Solar Shading of Buildings

Course
Solar Energy in Architecture

Marie-Claude Dubois
5 November 2010

Course plan
1. Introduction
2. Solar protection, theory
3. Sizing solar protection

4. PARASOL program
5. Visual protection
6. Conclusions

Introduction – What is solar shading?

Passive cooling
Adequate climate
Large openings, some in higher part
Good thermal insulation
Avoid heat sources
Thermal mass
Efficient solar shading devices
Ventilation strategies

Source: Claude-Alain Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les bâtiments…

1
 Introduction – Why is solar shading actual?
Elemental deconstruction of traditional load-bearing wall
Thermal barrier Rain barrier
Rain barrier
Structure
Thermal barrier Structure
Solar protection

Solar
protection

U= U=
5.8 W/m2K 0.5 W/m2K

Bearing wall Light frame

Source: Dubois (2007). Construction III: Enveloppe et représentation.
4

Introduction
Thus, an elemental deconstruction of
the traditional load-bearing wall had
occurred, with frame, skin and brise-
soleil as the main layers, each
specialised to fulfil specific functions.
K. Steemers (1989)

Source: Steemers K (1989). …

5

Introduction
Bang & Olufsen, Jutland, Denmark, 1998

Source: Photo Steen Traberg-Borup, Danish Building Research Institute

6

2
Introduction

Source: Central hall of Bremen University, architect Jan Strömer, Designing with glass(2004)-p.57
7

Introduction

Source: Office fédéral de la statistique, Switzerland.

8

Introduction

Source: White architects, Stockholm, White architects

9

3
Introduction

Source: White architects, Stockholm, White architects

10

Introduction
It is trendy to build glazed buildings!

Source: Hus Zenit, Linköping, HJS arkitekter

11

Introduction
Caisse de dépôt et placement, Montreal

Source: Photo Arnaud Bontemps, project SSHRC environmental adaptability, GRAP.

12

4
Introduction

...glass building?
Source: Steve Selkovitz, Green Build 2008
13

Introduction
ØRESTAD, UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL
COPENHAGEN
3xn ARKITEKTER (2008)

...glass building?
[source: Betterbricks Case Studies, http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/documents/DWS_r2.pdf, 2009]

Introduction
Between concept and reality…
Butterickshörnet, Malmö, Sweden

Source: Photo, Marie-Claude Dubois.

15

5
Introduction
Modification of work position

Source: Lam, 1992, Perception and lighting as formgivers of architecture

16

Introduction
Modification of work position

Source: Marie-Claude Dubois.

17

Introduction
Modification of work position

Source: Hexcel (2006) Optimisation of daylight at workplaces.

18

6
Introduction
Modification of work position

Source: IESNA, Lighting Handbook, 1995.

19

Introduction
Undesirable reflections in computer screens

Source: Photo Steen Traberg-Borup, Danish Building Research Institute

20

Introduction
Undesirable reflections in computer screens

Source: Photo Steen Traberg-Borup, Danish Building Research Institute

21

7
Introduction
Summary
3 elements contribute to increase problems
related to solar exposure of buildings

1. Thinner building envelope

2. Increased glass area
3. Work on computers = horizontal gaze

Source: Dubois (2007). Construction III: Enveloppe et représentation.

22

Solar protection

Source: Solskjerming (1999). Norges solskjerminsforbund. p. 18.

23

Solar protection
Traditional design approach
Solar protective glazing + BIG mechanical room
[1] [2]

[source 1: flickr, brett arnett]

[source 2: Rubeling and associates]

8
Solar protection
Solar protective glazing

Source: Claude-Alain Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les ….

Solar protection

Source: Report, consulting work, Simons building, Québec, M-C Dubois

26

Solar protection
Limitations of solar protective glazing
 Reduction of solar gains in the winter
 Reduction of daylight all year and under all
conditions (including overcast)
 Modification of quantity and quality (spectral)
of natural light
 Does not allow adequate glare protection
 Yields exclusive, non-adaptive building

Source: MCDubois (2007) Construction III: Enveloppe et représentation.

