Sr. No.

Title Author Year of

Publication
1 Statistical modeling of hydraulic and mechanical Amini, K., Wang,
properties of pervious concrete using nondestructive X., Delatte, N.
tests

2018

2 Performances of metal concentrations from three Liu, J.,

permeable pavement infiltrates Borst, M

2018

3 Draining capability of single-sized pervious concrete Grubeša, I.N.,

Barišić, I.,
Ducman, V.,
Korat, L.

2018
4 Characterization of pervious concrete with blended Yap, S.P., Chen,
natural aggregate and recycled concrete aggregates P.Z.C., Goh, Y.,
(...), Mo, K.H.,
Yuen, C.W.

2018

5 Maximum paste coating thickness without voids Xie, X., Zhang, T.,
clogging of pervious concrete and its relationship to Yang, Y., (...),
the rheological properties of cement paste Wei, J., Yu, Q.

2018

6 Evaluation of freeze-thaw durability of pervious Lund, M.S.M.,

concrete by use of operational modal analysis Hansen, K.K.,
Brincker, R.,
Jensen, A.H.,
Amador, S.D.R.
2018
7 Hydrologic performance of four permeable pavement Winston, R.J.,
systems constructed over low-permeability soils in Dorsey, J.D.,
Northeast Ohio Smolek, A.P.,
Hunt, W.F.

2018

8 Adsorption by and artificial release of zinc and lead Harada, S., Yanbe,
from porous concrete for recycling of adsorbed zinc M.
and lead and of porous concrete to reduce urban non-
point heavy metal runoff

2018

9 A statistical analysis on concrete cut-off wall Wen, L., Chai, J.,

behaviour Xu, Z., Qin, Y., Li,
Y.

2018
10 Properties of pervious concretes partially Öz, H.Ö.
incorporating acidic pumice as coarse aggregate

2018

11 Study on identically voided pervious concrete made Kastro Kiran, V.,

with different sized aggregates Anand, K.B.

2018

12 Impacts of a pervious concrete retention system on Yekkalar, M.,

neighboring clay soils Haselbach, L.,
Langfitt, Q.

2018
 13 Enhancing mechanical properties of pervious concrete Rodin, H.,
using carbon fiber composite reinforcement Rangelov, M.,
Nassiri, S.,
Englund, K

2018

14 Mendoza, J.A.,
Lee, D.H., Kim,
L.-H., Kim, I.H.,
Kang, J.-H.

2018 oxide
ormance of TiO2and WO3/TiO2nanoparticles coated on urban green infrastructure materials in removing nitrogen

15 Effectiveness of chemical treatment on polypropylene Akand, L., Yang,

fibers as reinforcement in pervious concrete M., Wang, X.

2018
16 Effectiveness of chemical treatment on polypropylene Akand, L., Yang,
fibers as reinforcement in pervious concrete M., Wang, X.

2018

17 Experimental study on the performance of pervious Liu, H., Liu, R.,

concrete Yang, H., Ma, C.,
Zhou, H.

2018

18 Mix Design Optimization of Silica Fume-Based Pervious Yousefi, A.,

Concrete for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters Matavos-
Aramyan, S.

2018

19 Internal curing of pervious concrete using lightweight Kevern, J.T.,

aggregates Nowasell, Q.C

2018
20 Numerical study on seepage flow in pervious concrete Zhang, J., Ma, G.,
based on 3D CT imaging Ming, R., (...), Li,
L., Xu, H.

2018

21 Experimental investigation of the effect of adding leca Karami, H.,

and pumice on some physical properties of porous Teymouri, E.,
concrete Mousavi, S.-F.,
Farzin, S.

2018

22 Experimental Study on Permeability of Concrete Yang, H., Liu, R.,

Zheng, Z., (...),
Gao, Y., Liu, Y.

2018
23 Sustainable clean pervious concrete pavement production Khankhaje, E.,
incorporating palm oil fuel ash as cement replacement Rafieizonooz, M.,
Salim, M.R., (...),
Siong, H.C.,
Salmiati

2018

24 Investigation on flexural strength and stiffness of Chandrappa, A.K.,

pervious concrete for pavement applications Biligiri, K.P.

