ACI JOURNAL
Title no. 81-31
Bond and Anchorage of Reinforcing Bars Under Cyclic Loading
by Egor P. Popov
The paper emphasizes the importance of reinforcing bar bond and
anchorage problems in inelastic seismic analysis of reinforced con-
crete structures. The basic nature of the bond and anchorage prob-
lems is pointed out and relevant experiments carried out at the Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley, are described. The newly developed
local bond stress-slip relationship (law) is commented on, and an an-
alytical approach for the analysis of the deteriorating cyclic behavior
of beam-column joints based on this law is discussed.
Keywords: anchorage (structural); beams (supports); bond (concrete to rein-
forcement); bond stress; columns (supports); cyclic loads; earthquake resistant
structures; hysteresis; joints Uunctions); mathematical models; reinforced con-
crete; slippage.
It is an accepted design philosophy to permit struc-
tures to respond inelastically during a severe or maxi-
mum credible earthquake. In such an event, some
structural damage is anticipated. However, it is imper-
ative to prevent collapse. Such a collapse may occur if
the lateral resistance of a structure under cyclic loading
is severely deteriorated. In reinforced concrete con-
struction, this can be due to the main reinforcing bars
pulling out from the mating members, or alternatively,
by beam bars cyclically pulling through the columns of
interior joints. Elastic analyses of such situations are
unrealistic, and one must resort to inelastic nonlinear
analyses based on carefully gathered experimental evi-
dence.
In this paper, the bond and anchorage problems for
cyclic loading are reviewed from the historical perspec-
tive of the experiments carried out at the University of
California, Berkeley. First, some examples are given
indicating the great importance of the bond and an-
chorage problems for structures subjected to severe
cyclic loading. Then the basic nature of the bond prob-
lem is examined, and two kinds of bond tests carried
out at Berkeley are discussed. In one series of experi-
ments, the bars were embedded in concrete stubs of a
depth comparable to that of the columns; in the other,
short bars were used to determine the local bond stress-
slip law. In both of these studies, the main effort was
directed to studying the behavior of bars in well-con-
fined concrete. An approach for formulating the local
340
TECHNICAL PAPER
bond stress-slip relationship is then described, and a
solution procedure for solving for the deteriorating be-
havior of joints is outlined. Numerous references to
Berkeley work are given throughout the text so that an
interested reader could look further into the details of
this research.
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
This study summarizes experimental and analytical
results on the anchorage and bond behavior of rein-
forcing bars under generalized excitations simulating
the conditions occurring during severe earthquakes,
based principally on the research done at Berkeley. A
plausible rule for local bond stress-slip behavior suit-
able for computer implementation is indicated and ref-
erenced. An approach for analytically studying the
general contact problem at cracks in beams and at
joints is described.
IMPORTANCE OF BOND AND ANCHORAGE OF
BARS ON GLOBAL BEHAVIOR OF A
STRUCTURE
In the conventional analysis of structures, joints are
assumed to be rigid and the interfaces between any two
adjoining members are assumed to develop no separa-
tion. The latter assumption implies, for example, that
at a joint there is no fixed-end rotation of a beam rela-
tive to a column axis. However, in the inelastic range,
and particularly under cyclic loading, there is a pro-
gressive loss of bond between the reinforcing bars and
the concrete. Moreover, the bars stretch significantly at
yield. These effects give rise to the development of
beam cracks. Such cracks, together with a major one at
the beam-column interface, can cause a large fixed-end
This paper is based largely on a conference paper presented to the Struc-
tural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) in Sacramento, California,
on Oct. I, 1982. and is reproduced with their permission.
Received May 23, 1983, and reviewed under Institute publication policies.
Copyright © 1984, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including
the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright propri-
etors. Pertinent discussion will be published in the May-June 1985 ACI JOUR-
NAL if received by Feb. I, 1985.
