Solution

If the volume at temperature t1 is V1, then the volume at temperature 0°C is

V10 = V1 (1 + β t1 ) . In the same way if the volume at t2 temperature is V2, at 0°C we have
V20 = V2 (1 + β t 2 ) . Furthermore if the density of the liquid at 0°C is d, then the masses are
m1 = V10 d and m2 = V20 d , respectively. After mixing the liquids the temperature is
m1t1 + m2t 2
t= .
m1 + m2
The volumes at this temperature are V10 (1 + β t ) and V20 (1 + β t ) .
The sum of the volumes after mixing:
V10 (1 + β t ) + V20 (1 + β t ) = V10 + V20 + β (V10 + V20 )t =
m1 + m2 m1t1 + m2 t 2
= V10 + V20 + β ⋅ ⋅ =
d m1 + m2
mt m t 
= V10 + V20 + β  1 1 + 2 2  = V10 + βV10 t1 + V20 + βV20 t 2 =
 d d 
= V10 (1 + β t1 ) + V20 (1 + β t 2 ) = V1 + V2
The sum of the volumes is constant. In our case it is 410 cm3. The result is valid for any
number of quantities of toluene, as the mixing can be done successively adding always one
more glass of liquid to the mixture.

Problem 3
Parallel light rays are falling on the plane surface of a semi-cylinder made of glass, at
an angle of 45°, in such a plane which is perpendicular to the axis of the semi-cylinder
(Fig. 4). (Index of refraction is 2 .) Where are the rays emerging out of the cylindrical
surface?

α
A O D
ϕ
β
E

B
C
Figure 4 Figure 5

Solution
Let us use angle ϕ to describe the position of the rays in the glass (Fig. 5). According
to the law of refraction sin 45° sin β = 2 , sin β = 0.5 , β = 30° . The refracted angle is 30°
for all of the incoming rays. We have to investigate what happens if ϕ changes from 0° to
180°.