HEPATITIC DISEASE

MARNIA
1909200413211010

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DAN KESEHATAN AVICENNA

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU GIZI
KENDARI
2020

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 INTRODUCTION

All praise be to the presence of Allah SWT who has given His grace and

gifts, so that the author can finish this paper. This paper the author gives the title

"HEPATITIC DISEASE". We realize that in the process of writing this paper, it is

inseparable from the help of many parties, so that we can complete this paper.

Thank you for the assistance given to us, hopefully getting a reply from

Allah SWT as a practice that counts and get a reward that is far valuable.

In the preparation of this paper, the author realizes with all my heart that

this paper will be imperfect, given the level of ability and experience of the author

is not extensive. However, the author will strive to compile this paper so that it

can be resolved properly. Therefore, the author expects suggestions and criticisms

from readers

Thanks..

Kendari, 12 May 2020

Author,

MARNIA

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER ............................................................................................................ i

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. iii

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY

A. Background ........................................................................................ 1

B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................... 2

C. Purpose of Writing ............................................................................. 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. Definition Of Hepatitic....................................................................... 3

B. Types Of Hepatitic.............................................................................. 4

C. Signs and Symptoms Of Hepatitic...................................................... 6

D. Causes and Mode Of Transmission Hepatitic ................................... 8

E. Prevention Of Hepatitic ..................................................................... 10

CHAPTER III CLOSING

A. Conclusion ......................................................................................... 12

B. Suggestions ........................................................................................ 13

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

Hepatitic is now a big problem in Indonesia, given the large

population of Indonesia, this large population which also brings a large

number. People with low social, economic and educational classes are faced

with health problems related to nutrition, infectious diseases and also poor

sanitation. While residents with social, economic and tertiary education

groups have health problems related to lifestyle and eating patterns. Not

surprisingly, hepatitic is now one of the diseases that is receiving serious

attention in Indonesia.

Viral hepatitic is a systemic infection by a virus accompanied by

necrosis and inflammation of the liver cells that produces a unique set of

clinical, biochemical and cellular changes. To date five definite types of viral

hepatitic have been identified: hepatitic A, B, C, D, E. Hepatitic A and E have

a similar mode of transmission (faecal-oral route) while hepatitic B, C, and D

have many characteristics that have same.

Hepatitic may occur as a secondary infection during the course of

infection with other viruses, such as: Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus,

Herpes simplex virus and Varicella-zoster virus.

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 Patients with hepatitic usually recover completely from hepatitic, but

it is likely to have residual liver disease. Although hepatitic mortality is

relatively long, acute viral hepatitic can end in death.

Based on the description that has been explained the author is

interested in writing a paper with the theme "hepatitic"

B. Problem Formulation

The formulation of the problem in writing this paper is:

1. What is the definition of hepatitic?

2. What are the types of hepatitic?

3. What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitic?

4. What are the causes and ways of transmitting hepatitic?

5. How to prevent hepatitic?

C. Purpose of Writing

Based on the above problem formulation, the objectives of writing this

paper are:

1. To find out the meaning of hepatitic?

2. To find out the types of hepatitic

3. To find out the signs and symptoms of hepatitic?

4. To find out the causes and ways of transmitting hepatitic?

5. To find out prevention hepatitic?

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition Of Hepatitic

The term "hepatitic" is used for all types of inflammation in the liver

(liver). The causes can be various kinds, ranging from viruses to drugs,

including traditional medicine. There are also several types of hepatitic

viruses, hepatitic A, hepatitic B, C, D, E, F and G. The manifestations of

hepatitic due to viruses can be acute (hepatitic A) can also be chronic

hepatitic (hepatitic B, C) and those that later become cancerous liver

(hepatitic B and C). hepatitic which is usually caused by drugs, alcohol

(alcoholic hepatitic), and obesity and metabolic disorders that cause

nonalcoholic steatohepatitic (NASH) are called Hepatitic Nonviruses.

Hepatitic is an inflammatory disease of the liver that can be caused by

a variety of causes, including viral infections or exposure to toxic materials.

In viral hepatitic, prolonged or repeated liver inflammation, which is usually

associated with chronic alcoholism, can cause cirrhosis, a condition in the

form of replacement of hepatocytes that are permanently damaged by

connective tissue. Liver tissue has the ability to undergo regeneration, and

under normal circumstances undergo a gradual exchange of cells. If part of

the liver tissue is damaged, the damaged tissue can be replaced by increasing

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 the rate of division of healthy cells. There seems to be a factor in the blood

that is responsible for regulating liver cell proliferation, although the nature

and mechanism of these regulatory factors remains a mystery. However, how

quickly hepatocytes can be replaced has a limit. In addition to hepatocytes,

among the liver plates also found several fibroblasts (connective tissue cells)

that form supporting tissue for the liver. If the liver is repeatedly exposed to

toxic materials, for example alcohol, so often, that new hepatocytes cannot

regenerate fast enough to replace damaged cells, strong fibroblasts will take

advantage of the situation and over-proliferate. This additional connective

tissue causes space for hepatocyte regrowth to decrease.