ACI JOURNAL I July-August 1984
J:gor P. Popov, FACI, is a professor of civil engineering at the University of
California, Berkeley. He has contributed numerous papers in the areas of Me-
chanics and Earthquake Engineering. He is a member of ACI-ASCE Commit-
tee 334, Concrete Shell Design and Construction.

BUM
FIXED
END BEAM
AXED

I END

old•2 7~

CRACK WIDTH-t

Fig. !-Surface deformations and cracks of a well-anchored rectangular beam (R-

5) in advanced stages of cyclic loading. Crack widths and deformations are shown
jive times larger than linear dimensions of the beam. 1 1 in. = 25.4 mm

rotation of the beam relative to a column axis. It is this ERROR 6 MISSING DATA
I

aspect of the problem that is discussed in this paper. LP 50 __ ___j_

Other possible deformations at the joints, such as those
f-
due to shear, are not considered. z
w
An illustration of the extent of possible major crack- z
0
ing of a beam in the inelastic range resulting in a fixed- Q_
:E
end rotation is shown in Fig. 1. 1 The contributions of 0
u
different sources of deformation to the tip deflection f-
for this short cantilever [38.5 in. (0.98 m) long, having z
w ~--I-
:E
9 x 16 in. (230 x 410 mm) gross cross section with w 8
four #6 bars top and bottom] are presented in Fig. 2,1
u
<t
I - FrxED END
__J
It is important to note the very large contribution made Q_
(f) -t- 8
to the tip deflection by the fixed-end rotation of the 0 ~:::::_..J.=:=±::r:==~_j__ _L___j___J _t- SHEAR

beam caused by a pullout of the bars both from the an- 4 5

choring block and the beam's end. Basically, the same
phenomenon is also evident for longer beams. The case
illustrated is relevant for coupling beams in shearwalls
and for beams at end columns of frames, and certainly Fig. 2-Contributions of different sources of deforma-
cannot be neglected in calculations. tion to cantilever tip deflection for a short beam (R-6)
A somewhat analogous problem occurs at an interior showing variations of these quantities with increasing
ductility ratios. 1 1 in. = 25.4 mm
beam-column joint. Initially, the relative fixed-end
beam rotations can be ascribed to the development of
major cracks between the beams and the column faces
just as for an end beam, Fig. 3. 2-4 However, in the more
advanced stages of loading, as the size of the cracks in-
creases, beam bars become simultaneously pulled from
one side and pushed from the other. Stresses inferred
from the ACI code5 indicated in Fig. 4(a) 6 for calculat-
ing the forces acting on a bar are unconservative. If,
during a cyclic loading, large cracks form through the
beams on both sides of a column, some bars embedded
in a column may be subjected to forces of the same
sense on both sides of the bar, acting at yield stress of
the material [see bottom bar in Fig. 4(b)]. This gives
rise to particularly high bond stresses within a joint,
tending to destroy the anchorage of a bar. If the bond
within a joint is broken, the loosened bar can move
back and forth within the column core with ease. This Fig. 3(a)-An example of crack formation at a beam-
hazardous condition was isolated for an extensive study column interface of an interior joint3
ACI JOURNAL I July-August 1984 341

Fig. 3(b)-Schematic diagram showing formation of
beam-column interface cracks in advanced stages of in-
elastic cyclic /oadin!t
1KIPS I LATERAL
LOAD
---- BC 3 NOAMALWEIGHT
CONCRETE
25
5 6
f-L/ OUCTILIT 'I'
Fig. 5-Hysteretic behavior of normal weight and
lightweight beam-column subassemblages during in-
elastic cycling. Severe pinching of the loops due to
bond deterioration of beam bars is particularly evident
for lightweight specimens. 8 1 kip-force = 4.45 kN
of the bond and anchorage problems 2 •4 •7 and will be dis-
cussed further in another section of this paper.
