But Ms. Hoffman remains optimistic. “I
don’t think that they will ever go away,” she
said. “But I believe there will be more of a
regional focus moving forward and you will
need to have a proper digital presentation.
You need to have the connectivity for people
who aren’t going to recover from this as
quickly as others.”
The obstacles, she said, include trying to
network in places like Aspen — where her
first (now virtual) fair is coming up on July
22 — without being able to meet face to face.
“It’s kind of like, ‘Please introduce me to
this person, please introduce me to that per-
son,’” Ms. Hoffman said. “It’s a big hurdle to
ingratiate yourself in a community when it’s
on the phone or on Zoom.”
‘It’s a very unique time
to accept a new role. It’s
been a challenge.’
BECCA HOFFMAN
MANAGING DIRECTOR
OF THREE ART FAIRS
Ms. Hazard was selected to run the
Greater Reston Arts Center in Virginia just
as the pandemic was descending. “The in-
terview process was completely on Zoom —
I still haven’t met my staff or my board of
directors,” she said. “I’m focusing on what I
have control over — my mind, my schedule,
my well-being — rather than what I don’t
have control over: the virus, the justice sys-
tem.”
She has instead taken proactive steps
such as bringing the museum’s exhibitions
online and rewriting its diversity state-
ment. “We have to constantly think about
how to impact our communities and stand
behind them,” Ms. Hazard said, “to confront
hate, to use compassion, to use empathy.”
Mr. Rodgers in Phoenix has been think-
ing about how to be helpful to local galleries
that are struggling — perhaps displaying
(without selling) their artists’ work on the
walls of the museum’s restaurant. “The mu-
seum exists within a larger community and
ecology of art,” he said. “How is it that we
can sustain and grow back what it is that
we’re losing during this?”
To be sure, the moment has also been
challenging personally. Ms. Bartels had to
start her Toronto job while living in an
Airbnb dwelling and has yet to be able to
look for permanent housing. And none of
these promotions is getting the usual lauda-
tory attention. But appointees say acknowl-
edgment is an afterthought; there is too
much work to be done. “It’s a chance to be a
leader and to lead on an issue we all care
about — the importance of public space,”
said Mr. Clarke of the Design Trust. “We
need to lean into that.”
Above all, newly appointed cultural lead-
ers say, they realize that the world has lim-
ited bandwidth right now, not to mention
more urgent concerns.
“At the end of the day, I want everybody
to be safe,” Ms. Hoffman said. “I don’t need
to do my own celebration. I just want us to
get to a place where we can all come out and
actually feel comfortable seeing one an-
other.”
 THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 N C7