2018
25 Wearing characteristics assessment of pervious Netinger Grubeša,
concrete pavements I., Barišić, I.,
Keser, T.,
Vračević, M

2018

26 Pervious concrete pavement incorporating GGBS to El-Hassan, H.,

alleviate pavement runoff and improve urban Kianmehr, P.
sustainability

2018

27 Modelling the properties of pervious concrete using a Kabagire, K.D.,

full-factorial design Yahia, A.

2018
28 Bio-grouting to enhance axial pull-out response of Lin, H., Suleiman,
pervious concrete ground improvement piles M.T., Jabbour,
H.M., Brown,
D.G.

2018

29 The adsorption capacity of the base layer of pervious Junling, W.,

concrete pavement prepared with additives for typical Jiangtao, W.,
runoff pollutants Xueming, W., (...),
Lihua, S., Junqi, L.

2018

30 Properties of coated and uncoated biomass aggregates Arafa, S.A., Mohd

and their effects on the strength and water Ali, A.Z.B., Abdul
permeability of pervious geopolymer concrete Awal, A.S.M.,
Shamsuddin, S.-
M., Zakaria
Hossain, M.
2018
31 Organism detection in permeable pavement parking Selvakumar, A.,
lot infiltrates at the Edison Environmental Center, O'Connor, T.P.
New Jersey

2018

32 Analytical solution for the consolidation process of a Zhou, Y., Zhou,

stone-column reinforced foundation under partially G.-Q., Lu, M.-M.,
drained boundaries Shi, X.-Y.

2018

33 Strength development of pervious concrete containing Sharif, A.A.M., 2017

engineered
Influence ofbiomass aggregateon the properties of Shahidan, S.Email
mineral additives Zaetang, Y.a,
pervious concrete Author, Koh,
Wongsa, A.b,
H.B., Kandash,
Sata, V.b,
A., Mohd Zuki,
Chindaprasirt,
S.S.
P.bEmail Author

34 2017
 Comparison between the falling head and the constant Sandoval,Galobard
head permeability tests to assess the permeability es, I, Teixeira,
coefficient of sustainable Pervious Concretes R.S, Toralles,
B.M.

2017

35
Advanced numerical assessment of the permeability of Pieralisi, R.,
pervious concrete Cavalaro, S.H.P.,
Aguado, A.

2017

36
The impact of coarse aggregate content on infiltration Malaiskiene, J.,
rate, structure and other physical & mechanical Kizinievic, O.,
properties of pervious concrete Sarkauskas, A.

2017

37
38 Pervious concrete with ground granulated blast- Nallanathel, M.,
furnace slag-an environment friendly approach Baskar, R.,
Kaushik, D.S.

2017
39 Preliminary study of pervious concrete with the addition Karolina, R.,
chemical admixture type b Handana, M.A.P.,
Zulfikar

2017

Laboratory Investigation on the Effects of Natural Fine Bonicelli, A.,

Aggregates and Recycled Waste Tire Rubber in Pervious Fuentes, L.G.,
Concrete to Develop More Sustainable Pavement
Materials Dawd Bermejo,
I.K.

2017

40
Pervious concrete mix optimization for sustainable Barišić, I., Galić,
pavement solution M., Grubeša, I.N.

2017

41
42 Changes of strength characteristics of pervious Kovac, M.,
concrete due to variations in water to cement ratio Sicakova, A.

2017

43 Experimental study on the relationship between Cui, X., Zhang, J.,

permeability and strength of pervious concrete Huang, D., (...),
Zhang, L., Wang,
Z.
2017`

44 Flexural-fatigue characteristics of pervious concrete: Chandrappa, A.K.,

Statistical distributions and model development Biligiri, K.P.

2017
45 Dynamic Performance Characteristics of Pervious Zhang, J., Cui,
Concrete Pile Composite Foundations under X., Lan, R.,
Earthquake Loads (...), Xue,
Q., Chang, C.

2017

46 Applications of waste material in the pervious Shakrani, S.A.,

concrete pavement: A review Ayob, A., Rahim,
M.A.A.

2017

47 A review of nanoclay applications in the pervious Shakrani, S.A.,

concrete pavement Ayob, A., Rahim,
M.A.A.