The behavior described is largely responsible for the
cyclic deterioration of the lateral resistance of moment-
resisting subassemblages, 2· 3 ·8 such as shown in Fig. 5. 8
Note particularly the strongly pinched appearance of
the hysteretic loops for lightweight specimens. A frame
moves easily through a large displacement at a small
lateral force as the beam bars slip through the joint. An
analogous but somewhat milder phenomenon is ob-
served in subassemblages of normal weight concrete.
In passing, it is appropriate to note that if a large
crack develops through a whole beam at a column face,
the shear is transferred through dowel action until a
crack begins to close. This aspect of the problem is il-
lustrated in Fig. 6, 9 and its importance may be seen
from Fig. 2. However, this topic will not be pursued
here.
342
Fig. 4-Joint free-bodies for determining bar anchor-
age forces and joint shear (a) inferred from AC/ 318-
77, and (b) recognizing formation of cracks at column
faces during inelastic cycling6
SHEAR,
KIPS 0.025 IN
0.02 0.03 SLIP,IN
-10
5th CYCLE
Fig. 6-Hysteretic loops due to shear transfer through
dowel action for various crack widths. 9 1 kip-force
4.45 kN; 1 in. = 25.4 mm
1
Basic nature of the bond
The transfer of a force from a reinforcing bar to
concrete is a very complex phenomenon and is strongly
influenced by the loading history. In the past, most of
the research in this area was devoted to the study of
monotonically applied forces. It has been conclusively
shown 10 that adhesion and friction between the rough
bar surface and concrete contribute little to the bond
resistance. The mechanical interlocking between lugs
and concrete is principally responsible for developing
bar anchorage. As this action develops, Goto 11 has
shown experimentally that inclined axisymmetric ring
cracks of the type indicated in Fig. 7(a) 12 are observed.
It is plausible to conclude that for a subsequent appli-
cation of a force in a reverse direction, the cracking
pattern will be that as shown in Fig. 7(b). 12 The corre-
sponding highly nonlinear bond stress-slip relationship
for a cycle of a load application generally resembles
that shown in Fig. 7(c).
The sketch shown in Fig. 7(a) corresponds to the case
of applying the half-cycle ABCD detailed in Fig. 7(c);
the bar is in an unloaded condition. Note that a gap ~Av
remains behind the lugs, and residual stresses develop
both in the bar and in the surrounding concrete. When
a reverse force is applied to the bar, as indicated in Fig.
7(b), the gap ~An closes and a new one ~DI is formed by
ACI JOURNAL I July-August 1984

BOND STRESS
/-1c
I
r /I
A D1
STRESS IN REBAR
(a) -- -----------.
OLD CRACKS
CLOSED COMPLETELY
/'" ~EW CRACKS
~
1
' FORM
(b) PRESSURE ALONG CLOSED CRACKS
Fig. 7-Mechanism of force transfer from a deformed
reinforcing bar to concrete at two stages of cyclic load-
ing: (a) unloaded bar after an inelastic half-cycle, (b)
closure of initial cracks and development of new cracks
on loading the bar in the opposite direction, and (c)
hysteretic loop associated with the illustrated cycling
process ' 2
crushing the concrete ahead of the lugs. As is known
from experiments, on repeated application of cyclic
loading, a bar begins to move back and forth through
a small distance rather freely.
A partial explanation for this behavior can be sub-
stantiated analytically. This is illustrated in Fig. 8,
where the results of an elastic finite element analysis are
given and interpreted.' The axisymmetrical principal
stresses in concrete at a radius of 0.45 in. (II mm) are
shown in Fig. 8(a). These stresses were calculated for an
arbitrary displacement of the bar at the right end of
0.00005 in. (1.3 x I0- 3 mm). For the purposes of this
discussion, it is convenient to concentrate attention on
the principal stresses near the right end of this bar, that
is, on the stresses of 166 psi (1.14 MPa) and 21 psi (0.14
MPa). Since this is a solution for a linear elastic prob-
lem, all stresses may be scaled upward by a direct ratio
to any desired magnitude. Therefore, inclined ring
cracks of the kind shown in Fig. 8(b) would occur per-
pendicularly to the large tensile principal stresses when
the tensile strength of the concrete is attained. Further,
the presence of a radial stress component, in effect, de-
velops a bursting pressure on the surrounding concrete.