EVENING
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ory (14) ory (PG) “Unplugged.” (PG)
What’s Streaming
7 WABC Jeopardy! “Teach- Wheel of Fortune Who Wants to Be a Millionaire “In the Holey Moley “That Man Knows How to To Tell the Truth “Jason Alexander, Eyewitness News Jimmy Kimmel Nightline (N)
ers Tournament.” “Home Sweet Hot Seat: Anderson Cooper and Andy Ride a Weiner.” An author; an aspiring Dermot Mulroney, Amanda Seales, at 11 (N) Live! Actor Mark (12:06)
(N) (G) Home.” (G) Cohen.” (Season Finale) (N) pro golfer. (N) (PG) Abbi Jacobson.” (N) (PG) Ruffalo. (N) (11:35)
9 WWOR Family Feud (PG) Family Feud (PG) Law & Order: Criminal Intent “Playing Law & Order: Criminal Intent “Rock Family Feud (PG) Family Feud (PG) Chasing News (N) The Simpsons TMZ Live (N) (PG)
Dead.” (14) Star.” (14) (PG)
11 WPIX black-ish “R-E-S- black-ish (14) Burden of Truth “No Fathers and In the Dark “Codependence Day.” PIX11 News at Ten (N) Seinfeld “The Rob- Seinfeld “The Friends (14)
P-E-C-T.” (14) Sons.” (N) (PG) (N) (14) bery.” (PG) Limo.” (PG)
13 WNET PBS NewsHour (N) N.Y.C. Arts Linda Ronstadt: Live in Hollywood Linda Ronstadt per- Joni Mitchell Live at the Isle of Wight Amanpour and Company (N) MetroFocus
forms. (G) Festival 1970 (PG)
21 WLIW MetroFocus Drive by History Nova “The Planets: Inner Worlds.” (Part 1 of 5) (PG) Change Your Brain, Heal Your Mind With Daniel MetroFocus World News Amanpour-Co
25 WNYE Great Conversations (G) Food. Curated. Potluck Reconnecting Bare Feet-Mick Asian American Museum Access Artbound Basket weaving traditions. Between Cover
31 WPXN Chicago P.D. (14) Chicago P.D. (14) Chicago P.D. “Hit Me.” (14) Chicago P.D. (14) Chicago P.D. “A Night Owl.” (14) Chicago P.D.
41 WFUT2 Secrets Of The Morgue (14) Murder She Solved (14) The Last 24 “Target of Hate.” (14) Cruise Ship Killers (10:01) F.B.I.: Criminal Pursuit (14) Bizarre Murders
47 WNJU Minuto para ganar (N) (G) Cennet “Cennet en shock.” (N) (PG) 100 días para enamorarnos (N) La reina del sur 2: Edición Noticiero 47 Noticias Titulares y más
NETFLIX
48 WRNN No More Den Paid Program EarthWindFire Air Grill Best Knife Ever! Gold 1907 Gold 1907 Cordless Iron Larry King BeFlexible AgeSpots?
49 CPTV PBS NewsHour (N) Joe Bonamassa, British Blues Explosion Live Celtic Thunder Ireland Celtic Thunder hits and fan favorites. (G) Joe Bonamassa-Blues
Akash Vukoti in “Spelling the Dream.”
50 WNJN NJTV Gala NJTV News Rise Up: Songs of the Women’s Movement (G) Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Uncovering America (G) NJTV News State of the Arts World News
SPELLING THE DREAM (2020) Stream on
55 WLNY Last-Standing Last-Standing Dr. Phil Erik’s deceitful behavior. (14) WLNY News at 9PM (N) Judge Judy (PG) Judge Judy (PG) 2 Broke Girls 2 Broke Girls Ent. Tonight
Netflix. If someone asked you to spell the
63 WMBC Legends Unfold BISSELL Omega New YOU! Paid Program Paid Program Paid Program Paid Program Hydroshot Omega Paid Program
name of the state fish of Hawaii by its
68 WFUT ¿Qué culpa tiene Fatmagül? (14) ¿Qué culpa tiene Fatmagül? (N) Reto 4 elementos: Naturaleza extrema (N) (14) Noticiero Univ. Vas con todo Manuel El Flaco Ibáñez y más. (14)
Hawaiian name, humuhumunukunukua-
PREMIUM CABLE
pua‘a, could you do it? How about when
FLIX Kalifornia (1993). Brad Pitt, Juliette Wild Things (1998). Kevin Bacon, Matt Dillon. Florida cop investigates rape Wild Things 2 (2004). Susan Ward. Insurance investigator S.W.A.T. Firefight (2011). Gabriel
Lewis. (R) (6) charges. Slick and steamy. (R) follows two women scheming to inherit millions. (R) Macht, Robert Patrick. (R) (11:35) you were 6 years old? Such intricate words
HBO Bohemian Rhapsody (2018). Rami Malek, Lucy Boynton. Interminable histo- We’re Here (Season Finale) (N) (MA) Insecure “Lowkey Happy.” Issa and Betty “Perstepha- We’re Here (MA) (11:20) are sprinkled throughout this upbeat docu-
ry of Freddie Mercury and Queen. Mamma mia, let me go. (PG-13) (6:40) Lawrence talk about life. (MA) (10:15) nie.” (10:50) mentary, which looks at a yearslong win-
HBO2 We’re Here “Farmington, New Mexico.” We’re Here “Ruston, Louisiana.” (MA) Yesterday (2019). Himesh Patel, Lily James. Middling musician wakes up in Notting Hill (1999). Hugh Grant. London bookstore owner ning streak of Indian-Americans at the
(MA) (7:04) world with no Beatles. A pleaser. (PG-13) and Hollywood star. Lots of glossy charm. (PG-13)
Scripps National Spelling Bee. The film
MAX Femme Fatale (2002). Rebecca Robin Hood (2018). Taron Egerton, Jamie Foxx. Robin and Little John fight Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004). Gwyneth Paltrow, Jude Law. The Sentinel
Romijn-Stamos. (R) (6:05) the sheriff. Strains for relevance. (PG-13) (PG) (2006). (11:50) focuses on four young contestants, inter-
SHO . Back to the Future (1985). Michael Shameless “Frank Gallagher: Loving Billions “Contract.” Chuck plots against VICE Parchman Californication Drive Angry (2011). Nicolas Cage. Granddad escapes hell spersing their stories with commentary
J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd. (PG) (6) Husband, Devoted Father.” (MA) Axe. (MA) Prison is exposed. Happy endings. to save baby. Lots of action, some of it inspired. (R) from figures including the comedian Hari
SHO2 Burn Mother.ker, Burn! (2017). Documentary. Troubled relations between . Clear and Present Danger (1994). Harrison Ford, Willem Dafoe. Colombian drug cartel. Grip- VICE Parchman Bikini Babes Kondabolu. “Inoffensively comforting” is
Los Angeles police and black community. (7:15) ping thriller. (PG-13) Prison is exposed. (2018). Erotica. .
STARZ Once Upon a Time. In Hollywood Vida “Episode 22.” (MA) (7:59) . Out of Sight (1998). George Clooney, Jennifer Lopez. Escaped convict and Vida “Episode 22.” (MA) . Pulp Fiction
how Bilal Qureshi described the movie in
(2019). Leonardo DiCaprio. (R) (5:15) federal marshal, via Soderbergh. Sultry, steamy charmer. (R) (8:55) (1994). (R) (11:57) his review for The New York Times. “Spell-
STZENC All About Steve Stan & Ollie (2018). Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy’s comic Holmes & Watson (2018). Detective and sidekick investi- . Young Frankenstein (1974). Gene Wilder, Peter Boyle. Mel Brooks’s comic ing the Dream,” he wrote, “is a film about
(2009). (5:37) partnership nears its end. Genial portrait. (PG) (7:20) gate palace murder. This is a dull bromance. (PG-13) bull’s-eye. (PG) (10:33)
winning, delivered with glossy visuals and
TMC Twisted (2004). Ashley Judd, Samuel Kill Bill: Vol. 1 (2003). Lucy Liu. Bride attacked on wedding day wakes up . Kill Bill: Vol. 2 (2004). Uma Thurman, David Carradine. Bride’s rampage of revenge. The most
L. Jackson. (R) (6:15) from coma and seeks revenge, Tarantino style. Blood bath & beyond. (R) voluptuous comic-book movie ever made. (R) a gratingly optimistic score that draws to a
CABLE
close with its champion showered in con-
fetti — an obvious symbol for this overarch-
7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00
A&E The First 48 “Carnage in the Streets.” The First 48 “Killer Contact.” A young The First 48 “Tracked.” A father of The First 48: The Case That Haunts The First 48 “A Fighting Chance.” (14) The First 48 (14)
ing (and under-questioned) celebration of
(14) man shot dead in his van. (14) three is executed. (14) Me (N) (14) (10:01) (11:04) (12:03) American multiculturalism.”
AHC American Lawmen (PG) American Titans (PG) American Titans (PG) American Titans (PG) American Titans (PG) American Titans
AMC l Rambo (2008). Sylvester Stallone, Major League (1989). Tom Berenger, Charlie Sheen. Inept baseball team’s Cinderella season. Major League II (1994). Charlie Sheen, Tom Berenger. Baseball’s wild bunch
Julie Benz. (R) (6) Pleasantly predictable comedy. (R) from Cleveland take the field again. But this time they’re boring. (PG)
APL Deadliest Catch “A Frozen Finish.” Deadliest Catch “A Brotherhood Tested.” A Bairdi quota increase. (PG) Deadliest Catch “Prodigal Son.” Deadliest Catch “The Ultimatum.” Deadliest Catch
BBCA Star Trek: The Next Generation . Caddyshack (1980). Funny but splattery caper about unique country club. . Stripes (1981). Bill Murray, Harold Ramis. Extremely broad, popular Army comedy. (R)
BET Love Don’t Cost a Thing (2003). High school geek hires cheerleader to pose Coach Carter (2005). Samuel L. Jackson, Robert Ri’chard. H.S. basketball coach turns losers into winners, then takes heat for insisting
as his girlfriend. ”Can’t Buy Me Love” with black cast. (PG-13) (6) they excel in class. Familiar tough love story. (PG-13)
BLOOM Bloomberg Daybreak: Asia (N) (Live) Bloomberg Markets: China Open Bloomberg Markets: Asia (N) (Live) (G) Silver Rare
BRV The Real Housewives of New York The Real Housewives of New York The Real Housewives of New York Top Chef “Lucca.” The final five chefs The Real Housewives of New York Real Housewives/
City Leah arranges a spa day. City “Hurricane Leah.” (14) City Tinsley hosts a dinner. (N) travel to Italy. (N) (PG) City “Something’s Brewing.” Beverly
CBSSN CBS Connected CBS Connected Boxing From Mar. 28, 2015. Boxing From Dec. 14, 2013. Boxing Boxing Boxing From Dec. 11, 2016. Boxing
CMT Last-Standing Last-Standing . The Italian Job (2003). Mark Wahlberg, Charlize Theron. (PG-13) The Lincoln Lawyer (2011). Matthew McConaughey, Marisa Tomei. (R)
CN Wrld, Gumball We Bare Bears American Dad American Dad American Dad Rick and Morty Bob’s Burgers Bob’s Burgers Family Guy (14) Family Guy (14) Shivering Truth
CNBC CNBC Special Report: Crisis In Shark Tank Trying to save a pretzel Shark Tank A reality interface for video Shark Tank A life jacket; an infant Shark Tank Trying to save a pretzel Shark Tank (PG) MICHAEL TACKETT/WARNER BROS.
America (N) business. (PG) gamers. (PG) pacifier. (PG) business. (PG)
Vera Farmiga
CNN Erin Burnett OutFront (N) Anderson Cooper 360 (N) Cuomo Prime Time (N) CNN Tonight with Don Lemon (N) CNN Tonight with Don Lemon (N) Anderson Cooper
360
COM The Office (Part 1 The Office (Part 2 The Office “The The Office “Pro- Key & Peele (14) Key & Peele “Non- Key & Peele “Mea- Key & Peele (14) The Daily Show The Office (14) South Park (MA) THE CONJURING (2013) Stream on Hulu; rent
of 2) (PG) of 2) (PG) Farm.” (PG) mos.” (14) Stop Party.” gan’s Fight.” (11:45) (12:15) on Amazon, Google Play, iTunes, Vudu and
COOK Best Thing Ate Best Thing Ate Carnival Eats (G) Carnival Eats (G) Carnival Eats (G) Carnival Eats (G) Yum-Yummer Yum-Yummer Best Thing Ate Best Thing Ate Carnival Eats (G) YouTube. A family moves into a Rhode
CSPAN Public Affairs Events Politics and Public Policy Today Politics-Public Island farmhouse and discover a boarded-
CSPAN2 U.S. Senate (N) Public Affairs Events Public Affairs up cellar. After investigating the cellar and
CUNY Classic Arts Showcase (G) Science Movies UrbanU Shades of U.S. Sound/N.Y. Sherlock Sherlock Diversecity (G) Building NY Democracy finding little beyond cobwebs and an old
DIS Raven’s Home (G) Bunk’d “Lava at Sydney to the Raven’s Home (G) Raven’s Home (G) Bunk’d “Whisper Bunk’d “My Fairy Gabby Duran & Sydney to the Coop & Cami Ask Just Roll With It piano, the patriarch, Roger Perron (Ron
(7:05) First Sight.” (7:35) Max (N) (G) (8:45) (9:15) Toots.” (G) (9:40) Lady.” (G) (10:05) the Unsittables Max (G) (10:55) the World (Y7) (12:10)
Livingston), emerges and reports his find-
DIY Pool Kings (G) Pool Kings (G) Insane Pools: Off the Deep End Insane Pools: Off the Deep End Insane Pools: Off the Deep End Insane Pools: Off the Deep End Insane Pools
ings to the rest of the family. “Got extra
DSC Naked and Afraid Pop-Up Edition “Af- Naked and Afraid XL: Banished “Ready Set Go.” A 40-day challenge in Africa. (N) (14) Naked Castaway “Give Me Shelter.” Ed Naked and Afraid
rican Hunting Ground.” (N) (14) struggles with dehydration. square footage, anyway,” he says. They’ve
E! Chrisley Knows Chrisley Knows Total Bellas “Sweat It Out.” (14) Total Bellas “The Proposal.” (N) Total Bellas “The Proposal.” (14) Nightly Pop (N) Sex and the City Sex and the City got more than that. Directed by James
ELREY Chuey-Show El Rey Nation Lucha Underground “El Jefe.” (14) Lucha Underground (14) Blackway (2015). Two men help woman take stand against stalker. (R) Lucha Under Wan, this horror film follows the Perrons as
ESPN College Football Colorado pulls out a one-point victory. From Sept. 24, 1994. SportsCenter With Scott Van Pelt SportsCenter it becomes clear that their house is
ESPN2 The Last Dance The Last Dance The Last Dance The Last Dance N.F.L. Live 30 for 30 haunted, which attracts a pair of paranor-
ESPNCL M.L.B. From Oct. 27, 1989. (6) M.L.B. From Oct. 28, 1989. M.L.B. From Oct. 6, 2002. M.L.B. mal investigators (played by Vera Farmiga
FOOD Beat Bobby Flay Beat Bobby Flay Beat Bobby Flay Beat Bobby Flay Restaurant: Impossible (N) (G) l Summer Rush (Series Premiere) (N) Beat Bobby Flay Beat Bobby Flay Restaurant: Im. and Patrick Wilson). “Wan — whose first
FOXNEWS The Story With Martha MacCallum Tucker Carlson Tonight (N) Hannity (N) The Ingraham Angle (N) Fox News at Night With Shannon Tucker Carlson sly shot is of a cracked, smiling face — sets
(N) Bream (N) Tonight a relentlessly uneasy tone that impercepti-
FREEFRM The Break-Up (2006). Vince Vaughn. (PG-13) (6) Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006). Will Ferrell, John C. Reilly. (PG-13) The 700 Club Cinderella bly shifts between intense seriousness and
FS1 Soccer Home Game W.W.E. Royal Rumble From Minute Maid Park in Houston. W.W.E. Back. lightly mocking,” Manohla Dargis wrote in
FUSE The Parkers (PG) Malcolm, Middle Malcolm, Middle Malcolm, Middle Malcolm, Middle Malcolm, Middle The Parkers (PG) The Parkers (PG) The Parkers (PG) The Parkers (PG) The Parkers (PG) her review for The Times. Dargis called it
FX Hidden Figures (2016). Taraji P. Henson, Octavia Spencer. Three black women play crucial roles in space program. . The Martian (2015). Matt Damon, Jessica Chastain. Stranded astronaut tries to survive. “a fantastically effective haunted-house
Rousing celebration. (PG) Blissed-out cosmic high. (PG-13)
Ice Age: Collision Course (2016). Voices of Ray Romano. Animated. Mam- Ice Age: Collision Course (2016). Voices of Ray Romano. Animated. Mam- Rio 2 (2014). Animated. Macaws journey to Amazon. Ex-
movie.”
FXM
moth and squirrel versus asteroid. Best when no one’s talking. (PG) (7:05) moth and squirrel versus asteroid. Best when no one’s talking. (PG) hausting tropical kaleidoscope. (G) (10:55)
FXX The Simpsons The Simpsons Family Guy (14) Family Guy (14) Family Guy (14) Family Guy (14) Cake (N) (MA) Cake (MA) (10:37) Cake (MA) (11:14) Cake (MA) (11:49)
FYI Top Gear “Beating Tanner.” (PG) Top Gear “Small Cars.” (PG) Top Gear “Luxury Car Challenge.” Top Gear “150 MPH Challenge.” Top Gear (PG) (11:01) Top Gear (PG) What’s on TV
GOLF Watch Along with Champions Golf Central Golf Central Watch Along with Champions
GSN America Says America Says America Says Master Minds Family Feud Family Feud Family Feud Family Feud Family Feud Family Feud Family Feud
HALL Royal Hearts (2018, TVF). (6) Matching Hearts (2020, TVF). Taylor Cole, Ryan Paevey. Golden Girls Golden Girls Golden Girls Golden Girls Golden Girls
HGTV Flip or Flop (G) Flip or Flop (G) Flip or Flop (G) Flip or Flop (N) Flip or Flop (G) Flip or Flop (G) House Hunters House Hunters House Hunters Hunters Int’l Flip or Flop (G)
HIST Mountain Men “The Bus Stop Bandit.” Mountain Men “Seize the Day.” Tom Mountain Men “Hunt or be Hunted / Bloody Harvest.” Jake’s first lion hunt. Mountain Men “The Bus Stop Bandit.” Mountain Men
Jake hunts a lion. (PG) builds an authentic bull boat. (Season Premiere) (N) (PG) Jake hunts a lion. (PG) (11:05) (PG) (12:03)
HLN Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files Forensic Files
ID Forbidden: Dying for Love “Lone Star Evil Lives Here “I Should Have Killed Dead Reckoning “Murder in the Park.” A Time to Kill “The Body in the SUV.” American Monster “The Last Valen- Dead Reckoning
Lust.” (14) Him Myself.” (14) (Series Premiere) (N) (14) (Series Premiere) (N) (14) tine.” A Valentine’s Day murder. (14) (14)
IFC Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half Two and a Half
Men (14) Men (14) Men (14) Men (14) Men (14) Men (14) Men (14) Men (14) Men (14) Men (14) Men (14)
LIFE The King of The King of The King of The King of The King of The King of The King of The King of The King of The King of The King of
Queens (PG) Queens (PG) Queens (PG) Queens (PG) Queens (PG) Queens (9:33) Queens (10:03) Queens (10:33) Queens (11:03) Queens (11:33) Queens (12:01)
LIFEMOV My Husband’s Double Life (2018, My Husband’s Secret Wife (2018, TVF). Helena Mattsson, Josh Kelly. New My Husband’s Secret Twin (2019, TVF). Charlotte Graham, Rick Cosnett. My Husband’s
KAREN BALLARD/LIONSGATE
TVF). Amy Nuttall, Daniel Lapaine. (6) husband already has a wife, and she’s staying. Woman’s spouse doesn’t seem like himself. Secret Wife
7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 Julie Benz and Sylvester Stallone.
LOGO Laverne & Shirley Laverne & Shirley RuPaul’s Drag Race “Celebrity Edition 101.” Three actors Bob the Drag Queen: Live at Caroline’s A standup full of Gay for Play Game Gay for Play Game Gay for Play Game
(PG) (PG) compete for $30,000. (14) personal stories. (14) Show Show Show RAMBO (2008) 6 p.m. on AMC. In a recent
MLB M.L.B. Network Presents Fever Pitch (2005). Drew Barrymore, Jimmy Fallon. (PG-13) M.L.B. Network Special M.L.B. From Oct. 17, 1998. article in The Times, Wesley Morris wrote
MSG MSG 150-Home Knicks Rewind From April 23, 2013. Knicks Rewind From May 3, 2013. MSG 150-Home Rangers Rewind about box-office figures from a weekend in
MSGPL Devils Rewind (6:30) Islanders Rewind From April 24, 2016. MSG 150-Home Devils Rewind From May 25, 2012. May 1985. That weekend, “Rambo: First
MSNBC MSNBC Live: Decision 2020 (N) All In With Chris Hayes (N) The Rachel Maddow Show (N) The Last Word The 11th Hour Rachel Maddow Blood Part II” had just come out and, Mor-
MTV Jersey Shore: Family Vacation Jersey Shore: Family Vacation (N) Ridiculousness Ridiculousness Ridiculousness Ridiculousness Ridiculousness Ridiculousness Ridiculousness ris wrote, a “smooth, rippling and outra-
NBCS Dale Jr. Download N.F.L. From Jan. 25, 1998 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego. Mecum Auto Auctions “Phoenix.” geously oily” Sylvester Stallone tightened
NGEO Drug Lords: The Next Generation Drug Lords: The Next Generation Drug Lords: The Next Generation Drug Lords: The Next Generation Drug Lords: The Next Generation Lockdown (14) his grip on the American psyche as the
NICK SpongeBob SpongeBob Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007). Jason Lee, David Cross. (PG) Friends (PG) Friends (PG) Friends (PG) Friends (PG) Friends (PG) supersoldier John Rambo. In 1988, “Rambo
NICKJR Paw Patrol (Y) Blaze, Monster Bubble Guppies Blue’s Clues Peppa Pig (Y) Peppa Pig (Y) Peppa Pig (Y) Peppa Pig (Y) Bubble Guppies Blue’s Clues Peppa Pig (Y) III” came out, then Stallone shelved the
NY1 Primary Debate for Queens Bor News/Evening News/Evening News/Evening News/Evening News/Evening News/Evening Primary Debate for Queens Bor News All Night character for two decades. A reborn Rambo
OVA Tremors (1990). Kevin Bacon. (PG-13) Tremors II: Aftershocks (1996). Huge man-eating worms in oil field. Fire in the Sky (1993). D.B. Sweeney. (PG-13) — grizzled, yes, but still oily after all those
OWN 20/20 on OWN (14) 20/20 on OWN (14) 20/20 on OWN (14) 20/20 on OWN (14) 20/20 on OWN (14) 20/20 on OWN years — appears in this ultraviolent follow-
OXY Snapped “Marie Hilley.” (PG) Killer Couples (14) Killer Couples (14) Dateline: Secrets Uncovered “Deadly Twist.” (PG) Dateline: Secr. up, which features jungle warfare, ven-
PARMT Two/Half Men Two/Half Men . Catch Me if You Can (2002). Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hanks. (PG-13) The Hitman’s Bodyguard (2017). Ryan Reynolds. (R) omous snakes and lines like, “Live for
SCIENCE Mysteries of the Abandoned (PG) Mysteries of the Abandoned (PG) Mysteries of the Abandoned (N) Mysteries of the Abandoned (PG) (10:06) Mysteries of nothing, or die for something.”
SMITH Covid: Our Lockdown in Shanghai Carriers at War “Ready to Launch.” America in Color “Alaska.” (PG) Apocalypse: World War Carriers at War “Ready to Launch.” America in Color
SUMMER RUSH 10 p.m. on Food Network. A
SNY Baseball Night Mets Classics From Oct. 21, 2015. Baseball Night Mets Classics From Oct. 21, 2015.
pinch of family conflict and a dash of com-
STZENF McFarland, U.S.A. (2015). Kevin Costner. (PG) (6:29) Mamma Mia! (2008). Meryl Streep, Pierce Brosnan. (PG-13) (8:39) Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian Truman Show
petition are on order in this cooking reality
SUN Law & Order “Just a Girl in the World.” Law & Order “Great Satan.” An aspir- Law & Order “Reality Bites.” Mother of Law & Order “Dignity.” Detectives in- Law & Order “Human Flesh Search The Split “Episode
(14) ing musician is found dead. (14) 10 children is found dead. vestigate a protester. (14) Engine.” Suspicious web site. (14) 5.” (N) (14) show, which shows three restaurants in the
SYFY . The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997). Mercenaries, scientists and geneti- Jurassic Park III (2000). Sam Neill, Tea Leoni. Back to dinosaur island. A lot Vagrant Queen Arriopa is in chaos. Pitch Black (2000). Adirondacks competing for customers
cally engineered dinosaurs. Messy but entertaining. (PG-13) (6) more fun than the first two but not nearly as terrifying. (PG-13) (Season Finale) (N) (14) Vin Diesel. (R) during crucial summer months. The catch?
TBS The Big Bang The- The Big Bang The- The Big Bang The- The Big Bang The- The Big Bang The- The Big Bang The- The Big Bang The- The Misery Index Conan Actor John The Misery Index Seinfeld “The Each eatery is run by members of the same
ory (PG) ory (14) ory (14) ory (PG) ory (14) ory (14) ory (14) (N) (14) Lithgow. (N) (14) Beard.” (PG)
family.
TCM . His Girl Friday (1940). Cary Grant, . Cabin in the Sky (1943). Heaven and hell compete for gambler’s soul. . Stormy Weather (1943). Bill Robinson, Lena Horne. All Night Long (1962). Patrick McGoo-
Rosalind Russell. (6:15) Slow start but good score, yummy Lena and Minnelli’s directing debut. Musical. Obvious plot but exceptional performers. han, Betsy Blair. Good jazz, period. GABE COHN
TLC My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction My Addiction
TNT Bones “The Mastodon in the Room.” Jack Reacher (2012). Tom Cruise, Rosamund Pike. Shadowy investigator probes sniper attack. Lone Survivor (2013). Mark Wahlberg, Taylor Kitsch. Four Navy SEALs face
(14) Weary brutality. (PG-13) Taliban. Modest and effective. (R) (10:45) ONLINE: TELEVISION LISTINGS
TRAV Ghost Adventures (PG) Ghost Adventures (PG) Ghost Adventures (N) (14) Portals to Hell (N) (14) Portals to Hell (14) Ghost Adv. Daily television highlights, recent reviews by
TRU Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers Imp. Jokers The Times's critics, series recaps and what to
watch recommendations. nytimes.com/tv
TVLAND Andy Griffith Andy Griffith Love-Raymond Everybody Loves Raymond (8:45) Love-Raymond Two/Half Men Two/Half Men King of Queens King of Queens King of Queens
USA Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Chicago P.D. “Called in Dead.” Sus- Chicago P.D. “Shouldn’t Have Been Chicago P.D. (14)
“Net Worth.” (14) “Guardian.” (14) “Mama.” (14) pects hold Olinsky’s wife hostage. Alone.” (14)
Definitions of symbols used in Ratings:
VH1 T.I. & Tiny: Friends and Family Wild ’n Out Wild ’n Out Wild ’n Out Wild ’n Out Wild ’n Out Wild ’n Out Wild ’n Out Wild ’n Out Wild ’n Out the program listings: (Y) All children
VICE Always Sunny Always Sunny Who Killed Tupac? (Part 3 of 6) Who Killed Tupac? (Part 4 of 6) To be announced VICE News Mercy-Malice Who-Tupac? ★ Recommended film (Y7) Directed to older children
✩ Recommended series (G) General audience
WE Growing Up Hip Hop “The Setup.” Ro- Growing Up Hip Hop “Sit Down, Growing Up Hip Hop “A Treacherous Untold Stories of Hip Hop Interviews with Nelly and Trina. Growing Up Hip Hop “A Treacherous ● New or noteworthy program (PG) Parental guidance
meo’s sit-down sparks an uproar. Throne Down.” (14) Heart.” (N) (14) (N) (14) (10:14) Heart.” (14) (11:33) (N) New show or episode suggested
WGN-A How I Met How I Met How I Met How I Met How I Met How I Met How I Met How I Met How I Met How I Met Married . With (CC) Closed-caption (14) Parents strongly cautioned
(HD) High definition (MA) Mature audience only
YES Yankees Classics From Oct. 25, 2009. Yankees Classics From Nov. 4, 2009.
 C8 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