Hepatitic is inflammation and injury to the liver due to the liver

reaction to various conditions, especially viruses, drugs and alcohol (Esther,

2002). Viral hepatitic is a term used for viral liver infection accompanied by

necrosis and inflammation of the liver cells that produces a unique collection

of clinical, biochemical and cellular changes (Brunner & Suddarth, 2002).

According to Sujono (1999), Hepatitits is a process of diffuse inflammation in

tissues that can be caused by viral infections and by toxic reactions to drugs

and chemicals.

B. Types Of Hepatitic

1. Hepatitic A

Known as infectious hepatitic, the route of transmission is through oral-

faecal contamination, HVA is present in contaminated food and water.

Potential transmission of hepatitic infection through gastrointestinal

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 secretions. Generally occurs in slums in the form of endemic. Incubation

period: 2-6 weeks, then show clinical symptoms. The populations most

commonly infected are children and young adults.

2. Hepatitic B

Transmission of this virus through the route of blood transfusion / blood

products, syringes, or sex. High-risk groups are those who often have

blood transfusions, injection drug users; health and safety community

health workers exposed to blood; clients and institutional staff for

developmental disabilities, homosexual men, men and women with

heterosexual partners, small children infected with their mothers,

recipients of certain blood products and hemodialysis patients. The

incubation period starts from 6 weeks to 6 months until clinical

symptoms occur.

3. Hepatitic C

Formerly called hepatitic non-A and non-B, it is the most common cause

of hepatitic infection which is transmitted through commercial blood

supply. HCV is transmitted in the same way as HBV, but mainly through

blood transfusion. The most frequently infected population are injection

drug users, individuals who receive blood products, potential risks to

health care workers and community safety exposed to blood. The

incubation period is 18-180 days.

4. Hepatitic D

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 This virus co-infected with HBV so that HBV infection got worse. HDV

infection can also occur later in individuals who develop chronic HBV

infection so it can cause infection only if the individual already has HBV,

and infectious blood through HDV infection. Populations that are often

infected are injection drug users, hemophilia, recipients of multiple blood

transfusions (infections only individuals who already have HBV). The

incubation period is not known with certainty. This HDV increases the

risk of fulminant hepatitic, liver failure, and death.

5. Hepatitic E

This virus is an RNA virus which is mainly transmitted through

contaminated water ingeti. the most frequently infected population is

people who live on or travel to parts of Asia, Africa or Mexico where

sanitation is poor, and most often in young to mid-adult.

6. Possible Hepatitic F and G

Only a few cases have been reported about hepatitic F. Currently, experts

have not agreed that hepatitic F is a separate hepatitic. While hepatitic G

has symptoms similar to hepatitic C, it is often a concomitant infection

with hepatitic B and / or C. Does not cause fulminant hepatitic or chronic

hepatitic. Transmission through syringe blood transfusion.

C. Signs and Symptoms Of Hepatitic

All hepatitic viruses have almost the same symptoms, so it's clinically

almost impossible to distinguish from one another. Doctors can only estimate

the type of hepatitic suffered by patients and to distinguish it with certainty

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still needed assistance through blood tests sufferers. Symptoms of hepatitic

virus sufferers at first the body feels hot, nausea and sometimes vomiting,

after a few days the urine is colored like old tea, then the eyes look yellow,

and finally the entire body skin becomes yellow. Patients with viral hepatitic

can usually recover after one month. Almost all people with hepatitic A can

recover completely, while people with hepatitic C can become chronic.

Regarding hepatitic delta and E can not be known for certain how the course

of the disease.

Clinical features of viral hepatitic can range from asymptomatic to

conspicuous disease, liver failure and death. There are three stages in all types

of hepatitic: the prodromal stage, the stage of jaundice, and the covalation

(recovery) period.

1. The prodromal stage, called the preterteric period, begins after the period

of virus budding is over and the patient begins to watch for signs of the

disease. This stage is called praicterus because jaundice has not yet

appeared. Individuals will be very infectious at this stage. Antibody

against viruses is usually not found. This stadium lasts 1-2 weeks marked

by:

a. General Malese.

b. Fatigue.

c. Symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection.

d. Myalgia (muscle pain).

e. Unwillingness to most foods.

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 2. Jaundice stage is the second stage of viral hepatitic, and can last 2-3

weeks or more. In most people, this stage is characterized by, as the

name implies, the appearance of jaundice. Other manifestations are:

a. Worsening of all symptoms at the prodormal stage.

b. Enlargement and liver pain.

c. Splenimogali.

d. Maybe itching (pruritus) on the skin.

3. Recovery stage is the third stage of viral hepatitic and usually occurs

within 4 months for hepatitic B and C and in 2-3 months for hepatitic A.

During this period the symptoms subside including jaundice and

recovered appetite

D. Causes and Mode Of Transmission Hepatitic

1. Hepatitic A

Hepatitic A in general can be infected by mouth, for example through a

used glass or spoon used by people with hepatitic A. Sometimes -

sometimes it can also be through the sweat of the patient or through used

needles used in patients with hepatitic A.