As a result, longitudinal splitting cracks such as shown
in Fig. 8(c) can develop. These cracks are repeatedly
observed in experiments. In well-confined concrete, the
crack growth is inhibited although it cannot be pre-
vented entirely. Since in seismic design provisions for
confining concrete are adhered to, the experiments de-
scribed in the next two sections of this paper are con-
cerned primarily with well-confined concrete.
Bond tests with long bars
In an earlier section of this paper, it was indicated
(Fig. 5) that bond deterioration of main beam bars in
moment-resisting frames under cyclic loading can be
ACI JOURNAL I July-August 1984
~
(@b)SPLITTING
RACKS
(c) (a) TEEL
(c) BAR
Fig. 8-(a) Elastic finite element analysis of an embed-
ded bar showing the axisymmetric principal stresses at
0.45 in. radius caused by subjecting the bar to an ap-
plied displacement of 0.00005 in. on the right, (b) in-
clined ring cracks occurring normal to the tensile
stresses, and (c) splitting cracks due to normal pressure
developed at the bar.' 1 psi = 6.89 kPa; 1 in. = 25.4
mm
studied using subassemblages of a structure. Such stud-
ies are essential for determining the global response of
a frame. However, the required models are expensive
and the experimental data reduction is very complex.
Alternatively, for specifically studying the bond and
anchorage of reinforcing bars, it is possible to isolate
the problem and devise simpler experiments. Two kinds
of such experiments were used in the Berkeley bond
tests. The type employing reinforcing bars with long
embedment lengths is described in this section of the
paper; the second type is discussed in the following sec-
tion.
A typical column stub with the test bar simulating
one of the main beam bars for performing bond exper-
iments on long bars is shown in Fig. 9.' 2 In the three se-
ries of tests, the depth of the column stub was varied.
Some were 15 in. (380 mm) deep, others were 20 in.
(51 0 mm), and some were 25 in. (635 mm) deep, as
shown in the figure. In each case a stub was reinforced
like a column, providing well-confined concrete for the
major part of the bar embedment length. On attaching
the column stub to a support frame, the test bar ~:auld
be subjected to monotonic or cyclic forces applied at
either or both ends simultaneously.
Each test bar was instrumented with strain gages
along its length, as shown in Fig. 10. 4 • 12 Some typical
results from one of the experiments are shown in Fig.
11. ' 2 In this case, the test bar in a 25 in. (635 mm) deep
block was pulled monotonically from one side only.
Knowing the mechanical properties of the bar, the
measured strains shown in Fig. ll(a) enable one to de-
termine the stresses along the bar, Fig. ll(b). Such ax-
ial stresses provide sufficient information for calculat-
ing the bond stresses at different locations of the bar.
Further, from the external measurements of bar end
displacements and bar strains, the internal displace-
ments at any point along the bar can be found. In this
manner, the local bond stress-slip relationship can be
determined.
Experimental results for cyclically applied end forces
is shown in Fig. 12. 12 This case simulates the worst case
343
 which can be encountered in beam-column joints, that In spite of the fact that the above series of ex-
is, equal forces acting in the same direction are cycli- periments2·4·7 provide very useful information, there
cally applied at both ends of the bar. With consider- are two essential difficulties which forced redirecting
ably more effort, the data from such an experiment can the studies along the lines discussed in the next section
provide information for generating a cyclic local bond of this paper. One of the problems is due to the fact
stress-slip relationship along a bar.