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Vancouver 50ss
50ss
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50 60s Regin
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egina TODAY ............Clouds and sunshine, warm
Seattle
Seatt Winnipeg
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becc Record
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0s 70s High 85. It will be warm, but the humidity
Spokane H
Halifax TODAY highs
60s Mont
Montreal
Mon will drop a little. There will be clouds and
Portlan
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70s sunshine. Showers will remain to the
Eugen
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Ottawa 70s Portland
Por 90° S S M T W T F S S M
60s
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e 60ss St. Paull
erre 80s Minneapolis
Pierre n Toronto
To nto Albany Bos
Boston TONIGHT ...............Cloudy, showers around
80s
80s 80s Hartford
artford
Casper Sioux Falls Milwauke
ee Detroit
Buffalo Low 69. The front will start to shift back to
New
ew
w Yor
York
Cleveland
Clevelan
C d the north into and across the area. This
90s 70s
R
Reno
70s L Des Moines
Chicago
o Pittsburgh
Pittsb Phi
Philadelphia
will result in mostly cloudy skies, with
Omaha 80°
San
an
nFFrrancisco
raancis o
ancis 80s
Salt Lake
Cheyen
h nne
nne showers. There will be a light breeze.
Cityy Washington
Wash
ash
as
s
shi
70s
70s Indianapolis
a
100+ 80ss 60s Denve
er Kansas Springfield
e TOMORROW ........Afternoon thunderstorms Normal
Topeka Richm
chmond
City Charleston
harlest
e highs
Fresn
Fresno Lass
La
70ss
Colorad
do St. Louis 90s
N
Norfolk High 85. It will be a very warm and humid
Ve
Vegas H Sprin
ngs
90s
Wichita Louisville
day. There will be showers or thunder-
Raleig
leig
eigh
gh
Los
oss An
n
ngeles 8
80s Santa Fe
Sant
San Nashville Charlotte
l storms in the afternoon or evening. There
100
100+
00
0 Oklahoma City Memphis will also be some sunshine. 70°
San
San
n Diego
D Phoe
Pho
hoenix
hoen 8
80s Al
Albuquerque Litt
ttl
tle Rock
Columb
bia
L
Lubbock 100+
00+
+ Birmingham
m
Atlanta SATURDAY ................Spotty thunderstorms
Tucson
Dallas 80s
0 The air will remain quite warm with some
El Paso Ft. Worth Jackson sunshine, but there will also be a good
J
Jacksonville
80
80s
chance for showers or thunderstorms. Normal
Baton
on Rouge Mo
Mobile 70ss 60° lows
Honolulu
olulu
ulu
u
H
Hilo
San Antonio New Or
Orlando SUNDAY
60s
60
0s
0s Hou
ouston Orleans Tampa
a MONDAY .........................Cooler, less humid
70s
70s
0 100+ 70s
0s
90s 80s Sunday will be cooler and breezy, with
Corpus Christi
Co
40s
Miami sunshine and some clouds. The highs will
Nassau
50s be 78. High pressure will be over the area
80s Monterrey
70s Weather patterns shown as expected at noon today, Eastern time. on Monday, bringing mostly sunny skies. 50°
Fairbanks TODAY’S HIGHS
The high will be 78.
Forecast Record
60s <0 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 100+
Actual range lows
Anchorage H L High High
Juneau
uneau COLD WARM STATIONARY COMPLEX HIGH LOW MOSTLY SHOWERS T-STORMS RAIN FLURRIES SNOW ICE
FRONTS COLD PRESSURE CLOUDY PRECIPITATION Low Low

Highlight: The Weekend Outlook National Forecast Metropolitan Almanac

A pocket of dry and slightly cooler air In Central Park, for the 16 hours ended at 4 p.m. yesterday.
JET STREAM Showers will extend from the lower Great Lakes to
New England. Just south of this zone, Temperature Precipitation (in inches)
there will be showers and thunderstorms Yesterday ............... 0.40
Record
L from the Mid-Atlantic coast to the Ohio high 95° Record .................... 3.01
L Valley and parts of the central and north- 90° TUE. YESTERDAY (1895) For the last 30 days
Actual ..................... 1.80
ern Plains. Severe thunderstorms are in Normal .................... 4.17
Thunderstorms store over this swath, as well. 78°
For the last 365 days
1 p.m.
H Farther south, showers and drenching 80° Actual ................... 45.00
thunderstorms will riddle the lower Mis- Normal Normal .................. 49.90
high 76°
sissippi Valley, the Gulf Coast and part of LAST 30 DAYS