2017

48 The study of pervious concrete mix proportion by the Xiao, L., Jiang, D.
method of specific surface area of aggregate

2017
49 Influence of mix parameters on pore properties and Chandrappa,
modulus of pervious concrete: an application of ultrasonic A.K., Biligiri, K.P
pulse velocity

2016

50 Testing development of different surface treatments on Yekkalar,

pervious concrete M., Haselbach,
L., Langfitt, Q.

2016

51 Discrete element modelling of the fresh state behavior Pieralisi, R.,

of pervious concrete Cavalaro, S.H.P.,
Aguado, A.

2016
52 Properties of sustainable lightweight pervious concrete Khankhaje,
containing oil palm kernel shell as coarse aggregate E., Salim,
M.R., Mirza,
J., Hussin,
M.W., Rafieizono
oz, M.
2016

53 Using carbon fiber composites for reinforcing pervious Rangelov, M.,

concrete Nassiri, S.,
Haselbach, L.,
Englund, K

2016

54 Optimizing a test method to evaluate resistance of Tsang, C.,

pervious concrete to cycles of freezing and thawing in Shehata, M.H.,
the presence of different deicing salts Lotfy, A.

2016
55 A method to correlate splitting tensile strength and Gaedicke,
compressive strength of pervious concrete cylinders C., Torres,
and cores A., Huynh,
K.C.T., Marines,
A

2016

56 Influence of pore tortuosity on hydraulic conductivity Zhong, R., Xu,

of pervious concrete: Characterization and modeling M., Vieira Netto,
R., Wille, K.

2016

57 Experimental simulation of rapid clogging process of Cui, X., Zhang,

pervious concrete pavement caused by storm water J., Huang, D.,
runoff (...), Wang,
L., Hou, F.

2016

58 Flexural fatigue behavior of polymer-modified Zhou, J., Zheng,

pervious concrete with single sized aggregates M., Wang,
Q., Yang, J., Lin,
T.

2016
59 Experimental simulation of rapid clogging of pervious Cui, X.-Z., Zhang,
concrete pavement under effects of rainstorm J., Huang, D., Jin,
Q., Hou, F.

2016

60 Enhancing the axial compression response of Lin, H., Suleiman,

pervious concrete ground improvement piles using M.T., Jabbour,
biogrouting H.M., Brown,
D.G., Kavazanjian,
E.

2016

61 Comprehensive investigation of permeability Chandrappa, A.K.,

characteristics of pervious concrete: A hydrodynamic Biligiri, K.P.
approach

2016
62 Optimizing pervious concrete pavement mixture design Joshaghani, A.,
by using the Taguchi method Ramezanianpour,
A.A., Ataei, O.,
Golroo, A.
2015

63 Chemical admixtures dose optimization in pervious Jimma,

concrete paste selection - A statistical approach B.E., Rangaraju, P.R.

2015

64 Effect of recycled materials and compaction methods Gaedicke,

on the mechanical properties and solar reflectance C., Marines,
index of pervious concrete A., Mata,
L., Miankodila, F.
2015

65 Evolutionary lattice model for the compaction of Pieralisi, R.,

pervious concrete in the fresh state Cavalaro, S.H.P.,
Aguado, A.

2015
66 Material design and characterization of high Zhong, R., Wille,
performance pervious concrete K.

2015

67 Pervious concrete Frentress, D. 2015

68 Optimization of pervious concrete containing fly ash Zaetang,
and iron oxide nanoparticles and its application for Y., Wongsa,
phosphorus removal A., Sata,
V., Chindaprasirt,
P.
2015

69 The effect of the cementitious paste thickness on the Torres, A., Hu, J.,
performance of pervious concrete Ramos, A.
2015

70 Properties of pervious concrete made with air-cooling Yeih, W., Fu,

electric arc furnace slag as aggregates T.C., Chang,
J.J., Huang, R.

2015
71 Optimum mix design of fly ash geopolymer paste and Jo, M., Soto,
its use in pervious concrete for removal of fecal L., Arocho, M., St
coliforms and phosphorus in water John, J., Hwang,
S.

2015

72 Experimental study on the effects of fine sand addition Bonicelli, A.,

on differentially compacted pervious concrete Giustozzi, F.,
Crispino, M.