The experiments with long embedded bars also pro-
vided some qualitative results which can be idealized
STRAIN, MICRO IN/IN
for the purposes of analysis, as shown in Fig. 13. 12 On 50000~----------------------------------.
the tension side of a bar in the unconfined region of the
concrete stub at high stresses, large conically shaped
pieces of concrete tend to separate from the main body
of the specimen. This phenomenon is in full accord
~~~~~:
with the earlier noted experimental and analytical re- 30000
L_:__:_ 8,
0.5
sults (see Fig. 7 and 8). This observation must be prop-
erly included in the analysis. 20000

10000

l
1- 25"-
0o~~~4--~~8~~=;12~=!~16~~~2~0~--~24~1N
2"
DISTANCE
1
1'

r~ Fig. 11 (a)-Strain distribution diagram for #8 bar sub-

4" jected to monotonically applied tensile force at one
end. 12 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ksi = 6.89 MPa
l
3"

l
3@4"
•IZ"[

l
3"
,;~r.:1i·r
80
~
I
4" TEST BAR

'
4 1/2.

I
4112"
60
05 81

I
2"
I 40
(a) ELEVATION

20
. ~>'I/ ·. :: J.
l [ :.
I l .' .
~.~ C$1• • ...: ~ ... ~ >i ~ . .l
0 o~-L--4~~~8~~~1~2--~~16~~~~~~~~
I
114 DISTANCE
(b)PLAN

Fig. 11(b)-Stress distribution diagram for #8 bar sub-

Fig. 9 -Typical cvlumn stub for studying bar anchor- jected to monotonically applied tensile furce at one
age with a large embedment length. 12 1 in. = 25.4 mm end. 12 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ksi = 6.89 MPa

THIN METAL
STAIP

WATER I'ROCI'ING
MATERIAL

I I

.. ----+---l.-
8@ I" :

(a) (b)

Fig. 10-(a) Typical section of instrumented grooved bar and (b) typical layout of
strain gages along grooved bar. 4 • 12 1 in. = 25.4 mm
344 ACI JOURNAL I July-August 1984
r PHYSICAL MODEL

T CONFINED CONCRETE

UNCONFI
NE~-t
CONCR ETE
m\ -~

I
~

I
14)
1
I
~
•
4
- Pz
_u NCONFINEO
CONCRETE

~ 3" ,.._ -1 3" : -

: - - - - - - - - 2 5 " ---- - ----~

MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Fig. 12-Cyclic experiment with #10 bar. Equal forces
are applied simultaneously at both ends of the bar. o1
measures the total bar displacement at one end. 12 1 ksi
= 6.89MPa

UNCONFINED CONFINED REGION ~PUSH END

REGION ~ T REGION Fig. 14-A model for determining bar displacements by
computer12

I II I ~45o_l
...,__ ... N...-------1 --:~-1 ~------- vr. ._ - s SLIP [mm]
-~Yr~-=-==-~-1~-~-=-~,r=--=-=--=--~Ny-t------r -0.5 0 0.5

I II I t
rr---· .J..
_jl
c
10

;;; 0
a.
~
Fig. 13-/dentijication of anchorage regions in a rein- 0 .!..
z 0 0 0
forced concrete block 12 0 z
CD 0
CD

that it is very difficult to generalize the results so that
they are applicable to members of any size. It is more
advantageous to study a problem in the manner shown
12
111 hg. 14. By assigning a local bond stress-slip law for
the various points along a bar, any member with any
set of boundary conditions can be studied analytically.
This poses, however, the second fundamental problem
using the described approach. Since the bond stress is
detenumed by taking the difference of axial stresses at
the adjoining points, the results are very sensitive to the
obtat11ed strain readings, which tend to be somewhat er-
rati~:. Unless the data are smoothed by a procedure such
a~ the least ~quares method, the resulting hysteretic
luop~ can be chaotic Such an approach can be used as
exemplified by Fig. 15, 4 but is extremely time consum-
ing, and it i~ more advantageous to study the local
boud stre~s-slip relationships in a different manner.