9
Solar protection
Modern design approach =
Adaptive buildings =
Solar protection

Source: York University Computer Science Facility, de Busby & associates, 1998 (source: www.busby.ca)

Solar protection
Impact of solar shading devices on energy use:
Summer
Reduction of unwanted solar gains
Winter
Possibility to use solar gains for passive solar
heating (with movable shading device)
Possibility to use daylight
Reduction of (night time) heat losses through
window due to additional layer (optimum if airtight)
Source: Dubois (2007). Construction III : Enveloppe et représentation, Notes de cours.
29

Solar protection
Effect on total energy use
Europe

Heating=> reduction of 12 MTep/year

Cooling=> reduction of 31 MTep/year
(455 MTep/a for the EU-25 building sector)

Source: ES-SO (European Solar Shading Organization, 2006).

30

10
 Solar protection
Effect on peak cooling load
Peak cooling demand
7000 (W) - 12 pers.
6000
#1
5000
#2
4000
#3
3000 #4
2000 #2 +
screen
1000
0 Combinaison Description
Combinaison Vitrages
Description T thermique
2
T solaire T thermique
Vitrages T visuelle
2
T solaire T visuelle
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 U (W/m K) g (%) U (W/m (%) K) g (%) (%)
Hour #1
#2
Verre clair#1
Verre protection
#2
3
Verre clair
solaire A Verre protection
2
1.6
1.1A
solaire
368
236
1.6 72
1.1 64
68
36
72
64
#3 Verre protection
#3 solaire B Verre protection
2 1.1B
solaire 227 1.1 51 27 51
#4 Verre A +#4
faible émissivitéVerre A +3faible émissivité
0.7 321 0.7 43 21 43
#2+écran Écran extérieur
#2+écranfaçade west 2
Écran extérieur 1.1 west
façade 210 1.115-20 10 15-20

Source: Bülow-Hübe & Dubois (2000). Butterickshörnet.

31

Solar protection
Effect on thermal comfort
Operative temperature, 15 March (ext. temp. 6,8 oC)
32

Direct insolation
30
No direct insolation

28

26

24

22

20
Exterior Interior Existing No
protection protection protection protection

Source: Ericksen & Horgen (2001).

32

Solar protection
Effect on thermal comfort, productivity and costs
Additional annual cost, reduction of productivity of one employee (500 NOK/hr)
Solution No direct sun Direct sun
Number of hours Annual cost (NOK) Number of hours Annual cost (NOK)
No protection 39 19 500 98 49 000
Existing protection 7 3 500 25 12 500

Investment cost, maintenance and energy (by office)

Investment cost No protection Existing protection Exterior protection
Cooling power 250W 200W 0W
Cost of solar protection 3 900
Convector 2 000 1 800
Cooling device (2,5NOK/W) 625 500
Automatic system 200 200
Other 5 000 5 000
Période de travail avec une température
Total investment supérieure à 22oC7 500
7 825 3 900
Cost maintenance + energy / year 165 150 42

Source: Ericksen & Horgen (2001).

33

11
Solar protection
Temperature and productivity
[%]
150

140 Men
accidents
130

120

110 Women
[°C]
100
10 15 25 30 Sitting, calm 1 CLO
90

80

70 Intellectual performance

60

50 Work pace

Source: David Wyon via Ericksen & Horgen (2001).

34

Solar protection
Summary
Solar protection devices allow:
1. Reduction of unwanted solar gains and cooling during the
summer
2. Improvement of thermal comfort and productivity of
employees
3. Utilization of passive solar gains in the winter
4. Better daylighting year-round
5. Slight reduction of heating at night due to additional layer
in the window assembly
Source: Dubois (2007). Construction III : Enveloppe et représentation, Course notes.
35

Solar protection
Thermal and optical properties

Source: Dubois (2006). Construction III: Enveloppe et représentation. Course notes.

36

12
Solar protection
Thermal and optical properties
 g-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC)
 Shading coefficient (SC)
 Visual transmittance (Tvis)
 U-value or air permeability

Source: Dubois (2006). Construction III: Enveloppe et représentation. Notes de cours.

37

Solar protection
G-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC)

‘G-value’ is the coefficient commonly used in Europe and ‘solar heat gain
coefficient (SHGC)’ is used in the United States
Sum of the primary solar transmittance (T-value) and the secondary
transmittance.
Primary transmittance is the fraction of solar radiation that directly enters
a building through a window compared to the total solar insolation, the
amount of radiation that the window receives.
The secondary transmittance is the fraction of inwardly flowing solar
energy absorbed in the window (or shading device) again compared to
the total solar insolation.

Source: Wikipedia.org, 2010

38

Solar protection
G-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC)

Source: Bülow-Hübe & Hellström (2005).