the southern Atlantic Coast. Heat will Air pressure Humidity

Heavy Rain 70° High ........... 29.80 1 a.m. High ............. 96% 4 a.m.
continue over the interior Southwest and Low ............ 29.62 2 p.m. Low .............. 50% 1 a.m.
Unusually Unusually build over the central and southern High
Cristobal
warm cool Plains. Only a few storms will erupt over Normal Cooling Degree Days
the Rockies. 60° low 60°
An index of fuel consumption that tracks how
An active weather pattern is expected in the Pacific Northwest and Southeast this weekend Cristobal will linger near the southern 60° far the day's mean temperature rose above 65
coast of Mexico and can weaken before 6 a.m.
with mainly warm conditions elsewhere. A dip in the jet stream will bring beneficial rainfall Yesterday..................................................................... 4
to the Northwest and possibly some mountain snow to the Cascades and much cooler moving to the north and strengthening 50° So far this month.......................................................... 5
Record So far this season (since January 1) .......................... 49
conditions to the Four Corners. Cristobal will bring heavy rain to areas along the Gulf Coast. over the Gulf of Mexico this weekend. low 45° Normal to date for the season ................................... 79
(1929)
4 12 6 12 4
p.m. a.m. a.m. p.m. p.m. Trends Temperature Precipitation
Cities Little Rock
Los Angeles
88/
87/
72
63
0.09 87/ 70 T
0 84/ 62 PC
91/
73/
72
62
PC
PC
New Delhi
Riyadh
99/
109/
79 0
82 0
96/ 75 C
112/ 85 PC
96/
111/
78
81
PC
PC Average Average
High/low temperatures for the 16 hours ended at 4 Louisville 91/ 72 0 88/ 72 T 89/ 73 PC Seoul 82/ 63 Tr 75/ 60 PC 82/ 61 PC Avg. daily departure Avg. daily departure Below Above Below Above
p.m. yesterday, Eastern time, and precipitation (in inches) Memphis 89/ 73 0.02 85/ 72 T 89/ 74 PC Shanghai 84/ 74 0.90 86/ 72 C 80/ 71 T from normal from normal Last 10 days
for the 16 hours ended at 4 p.m. yesterday. Miami 86/ 76 0.20 82/ 76 T 86/ 79 C Singapore 88/ 80 0.43 86/ 79 T 85/ 79 T this month
...................... -2.4° this.........................
year +2.3°
Milwaukee 84/ 63 0.65 80/ 64 S 82/ 61 S Sydney 64/ 46 0 62/ 45 PC 65/ 44 S 30 days
Expected conditions for today and tomorrow.
Mpls.-St. Paul 85/ 63 0 86/ 64 T 82/ 60 S Taipei City 92/ 79 0 96/ 78 PC 96/ 79 PC 90 days
C ........................ Clouds S .............................Sun Nashville 91/ 71 0 88/ 70 T 89/ 71 PC Tehran 102/ 78 0 100/ 78 PC 100/ 77 PC Reservoir levels (New York City water supply) 365 days
F............................. Fog Sn ....................... Snow New Orleans 89/ 76 0 89/ 75 S 89/ 78 T Tokyo 81/ 71 0.01 78/ 70 PC 80/ 70 PC
H .......................... Haze SS .......... Snow showers Norfolk 93/ 73 0 91/ 73 PC 86/ 71 PC Yesterday ............... 98% Chart shows how recent temperature and precipitation
Oklahoma City 92/ 71 0 93/ 70 T 96/ 70 S Europe Yesterday Today Tomorrow
I............................... Ice T............ Thunderstorms Est. normal ............. 99% trends compare with those of the last 30 years.
Omaha 91/ 66 0.40 89/ 70 S 89/ 68 PC Amsterdam 68/ 54 0 59/ 47 T 56/ 48 R
PC ............. Partly cloudy Tr ......................... Trace Athens 73/ 60 0.13 77/ 61 S 76/ 63 C
Orlando 84/ 72 0.81 80/ 73 T 85/ 74 T
R ........................... Rain W ........................ Windy Berlin 77/ 53 0 76/ 53 C 64/ 49 C
Philadelphia 90/ 70 0.24 88/ 70 PC 88/ 72 T
Sh ................... Showers –............... Not available Phoenix
Pittsburgh
110/
83/
84
63
0 110/ 87 PC
0.09 80/ 65 T
104/
84/
73
67
PC
T
Brussels
Budapest
73/ 55 0
70/ 47 0.01
61/ 45 C
76/ 59 C
57/ 46 R
74/ 54 T
Recreational Forecast
N.Y.C. region Yesterday Today Tomorrow
Portland, Me. 64/ 51 0.06 77/ 57 PC 78/ 61 PC Copenhagen 61/ 53 0 65/ 52 T 61/ 49 R
New York City 78/ 60 0.40 85/ 69 PC 85/ 70 T Portland, Ore. 74/ 50 0 72/ 54 PC 67/ 51 C Dublin 57/ 50 0.32 61/ 45 C 59/ 39 PC Sun, Moon and Planets Beach and Ocean Temperatures
Bridgeport 78/ 60 0.16 80/ 63 PC 80/ 66 PC Providence 80/ 63 0.18 84/ 63 PC 85/ 66 C Edinburgh 57/ 45 0.18 58/ 40 C 57/ 43 Sh
Caldwell 84/ 60 0.11 87/ 66 PC 89/ 70 T Raleigh 92/ 72 0 91/ 68 PC 87/ 71 PC Frankfurt 81/ 56 0.02 68/ 49 T 62/ 50 PC Full Last Quarter New First Quarter
Danbury 80/ 55 0.14 83/ 62 PC 85/ 65 PC Reno 91/ 60 0 92/ 60 S 87/ 56 W Geneva 77/ 53 0.10 65/ 51 T 61/ 52 C Today’s forecast
Islip 81/ 60 0.30 80/ 63 PC 81/ 65 PC Richmond 94/ 74 0 93/ 73 PC 89/ 72 PC Helsinki 64/ 43 0 64/ 49 C 61/ 50 C
Newark 86/ 63 0.04 88/ 67 PC 86/ 71 T Rochester 78/ 60 0.27 83/ 61 S 85/ 63 T Istanbul 64/ 58 0 73/ 61 S 77/ 64 S
Trenton 86/ 61 0.04 85/ 66 T 86/ 69 T Sacramento 103/ 63 0 101/ 59 S 85/ 56 PC Kiev 59/ 46 0.04 64/ 52 Sh 72/ 58 Sh June 5 June 13 June 21 June 28
White Plains 80/ 58 0.14 82/ 63 PC 83/ 66 PC Salt Lake City 91/ 69 0 92/ 70 S 96/ 71 C Lisbon 75/ 60 0 75/ 58 T 73/ 57 S 3:11 p.m. 2:41 a.m.
United States Yesterday Today Tomorrow San Antonio 90/ 73 0.04 93/ 74 PC 94/ 73 PC London 66/ 55 0.13 64/ 49 C 63/ 46 PC Kennebunkport
San Diego 76/ 64 0 75/ 64 PC 70/ 63 PC Madrid 84/ 59 0 75/ 50 T 82/ 56 S Sun RISE 5:26 a.m. Moon S 4:37 a.m. 75/56 Partly sunny and warmer
Albany 79/ 61 0.44 86/ 63 PC 89/ 66 PC Moscow 57/ 50 0.18 68/ 51 R 67/ 53 PC
San Francisco 82/ 56 0 74/ 55 S 67/ 56 W SET 8:24 p.m. R 7:18 p.m.
Albuquerque 92/ 66 0 96/ 66 S 95/ 70 T Nice 72/ 63 0 69/ 60 R 75/ 60 S
San Jose 95/ 63 0 90/ 58 S 74/ 55 PC Cape Cod
Anchorage 61/ 48 0.03 59/ 47 C 61/ 48 S Oslo 72/ 50 0 65/ 51 R 60/ 47 R
NEXT R 5:25 a.m. S 5:17 a.m. 40
40s
San Juan 91/ 78 0.05 92/ 79 S 90/ 78 PC 78/64 Partly sunny and warm
Atlanta 88/ 70 0 87/ 70 PC 86/ 71 PC Paris 81/ 61 0 65/ 50 C 62/ 51 R Jupiter S 8:43 a.m. Mars R 1:37 a.m.
Seattle 68/ 50 0 68/ 53 PC 67/ 50 C
Atlantic City 85/ 69 0.11 80/ 67 PC 78/ 67 T Prague 74/ 52 0.19 71/ 54 C 61/ 48 C R 11:12 p.m. S 12:46 p.m.
Sioux Falls 84/ 62 0 85/ 64 T 83/ 64 PC L.I. North Shore
Austin 90/ 70 0.04 93/ 72 PC 93/ 70 PC Rome 74/ 56 0 75/ 62 W 73/ 57 T
Spokane 71/ 50 0 71/ 51 PC 72/ 51 Sh Saturn S 9:09 a.m. Venus R 5:20 a.m.
Baltimore 96/ 69 0 90/ 70 T 90/ 72 T St. Petersburg 68/ 44 0 62/ 51 R 72/ 52 R 82/65 Partly sunny
St. Louis 95/ 71 0 86/ 72 T 93/ 73 T R 11:28 p.m. S 8:16 p.m.
Baton Rouge 88/ 70 0 89/ 72 T 90/ 72 T Stockholm 66/ 41 0 65/ 45 PC 66/ 51 R
St. Thomas 90/ 80 0.02 89/ 80 S 89/ 79 S
Birmingham 88/ 69 0 85/ 71 PC 86/ 71 PC Vienna 71/ 54 0.49 78/ 60 PC 64/ 52 T L.I. South Shore
Syracuse 76/ 59 0.26 85/ 63 S 87/ 65 T Boating
Boise 85/ 58 0 82/ 60 PC 95/ 56 PC Tampa 86/ 75 0.21 80/ 74 T 84/ 75 T Warsaw 63/ 47 0.09 69/ 53 PC 74/ 53 T 74/63 Periodic sunshine
Boston 77/ 63 0.07 83/ 65 PC 84/ 68 PC Toledo 85/ 62 0.21 87/ 65 T 89/ 66 PC
North America Yesterday Today Tomorrow From Montauk Point to Sandy Hook, N.J., out to 20
Buffalo 73/ 58 0.32 80/ 62 S 83/ 62 T Tucson 104/ 77 0 106/ 78 PC 104/ 67 C N.J. Shore
Burlington 69/ 54 0.38 79/ 59 PC 87/ 63 PC nautical miles, including Long Island Sound and New York
Tulsa 91/ 74 0 93/ 75 T 96/ 74 PC Acapulco 88/ 74 0 84/ 76 PC 84/ 76 PC 80/67 Partial sunshine
Casper 84/ 52 0 86/ 48 W 90/ 60 T Harbor.
Virginia Beach 89/ 72 0 87/ 71 PC 83/ 70 PC Bermuda 73/ 63 0 76/ 70 PC 76/ 70 C 50s
Charlotte 89/ 71 0 88/ 68 T 87/ 71 C Washington 95/ 73 0 92/ 72 T 90/ 75 PC Edmonton 58/ 45 0.04 61/ 37 C 68/ 48 PC Wind will be from the west, then from the south, at 6-12 Eastern Shore
Chattanooga 90/ 71 0 85/ 70 T 86/ 71 T Wichita 96/ 71 0 96/ 72 PC 99/ 72 PC Guadalajara 90/ 61 0 95/ 62 PC 96/ 64 S knots. Wave heights will be a foot or less on Long Island 88/70 Clouds, periodic sun
Chicago 85/ 66 0.55 89/ 68 PC 87/ 65 T Wilmington, Del. 89/ 68 0.04 87/ 69 PC 87/ 72 T Havana 88/ 75 0.09 85/ 76 C 87/ 77 Sh Sound and New York Harbor and 3-5 feet on the ocean.
Cincinnati 88/ 68 0 84/ 69 T 85/ 71 PC Kingston 91/ 78 0.02 88/ 79 W 89/ 81 W Visibility will average 5 miles. Ocean City Md. 60s
Cleveland 80/ 64 0.30 82/ 64 T 86/ 64 T Africa Yesterday Today Tomorrow Martinique 88/ 77 0.15 89/ 75 Sh 89/ 76 Sh 79/68 Partly sunny
Colorado Springs 83/ 54 0 86/ 58 PC 90/ 62 PC Algiers 81/ 61 0 88/ 62 W 81/ 59 PC Mexico City 73/ 55 0.10 81/ 55 T 81/ 53 PC High Tides
Columbus 89/ 67 0 82/ 68 T 86/ 70 T Cairo 89/ 67 0 91/ 68 PC 90/ 66 S Monterrey 89/ 69 0 91/ 70 PC 91/ 71 PC Virginia Beach Color bands
Concord, N.H. 76/ 54 0.06 84/ 57 PC 90/ 63 PC Cape Town 66/ 55 0 74/ 53 PC 71/ 51 PC Montreal 62/ 52 0.11 75/ 57 PC 83/ 63 PC Atlantic City .................... 6:49 a.m. .............. 7:18 p.m. indicate water
87/71 Partly sunny
Dallas-Ft. Worth 92/ 75 0 95/ 76 S 97/ 75 S Dakar 82/ 74 0 81/ 74 S 81/ 75 S Nassau 86/ 77 0.04 87/ 76 T 88/ 77 PC Barnegat Inlet ................. 7:03 a.m. .............. 7:30 p.m. temperature.
Denver 87/ 57 0 87/ 59 PC 92/ 64 PC Johannesburg 72/ 44 0 69/ 41 PC 67/ 41 PC Panama City 84/ 75 0.25 86/ 76 T 88/ 76 T The Battery ..................... 7:40 a.m. .............. 8:04 p.m.
Des Moines 88/ 68 0.32 88/ 69 PC 87/ 64 PC Nairobi 75/ 56 0 76/ 53 PC 78/ 55 PC Quebec City 65/ 49 0.06 74/ 48 PC 81/ 57 T Beach Haven .................. 8:29 a.m. .............. 8:57 p.m.
Detroit 85/ 63 0.15 86/ 65 PC 87/ 64 T Tunis 81/ 60 0 95/ 66 S 82/ 63 W Santo Domingo 93/ 72 0.08 91/ 74 PC 92/ 73 PC Bridgeport .................... 10:45 a.m. ............ 11:02 p.m.
El Paso 102/ 75 0 104/ 78 PC 104/ 77 T Toronto 78/ 62 0.22 83/ 58 PC 84/ 59 PC City Island ..................... 11:04 a.m. ............ 11:13 p.m.
The New England beaches will be partly
Fargo 85/ 60 0 81/ 55 T 81/ 53 S Asia/Pacific Yesterday Today Tomorrow Vancouver 59/ 48 0 64/ 47 C 64/ 48 PC
Hartford 80/ 60 0.10 87/ 63 PC 89/ 66 PC Baghdad 106/ 75 0 104/ 76 PC 107/ 78 PC Fire Island Lt. .................. 7:57 a.m. .............. 8:25 p.m. sunny and warm, with a gentle breeze.
Winnipeg 78/ 51 0 78/ 48 T 66/ 43 C
Honolulu 88/ 76 0.02 87/ 74 Sh 87/ 74 PC Bangkok 95/ 76 0.08 92/ 80 T 92/ 79 T Montauk Point ................ 8:16 a.m. .............. 8:37 p.m. Long Island and New Jersey beaches will
Houston 91/ 73 0.09 92/ 73 PC 93/ 74 PC Beijing 96/ 67 0 90/ 60 C 89/ 61 S South America Yesterday Today Tomorrow Northport ..................... 11:00 a.m. ............ 11:14 p.m.
Indianapolis 87/ 68 0 83/ 68 T 87/ 69 PC Damascus 81/ 53 0 87/ 53 PC 91/ 56 PC Buenos Aires 57/ 45 0 58/ 51 S 62/ 55 PC Port Washington ........... 11:18 a.m. ............ 11:27 p.m. be warm, with clouds and sunshine.
Jackson 87/ 71 Tr 86/ 71 PC 88/ 72 T Hong Kong 91/ 84 0.05 90/ 80 Sh 90/ 83 T Caracas 89/ 73 0.03 86/ 75 S 85/ 75 T Sandy Hook .................... 7:11 a.m. .............. 7:39 p.m. Beaches from Delaware south to Virginia
Jacksonville 88/ 71 0 79/ 69 T 84/ 70 T Jakarta 91/ 77 0.05 93/ 77 C 91/ 75 PC Lima 69/ 63 0 68/ 62 C 67/ 62 PC Shinnecock Inlet ............. 6:54 a.m. .............. 7:20 p.m.
Kansas City 91/ 70 0 89/ 71 PC 93/ 70 PC Jerusalem 75/ 57 0 81/ 58 S 81/ 58 S Quito 62/ 51 0.08 69/ 50 R 69/ 50 C Stamford ...................... 10:54 a.m. ............ 11:09 p.m.
Beach will have a very warm and humid
Key West 86/ 79 0.11 85/ 81 T 87/ 82 C Karachi 95/ 82 0.02 95/ 84 PC 95/ 85 PC Recife 88/ 74 0 85/ 76 Sh 85/ 76 PC Tarrytown ....................... 9:29 a.m. .............. 9:53 p.m. day, with sunshine.
Las Vegas 104/ 81 0 106/ 80 S 101/ 71 PC Manila 93/ 83 0 97/ 83 PC 96/ 82 S Rio de Janeiro 75/ 68 0 76/ 70 PC 77/ 70 PC Willets Point .................. 11:02 a.m. ............ 11:12 p.m.
Lexington 87/ 69 0 83/ 69 T 86/ 69 PC Mumbai 83/ 81 1.30 89/ 81 T 90/ 83 T Santiago 54/ 42 0.34 59/ 36 S 63/ 36 S