Bond test with short bars
!he basi.: design of a specimen for testing bond of
short bar~ 1s shown in Fig. 16. 13 • 14 The bonded length of
the bar i~ limited to 5 bar diameters, as the outer
leugth~ of the test bar are covered by mastic and are in-
serted into tubes. The horizontal concrete splitting area
as~o.:iated with the embedded bar is controlled by the
ACI JOURNAL I July-August 1984
-I
-10
-2
-0.02 0 0.02
SLIP (in]
Fig. 15-Cyclic local bond stress-slip response at 6 in.
from an end, #8 bar 25 in. (635 mm) embedment
length. Least squares method smoothing 4
size of the opening in the plastic sheet. By varying the
width of the opening in this sheet, simulation of differ-
ent bar spacing is achieved. As the overall size of the
specimen is large in comparison with the critical split-
ting area of concrete, as well as the use of stirrups and
vertical bars, the concrete surrounding the test bar is
well confined. Further, since the bar is short, the cal-
culated average bond stress may be considered as rep-
resentative of a local bond stress. A similar specimen
for studying the anchorage provided by a hook is
shown in Fig. 17. 15
One hundred twenty-five specimens, mainly of the
type shown in Fig. 16, were tested in this program. The
actual experiments were performed in an MTS testing
345
 II j DIRECTION OF CASTING /~MONOTONIC LOADING
15
r-~~~~======~---,-~-TUBE
l r---5 5db--i .... _ - AFTER ONE CYCLE
0Ftl65mm

i~===~I~ l oo

+l
152 TEST BAR

-mmllc=~r-~~·-=tif-~·~==tt~~~=,~-=1
0
15 2
: L-PLASTIC SHEET ! or---------------T==r==r-------------------
f.. !

, ' I-----t-VERTICAL BARS

L....,---IL_____!~===i~::==:tsTIRRuPs
L95- t5db-1-5db_l-5db+65J
db 15

Slmml

Fig. 18-Typical experimentally determined cyclic local

bond stress-slip response using test specimen shown in
Fig. 16. Illustrated curves are for #8 bar. 13 1 MPa =
SHEET 145 psi; 1 mm = 3.94 x 10-z in.
'
BONDED LENGTH
machine which permitted the application of monotonic
Fig. 16- Test specimen for determining local bond and cyclic loads. In addition to monitoring the applied
stress-slip response in confined concrete. Dimensions force, the end slip of the bar was also continuously
are in mm. 11 1 mm = 3.94 x 10-z in. measured.
Because of the relative simplicity of the specimens, it
was possible to study the effect of many parameters on
the local bond stress-slip relationship. Among these, the
effects of the following variables were studied.
I. Monotonic versus cyclic loading
r-- TUBES, _ 2. Tensile versus compressive loading
r•8 TEST BAR 3. Amount of confinement reinforcement

I
9~"
~
4. Bar diameter size (#6, #8, #I 0)
5. Concrete strength
6. Bar spacing
7. Transverse pressure (such as column load)
8. Rate of pullout

H- ---
--- :~ / These topics are briefly discussed in References 13, 15,
I6, and I 7 and are reported in detail in References I4

r.
t and 18. *
A representative diagram of calculated average local
bond stress versus slip for a straight bar (Fig. I 6) is
shown in Fig. I 8.ll It is interesting to note several as-
pects which can be observed from this diagram. First,
the monotonic loading curve in tension and compres-
sion can be approximated by similar shapes. Second, in
1----------15':..' -------.1 this particular experiment of rather severe cyclic load-
ing of ± 0.65 in. ( 1.65 mm), significant deterioration in

/
r "'8 TEST BAR capacity takes place even during the first load reversal.
Third, after one full cycle, the bar bond capacity does
not reach the monotonic loading curve. Bond damage
- -
~
/ • continues under further application of cyclic loading.
1111111
-- - • t' Fourth, for very large slip, the average bond stress
le
I
•I I
__t_
reaches approximately a constant value which can be
I I
associated with an internal frictional force.