2. Hepatitic B

Almost all types of hepatitic viruses can attack humans. In pregnant

women if attacked by this virus can transmit to their babies in the womb

or when breastfeeding the baby. This form of transmission is common in

hepatitic B. At present the most studied type of hepatitic is hepatitic B

and can also be prevented through vaccination. Although this viral

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 infection is rare in adult populations, certain groups and people who have

certain ways of life are at high risk. This group includes:

a. Immigrants from endemic areas of hepatitic B

b. Intra vasculer drug users who frequently exchange needles and

syringes.

c. Perpetrators of sexual relations with many people or with infected

people.

d. Homosexual men who are sexually active.

e. Mental hospital patient.

f. Male inmate.

g. Hemodialysis patients and hemophilia sufferers who receive certain

products from plasma.

h. Housemate contact with hepatitic career.

i. Social workers in the health sector, especially those with a lot of

contact with blood.

3. Hepatitic C

Transmission of hepatitic C and Delta in adults can occur through sexual

contact and can also be through food and drink, injections or blood

transfusions. The hepatitic C virus is also dangerous because most of the

hepatitic C diseases can develop into chronic / chronic and become

sufferers which in turn will become a source of infection for those around

them.

4. Hepatitic Delta or D and E

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 Hepatitic D and hepatitic E are suspected to be transmitted by mouth, but

there is no deeper study.

E. Prevention Of Hepatitic

Control of this disease is more possible through prevention than

treatment that is still under research. Prevention includes prevention of

disease transmission through Health Promotion and Specific Protection

activities, as well as prevention of diseases with active and passive

immunization (Hadi, 2000).

There are 3 (three) main activities that can be carried out as an effort

to prevent hepatitic, namely through primary, secondary and tertiary

prevention. Primary prevention is by promoting Clean and Healthy Life

Behavior (PHBS), immunization in infants, immunization in adolescents and

adults (catch up immunization). Secondary prevention through, early

detection by screening (screening), enforcement of diagnosis and treatment.

Whereas tertiary prevention is more aimed at preventing severity and

rehabilitation, monitoring of treatment to determine the effectiveness and

resistance to selected drugs (Depkes RI, 2009).

The emergence of Hepatitic B in barracks or nursing homes is often a

sign of poor personal sanitation and hygiene. Control is directly shown in the

prevention of contamination of food, water, or other sources by feces.

Hygiene such as washing hands after defecation or before eating, using

disposable plates and cutlery, and maintaining personal hygiene. Use of 0.5%

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sodium hypochlorite disinfectant - very important in preventing spread

(Jawetz, 1995). People who are close to sufferers may need immunoglobulin

therapy. Hepatitic immunization can be done in its own form (Havrix) or in

combination with the Hepatitic vaccine (Twinrix). Hepatitic immunization is

done three times, namely basic, one month and 6 months later.

Overall prevention measures against hepatitic is to wear gloves when

in contact with blood / other bodily fluids, and must be careful to put back the

needle cap. Pay attention to the disposal of contaminated materials and the

cleaning of contaminated equipment and surfaces. Material for laboratory

examinations must be clearly labeled that the material comes from hepatitic

patients. It is also necessary to explain the importance of washing hands with

patients, families and others.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Hepatitic is an inflammatory disease of the liver tissue caused by a

viral infection that causes liver cells to damage so that they cannot function

properly. Hepatitic consists of several types, namely hepatitic A, B, C, D, E

and possibly hepatitic F and G.

Viruses that cause hepatitic can cause hepatocyte injury and death by

directly killing cells and by stimulating inflammatory and immune reactions

that injure or destroy hepatocytes. Inflammatory reactions involve mast cell

degranulation and histamine release, complement activation, lysis of infected

cells and surrounding cells, and edema and interstitial swelling. The immune

response arising from kemidian supports the inflammatory response.

Stimulation of complement and cell lysis and direct antibody attacks against

viral antigens cause destruction of infected cells. The liver becomes

edematous so that the capillaries collapse and blood flow decreases causing

tissue hypoxia, eventually forming connective tissue and fibrosis in the liver.

All hepatitic viruses have almost the same symptoms, so it's clinically

almost impossible to distinguish from one another.

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 There are three stages in all types of hepatitic, namely the prodromal

stage, jaundice and recovery.

Prevention of viral hepatitic is very important because until now there

is no drug that can kill the virus, so the only way to prevent viral hepatitic is

by vaccination.

B. Suggestions

1. Make it a habit to always live clean and healthy.

2. Always check your health or vaccination if you have contracted hepatitic.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ester, Monica. 2002. Keperawatan Medikal Bedah. Jakarta: EGC

Inayah, Iin. 2004. Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Klien Dengan Gangguan Sistem
Pencernaan. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.

Oswari. 2006. Penyakit Dan Cara Penanggulangannya. Jakarta: Gaya Baru.

Mansjoer, Arief, Dkk. 2000. Kapita Selekta Kedokteran. Jakarta: EGC.

Smeltzer, Suzanne C. 2001. Buku Ajar Medikal Bedah Brunner & Suddarth, Edisi
8, Vol 2. Jakarta : EGC

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