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2 LOCKDOWN FRAGRANCES
Scents to help shape a
formless week. BY GUY TREBAY
3 PROTESTS
The designer Virgil Abloh’s
comments cause a backlash.
FASHION BEAUTY NIGHTLIFE
After the tempests, the urge to dress up will resume. But the world has changed.
The Great Instagram Blackout
A targeted day of social media solidarity against racial injustice rings hollow for many.
JAMILA THOMAS AND Brianna Agyemang,
two black women who work in music mar-
keting, proposed that the music industry
hold a day of reflection on Tuesday after
the death of George Floyd.
But what began as a targeted effort
quickly morphed into the sea of black boxes
you see on Instagram and other social plat-
forms under the banner #blackouttuesday,
posted by creatives, musicians, brands and
everyday people who wanted to show
solidarity for racial justice.
While some vowed to “mute” them-
selves online for the rest of the day,
or week, as part of the blackout,
others voiced concern that silence
was not the answer, and that the use
of the hashtag #blacklivesmatter in
the posts was doing more harm
than good, drowning out other
postings under the same
slogan. By afternoon, many
were deleting their posts.
At Styles, we spend a lot of our
days chatting about things we see online,
trying to make sense of it all. Here, four
women of color — Jasmine Howard, an
operations manager; Tariro Mzezewa, a
Travel reporter; Lindsey Underwood, a
Styles editor; and Caity Weaver, a Styles
reporter — talk about the blackout on Insta-
gram. The conversation has been edited.
LINDSEY UNDERWOOD I don’t post on Insta-
gram often, but today I felt a pull to post. My
feed was flooded with black squares, but I
just couldn’t pull the trigger. I felt conflicted
about seeing so many of my white friends —
who may have great intentions — posting
the blackout. I just imagine some level of
satisfaction they may feel that they “spoke
out,” but I’m not sure what it really accom-
plishes.
MARIANNA GEFEN
JASMINE HOWARD I think most of them feel
they should, or have to, so they’re not sin-
gled out for being the only ones not posting.
TARIRO MZEZEWA We’ve all seen performa-
tive and insincere allyship in the days since
George Floyd died in police custody, and
some of us may come at something like this
with some degree of skepticism.
I think it’s great that people want a
visual uniting symbol of solidarity, but
I can also see how people who
haven’t said a word in the past —
or in the past week — feel like
they’ll look bad to their follow-
ers if they don’t post. So they
post, but with no real intention
of listening, learning, donating,
protesting or helping beyond the
post. The post makes them feel
like they’ve done their part.
HOWARD I’ve seen a few posts where I’m
like, “I would’ve rather you’d done nothing.”
MZEZEWA Yes! You say you’re posting to not
take up space, but you’re still taking up
space. Might as well use that to share re-
sources and info, no?
Definitely — I’ve also gotten a lot
HOWARD
CONTINUED ON PAGE D3
5 HERE, TOYGER, TOYGER
‘I wanted to design a beautiful
little cat.’ BY ALEXANDRA MARVAR
4 RELATIONSHIPS
Conflict resolution tips from
gay couples. BY CHRISTINA CARON
THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 D1
N
Fashion
Industry
Finished?
Not So Fast
By VANESSA FRIEDMAN
It is a truth that may be hard to imagine in a
world devastated by illness and economic inse-
curity, riven by racism and unrest, but we will
get dressed again.
Dressed not for the anonymity of the hospital
or the essential work force, the heat and heart-
break of the protest, the anomie of the super-
market or the park, but for the next stage cathar-
sis. Capital D Dressed. It is both history and hu-
man nature.
“We will come out of this, like we come out of
a war,” said Li Edelkoort, a trend forecaster.
“The buildings are still there, but everything is
in ruins. We will want two things: security and
to dance.”
“We will be aching for something new, to re-
fresh our personalities,” she added. “Eccentric
clothes, romantic clothes.”
And that is why, after months in which the
death of fashion was proclaimed loudly and
regularly, a week when it was once again forced
to confront its own role in preserving inequality,
the motor of the industry has begun to shift into
gear once more, in Europe and Asia if not yet in
America, where stores remain nailed shut.
Thus far, there has been a lot of focus on the
“system.” A lot of anguish about the need for
CONTINUED ON PAGE D6
ANGAL FIELD FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
‘Clueless’ Is 25. We Check In.
Alicia Silverstone’s slow evolution from ‘It’ girl to
animal-rights advocate and food activist. Page 4.
D2 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Designer D.I.Y. Kate and Laura Mulleavy
A New Bag to Tote Around
By VANESSA FRIEDMAN
Dish towels have never seemed so important or ubiquitous as they have during
these weeks of lockdown. But they are even more multipurpose than you might
expect, or so said Kate and Laura Mulleavy of Rodarte. The sisters are known for
their imagination and ability to find beauty in unexpected places.
“We are all stuck at home, but even if you are just hauling laundry from one room
to another, it makes you feel better to be able to put stuff away in something that
cheers you up,” Laura Mulleavy said. “We have so many dish towels around and are
always in need of reusable totes that we can also use as storage.”
So they decided to make one out of a dish towel and some costume jewelry. Here’s how you can, too.
Step 3
Sew each side of the flattened part
together with a straight stitch half an
inch from each edge so that the sides
of the T are closed. This will form a
V-shaped notch at the bottom of the
towel. If looked at from the side, it
will resemble a Y.
Step 7
Cut a ribbon in four pieces, each piece
four inches long. Loop each ribbon
through each of the four ends in the
two lengths of necklace, bringing the
ends of the ribbon together.
Scented Diary of a Lockdown
By GUY TREBAY
Today, I am feeling Hinoki. It is Monday, or
at least I think so. Nine weeks into lock-
down, each morning dawns another Blurs-
day. Time torques, the compass shrinks and
with it the conviction that a horizon exists
and, beyond it, an end to the pandemic.
As a balm for a latent terror of lethal mi-
croscopic airborne particles, I spritz myself
each morning in a benign aerosol cloud.
This is what the droning experts from the
increasingly competitive self-care sector
refer to as coping. Other people drink. I
drink, too, but I find I need something to
give shape to the 12 hours between waking
and cocktails. That thing is fragrance, a sub-
stance with well-established powers to alter
mood, unlock memory and evoke foreign
vistas, a significant fact for anyone that has
spent months gazing at four walls and a
bonsai tree.
For years the stuff I’ve worn has been
Marinella 287, a freshly citric, almost bar-
bershop eau de toilette produced by the un-
derrated Neapolitan haberdashers of the
same name. Like the label itself, Marinella
287 is to be admired for its modesty.
Lately, though, I find myself hankering
for more complex stuff, fragrance heavies
acquired over my travels and yet seldom
worn because I lacked the occasion or the
nerve.
As it is Monday, I begin light with Hinoki,
a fresh and arboreal scent created in 2008
for Comme des Garçons by the perfumer
Antoine Maisondieu. Because fragrance is
all but impossible to describe, its makers of-
ten resort to narrative drivel. According to
some printed text that accompanies the bot-
tle, Hinoki (one in a group of fine numbered
releases from Comme des Garçons in col-
laboration with Monocle) is meant to evoke
the sensation of soaking in a hinoki wood
tub in the garden of a Kyoto ryokan.
Who knows? What is certain is that its
airiness is a delight when I pull off the stale
smelling N95 protective mask I must wear
to go out for coffee.
As though packing for a real trip, I map
out the next week, planning a daily chang-
ing fragrance wardrobe. Tuesday, I decide,
will be Angeliques Sous La Pluie, a
Your Tool Kit
■ One cotton or linen dish towel,
approximately 20 by 27 inches;
ideally striped, but any pattern
will do
■ Two costume jewelry neck-
laces, like the plastic beaded
kind that are handed out at
Mardi Gras, or one chain-link
plastic necklace
■ One thick ribbon
■ Sewing machine with cotton-
poly thread or, if you are sewing
by hand, a tapestry needle and
embroidery thread
■ Straightedge ruler
■ Scissors
Step 4
Sew each side together with a
straight stitch, vertically from the
bottom of the V to the upper end of
the folded towel. Invert the bag and
press the bottom open to make a floor.
Step 8
Measure to the center of the upper,
open rim of the bag. Then measure
three and a half inches from there in
either direction and mark those
spots. That is where the loops, or the
two ends of the handles, will go.
sprightly if fugitive (you have to renew it 25
times a day) unisex fragrance created for
Editions de Parfums Frédéric Malle by
Jean-Claude Ellena.
The celebrated Mr. Ellena was formerly
the “parfumeur exclusif’’ for Hermès, the
man behind First for Van Cleef & Arpels,
Eau Parfumee au the Vert for Bulgari and
the author of a 2012 memoir, “Diary of a
Nose,’’ a volume that crams a surprising
load of pretension into a mere 145 pages. Al-
most as much as wine talk, I dislike the no-
tion and lexicon of “noses.” I resist the
trashy clutter of adjectives often deployed
to fancy up simple chemistry in the flavors
and fragrance business. The ineffable
magic that occurs when gorgeous mole-
cules of smell and taste stimulate our pleas-
ure receptors is best left to imagination —
unless, that is, you are Proust.
By Wednesday, I anticipate a mood shift
because, even more than during ordinary
times, Humpday feels like a trick to dupe
you into forgetting the coming three days of
labor. Glad as I am to have paid work, I miss
the real rhythms of the office, the camara-
derie, the proverbial water cooler, the sup-
plies.
Absent all that, I will douse myself in
Guerlain’s Mouchoir de Monsieur, a pow-
Step 5
Make the sides. Measure a quarter of
an inch from each side seam and
straight stitch vertically from the top
around the bottom and up the other
side to create a soft rectangular side
that will turn the sac into a box shape.
Step 9
Secure the loops to the bag at two stitch
points, the upper one one-eighth of an
inch from the top edge of the bag, the
lower one one-eighth of an inch from
the bottom of the loop ribbon.
MEN’S
COLOG N E S G I V E
MEANING AND
S H A PE TO A
WE E K .
A peek at the author’s
medicine cabinet, lined with
fragrances for the week.
GUY TREBAY/THE NEW YORK TIMES
ILLUSTRATIONS BY SAMANTHA HAHN
Step 1
Fold your chosen dish towel
in half so that the inside is on
the outside.
Step 2
Create a bottom. At the fold, measure
two inches on each side, vertically.
Mark and draw a line from one dot to
the other. Then flatten the lower part
of the folded towel so that it makes a
T-shape perpendicular to the body,
four inches across. This will become
the “bottom” of the tote.
Step 6
Fold each necklace in half.
Step 10
Put bag over your arm and go!
dery granddad concoction first formulated
in 1904, and then fire up the old laptop. I will
imagine while writing that I am that rake
who dabs cologne on his handkerchief be-
fore making sorties into the belle epoque sa-
lons of Paris, and not a wage slave who has
to remind himself to wear pants for Zoom.
Thursday, I will sport Dior Homme as a
deeply affectionate nod to an old-school
classic. By this I mean the dusty, woody lav-
ender-and-sage version first created in
2005 by the perfumer Olivier Polge, stream-
lined in 2011 by François Demachy and still
available online and in certain countries in
its first iteration. Though a further updated
Dior Homme was released just before the
pandemic, its butch rectangular bottle is a
mite too assertively branded for me, its fra-
grance almost anachronistically sweet.
Sensing that by Friday I will want to put
some celebratory punctuation on the week
gone by, I weigh two unalike though equally
tempting options. One is Krigler’s Oud for
Highness, a densely sensual fragrance cre-
ated in 1975 by this heritage label for King
Hussein of Jordan. The other is Baccarat
Rouge 540 from Francis Kurkdjian, the
gifted creator of Jean Paul Gaultier’s metro-
sexual best seller, Le Male. Baccarat Rouge
540 is a fragrance that — while its compo-
nents include wholesome substances like
jasmine, saffron and cedar — dries on the
skin with a singed finish evocative of the
term “gateway drug.’’
Yet that is deceptive. Each of these fra-
grances is intoxicating and yet exists in a
universe far removed from the drug-
counter crack created by marketers and
doomed to die on the dusty shelves of dis-
count outlets.
If, like my Saturday choice (the tonic and
peppery Eau de Citron Noir by Hermès),
some are not quite claimants to greatness,
still they retain their transporting powers.
And they mostly reach a standard set by
Tania Sanchez, co-author with Luca Turin of
the smartly cutting encyclopedia, “Per-
fumes — The A to Z Guide,’’ for olfactory au-
thority.
“It decorates the day,’’ Ms. Sanchez wrote
of any fragrance that justifies itself and the
term. And if ever the days needed ornament
it is now.
(Here you may be wondering what be-
comes of Sunday. The answer is nothing: It
is the palate cleanser of the fragrance
week.)
EVERYTHING MUST GO
Clients Bid
The Modist
A Reluctant
Farewell
DARREN GERRISH/WIREIMAGE
Ghizlan Guenez, the founder of the
Modist, in London in 2019.
By JESSICA TESTA
Before the Modist, Noor Tagouri
would spend as much as an hour a day
browsing fashion e-commerce plat-
forms, she said, just looking for some-
thing to wear.
A journalist and activist (and fash-
ion enthusiast) in New York, Ms.
Tagouri had grown accustomed to
watching runway shows and men-
tally calculating whether she could
make any of the looks work, often
coming up short.
Then, at Istanbul Fashion Week in
2016, Ms. Tagouri met Ghizlan
Guenez, an entrepreneur working on
an idea for a website that sold modest
clothing from luxury brands. Ms.
Tagouri was captivated, and when
Ms. Guenez introduced the Modist in
2017, she became a loyal customer.
“It was life changing,” Ms. Tagouri
said. “I actually really mean that.”
For Ms. Tagouri, who wears hijab,
the Modist’s “effortlessly chic” styling
ideas were just as important as its in-
ventory of Valentino, Burberry and
more. The images inspired her and
made her feel proud.
“I had never known of a market-
place or a store where I could wear ev-
ery single thing, and I didn’t have to
think about layering,” she said. “I
The coronavirus
takes down a
young business.
don’t think anybody will understand
that unless they’ve gone through the
experience of seeing themselves fully
represented for the first time.”
While the Modist was one of the
first companies to sell modest options
from multiple luxury brands, major e-
commerce retailers began adopting
the same strategy around the same
time, adding full-coverage categories
to their websites.
There was a boom in competition
for luxury modest shoppers, and the
Modist raised millions in funding
from investors, including Farfetch.
But platforms like Net-a-Porter had
more money, name recognition and
brands in stock. (Today Net-a-
Porter’s Modest Edit, formerly
known as its Ramadan Edit, is offered
beside the Summer Shop and
Kidswear.)
In early April, Ms. Guenez an-
nounced the end of the Modist, writ-
ing that the economic crisis catalyzed
by the coronavirus “has left our
young business vulnerable with no
option but to cease operating.”
Customers were crushed, and so were
other Muslim female business own-
ers, who were already feeling anxious
about their futures.
Melanie Elturk, the founder of the
online store Haute Hijab, paid tribute
to Ms. Guenez as a mentor: “We all
stand on your shoulders,” she posted
on Instagram.
Ms. Elturk established her com-
pany a few years before the Modist.
Still, she said, Ms. Guenez had been a
“total titan of industry when it came
to navigating the V.C. world and scal-
ing your business. Even though she
got onto the scene later than us in the
modest fashion industry, she did it
with such a bang.”
“I am so devastated for her and for
all of us — those who wear hijab, those
who don’t, those who just prefer to
dress modestly,” Ms. Elturk said. “It
was an incredible source for us to go
to and feel great about the way we
dress.”
 THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020 N D3

Remarks About Protesters

Disappoint a Designer’s Fans
Virgil Abloh of Louis Vuitton
and Off-White sets off a
social media firestorm.
By VANESSA FRIEDMAN
and ELIZABETH PATON
In 2018, when Louis Vuitton named Virgil
Abloh as its men’s wear artistic director, it
made Mr. Abloh, the founder of Off-White, a
Nike collaborator and the former creative
director for Kanye West, one of the first
black designers at the top of a French her-
itage house.
The appointment was seen as the dawn of
a new era and a move by an industry that
had long struggled to face its racism. Rather
than merely appropriating or pillaging the
traditions of black culture, it was acknowl-
edging the truth.
Mr. Abloh was initially cheered as a pio-
neer and a symbol of progress, and held up
by many as a role model. “To show a young-
er generation that there is no one way any-
one in this kind of position has to look is a
fantastically modern spirit in which to
start,” he said two years ago in an interview
with The New York Times.
This past weekend, however, as the
killing of George Floyd by a white police of-
ficer spurred anguished waves of Black
Lives Matter protests and riots across the
United States, Mr. Abloh became for some a
symbol of a different kind: disappointment.
And a chunk of social media — the commu-
nications tool that he mastered and used to
build his empire — especially a chunk from
the subculture of Black Twitter, began to
take sledgehammers to the pedestal on
which he had been placed.
In response to questions about the build-
ing anger, Mr. Abloh sent a lengthy state-
ment to The Times addressing the issue of
racism and clarifying his posts and record,
and then decided to rescind it. A spokesman
texted that he had no comment for the mo-
ment, as “he has changed his mind in how
he will respond to this whenever he does fi-
nally respond.”
Here’s what happened.
As reports of protests and looting spread
across the country, Mr. Abloh started post-
ing on Instagram Stories and chastised loot-
ers for damaging businesses to which he
had a connection. He began with a familiar
topic: the notion that “streetwear is dead.”
“Case & point # 81 why I said ‘streetwear’
is dead,” read one post, alongside a video of
the Round Two vintage store in Los Angeles
after it was broken into and looted. Another
photo, depicting smashed artwork amid
broken glass at the Fat Tiger workshop in
Chicago, was accompanied by a caption
that read: “Our own communities, our own
Virgil Abloh is Louis Vuitton’s
men’s wear artistic director
and the founder of Off-White.
DAVID KASNIC FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
shops . . . this shop was built with blood
sweat and tears.”
Then came another post, this time of a
busted door at the RSVP Gallery in Chi-
cago. In a long note alongside the photo, Mr.
Abloh said that 11 years ago he and the
gallery owners had made a “commitment to
make something our local community could
see without the access we had been fortu-
nate to access.”
“Today that same community robbed us.
If that heals your pain, you can have it . . . ,”
the caption read.
He also wrote a passionate comment un-
der a post by Sean Wotherspoon, the owner
of Round Two. It read:
“You see the passion, blood, sweat and
tears Sean puts in for our culture. This dis-
gusts me. To the kids that ransacked his
store and RSVP DTLA, and all our stores in
our scene just know, that product staring at
you in your home/apartment right now is
tainted and a reminder of a person I hope
you aren’t. We’re a part of a culture together.
Is this what you want?? When you walk
past him in the future please have the dig-
nity to not look him in the eye, hang your
head in shame. . . . ”
Some people applauded Mr. Abloh’s mes-
sage. But the series of posts soon set off a
fiery online debate over his contribution to
black communities and wider global con-
versations about contemporary fashion and
culture, including the commodification of
the civil rights struggles of African-Ameri-
cans.
Tensions were stoked further on Sunday,
when Mr. Abloh posted a screen shot to
show that he had made a $50 donation to a
Miami art collective called Fempower to
help with the legal expenses of arrested pro-
testers.
Twitter swiftly took exception to the
amount of the donation, with scores of users
pointing out that most of Mr. Abloh’s prod-
ucts cost multiples of that amount.
By Monday morning, Mr. Abloh’s name
‘ WE’ R E A PA RT OF A CULTURE
TOG ET H E R . I S THIS WHAT
YOU WA N T ? ’
on his Wikipedia bio had been altered to
reflect the anger (it has since been
changed). His own signature quotation
marks, which he uses as a tool to demand
reconsideration of words, phrases and
ideas, setting them apart with a raised
eyebrow while also demanding a reckon-
ing through decontextualization, were
turned against him.
As a black American fashion designer,
Mr. Abloh has always been a rarity in an in-
dustry famous for its elitism and lack of di-
versity, though slow signs of change have
begun to appear.
Still, most fashion corporations have
been relatively quiet in their public re-
sponses to the protests, despite the fact that
America remains the world’s most valuable
market for sales of personal luxury goods
and that a growing chorus of consumers is
demanding that brands stake out a moral
position.
For some companies, the lack of a re-
sponse may stem from the sector’s own
shameful history with race, recently em-
bodied by the controversies around Gucci’s
blackface balaclava and Prada’s “Little
Black Sambo” figurines. Others may simply
be terrified of saying something insensitive
in a charged and painful moment in history.
Several designers, including Tory Burch,
Michael Kors and Marc Jacobs, have made
statements of solidarity with protesters via
personal social media accounts. “Property
can be replaced, human lives cannot,” Mr.
Jacobs wrote in a post, later acknowledging
in response to a comment below the post
that several of his stores had been damaged
by looters.
Telfar Clemens, an African-American de-
signer with a growing fan base and industry
attention, simply posted a burning police
van with no caption. Duckie Thot, who mod-
els for Fenty Beauty and is a vocal support-
er of better representation in fashion, de-
manded that the industry be more vocal in
its support for protesters.
But other high-profile industry figures
faced a backlash when they entered the
conversation. As violent scenes unfolded
from New York to Los Angeles, Anna Win-
tour, the editor of Vogue, wrote a letter on
Vogue.com. In it, she said Joseph R. Biden
Jr., the presumptive Democratic nominee
for president, should pick a black woman to
be his running mate.
The move prompted many
Twitter users to point out that
the first time a black photogra-
pher had shot a cover for the
American edition of the maga-
zine had been in 2018 and at the
behest of Beyoncé. (Ms. Win-
tour has been at the magazine
since 1988.)
Criticism was also leveled at
Louis Vuitton, Mr. Abloh’s employer,
which appeared to go ahead with a wom-
en’s handbag introduction via influencers
on Instagram as the crisis in America
gained momentum.
Diet Prada, the Instagram site that acts
as the self-appointed moral police of fash-
ion, raised questions about the LV decision,
asking, “Considering both the luxury
brands and the influencers they work with
have a global reach, do they have a duty to
align their activations with world news,
particularly amid such growing unrest?”
(The site has not addressed Mr. Abloh’s
posts.)
None of the opprobrium has reached the
level now surrounding Mr. Abloh, however.
“Once you’re a success, especially a unique
success, and a pop culture exemplar, this
comes with the territory,” said Bethann
Hardison, a former model and modeling
agent, and a longtime proponent of diversi-
ty in fashion. “You become a victim of it, but
you are also a winner of it, and you have to
wear that crown. The question is how you
wear it.”