39

13
Solar protection
G-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC)

Source: Wall & Bülow Hübe (2003). Solar protection in buildings.

40

Solar protection
Efficient solar shading devices:
on the exterior side of windows!

a
a
g

t t
r r
g

Source: Claude-Alain Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les bâtiments..

Solar protection
Importance of the position of shading device

Interior protection Exterior protection

Protection
Relatively inefficient between panes Efficient in the
in the summer summer
Not sufficient in
Useful solar gains in the summer No passive heat gains
the winter in the winter

Source: Claude-Alain Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les bâtiments..

14
Solar protection
Solar protection between panes

Source: Unicel architectural, ref. Louis Dubord.

Solar protection
G-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC)
Varies as a function of fabric colour

Source: Wall & Bülow Hübe (2003). Solar protection in buildings. Part 1.
44

Solar protection
G-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC)

Source: Wall & Bülow Hübe (2003). Solar protection in buildings.

Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval 45

15
Solar protection
G-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC)
as a function of lamellas’ width

Source: Wall & Bülow Hübe (2003). Solar protection in buildings. Part 1.
46

Solar protection
G-value (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC)
The ideal g-value varies constantly in the course of one day.

Qsun
500 W Qcool
+10oC +20oC
300 W

Gi = 200 W = 0.4
200 W 500 W

Source: Dubois (2000) Eurosun.

47

Solar protection
Shading coefficient (SC)

Ratio of solar gain (due to direct sunlight) passing through a

glass unit to the solar energy which passes through a
reference glass (most often a 3mm Clear Float Glass, ts =
0.86, ρs = 0.08, and αs = 0.06) for the same angle of
incidence and spectral distribution.

g ( )test
SC 
g ( ) ref
Source: ASHRAE (1997).
48

16
Solar protection
Shading coefficient (SC)

Source: DEKAY, M. et BROWN, GZ. (2001), Sun, Wind,and Light.

49

Solar protection
Visual versus solar performance
Reflectance measured within the visual spectrum

Source: Bülow-Hübe & Hellström (2005)

50

Solar protection
Visual versus solar performance
Reflectance measured within the visual spectrum

Source: Bülow-Hübe & Hellström (2005)

51

17
Solar protection
U-value (thermal conductance)
The conduction of heat (defined by the U-value, U=1/R) is
reduced when the shading device is airtight and sealed to the
window.

Recommendations :
 Seal the sides of the shading device to the window.
 Use airtight material.
 Use low-emissivity material (e.g. aluminum)

Source: Dubois (1997).

52

Solar protection
Device U-value reduct. Author
w/r single gl.
Aluminum screens 45-58% Lund (1957)
Venetian blinds 25% ASHRAE (1972)
Rolling screens 25% ASHRAE (1972)
Curtains 25%-30% ASHRAE (1972)
Grasso (1990)

Source: Dubois (1997).

53

Solar protection

Source: Laouadi et al (2008) Field Performance of Exterior Solar Shadings for Residential Windows…
54

18
Solar protection
Canadian company, Volets Josuma (shutters)

Source: Jocelyn Perron, architect, Volets Josuma.

55

Solar protection
Josuma shutters

Source: Jocelyn Perron, architecte, Les Volets Josuma.

56

Solar protection
Summary
Performance of shading devices can be characterized by
thermal and optical properties:
1.Lower g-value indicates higher efficiency for reducing solar
gains.
2.Exterior shading devices have a lower g-value.
3.SC (shading coefficient) abandoned
4.Tvis or Tdaylight should be as high as possible
5.Lower U-value indicates higher efficiency in reducing night-
time thermal losses

19
 Solar protection and orientation

Source: Claude-Alain Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur...

58

Solar protection
Solar protection and orientation
Orientation Potential Caracteristics
natural light

SOUTH Optimal Solar control is easy

Variable daylight
NORTH Excellent Solar control not required
Most constant daylight
EAST To avoid Solar control difficult
WEST Great variation in daylight

Source: Public Works and Government Services (2002).

59

Solar protection
Fixed horizontal protection

Good for SOUTH or near

SOUTH orientations

Source: Claude-Alain Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les...