2015

73 Influence of aggregate type and size on properties of Ćosić, K., Korat,

pervious concrete L., Ducman, V.,
Netinger, I.
2015

74 Water permeability of pervious concrete is dependent Qin, Y., Yang, H.,

on the applied pressure and testing methods Deng, Z., He, J.

2015
75 Evaluation of cleaning methods of pervious concrete Sanford, C.,
pavement Onyango, M.A.,
Thomas, T.A.,
Jones, F., Rollins,
B.

2015

76 Evaluating permeability and infiltration requirements Kevern, J.T.

for pervious concrete

2015

77 A modified method for the design of pervious concrete Nguyen,

mix D.H., Sebaibi,
N., Boutouil,
M., Leleyter,
L., Baraud, F.

2014
78 Abrasion and freezing-thawing resistance of pervious Gesoʇlu, M.,
concretes containing waste rubbers Güneyisi, E.,
Khoshnaw, G.,
Ipek, S.

2014

79 Film-forming ability of flowable cement pastes and its Jimma, B.E.,

application in mixture proportioning of pervious Rangaraju, P.R.
concrete

2014

80 Assessing the abrasion resistance of cores in virgin Gaedicke, C.,

and recycled aggregate pervious concrete Marines, A.,
Miankodila, F.
2014

81 Investigating properties of pervious concretes containing Gesoǧlu, M.,

waste tire rubbers Güneyisi, E.,
Khoshnaw, G.,
Ipek, S.

2014
82 New approach to proportion pervious concrete Yahia, A.,
Kabagire, K.D.

2014

83 Impact of vertical porosity distribution on the Martin, W.D.,

permeability of pervious concrete Kaye, N.B.,
Putman, B.J.

2014

84 Use of steel slag as coarse aggregate for the production of Vardaka, G.,
pervious concrete Thomaidis, K.,
Leptokaridis, C.,
Tsimas, S.

2014
85 Effects of rice husk ash and fiber on mechanical properties Hesami, S.,
of pervious concrete pavement Ahmadi, S.,
Nematzadeh, M.

2014

86 A method for comparing cores and cast cylinders in Gaedicke, C.,

virgin and recycled aggregate pervious concrete Marines, A.,
Miankodila, F.
2014

87 Water purification of pervious concrete pavement Lee, M.-J., Lee,

M.-G., Huang, Y.,
Chiang, C.-L.

2013

88 Installation and maintenance considerations for Schaefer, V.R.,

improved freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete Kevern, J.T

2013
89 Mixture proportioning considerations for improved Kevern, J.T.,
freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete Schaefer, V.R.

2013

90 Segmenting thermal images of pervious concrete Huang, Y., Lee,

pavement temperature with employing the multilayer M.-G., Lin, S.-Y.,
level set approach Xiaoyu, Y.-I.

2013

91 Influence on permeability and mechanical properties Zhang, X.Y.,

of pervious concrete by aggregate gradation Liang, N.

2013

92 The research of the feasibility of using reclaimed Hwang, S.-J.,

asphalt pavement as a material for regenerated Low- Sheu, C., Liu, Y.-
Density pervious concrete W., Chen, H.-C.
2013

93 High-strength high-porosity pervious concrete pavement Lim, E., Tan,

K.H., Fwa, T.F.

2013
94 Laboratory analysis for investigating the impact of Bonicelli, A.,
compaction on the properties of pervious concrete Crispino, M.,
mixtures for road pavements
Giustozzi, F.,
Shink, M.

2013

95 Production of pervious concrete by using construction Vardaka, G.,

and demolition wastes Tsimas, S.,
Leptokaridis, C.

2012

96 Pervious concrete with titanium dioxide as a Shen, S., Burton,

photocatalyst compound for a greener urban road M., Jobson, B.,
environment Haselbach, L.

2012
 97 Pervious concrete pavement performance modeling: Golroo, A., Tighe,
An empirical approach in cold climates S.L.

2012

98 Nitrogen oxide reduction and nitrate measurements on Hassan, M., Asadi,

TiO 2 photocatalytic pervious concrete pavement S., Kevern, J.T.,
Rupnow, T.

2012

99 Pervious concrete surface characterization to reduce Kevern, J.T., King,

slip-related falls G.W., Bruetsch,
A.P.

2012

100 A Side-by-Side Comparison of Pervious Concrete and Welker, A.L.,

Porous Asphalt Barbis, J.D.,
Jeffers, P.A.