The Great Instagram Blackout

CONTINUED FROM PAGE D1
of “I love you” or “tell me how to be
better” texts from white friends at-
tempting to be allies. Some of it seems
sent with the expectation that I will
immediately respond and acknowledge
that they’ve made the effort and
checked on their black friend. It’s still
asking me to do the work.
CAITY WEAVER My initial reaction was:
This feels sort of empty. A couple of my
black friends posted the squares, but
the vast majority of people who did it
on my feeds were white. Nonblack
people of color seemed to be split.
I started texting with a few friends —
some black, some other POC — and the
reaction from them, and from a lot of
black people I follow on social media
and whose judgment I tend to trust,
was that they didn’t like the squares.
But! Jasmine is also someone whose
judgment I trust, who is vocal about
activism on Instagram, and she posted
a square. So I am eager to hear all her
thoughts on it.
HOWARD One friend flat out told me
she’s happy I still love her.
WEAVER I think it all gets back to
meaning well versus doing well.
I have a white friend who, on Mon-
day, posted videos of herself at a pro-
test and shared information and links
about activism in her Instagram
Stories. It’s not her usual tone on Insta-
gram. And I was genuinely touched by
it. It made me feel happy and sup-
ported and loved.
(And she wasn’t tagging her black
friends in these posts, mind.)
Early in the day I checked to see if
she had done a black square post, and
she hadn’t. So I sent her a note to say
that I really appreciated all the other
stuff she was doing, and to let her
know, just in case she was wondering
about it, that I personally was not lov-
ing the black squares. I wanted to make
it clear her other actions mattered
more to me.
I have felt overwhelmed by the news
but also invigorated by all the people
sharing ways to be helpful. To have
huge black voids suddenly appear on
Instagram was jarring. I don’t be-
grudge any black person, especially,
out to share information about voting
in primary elections. And it’s like, oh,
Cardi, please don’t apologize!
MZEZEWA I think that might be the
only thing I’ve posted: someone else’s
post urging people to vote. Also, guys,
BRANDS! Brands love the square!
WEAVER I love holding brands account-
able financially. I’m glad record compa-
nies are making donations today. But
also: I don’t look to brands for inspira-
tion, news or guidance.
Gene Demby from NPR has been
doing a Twitter thread of brands’ well-
meaning but often tone-deaf responses.
Seeing them in aggregate is surreal.
Did we need to hear this from a
square makes you Malcolm X.
WEAVER One brand that is actually
helpful is Ben & Jerry’s. They are doing
things like reminding voters in Mon-
tana to apply to vote by mail. They are
not posting platitudes.
MZEZEWA I did a casual scroll-through
some of my favorite beauty and cloth-
ing companies’ Instagrams yesterday.
Crickets for a week. Today, the square.
I always try to buy from black busi-
nesses, but I do think this has really
made it a priority for me.
WEAVER Yes! And in a month, I will
still feel positively toward Ben & Jer-
ry’s. I will not remember that a makeup
brand posted a black square. Because
Ben & Jerry’s is putting in the work
regularly and not making a huge deal
about it. I think people are rushing to
seem profound, to show how deeply
they are affected right now. But, really,
the best thing for a brand to do is to
throw money at important causes.
MZEZEWA Use that money and donate
more than $50, brands.
HOWARD Just pay.

MZEZEWA It feels like it’s a way for from posting the black box. Cardi B Garfield-themed food app? WEAVER Pay!

white people who aren’t comfortable
talking about racism to avoid doing so
entirely, while acting like they are do-
ing something. Instead of having to
confront this thing that makes you so
uncomfortable, you can now post a
square and feel like you did something.
posted one, and she’s a super-vocal
advocate.
Her account also highlights what I
perceive as one of the flaws. She posted
the box on her main feed and later
uploaded an Instagram Story where
she apologized for breaking the black-
HOWARD LOL, we definitely did not.
Also, where have you all been the last
60 years?! Like, Land O’Lakes just
took the Native woman off of their
packaging. The Cleveland Indians are
still the Cleveland Indians. So much
wrong and you all think one black
HOWARD That’s really all any of them
can do for us anyway. That’s why I post
places to donate.
WEAVER Look at it this way: You are
paying for the pass that allows you to
say nothing. This is your awkward-
statement-avoidance tax.

‘My initial reaction was: This feels sort of empty,’ Caity Weaver, a Styles reporter,
says of the sea of black squares posted across social media platforms on Tuesday,
adding, ‘I think it all gets back to meaning well versus doing well.’
D4 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020

When Gay Couples Argue, It’s Different

Studies suggest that, on
average, heterosexuals aren’t
as good at conflict resolution.
By CHRISTINA CARON
Elana Arian and Julia Cadrain, a couple in
Brooklyn, recently fought about a hat. OK,
it wasn’t really about the hat. (It never is.)
Ms. Cadrain likes things tidy. Really tidy.
To the point where it annoys her entire
family. “I put things away while they’re still
using them,” she admitted.
So when Ms. Cadrain found one of Ms.
Arian’s favorite hats lying around, she
promptly scooped it up, but neglected to
store it properly. Arian later discovered her
hat had accidentally been crushed. “I was
irrationally so angry about that,” Ms. Arian
said.
They took a long walk, and had an hon-
est, calm conversation. Soon, they realized
that Ms. Arian’s frustration was actually
about something deeper.
“One of the things that came up was
this stress that we’re both under as a
result of the quarantine,” Ms.
Cadrain, 37, said. The couple is car-
ing for their 9-month-old daughter
while also guiding their 7-year-old
daughter through distance learning.
Ms. Arian, 39, a freelance musician, is
working much less than she typically
would. They had each been coping with this
in different ways.
“It feels like a very lesbian way to fight,”
Ms. Cadrain said. “There’s definitely never
any yelling. There’s no voice-raising. It’s
more kind of tense and quiet and sort of
process-heavy.”
But is there really a lesbian way to fight?
Or a way to address conflict that is specific
to gay men? While there is not much re-
search to draw from, the studies that do ex-
ist suggest that, on average, same-sex cou-
ples resolve conflict more constructively
than different-sex couples and with less
animosity.
There are always exceptions, and even
the healthiest of gay couples are not contin-
ually basking in a rainbow-hued utopia.
They have problems just like everyone
else. If they did not, “I’d be out of business,”
said Rick Miller, a psychotherapist in Bos-
ton who works with gay and straight
couples.
Likewise, it is unfair to lump all straight
couples together, and disingenuous to sug-
gest that they are not capable of arguing in
a healthy way. But Mr. Miller said that be-
cause male and female same-sex couples
each had different strengths that helped
them endure, we could all learn from them.
Here are some constructive methods to
handle disagreements, as observed by re-
searchers of gay couples:
USE HUMOR TO DIFFUSE ANGER Cracking a
joke in the midst of a heated moment can
backfire, but when done properly, “it al-
most immediately releases the tension,”
said Robert Rave, 45, who lives with his
husband, David Forrest, in Los Angeles.
Mr. Rave cited a recent car trip where Mr.
Forrest, 35, used humor to help end an es-
calating argument over whether they
should rely on Google Maps. “For me, as a
general rule, I self-admittedly will get very
much in my head,” Mr. Rave said. “And Da-
vid will just simply take the piss out of it
and make me laugh.”
A 2003 study compared 40 same-sex cou-
ples with 40 heterosexual couples over the
course of 12 years to learn what makes
same-sex relationships succeed or fail. The
findings suggested that same-sex couples
tended to be more positive when bringing
up a disagreement and were more likely to
Who is more remain positive after a disagreement when
compared with heterosexual couples.
likely to use “Gay and lesbian couples were gentler in
raising issues, far less defensive and used
humor to diffuse more humor than heterosexual partners,”
said John M. Gottman, the lead author of
a quarrel? the study and co-founder of the Gottman
Institute, an organization that provides re-
sources, like workshops and online
courses, to help couples strengthen rela-
tionships and offers professional training
to clinicians. “These were large differ-
ences.”
STAY CALM If you find that your heart is
pounding during an argument, take a
break, said Julie S. Gottman, co-founder
and president of the Gottman Institute.
“During the time when you’re apart, don’t
think about the fight,” she said. “Instead,
practice something self-soothing, like read-
ing a book, something distracting so that
your body can calm down.”
But if you need to leave, you should al-
ways say when you are going to come back
and rejoin the conversation, she said, add-
ing that the minimum amount of time away
should be 30 minutes and the maximum
should be 24 hours.
Gay men were less likely to go into fight-
or-flight mode when they were in conflict,
said the Gottmans, who are married, and
they also reach resolutions more quickly
than different-sex couples.
Treating your partner with respect is al-
ways important, but especially during an
argument when you might say things you’ll
later regret. When your heart is racing, “all
you perceive is attack, no matter what your
partner is saying,” Dr. Julie Gottman said.
And that’s exactly why Mr. Rave and Mr.
Forrest try to end an argument quickly.
“Life is too short to have everything be so
dramatic,” Mr. Rave said.
A 2018 study suggested that when mem-
AMÉLIE FONTAINE
bers of a same-sex couple try to influence
each other, they are more likely to offer en-
couragement and praise rather than criti-
cism or lectures when compared with
different-sex couples.
BE MINDFUL OF EMOTIONAL NEEDS Unlike
gay men, women who are married to wom-
en are “constantly monitoring each other’s
emotions and needs and responding to
them — but they are doing it for each other,
so it’s reciprocated,” said Debra Umberson,
a professor of sociology and the director of
the Population Research Center at the Uni-
versity of Texas at Austin.
Two men, by contrast, do less monitor-
ing, which is less labor-intensive. “They’re
on the same page about it,” said Dr. Umber-
son, who has studied gay couples for more
than a decade, adding that two men will tell
each other what they need or speak up
when there is an issue.
If a couple have similar philosophies
about emotional monitoring, there is less
potential for conflict between them, Dr.
Umberson said. In heterosexual couples,
women are the ones who tend to do emo-
tional monitoring and responding, but the
men tend to be unaware of it and often are
not doing it, she added — and that can neg-
atively affect the couple by making them
feel more frustrated, worried, irritable or
upset.
Dr. Umberson’s latest study, published in
May, examined the psychological toll of
providing for the emotional needs of a
spouse. The researchers found that the
well-being of women married to women
seemed to be affected less by the work of
assessing and managing each other’s emo-
tions than that of women married to men.
Earlier research suggests this could be
because lesbians are more reciprocal in
taking care of a spouse’s emotional needs
and also have a greater appreciation for do-
ing so.
STRIVE FOR EQUALITY IN A RELATIONSHIP
Same-sex couples do not have traditional
societal roles defining which tasks each
member of the couple ought to perform at
home or how they ought to relate to each
other, which allows them to create their
own dynamic.
Straight couples should negotiate and
discuss things more, Ms. Cadrain sug-
gested, and “don’t presume certain roles or
jobs in terms of who is the breadwinner or
how the household is taken care of.”
Although Ms. Arian cannot remember
the last time she made the bed, she has
other responsibilities, like being the chef of
the family — or as Ms. Cadrain calls her,
“C.E.O. of the food and the nourishment.”
And because Ms. Arian was a teacher for
many years, she is responsible for distance
learning and staying on top of their 7-year-
old’s schooling.
They do not typically fight about chores,
the couple said, because they try to divide
them based on what they like to do best or
which of them is best positioned to
complete a task. “I suspect that has
to do with gender roles not being
present,” Ms. Arian said.
In heterosexual couples, re-
searchers have found more of a
power difference between mem-
bers of the couple than among
same-sex couples, Dr. John
Gottman said. “The same-sex cou-
ples we studied were very aware to try to
make the power relationships more equal
between them,” he said.
And if members of a same-sex couple dis-
agree, they are more likely to listen to each
other’s point of view, he added.
The Gottmans’ 2019 study, an assess-
ment of more than 40,000 couples world-
wide who were about to begin couples ther-
apy, found that same-sex couples have a
better quality of intimacy and friendship in
their relationships.
RECOGNIZE AND APPRECIATE DIFFERENCES
All individuals bring their own baggage
and their own way of looking at the world,
Mr. Miller said. “Really appreciating those
differences and similarities and figuring
out how to deal with it together — that’s
what makes a healthy couple,” he added.
“And that goes across all borders, groups
and genders.”
Ms. Cadrain and Ms. Arian, for example,
said they tried to be mindful of each other’s
different communication styles. “I tend to
kind of undercommunicate when I’m up-
set,” said Ms. Arian, who said she has a
temper but often becomes restrained and
terse during arguments. “I’m not proud of
it.”
Ms. Cadrain, however, likes to talk things
out — sometimes before Ms. Arian is ready.
Simply being aware of their differences
helps them manage conflicts when they
arise.
Mr. Rave and Mr. Forrest are also differ-
ent in a lot of ways: Mr. Forrest likes to go
out and be social; Mr. Rave is more of a
homebody. This has been a point of con-
tention in their relationship. “Allowing
space for the person to be themselves is so
important, and not shaming that person
into what you want them to be,” Mr. Forrest
said.
Finally, when thinking about your differ-
ences, try not to focus too much on the neg-
ative. “Look for what your partner is doing
right rather than always looking for what
your partner is doing wrong,” Dr. Julie
Gottman said.