20
Solar protection
Solar protection and orientation
SOUTH

Source: François Paul Émond, architect, ÉKM architecture (2004). Pavillon des arts et sciences du collège
de l’ouest de l’île, Montreal.
Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval 61

Solar protection
Solar protection and
orientation
SOUTH

Source: François Paul Émond, architect, ÉKM architecture (2004). Pavillon des arts et sciences du collège
de l’ouest de l’île, Montreal
Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval 62

Solar protection
Solar protection and orientation
SOUTH

summer

winter

Source: York University Computer Science Facility, de Busby & associates, 1998 (source: www.busby.ca)
63

21
Solar protection
Solar protection and orientation
SOUTH

Source: Nicola Valley Institute of Technology / University College, Merritt, B.C.par Busby & associates, 1998
(source: www.busby.ca)
Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval 64

Solar protection
Solar protection and orientation
SOUTH

To manage snow loads

Source: C-A Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les…
65

Solar protection
NORMAND MAURICE BUILDING, MONTREAL
BUSBY PERKINS + WILL (2003)

SOUTH EAST

[source: Sustainable architecture & building magazine, http://www.sabmagazine.com/blog/2008/03/16/normand-maurice-building/, 2009]

22
Integration with
architecture

Source: Bureaux PPL, Allentown (PA) via Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur …

Solar protection
ANGULAR EFFECTS EFFECT OF INCIDENCE ANGLE

1000
(Wm-2)
2

900
incident (W/m

800
Incident solar radiation

700

600

500
Rayonnement

400

300 angle
200 of incidence
100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Normal
Angle Angle d'incidence
of incidence p/r normale
with respect to normal to glazing

[source: Dubois, 2001]

Solar protection
ANGULAR EFFECTS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS

[source: Bülow-Hübe, 2001]

23
 Solar protection
ANGULAR EFFECTS

G-value 90-100%
G-value 80-90%

[source 1: Dubois, 2000]

Solar protection
COMBINED ANGULAR EFFECTS

21 OCT. 13h
700W/m2
g-value 0,90
= 630 W/m2
21 SEPT. 13h
800W/m2
g-value 0,80
= 640 W/m2
[3]
[source : Dubois, 2001]

Solar protection
COMBINED ANGULAR EFFECTS

21 June 13h
800W/m2
g-value 0,1
= 80 W/m2
21 June 17h
700W/m2
g-value 0,9
= 630 W/m2
[source : Dubois, 2001]

24
Solar protection
Solar protection and orientation EAST + WEST
West, Stockholm, August
1000 1
900 0.9
Solar radiation (W/m2)

Normalised gcos
800 0.8
700 0.7
600 0.6 I normal
500 0.5 q sun
400 0.4 norm. g cos

300 0.3
200 0.2
100 0.1
0 0
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Hour (solar time)
Source: Dubois (2001).
73

Solar protection
WEST orientation

Source:
74

Solar protection
WEST orientation

Partial reduction of solar

gains for EAST and
WEST orientations

Source: Claude-Alain Roulet (2007) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les…

25
 Solar protection
Combined angular effects

EAST SOUTH WEST NORTH

757 757 757 757
Solar gains (W/m2)

505 505 505 505

252 252 252 252

0 0 0 0

0 12 24 0 12 24 0 12 24 0 12 24
hour hour hour hour

[source: Olgyay, 1963]

[3]

Solar protection
Strategies to reduce solar gains on WEST facade

Source: York University Computer Science Facility, de Busby & associates, 1998 (source: www.busby.ca)
student project Petits Édifices Publics (2004).
Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval 77

Solar protection 77 17
41
ENERGY BASE, VIENNA
URSULA SCHNEIDER (2008)

[source 1: 4Images, http://www.eurosolar.at/eefotoarchiv/details.php?image_id=346, 2009]

[source 2: Hornbachner energie innovation, http://www.hei.at/en/presse/fotos.html, 2009]

26
 Solar protection
EAST WEST orientations = Flat vertical protection

Rotating devices Movable devices

[1] [2]

[1]
[1]

[source 1: GSW Headquarters, Berlin]

[3]
[source 2: Nissen Wentzlaff Architekten. Épicerie et appartements, Muttenz]

Solar protection 69
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
SAN-FRANCISCO
RENZO PIANO BUILDING WORKSHOP (2008) [1]

[1]

[2] [2] [2]

[source 1: Renzo Piano Building Workshop, http://rpbw.r.ui-pro.com/]

[source 2: California Academy of Sciences, Renzo Piano Buildnig Workshop, images de Hunter Douglas, http://www.hunterdouglascontract.com/home/, 2009]

Solar protection
Solar protection and orientation
SOUTH, EAST, WEST

Source: Course notes, Bülow-Hübe, H (2008).