2012
101 Properties of pervious concrete containing fly ash Aoki, Y., Sri
Ravindrarajah, R.,
Khabbaz, H.

2012

102 Long-term field performance of pervious concrete Radlińska, A.,

pavement Welker, A.,
Greising, K.,
Campbell, B.,
Littlewood, D. 2012

103 Experimental study on mechanical properties of Fu, L., Zhang, Y.

pervious concrete
2012

104 LID treatment train: Pervious concrete with subsurface Brown, R.A., Line,
storage in series with bioretention and care with D.E., Hunt, W.F.
seasonal high water tables

2012
105 Evaluation of pervious concrete pavement Henderson, V.,
performance in cold weather climates Tighe, S.

2012

106 Pervious concrete texture analysis for infiltration rate Firouzi, M.,
evaluation Shamsudin, S.,
Nekooie, M.A.,
(...), Taherkhani,
R., Mohamad, M.I.
2012

107 Development of Pervious Concrete Pavement Golroo, A., Tighe,

Performance Models Using Expert Opinions S.L.

2012

108 Pervious Concrete Pavement Performance Modeling Golroo, A., Tighe,

Using the Bayesian Statistical Technique S.L.

2012
 Abstract

© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers. Because of its lower mechanical properties and durability compared
to normal concrete, pervious concrete demands better quality control and greater inspection efforts to remain
functional. Nondestructive tests (NDTs), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) in particular, were used to increase the
effectiveness of the quality assurance of pervious pavements. Predictive models for hydraulic conductivity (main
feature) and compressive strength (main concern) of pervious specimens were derived using only UPV combined
with total void ratio. The results confirm that UPV offers a technique for rapid assessment of in-place properties o
pervious concrete, either to supplement or replace core testing in some cases. Combined use of UPV and void rati
was found to outperform the models based on a single test result. Based on the obtained results, statistical models
were put forward for predictions of pervious concrete's hydraulic conductivity and compressive strength.