:__7"- ~ The essential aspects of the observations noted above
for many different levels of cyclic loading have been
SECTION
captured by a local bond stress-slip law described in
References 13, 15, 16, and 17. More details are given in
Fig. 17- Test specimen for determining the effect of
hooks on anchorage of bars in confined concrete. 15 1 in. • Another detailed report by the same authors on behavior of hooked bars is
= 25.4 mm in preparation.

346 ACl JOURNAL I July-August 1984

 T IN/mmZ)
16~----~--~-----.--.--.---r--~----~--.-.
-CYCLIC TEST ( s • :1: 1.65 mm)
-·-MONOTONIC LOADING
--ANALYTICAL MODEL
0 4 6 8
1 (mm)
Fig. 19-Comparison of experimental and proposed
analytical model for local bond stress-slip response. 16 • 17
1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 mm = 3.94 x J0- 2 in.
200
z
EXPERIMENTAL
- - ANALYTICAL
200
-0.5 0 0.5 1.0
S1 [mm]
Fig. 21-Comparison of a typical experimental and an-
alytical force-end displacement hysteretic loops for a #8
bar embedded in a 25 in. (635 mm) wide reinforced
concrete block subjected simultaneously to equal force
at both endsY 1 kN = 225 lb-jorce; 1 mm = 3.94 x
J0- 2 in.
Reference 14. The rules for defining the unloading and
reloading branches of the curves as well as the reduced
envelopes are rather complex and strongly depend on
the damage parameter, which, in turn, is a function of
loading history. The simplifications made to obtain a
set of viable rules for the local bond stress-slip law may
be surmised from Fig. 19. 14• 16• 17 For further details refer
to the cited references.
The accuracy of the local bond stress-slip law has
been checked by applying the approach exemplified in
Fig. 14 to some bond tests with long bars described in
the previous section of this paper. One such analytical
comparison for a monotonically loaded bar is shown in
Fig. 20. 17 The calculated results for the end displace-
ment of a bar of 0.87 in. (22 mm) out of the anchoring
block are in excellent agreement with the experimental
results. A similar comparison for a complete cycle hav-
ing an overall displacement of 0.09 in. (2.3 mm) is
shown in Fig. 21. 17 Again, the agreement between the
experimental and the analytical results is seen to be sat-
isfactory.
ACI JOURNAL I July-August 1984
N ( kNI
400~·--.--.--.--.--,---.--r--.--.--,--,--,--,
/
,.. .... .... --------
/.
200 t -25do
~/s:=E=~ I
EXPERIMENTAL
- - - ANALYTICAL
0 4 8 12 16 20 22
s 1 (mm)
10
Fig. 20-Comparison of experimental and analytical
results of pullout for a #8 bar embedded in a 25 in. (635
mm) wide reinforced concrete block. 17 1 kN = 225 lb-
force; 1 mm = 3.94 X J0- 2 in.
1.5 I
SECTION I
Fig. 22-lnterior beam-column joint with discretiza-
tion along bars for analysis of the contact problem 19
ANALYSIS OF DETERIORATING CYCLIC
BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
JOINTS
If an acceptable local bond stress-slip law is formu-
lated and the behavior of a long reinforcing bar can be
idealized in the manner shown in Fig. 14, either mono-
tonic or cyclic response of reinforced concrete joints
can be analyzed. Work completed so far shows that this
can be done at the research level. A brief outline of the
successful approach used 19 •20 follows. The developed
solution is applicable to monotonically as well as cycli-
cally applied loads. An earlier attempt in solving this
problem is given in Reference 21.