81

27
Solar protection
Mobile systems allow more daylighting

Source: Course notes, Bülow-Hübe, H (2008)

Solar protection
Mobile systems: types of protections

Source: C-A Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur …

Source: Photo Marie-Claude Dubois, Konstfack, Stockholm, Sweden.

28
Solar protection
Mobile systems: types of protections

Source: Lund og Slaatto. Offices Nestlé-Findus, Billingstad, Norway.

Solar protection
In the future we will shade AND produce
electricity!
U of CALGARY CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE,
CALGARY (5105 DJC)
KASIAN (2007)

[source: Kasian, www.Kasian.com]

Solar protection
In the future we will shade AND produce
electricity!
PV shade

29
Solar protection
Summary
Solar protection and orientation:
1. SOUTH orientation is the easiest to shade due to solar
position (sun is high in the sky and in front of window);
2. NORTH orientation does not require solar protection but
may require visual protection;
3. EAST and WEST orientations are to avoid as much as
possible. They require a flat shading device parallel to the
window glass;
4. WEST is the worst orientation due to the accumulation of
solar gains in the building at the end of day.

Sizing solar protection

Methods
1. Graphical method (very early design phase)
2. Computer simulations (optimization phase)
.

Source: Marie-Claude Dubois, notes de cours Enveloppe 2007.

89

Sizing solar protection

Step 1:
Determine at which time the solar protection is needed.

Source: Marie-Claude Dubois, notes de cours Enveloppe 2007.

90

30
Sizing solar protection
Graphic method
.Shading calender (St-Louis, 38 , 45’)
o

Exterior protection Envelope dominated Internal heat gain

building dominated building

Source: Brown & Dekay, 2000.

91

Sizing solar protection

Graphic method
o
.Shading calender (Minneapolis, MN, 45 N)

Exterior protection Envelope dominated Internal heat gain

building dominated building

Source: Brown & Dekay, 2000.

92

Sizing solar protection

Effect of Earth thermal inertia
Solar altitude Average exterior
temperature

Difference
of 9
degrees for
same solar
position

Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval

Source: Roulet C-A (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement …

31
Sizing solar protection
Step 2:
Determiner corresponding solar angles
.

Source: Marie-Claude Dubois, notes de cours Enveloppe 2007.

94

Sizing solar protection

Computer method
.

Source: http://home.hefr.ch/compag/solangles/solangles.htme
95

Sizing solar protection

Computer method
.

Source: www.parasol.se
96

32
Visual protection
Ferring, Ørestad, Denmark
Henning Larsen 2001

Source: Photo, Marie-Claude Dubois, 2001.

97

Visual protection

[source: source: Bang og Olufsen, Denmark, photo by Steen Traberg-Borup

Visual protection
Problems caused by daylight through windows:
1. Glare (direct, indirect, disability, discomfort)
2. Reflections in computer screens or on paper

Source: Fontoynont, Ward.

99

33
Visual protection
Disability glare
Loss of visual information

Discomfort glare
Caused by sharp contrasts
No loss of visual information
Long term effects (fatigue)

Source: Newsham, via Christoffersen, 2006, Light, health and well-being

100

Visual protection
Recommendation:
Avoid placing computer screens directly in front of windows;
Orientate the screen perpendicular to the window.

Source: Public Works and Government Services (2002). Daylight Guide for Canadian Commercial Buildings.
101

Visual protection
Recommendation:
Select a device which allows blocking the brightest
part of the view out (sky, snow)

Source: photo Steen Traberg-Borup (2000). Danish Building Research Institute.

102

34
Visual protection Maximum tolerated luminance 1000 cd/m2

Source: Hexcel (2006). Optimisation of daylight at workplaces.

103

Visual protection
Recommendation:
For any situation where direct view of sky is critical, select a
device with a visual transmittance (Tvis) of 2-10%

Source: photo Steen Traberg-Borup (2000). Danish Building Research Institute.

104

Visual protection
Direct sunlight patches on lateral walls are often
a source of discomfort glare

Source: Fontoynont (1999). Daylight Performance of Buildings.

105

35
Visual protection
Recommendation:
Avoid white, translucent fabric, which may excerbate
the glare problem.

Source: Fontoynont (1999). Daylight Performance of Buildings.