© 2018 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency constructed a 4000-m 2 parking lot in Edison, New Jersey in
2009. The parking lot is surfaced with three permeable pavements [permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP
pervious concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA)]. Samples of each permeable pavement infiltrate, surface runoff
from traditional asphalt, and rainwater were analyzed in duplicate for 22 metals (total and dissolved) for 6 years. I
more than 99% of the samples, the concentration of barium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel and zinc, and i
60%–90% of the samples, the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and antimony in infiltrates from all three
permeable pavements met both the groundwater effluent limitations (GEL) and maximum contaminant levels
(MCL). The concentration of aluminum (50%) and iron (93%) in PICP infiltrates samples exceed the GELs;
however, the concentration in more than 90% samples PA and PC infiltrates met the GELs. No measurable
difference in metal concentrations was found from the five sources for arsenic, cadmium, lead, antimony, and tin.
Large concentrations of eleven metals, including manganese, copper, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium,
sodium, potassium, silica, strontium and vanadium, were detected in surface runoff than the rainwater. Chromium
copper, manganese, nickel, aluminum, zinc, iron and magnesium concentrations in PICP infiltrates; calcium,
barium, and strontium concentrations in PA infiltrates; sodium, potassium and vanadium concentrations in PC
infiltrates were statistically larger than the other two permeable pavement infiltrates.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Six mixtures of single-sized pervious concrete were prepared with three different types of
aggregates (dolomite, diabase, and steel slag from a Croatian landfill near the town of Sisak) and with two differen
aggregate fractions (4–8 mm and 8–16 mm). Each pervious concrete mixture contained 10% of sand from the
Drava River. The hydrologic properties of the pervious concrete mixtures are compared in order to define the
aggregate type that will ensure the best drainage properties. The draining capability was tested by three methods:
the constant head and falling head methods on the small samples, and the standard test method for testing the
infiltration rate of in-place pervious concrete by ASTM C 1701-09. The possibility of pervious concrete applicatio
as a surface layer in pavement construction in the European area is estimated according to the achieved mechanica
properties. The optimal aggregate type for preparing pervious concrete from the hydrologic point of view is diaba
because of its sharp grain edges, which allow the water to pass smoothly through the pore system. None of the
studied mixtures satisfied the set criteria on the mechanical properties of concrete for the surface layer of
pavements in the European area. However, it is observed that the coarser aggregate fraction will result in better
hydraulic and mechanical properties of pervious concrete.
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd The utilization of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) from construction and demolition waste
to produce green concrete serves as a sustainable solution with manifold environmental benefits. This study aims
widen the potential uses of RCA to fabricate pervious concrete for non-structural applications. The mechanical an
surface properties, permeability, and greenhouse gases assessment of pervious concrete made with blended norma
granite aggregates and RCA were investigated in this work. RCA replacement levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and
100% were used. Experimental results show that the RCA mixes have lower mechanical properties. Microscopic
analyses show that the lower strength of RCA mixes was attributed to the failure path of RCA specimens which
occurred at the weaker adhered mortar on RCA. Despite the drop in strength, all RCA-mixes attained the minimum
BS EN 1338 requirements in terms of skid and abrasion resistance. In the mix with 100% RCA, the waste content
in the pervious concrete mix was 87% by weight and 73% by volume. The greenhouse gases assessment also show
that the CO 2 emission of this 100% RCA mix is 24% lower than the control mix.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd All mixture design methods for pervious concrete have been proposed under the hypothesis
that cement paste uniformly coats on the surface of aggregate and does not drain off from the aggregate surface to
clog the interconnected voids between aggregate particles. To evaluate the maximum paste coating thickness on
aggregate (MPCT) that will not result in clogging of voids, understanding of the relationship between the MPCT
and the rheological properties of cement paste was reviewed and theoretically analyzed in the present study. A pas
drainage test was developed on a flow table to determine the MPCT, with specification of test variables (in terms
the number of flow table drops, the sieve mesh size, and the aggregate size) to ensure good repeatability and
precision. Based on testing data of 39 cement pastes, uniform relationships between yield stress, viscosity, mini-
slump spread and MPCT were established. The resulting empirical functions were validated by comparing the
predicted and measured MPCTs for additional tests. The results will give a better understanding of a critical
criterion for mixture design and clogging prediction of pervious concrete.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd It is well-known that laboratory testing of pervious concrete's freeze-thaw performance is too
harsh and does not agree well with field observations. The most commonly used laboratory freeze-thaw test metho
for pervious concrete is similar to that used for conventional concrete even though the void structure of the two
materials is completely different. In the present study, a new freeze-thaw test method for pervious concrete is
suggested and tested on one baseline mix, with three different contents of entrained air. The evaluation of freeze-
thaw damage on pervious concrete beams was evaluated from the decrease in mass and from operational modal
analysis which provides an accurate determination of the change in natural frequencies with freeze-thaw exposure
Operational modal analysis was also used to determine the Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio o
the pervious concrete mix.
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers. Permeable pavements benefit urban hydrology through detention of
stormwater in the aggregate base and subsequent exfiltration to the underlying soil. The majority of previous
research has focused on permeable pavements constructed in sandy soils and/or treating only direct rainfall. Four
permeable pavements employing internal water storage (IWS) zones and situated over low-permeability soils wer
intensively monitored for their hydrologic performance in northern Ohio. Volume reduction varied from 16 to 53%
for permeable pavements with low drawdown rates ( < 0.35 mm=h) and loading ratios (WatershedArea +
Permeable PavementArea / Permeable PavementArea) exceeding 5:1. Postconstruction drawdown rates were
similar to saturated hydraulic conductivity (K sat ) measured during construction, suggesting that lateral exfiltratio
and evaporation were relatively minor contributors to volume reduction. Stormwater was completely captured (i.e
no discharge fromthe permeable pavements) during 4-80%of observed storm events. Average depth of abstraction
ranged from 3.0 mm (site with highest loading ratio) to 25.2 mm (site treating only direct rainfall). Substantial pea
flow mitigation was observed for all rainfall events not producing surface runoff (i.e., untreated bypass). Under
these conditions, peak flow was diminished by more than 80% for seven events exceeding the 1-year, 5-min desig
rainfall intensity for Cleveland, Ohio. Lower loading ratios, reduced surface runoff, an IWS zone, and higher
underlying soil K sat directly impacted volume reduction and peak flow mitigation. Overall, permeable pavement
mitigated negative hydrologic impacts of impervious surfaces even when sited over lowconductivity clay soils.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd This report describes the use of porous concrete at the bottom of a sewage trap to prevent
runoff of non-point heavy metals into receiving waters, and, secondarily, to reduce total runoff volume during
heavy rains in urbanized areas while simultaneously increasing the recharge volume of heavy-metal-free water int
underground aquifers. This idea has the advantage of preventing clogging, which is fundamentally very important
when using pervious materials. During actual field experiments, two important parameters were identified:
maximum adsorption weight of lead and zinc by the volume of porous concrete, and heavy metal recovery rate by
artificial acidification after adsorption. To understand the effect of ambient heavy metal concentration, a simple
mixing system was used to adjust the concentrations of lead and zinc solutions. The concrete blocks used had been
prepared for a previous study by Harada & Komuro (2010). The results showed that maximum adsorption
depended on the ambient concentration, expressed as the linear isothermal theory, and that recovery depended on
the final pH value (0.5 or 0.0). The dependence on pH is very important for recycling the porous concrete. A pH o
0.5 is important for recycling both heavy metals, especially zinc, (8.0–22.1% of lead and 42–74% of zinc) and
porous concrete because porous concrete has not been heavily damaged by acid. However, at a pH of 0.0, the heav
metals could be recovered: 30–60% of the lead and 75–125% of the zinc. At a higher pH, such as 2.0, no release o
heavy metals occurred, indicating the safety to the environment of using porous concrete, because the lowest
recorded pH of rainfall in Japan is. 4.0.