Alicia Silverstone Has No Bones to Pick With You

She embraces her activist roles. Now eat your fruits and vegetables.
By ILANA KAPLAN
“There were people in my life at onetime
that really did say, ‘You couldn’t really do
the activism thing if you wanted to be an ac-
tor,’ ” said Alicia Silverstone, 43, who after
Aerosmith’s “Cryin’ ” video and her role as
Cher Horowitz, the spoiled and charming
teenager in the 1995 coming-of-age hit
“Clueless,” became a Hollywood “It” girl.
After the success of that film, Ms. Silver-
stone endured an iteration of what was not
yet called body shaming when she played
Bat Girl, and shrank back somewhat from
public life. “I just loved acting,” she said. “I
never expected to be famous. I didn’t know
what it meant.”
At 21, she began pursuing another inter-
est: veganism, which she had tried off and
on since she was 8 years old. She has writ-
ten a best-selling cookbook, “The Kind
Diet,” and been frequently interviewed, in-
cluding by The New York Times, about her
“green” beauty routine.
The sideline, though, came with some
side eye. She faced criticism for putting her
son, Bear Blu, on a vegan diet and “bird-
feeding” him. (Although vegan diets are
controversial for children, this is not settled
in the medical community. A representative
for Ms. Silverstone wrote in an email that he
“chooses to eat vegan.”) And again when
she wrote in her second book, “The Kind
Mama,” a diet- and lifestyle-based guide for
raising children, that her son, who was a
baby at the time, had “never had a drop of
medicine.” Ms. Silverstone — like other ce-
lebrities, including Jessica Biel and Jenny
McCarthy — has made anti-immunization
statements. (“She uses critical thinking
when it comes to medical decisions and
feels it’s important to make informed deci-
sions,” her representative wrote.)
“People said lots of different things, and I
was sort of ‘the freak,’ and I guess I’ll take
pride in that because it is hard to be the per-
son that’s speaking out, and it is hard to be
the person that is saying the thing that isn’t
what everybody else wants to hear,” she
said.
Experts agree that you should give your
children medicine when needed. Antivac-
cine sentiment, which dates back to at least
the 1970s, has gotten louder in recent years.
Vaccines prevent diseases, and people who
don’t vaccinate their children put everyone
at risk.
At 31, Ms. Silverstone found an agent who
PARAMOUNT PICTURES
Alicia Silverstone’s portrayal
of the pampered matchmaker
Cher Horowitz in the 1995 film
“Clueless” made her a star.
encouraged her to take on only projects that
she loved. She had married Christopher
Jarecki in 2005 (they divorced in 2018), and
their son was born in 2011. She took on a few
projects a year, some lower profile, as well
as “Vamps,” another movie directed by
Amy Heckerling, the writer-director of
“Clueless.”
“I feel like I’m just following my bliss with
work going wherever it feels interesting
and wherever I get to do something fun,”
Ms. Silverstone said.
In 2017, she took on supporting roles in
films like Yorgos Lanthimos’s psychological
thriller, “The Killing of a Sacred Deer”;
“The Lodge,” a horror film; “Book Club,” a
rom-com; and in the short-lived TV comedy
series “American Woman.”
Most recently she portrayed a struggling
real estate agent who convinces herself that
she and her husband need couples therapy
in the dark comedy “Bad Therapy,” which
was released in mid-April.
In May, she starred in the musical remake
of the 1983 teenage rom-com “Valley Girl,”
as the adult version of the titular character,
and this July, she’ll have a supporting role in
Netflix’s family-friendly series “The
Babysitter’s Club,” as the mother of one of
the entrepreneurial young girls, Kristy
Thomas.
MS. SILVERSTONE COMMITTED to veganism
out of her love for animals, particularly her
dog Sampson, a rescue Rottweiler mix. “I
realized that when I was petting his leg, that
leg felt the same as the sort of chicken
breasts I might be eating, or whatever ani-
mal I was eating,” she said. “And I started to
wonder what my leg might taste like if
somebody ate it.”
Formerly associated with hippies and an-
imal rights protests, the vegan diet has be-
come more mainstream, thanks to concerns