106

Visual protection
[source: photo M-C Dubois, Laboratoire du COPL, Universite Laval]

Problem with diffusing glass

Source: Photo MCDubois, Pavillon COPL, Université Laval, Québec.
Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval 107

Visual protection
[source: photo M-C Dubois, Laboratoire du COPL, Universite Laval]

Problem with white diffusing fabric

Source: Photo MCDubois, ÅF Hagaporten, Stockholm.
Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval 108

36
Visual protection

Problem with white diffusing fabric

Source: Photo MCDubois, ÅF Hagaporten, Stockholm.
Formation continue, OAQ Université Laval 109

Visual protection
Recommendation:
Avoid white, translucent fabric, which may excerbate
the glare problem.

Source: Fontoynont (1999). Daylight Performance of Buildings.

110

Visual protection

Source: Hexcel (2006). Optimisation of daylight at workplaces.

111

37
Visual protection
Recommendation:
Venetian blinds (with horizontal lamellas) are high
performance devices because they allow a fine
tuning of light level (like a dimmer) and reflect light
upwards, towards the ceiling and back of the room.

Source: Dubois (2001).

112

Visual protection
Recommandations :
Venetian blinds (horizontal lamellas)

Source: Christoffersen (1999).

113

Visual protection
Recommendation:
Venetian blinds (horizontal lamellas), 2 slat angles.

Natural light
towards the back
of the room.

Blocking of
direct light
close to
computer
screen.

Source:
114

38
Visual protection
Diffusing glass in upper window section

Source: Steve Selkovitz, Green Build 2008

115

Visual protection
Recommendation:
Light shelves

Source: Steve Selkovitz, Green Build 2008

116

Visual protection

[source: Public Works and Government Services, 2002, Daylight Guide for Canadian Commercial Buildings]

39
Visual protection

[source: Public Works and Government Services, 2002, Daylight Guide for Canadian Commercial Buildings]

© Claude-A. Roulet, Apples, 2007 119

Visual protection
Summary
1. Work position perpendicular to window if possible.
2. Select device which blocks the brightest part of
window view (sky, snow, etc.).
3. Solar protective glass do not control glare.
4. Discomfort glare may be caused by direct sunlight
patch on lateral wall.
5. White, translucent fabrics or diffusing glass increase
the glare problem.
6. Venetian blinds allow adjusting light level and reflect
light in the back of the room.
120

40
View out

Source: Christoffersen, Jens, SBI.

121

View out

Most positive attribute of a window

Can see out
Can see weather
Can ventilate
Natural light in room
Natural light to work
Sunlight
Time of the day
Light for plants
Other

Average, all buildings Responses

Source: Christoffersen et al.(1999). Vinduer og dagslys – en feltundersogelse i kontor bygninger.

122

View out
Notice:
Bright-colour, translucent fabric block the view out.

Source:
123

41
View out
Bi-directional materials (dark inside, reflective outside)

Source: via Claude-Alain Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les…

View out
Recommendation:
Quality of view out strongly depends on optical properties of
shading material (can be different from one side to the other)

Source: CÉGEP Garneau, Québec (photo, Bernard Drouin).

125

View out
« KOOLSHADE »

Source: via Claude-Alain Roulet (2004) Santé et qualité de l’environnement intérieur dans les…

42
View out
« KOOLSHADE »

View out
Recommendation:
Dark-coloured fabric

Source:
128

View out
Recommendation:
Dark-coloured fabric

Source:
129

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View out

Formation Lingotto
Source: continue, OAQ Université
Factory Laval
Conversion, Turin, Italie via Eleonor Lee, LBLN, Green Build 2008 130

View out

Source:
Formation Lingotto Factory
continue, OAQ Conversion,
Université Laval Turin, Italie via Eleonor Lee, LBLN, Green Build 2008 131

Conclusions
Exterior solar protection
Interior visual protection Exterior solar
protection :
low g value
June
53º
Visual protection:
high g value Dec 7º
manual control

Source: Dubois MC (2003), PhD thesis presentation.

132

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Conclusions
Shading device needs to be planned at early design phase.

Source: Fontoynont M. Daylight Performance of Buildings. 1999.

133

Conclusions
Shading device needs to be planned at early design phase.

Source: Photo étudiant maîtrise, Caisse de Dépôt et Placement, Montréal.

134

Conclusions
To remember:
1. Include shading concept at early design phase.
2. Solar shading and visual protection =
two different problems and two different solutions.
3. Solar shading => efficient outside (geometrical
problem)
4. Visual protection => efficient inside (redirection of
light and optical properties are key factors)

Source:
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