Having been reassured that the proposed local bond
stress-slip law 15 •16 gives satisfactory results in predicting
the behavior of long embedded bars (Fig. 20 and 21),
the procedure has been generalized for a more complex
loading condition. 19 •20 As an example, an interior beam-
column joint such as shown in Fig. 22 20 was consid-
ered. Analogous to the approach shown in Fig. 14, here
the bars were discretized within the joint as well as in
abutting beams (not shown). The slippage of the main
reinforcing bars with respect to the surrounding con-
crete is taken into account, giving rise to concentrated
fixed-end rotations at the beam-column interface. The
hysteretic behavior of cracked reinforced concrete sec-
347
 200
- - - - EXPERIMENTAL
- - ANALYTICAL
E'
f
>-- 0 >--
z z
w w
::;;
@)·
0 0
::;;
BOTTOM BAR
-200 f-8/'
EAST BEAM
5 -20
ENDSLJP, u (mm]
Fig. 23-Beam end moment versus pullout of bottom
bars. Comparison of experimental and analytical re-
sults. 19 1 kN • m = 8.85 kip-in.; 1 mm = 3.94 x J0- 2
in.
tions satisfying the equilibrium of forces at both inter-
face cracks and taking into account the contact prob-
lem under cyclic action has been formulated."1 Without
going into the details of the devised computer pro-
gram, only some of the end results are indicated here.
The devised iterative solution assures that both the
equilibrium of the joint as well as the equilibrium of
each reinforcing bar layer under the local bond stress-
slip law is satisfied simultaneously. As an example, the
calculated pullout of the bottom beam bars is com-
pared with the experimental result for one of the beam-
column subassemblages in Fig. 23. 19 Similar results have
been obtained for the top beam bars (not shown). Hav-
ing information on the pullout of the top and bottom
bars enables one to calculate the beam fixed-end rota-
tion. Such results are given in Fig. 24, 19 where again a
comparison between the calculated and experimental
results is made. Based on such studies, it is believed
that the developed solution is sufficiently accurate for
analyzing the bond and the ultimate anchorage prob-
lems. The latter problem corresponds to a condition
when a bar begins to slide out or though a joint.
Since the developed iterative solution is very general,
it can be applied to numerous problems, including that
of coupling beams in shearwalls, exterior joints, and
wall anchorage to footings. However, a search for a
simplified solution method continues so that it would
be possible to economically analyze large practical
structural systems.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
A review of the bond and anchorage problem for
reinforcing bars under generalized excitations simulat-
ing the conditions occurring during severe earthquakes
has been emphasized in this paper based principally on
the research done at Berkeley. Together with support-
ing evidence from other sources, the basic phenomeno-
logical features of local bond stress-slip behavior have
been identified. A plausible rule suitable for computer
implementation of this behavior has been proposed.
Refinements in the computer algorithms are likely to
348
200
@)·
~~
B
E' EAST BEAM
z
0
::;;
::;;
---EXPERIMENTAL
-ANALYTICAL (NONLINEAR
STEEL MODEL)
-200 -·-·ANALYTICAL (BILINEAR
STEEL MODEL)
0 20
3
FIXED END ROTATION 10- (RAD]
Fig. 24-Beam end moment versus fixed-end rotation
caused by pullout of bars from column. Comparison of
experimental and analytical results. 19 1 kN · m = 8.85
kip-in.; 1 mm = 3.94 x J0- 2 in.
follow. Using a particular formulation of this rule, with
the aid of a computer program, it is now possible to
study analytically the general contact problem at rein-
forced concrete cracks, such as occur in beams and at
joints. At the research level this permits deeper insight
into the nature and behavior of the reinforcing bars in
bond, both for monotonic as well as cyclic loadings.
For direct practical applications, some simplifications
of the algorithms appear to be necesssary.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author sincerely thanks his colleague, Professor Vitelmo V.
Bertero, for continuous collaboration on the projects described, as
well as other associates and graduate students recognized in the ref-
erence listing. Filip Filippou was very helpful with the final prepara-
tion of the paper. The author is most grateful to NSF (current Grant
CEE 81-07217) for maintaining the support of the bond project over
a considerable period of time, which made this work possible. Any
opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this
paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views
of the National Science Foundation.
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349