And You Thought Your Cat Was Fancy
Judy Sugden wanted a house
pet that looked like a tiger.
She came up with the toyger.
By ALEXANDRA MARVAR
Not so long ago, wild cat companions were
associated with glamour, class and creativ-
ity. Salvador Dalí brought his ocelot to the
St. Regis. Tippi Hedren lounged with her
lions in her Los Angeles living room.
Josephine Baker’s cheetah, collared in dia-
monds, strolled the Champs-Élysées. In
their time, these wild creatures made chic
pets.
But by the mid-1970s, a wave of aware-
ness and wildlife protection legislation
changed both the optics of owning a big cat,
and the ability to legally purchase one.
Meanwhile, a cat breeder named Jean
Mill was working on a more practical alter-
native: Her leopard-spotted companion
was just 10 inches tall. At her cattery in
Southern California, Ms. Mill invented a
breed of domestic cat called the Bengal,
which would offer wild cat admirers the
best of both worlds: an impeccable leopard-
like coat and an indoor-cat size and
demeanor.
Ms. Mill’s daughter, Judy Sugden, 71, car-
ried on her legacy. Ms. Sugden grew up ob-
serving and assisting with the Bengal
breed. Despite having a degree in architec-
ture, she realized her true calling was at the
cattery. “I thought, ‘Well gee, I don’t want to
be an architect.’”
“Really,” she said, “I wanted to design a
beautiful little cat.”
It may seem an unusual career path, but
the designer cat market is a thriving one
where supply rarely meets demand, and in
its service, more than 40,000 registered
house cat breeders around the world are de-
voted to supplying pet owners with Ragdoll,
Sphynx and other prized breeds. (PETA has
argued this clientele should instead adopt
cats from a shelter.)
In the 1980s, Ms. Sugden envisioned a do-
mestic cat with a glistening orange-and-
black-striped coat, reminiscent of a tiger. It
would have tiny, round ears, a wide nose
and a white belly like a tiger. It would weigh
just 10 pounds, but it would move across the
living room as though it could take down a
gazelle. It would evoke that seductive
“essence of tigerness,” she said.
It would be called a toyger.
Toyger Toyger, Burning Bright
Some 20 years into Ms. Sugden’s experi-
ment, in 2007, the International Cat Associ-
ation declared the toyger a championship
cat breed. A toyger made the cover of Life
magazine. “There’s going to be toyger
fever,” Kay DeVilbiss, the association’s
president at the time, told the magazine.
And indeed, the appeal of wild-looking
cats has only grown in recent years, said
Anthony Hutcherson, 45, a political speech-
writer, Bengal cat breeder and a former
protégé of Ms. Mill.
“I find people want the things that make
them think ‘wild’ right away,” he said from
his cattery, Jungletrax, in Southern Mary-
land. “High-contrast patterns, dramatic
overall color, and a look and proportions
that a leopard or an ocelot would have.”
He recalled there used to be “tons” of ads
for Persian cats in the back of Cat Fancy
magazine. But the Persian’s prim, mani-
cured aesthetic is no longer en vogue. “That
look doesn’t say, ‘I can survive in the jun-
gle,’ ” Mr. Hutcherson said.
Carole Baskin, the founder of Big Cat Res-
cue and a star of Netflix’s “Tiger King,” has
called toyger owners “selfish” and said cre-
ating new breeds is “strapping a nuclear
about climate change and the wellness
movement.
Ms. Silverstone said eating vegan cleared
up her acne, helped her lose weight and
ditch her asthma inhaler, and gave her more
energy than ever before. It felt like “great
karma” to her. It also presented her with a
business opportunity.
Besides the books, she founded, with Gar-
den of Life, Mykind Organics, a line of or-
ganic, non-G.M.O. vitamins.
“I’ve had these amazing experiences
where people tell me on the street say, ‘I had
lupus, I suffer from M.S., I have chronic mi-
graines,’ ” she said. “Or even, ‘I had a really
bad heart, I was on heart medication.’ Or ‘I
had thyroid medication.’ All these things
that people, then, with their doctor, end up
not needing anymore because they
changed their diets.”
From her home in Los Angeles, Ms. Sil-
verstone has been promoting the Go-
FundMe project Frontline Responders
Fund on Instagram to help get personal pro-
tective equipment to those in need, and
making donations to the designer Christian
Siriano, a friend, who has turned his own
space into a factory.
Every time Ms. Silverstone asks Mr. Siri-
ano for masks on behalf of her nurse friends
and their hospitals, he adds them to the list
and delivers. “It’s really good to see how
much people are all coming together on
this,” she said.
She has also been mourning her friend,
Mark Blum, the actor whom she worked
with on the film “Sister of the Groom.” He
died of Covid-19 at 69 in March. “It’s a really
sad, scary time for so many people,” she
said.
Her daily routine involves sensible self-
nourishment. “I always bring everything
back to diet,” she said. “When I don’t eat
well, I don’t feel well, and then my moods go
THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
warhead to the feral cat problem.” Others
might argue that compared with shelter
pets, designer species (the rarer of which
may cost as much tens of thousands of dol-
lars per kitten) are a different beast
altogether.
As preferences evolve, Mr. Hutcherson
said, “the market has exploded” for Ben-
gals, with around 2,000 breeders from Balti-
more to Bucharest, and some 60,000 regis-
tered Bengals around the world. Mean-
while, Ms. Sugden estimates just 150 breed-
ers worldwide are focused on the toyger.
Ligers and Beefalos and Grolar Bears
For centuries, humans have been combin-
ing the favorable characteristics of one liv-
ing thing with another, yielding creations
from the Honeycrisp apple to the Siberian
husky.
Such creative efforts have begotten —
with no small amount of objection from ani-
mal rights activists — hybrid animals like
the beefalo, the liger, even the grolar bear
(half grizzly, half polar bear).
But despite the clever portmanteau, a
toyger has nothing to do with a tiger — at
least not beyond the nearly 96 percent of ti-
ger DNA in all domesticated cats. Because
their chromosomes have evolved so differ-
ently since their species diverged 11 million
MICHELLE GROSKOPF FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
ANTHONY HUTCHERSON
MICHELLE GROSKOPF FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
years ago, breeding a wild tiger with a do-
mesticated cat today is considered a biolog-
ical impossibility.
So how do you get a domestic house cat to
look like a tiger without tiger parentage?
“We don’t have the genes,” Ms. Sugden said
from her home in Los Angeles, “so we have
to fake it.”
In 1963, to develop the Bengal, Ms. Mill
ANGAL FIELD FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
N D5
crossbred an Asian leopard cat — a five- to
12-pound wildcat — with a carefully chosen
street cat who once moused the rhinoceros
pen at a zoo in Delhi. That wild ancestry is
the foundation of the Bengal breed, though
for the past four decades, Bengals have
come, for the most part, from breeding Ben-
gals with Bengals.
Like her mother, Ms. Sugden also trav-
eled to India, enlisting the help of local chil-
dren in Kashmir to find a stray house cat
with just the right markings. She named
him Jammu Blu and brought him back to
California, where she introduced him to a
prize Bengal.
In a generations-long process that she
calls “squinch-by-squinch development,”
she inches ever closer to the perfect toyger,
enticing her best felines to mate naturally,
and chasing desirable traits while monitor-
ing for the emergence of genetic disorders.
Other premier breeders are also cultivat-
ing their own toyger lines, focused on differ-
ent aspects of the breed’s evolution, and ex-
changing cats with one another to ensure
genetic diversity.
Today toyger kittens can cost as much as
$5,000 — a price comparable to that of an
actual tiger on the American market. If the
prices seem high, it is because these breed-
ers must cover all the costs of an owner (lit-
ter, food, vet bills, pet insurance) multiplied
many times over. In addition, to be seriously
involved in the genetic evolution of a
species is a serious investment.
Toyger kittens 23andMe-like feline DNA tests that help
breeders (and owners) test for morphologi-
can go for up to cal aspects or disorders start at $89 per ani-
mal. And to further the research, Mr. Hutch-
$5,000, just like erson recently worked with a cat geneticist,
Dr. Chris Kaelin at Stanford University, to
actual tigers. clone one of his champion cats at a cost of
$25,000.
Because each cat is an investment, breed-
ers at this level tend to vet their potential
buyers as stringently as a buyer may evalu-
ate a seller. Contracts often stipulate that
buyers must spay and neuter their cats, and
that no cat will end up in a shelter. The cats
even come with a lifelong unconditional re-
turn policy.
Location is a consideration, too: Cats that
are considered hybrids, like the Bengal, are
illegal in some places, including New York
City and Hawaii. In Rhode Island, owners of
toygers — because of the Bengal in their lin-
eage — require a permit, just as owners of a
pet alligator, chimpanzee or wolf would.
Inching Toward Perfection
In 2018, Ms. Sugden moved back into her
mother’s home to be Ms. Mill’s caretaker. It
felt like the right time to retire from active
breeding, though she couldn’t give it up en-
tirely. “I was very careful as I moved over
here to send all my cats around the world to
the breeders who could use each one the
best, to try to spread the genes out,” she
said.
But Ms. Mill died at age 92, not long after
Ms. Sugden arrived.
“Having gotten rid of almost all my great
cats, am I going to quit totally and do writ-
ing? Or do something else?” she wondered.
For now, Ms. Sugden has a new litter of
big-eye toyger kittens at her cattery,
EEYAA, and feels her charge is “to support
the other breeders around the world and to
continue to do what I’m doing.” Breaking
Top, a toyger, a tigerlike new ground always requires grunt work,
breed developed by she said, and together, they are “squinch-
Judy Sugden, above. ing” toward the perfect toyger.
People like a look that “There are a lot of people in this world
says “I can survive in the that don’t care if there’s a toyger,” Ms. Sug-
jungle,” according to the den said. “There are a lot of things in this
Bengal breeder Anthony world no one cares about. But no one cared
Hutcherson, center. if there was a Mona Lisa until we had a
Mona Lisa.”
all over the place.” Ms. Silverstone has been
eating meals filled with fresh herbs, greens,
Eating vegan miso soup and ginger tea. She has found
led to some comfort in cooking, of course, but also in
daily long walks, yoga, writing in a journal
business and meditation.
She has also been focused on finding ac-
opportunities. tivities to do with Bear Blu, now 9, when he’s
not with Mr. Jarecki — like bouncing on the
mini trampoline, dancing or jump roping.
“My son and I take baths together, and
Ms. Silverstone via
when he’s not with me, I take a bath and that
FaceTime at her home
really feels nourishing and comforting,” Ms.
in Los Angeles.
Silverstone said.
SHE IS STILL AMAZED by the “brilliant gen-
ius” of Ms. Heckerling. “It’s generational,”
Ms. Silverstone said. “The people that were
watching it when it came out have shared it
with their children, and so it just keeps go-
ing and keeps living. I don’t know why that
happens to some movies and others it does-
n’t, but I’m so grateful to be a part of it.”
In 2017, she introduced a screening of the
film at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery
and took her son to see the movie for the
first time. “I didn’t want to miss out on this
opportunity to show him the movie on the
big screen like that with 4,000 people out-
side,” she said. “It just felt like a moment.”
For her, what’s most memorable about
the film are the costumes that make “en-
trances.” After filming, she even kept some
of her favorite items, like Cher’s Mary
Janes, but she’s since given all of the items
away. Back then, Ms. Silverstone said, she
had “no style” and wore the same green T-
shirt and jeans every day for four years.
When asked which actor should play
Cher in a reboot, Ms. Silverstone laughed.
She’s far removed from the film that once
made her a star: “I’m like a grandma at my
house who’s going to help climate change
and raise my son.”
D6 N THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 2020
Fashion Industry Finished? Not So Fast
CONTINUED FROM PAGE D1
change and angst over shopping. Will
anyone ever want to do it again?
It’s the wrong question.
What we should be asking is: When we
re-engage with a world pockmarked by
pain, and see one another — from more
than just the shoulders up — what will
we want to wear?
It sounds ridiculous: Who cares what
we will wear when there has been so
much tragedy and economic destruction,
when old wounds left to fester have been
gashed open once again? But the root of
that question is as cyclical as history:
What will our post-crisis identities look
like?
What Message
Will Clothes Send?
What will we want our clothes to tele-
graph about who we have become, and
what these complicated experiences
have meant? It is the answers to those
questions that will pull us into stores
again. It is the answers to those ques-
tions that will get factories humming
again — much more so than interim
safety precautions or the changes in
fashion shows and clothing deliveries
currently being mooted by industry in-
siders.
Not that there’s anything wrong with
those changes; many are laudable, if still
in draft form. The fashion circus is a
creaky circus and in need of an update —
not to mention even more meaningful
grappling with race and representation
in hiring and supply chains.
Shows will be entirely digital at least
until September, if they happen at all this
year. (Many designers — Dries Van
Noten is one — think not.) The British
Fashion Council and the Council of Fash-
ion Designers of America together pub-
lished a statement effectively urging an
end to the traveling pre-collection ex-
travaganzas.
“Open letters” to the industry have
been issued, signed by a variety of retail-
ers and mostly independent designers,
pledging allegiance to a “right season-
ing” of store deliveries so that coats are
sold when it is cold, bathing suits when it
is warm and sales take place after the big
gift-giving seasons, not before.
And speaking of stores: They are re-
opening (or were, until they became
fearful of damage during the protests)
with hand-sanitizer stations, social dis-
tancing, plexiglass protection and regu-
lar disinfecting. Still, the retailing bank-
ruptcies keep coming, and the numbers
get worse and worse.
It’s not going to be a need for more leg-
gings that solves that problem — those
we can get online. (And besides, hasn’t
everyone realized that what we need is
elsewhere?)
It’s going to be the irrational, emo-
tional pull of a . . . something. The gut
punch of recognition that comes from
seeing a new way to cast your self. One
that signals: “Yes, I have changed. Yes,
things are different. Now we emerge in a
new world.”
It’s on fashion to define that some-
thing, because that something is going to
be how history remembers whatever
happens next. It will do what clothes al-
ways do, which is symbolize a moment,
and give it visual shape. What that shape
will be is the existential question facing
designers right now.
But here’s a bet: It’s not going to be
sweatpants. It’s not going to be the all-
black patchwork of the antifa or the Ha-
waiian shirts that have been co-opted re-
cently by far-right anarchists.
‘The period that is opening up right now is a revolutionary
ILLUSTRATIONS BY MARIANNA GEFEN
The Dawning
Of a New Age
Right now, the news is full of intensity,
just as previously it was full of Crocs, of
speculation that after months of living
with elastic waists and stretchy fabrics,
we will never go back. That just as white-
collar workers will never return to old of-
fice life or old office schedules, they will
never return to old office dress and the
social order that signified.
That may be true, and though it’s pos-
sible that this really is the end of fashion
as it has been defined and disseminated
by the aesthetic empires of the West —
that Newton’s third law of motion no
longer applies; that the Marxian thesis-
antithesis-synthesis cycle that has pow-
ered our clothing choices for decades is
over — it probably is not. If I were one of
the companies crowing about being the
“it” brand of the work-from-home ward-
robe, or trying to clothe the uprising, I
would not be resting on my laurels.
It is even more likely that we will de-
velop some sort of Pavlovian association
with the clothes that became the uni-
forms of our isolation and our impo-
tence; that to see them will send us sub-
consciously down a wormhole to the pan-
demic; that what we will need is exactly
the opposite.
That’s what the past teaches us, any-
way.
Times of great trauma also produce
moments of great creativity as we at-
tempt to process what we have been
through. The functional side of that is
fashion. After periods of extremes —
war, pandemic, recession — dress is a
way to signal the dawning of a new age.
One of the most obvious examples of
this, said Jessica Regan, the associate cu-
rator of the Costume Institute at the Met,
is the period after World War I and the flu
of 1918, when the lavish embellishment
and physical liberation of the flapper era
and the Harlem Renaissance emerged.
Think, too, of the Dior New Look of 1947,
which, with its acres of skirts and tiny
waists, served as a direct riposte to the
privations of World War II and the De-
pression. (It was, literally, a new look for
a new time.)
A similar transformation took place af-
ter the bubonic plague swept the world in
the mid-14th century. Valerie Steele, the
director of the Museum at the Fashion
Institute of Technology, noted that the
scourge gave rise to the more body-con-
scious dressing, plunging décolletage
and lavish adornment in Europe that
came to characterize the well-off of the
Renaissance. “A symptom, perhaps, of
people seeking pleasure while they
could,” Ms. Steele said.
As recently as the mid-1970s, the oil
crisis and the resulting recession gave
birth to discorama and the explosion of
color and tactility that was the Yves Saint
Laurent Ballets Russes collection. The fi-
nancial crisis of 2008 led, years later, to a
backlash to the backlash and the luxury
logos that dotted garments with the ubiq-
uity of daisies in springtime.
This is not necessarily a sign of indul-
gence. It’s a statement of belief in the
power of beauty to lift the spirit. Fashion
is created for the future, and that implies
faith in that future.
It suggests, said Jonathan Anderson,
the designer of Loewe and of JW Ander-
son, who recently went back to his Paris
office for the first time since his Loewe
show in February, that we are nearing a
time that demands “utopian fashion.”
Volumes and colors that are “completely
out there.”
We “will want beautiful things,”
Alessandro Michele, the creative direc-
tor of Gucci, said in a recent Zoom news
conference. “The bamboo handle bag
was created after World War II. It was a
period in which everything can be reinvented.’
time of the rebirth of beauty.”
That also raises the stakes for an in-
dustry that has increasingly treated it-
self and what it makes as disposable.
People may buy clothing that celebrates
frivolity. But that is not the same thing as
buying frivolously. Especially when
money and where you spend it can make
a political statement.
Redefining the Value
Of Our Wardrobes
“This has taught us that we don’t miss
stuff,” Pierpaolo Piccioli of Valentino said
via Zoom. “We miss people. We don’t
need another T-shirt exactly the same.
We need something that delivers an idea,
a culture.” Something that communi-
cates a sense of the hands that have
touched a garment, the imagination that
has created it, the effort that has gone
into it.
No one is going to rush out to buy a
whole new wardrobe, nor are we likely to
see the “revenge buying” in China that
led to what was reportedly Hermès’s
best sales day turn into a trend. Indeed,
analyst reports from Bain and the Royal
Society for the Encouragement of Arts,
Manufactures and Commerce have
found that people say they expect to buy
fewer clothes, though not necessarily to
spend less. There will be, said Lucie
Greene, a consumer insights strategist, a
certain amount of shame associated with
having the extra income that allows for
buying new clothes.
“The continual desire for newness for
the sake of newness will feel very in-
appropriate,” she said.
As in 2008, when “stealth luxury” be-
came a part of the vernacular and logo-a-
gogo fell into disrepute, overt displays of
wealth will probably be toned down. (Mr.
Piccioli said he had already moved away
from the logo.) So will the immediately
identifiable decade-referencing trends
that labeled clothes so 1980s, so 1990s.
But, Ms. Greene said, “a beautiful piece
that can be worn for multiple reasons for
multiple years? That will be important.”
When going to a restaurant for the first
time in a very long time, or having a din-
ner party with friends, becomes an event
— when, as Mr. Anderson said, everyday
moments become “bigger” — the occa-
sion will demand a costume to mark it.
And if a dress (or a suit) becomes a totem
of change, then it is not a casual purchase
or one to be thrown away later.
“I have a feeling that the things we
make have a longer life than the one we
have allotted to them,” Mr. Michele said.
For years, fashion has fretted about
the meaninglessness of its seasons,
partly because global warming and glob-
alization rendered them null and void
and partly because there were so many
collections, they couldn’t be temporally
defined. (Pre-spring, after all, is simply
. . . winter.)
Now it is actually in everyone’s inter-
ests to jettison them entirely. Timeless
fashion is fashion that holds its value and
can be worn and reworn. It can also be
sold and resold. It does not become passé
in a matter of days. This may mean that
fewer garments are made and bought
and shown. It may mean a contraction of
volume that will impact manufacturers.
In the short term this could be painful,
though the short term is already full of
pain. In the long term it will help solve
problems, including that of sustainabili-
ty. (Eco-materials are good, but fewer
materials staying in our closets longer is
better.)
As Ms. Greene said, “disaster often ac-
celerates, exponentially, the macro
trends that predate its arrival.”
Moving Beyond
Retailing Carnage
One of those trends was the importance of
“experience.” But what does that mean?
When I first moved to London, back in the
late 1990s, everyone who visited me wanted
to go to Topshop at Oxford Circus. It was up
there on the tourist wish list, along with the
Eye, Parliament, Buckingham Palace and
Harrods. Then Topshop went on an interna-
tional push, opened on Lower Broadway in
New York, and no one really cared any-
more.
The store had seemed to thrum with the
energy of the city at that time. Its theater
wasn’t art experiences on the walls or an in-
house D.J., but watching other shoppers try
on new identities in the group dressing
rooms. The performance involved was
the performance of being us.
Somewhere, in chasing the e-com-
merce promise of any product available
at any time and in expanding locations to
every street corner, that was lost. If one
store was good, 10 would be better. Fifty.
Two hundred, all around the world. They
became a utility, like Amazon and Wal-
mart. And then, when they were forced
to shut their doors, they became a liabil-
ity.
After all, if there is one thing we proba-
bly know after not shopping for a few
months, it is that no one needs to leave
the house to shop. There has to be a rea-
son to push through the doors. And the
idea of wandering lonely as a cloud
through a socially distanced plexiglass-
lined emporium is not it, especially if the
socially distanced plexiglass-lined em-
porium on the other side of the street is
pretty much exactly the same.
What stores should be is a destination:
the embodiment of the history, society
and culture of a city. This implies a cer-
tain singularity: the magic of one that
still draws people to Harrods, to
Bergdorf Goodman, to Le Bon Marché.
The purchase is the souvenir of having
been there, in those halls, on those esca-
lators. With each other.
It implies the human connection,
which is why certain boutiques — Capitol
in Charlotte, N.C.; Ikram in Chicago;
A’maree’s in Newport Beach, Calif.;
Merci in Paris; Corso Como in Milan —
were for so long magnets for so many
(and probably will be again). The idio-
syncratic taste of their owners, their con-
versation, cannot be replicated by an al-
gorithm.
When designers talk about these pro-
prietors, they talk about their belief in
their work. About faith. When customers
talk about them, they talk about discov-
ery and emotion. Which are reminiscent
of the kinds of words Ms. Edelkoort, the
forecaster, used when she talked about
what’s next, like “craft” and “intimacy.”
In a recent letter to his staff, Jean
Touitou, the founder of A.P.C., noted that
he had considered simply closing his
stores in March — that he had done
enough and there was no reason to strug-
gle on. But, he wrote, “the period that is
opening up right now is a revolutionary
period in which everything can be re-
invented.” He realized, he said, “I want to
continue to make fashion.”
In Rome, Mr. Michele said he was “dis-
covering new ways of being creative,
new ways of working.” He is planning to
call the last collection he designed before
the pandemic “Epilogue,” in acknowl-
edgment that it is the end of an era. The
next one? Possibly “Overture.”
In Nettuno, Italy, Mr. Piccioli was talk-
ing about the work he had begun. “We
need to be more radical, more extreme in
our choices,” he said. “It’s interesting
what’s coming out.”