Concrete cut-off walls are a well-established technique for forming seepage cut-off in pervious and compressible
foundations in newly constructed dams. This study investigated the behaviour of cut-off walls on the basis of
statistical analysis. A set of monitoring records and construction details of 43 case histories of in-service concrete
cut-off wall constructed in the past 50 years were gathered. Detailed statistical analyses of horizontal displacemen
crest settlement, cracking behaviour and stress of the walls were performed based on the case histories. Loading
characteristics and relative settlement between the wall and the alluvium foundation were analysed. The statistical
analyses also attempted to identify quantitatively the major factors affecting the wall behaviour; these factors
include wall location, wall material, foundation deformation characteristics, wall depth and valley shape. The wall
location was found to be the deterministic factor that affects the wall behaviour. The findings and results of this
study provide a significant insight into concrete cut-off wall behaviour and provide a valuable reference for future
wall design and construction.
© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Using pervious concrete (PC) as a pavement material in low-volume road applications has
gained great importance since its positive environmental benefits. The paper presented herein addresses the
prospective use of acidic pumice aggregate in pervious concrete. At a constant water/cement ratio of 0.30, two
control concretes were produced with only crushed stone aggregates with cement contents of 300 and 420 kg/m 3
respectively. Thereafter, the acidic pumice were replaced with the crushed stone at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%
respectively by total aggregate volume. A total of 12 pervious concretes (PC) were produced and tested for the
compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths as well as the total void ratio and permeability at 28 and 90
days. Additionally, the surface abrasion resistances of PCs incorporating pumice were tested at 90-day. Test result
have revealed that the PCs incorporating pumice had better water permeability and surface abrasion resistance,
irrespective of the replacement level. However, the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths of PCs
decreased with increasing the replacement level of pumice.

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. Pervious concrete (PC) is also known as no fines concrete and
has been found to be a reliable stormwater management tool. As a substitution for conventional impervious
pavement, PC usage has been increasing during recent years. PC made with different sized aggregate shows
different void ratios and changed properties. As void ratio plays a notable role on strength and permeability of PC
this study aims to focus on properties of PC at identical void ratio of 20%, made using aggregates of three size
ranges, viz., 4.75-6mm, 10-12.5mm, and 10-20mm. Appropriate alternatives were used to maintain the identical
void ratio. As the permeation capacity of PC gets reduced due to the clogging tendency, the life of PC will also ge
reduced. Hence, to make the PC to sustain for a long time it is necessary to study the clogging behavior. This stud
investigates the tendency of PC for clogging and the potential for regaining the permeability through de-clogging
methods. Clogging tendency of PC is studied by using two sizes (coarse and fine) of clog particles and the change
in permeability are observed. Efficiency of declogging methods like pressure washing and vacuum suction on PC
with different sized aggregates are also evaluated.

© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers. This study evaluated changes in moisture and temperature of clay
soils next to an underground aggregate storage bed of a pervious concrete pavement system during the winter in
Pullman, Washington. Sensors were installed in order to determine how a neighboring underground aggregate
storage bed with retention capabilities might affect neighboring soils such as might occur from installing permeab
pavement shoulders next to a roadway. The sensors were located at 30, 60, and 90 cm below the soil surface.
According to the findings, none of the soil temperature readings dropped below freezing, nor did the soil moisture
readings exceed saturation during the relatively mild winter. Also, during periods of precipitation, the soils near th
aggregate storage bed cooled off and then warmed back up faster than soils farther away. The soils near the
retention system at depths above the bottom of the aggregate storage bed tended to remain drier than those soils
farther away, while closer soils below the bottom of the aggregate storage bed had higher moisture content than
those farther away. Therefore, little additional water or colder temperatures are expected on neighboring soils und
these conditions from these facilities. However, additional research under colder conditions is warranted to
understand what might occur during more severe winters.
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers. Cured carbon fiber composite material (CCFCM) is available from
manufacturing lines; however, excess CCFCM has no reuse applications at present. Postindustrial CCFCM was
mechanically refined and used as reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties of pervious concrete (PC).
Four PC mixtures were included in the study, which contained 0 (control), 3, 4, and 5% CCFCM by volume.
Infiltration rates of all CCFCM mixtures were above the acceptable level of 1,200 cm=h. Paired t-tests showed tha
all CCFCM mixtures significantly outperformed the control mixture in terms of split tensile strength by 57-84%
and flexural strength by 36-65% in 28-day testing. Load-displacement curves of CCFCM mixtures indicated
increases of 41-54% in toughness indices. Mass loss due to Los Angeles machine abrasion (Cantabro) ranged from
16 to 31% for CCFCM mixtures, while the control lost 50% of its original mass. Overall, within the tested range,
up to 4% CCFCM addition to PC presented the optimal result across the entire experimental scope. Higher CCFC
contents may be possible if used as a replacement of aggregate rather than an additive to the mixture.

© 2017, Islamic Azad University (IAU). This study investigated the performance of UV light active TiO 2 and
UV–visible light active WO 3 /TiO 2 nanoparticles as air purifying materials that can be potentially applied to
urban green infrastructures such as rain gardens and pervious pavements. Using a laboratory-scale continuous gas
flow photoreactor, the removal efficiency of gaseous nitrogen oxide (NO x ) by two different photocatalytic
nanoparticles coated on natural zeolites and pervious concrete blocks was evaluated. The results showed that the
TiO 2 - and WO 3 /TiO 2 -coated zeolites are excellent photoactive materials providing enhanced air purification
function (~95% removal efficiency of NO x ) under UV and UV–visible light irradiation, respectively. In contrast
both of the TiO 2 - and WO 3 /TiO 2 -coated pervious concrete blocks showed a measurable NO x removal (~60%
only under UV irradiation, whereas the visible light activity of the WO 3 /TiO 2 -coated concrete block was
significantly reduced (~20%) mainly due to the decrease in the photocatalytic reaction sites for visible light. This
study revealed the potential utility of photocatalytic nanoparticles in improving urban air quality, in the form of th
surface component of various urban infrastructures.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Fiber reinforcement delays the crack generation and enhances the strength of the host matrix.
However, the bonding mechanism between fiber and concrete matrix is controversial in literature and needs better
explanation. Due to surface smoothness and inert chemical nature of commercially available fibers, several
mechanical and chemical treatment techniques have been studied by researchers to increase the fiber-matrix
bonding properties. The use of fibers in pervious concrete is even more challenging due to high porosity and
insufficient fiber-matrix bonding interface. This study discusses the effect of chemical treatment on short
polypropylene fibers and its uses in pervious concrete as reinforcement. The change in fiber surface due to the
treatment is determined through fiber wettability test and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Changes on the tensi
strength of fibers by the treatment methods are also tabulated. Single fiber pullout tests are conducted to study the
effect of the treatment type on fiber-cement interface properties. Treated fibers are then put into pervious concrete
matrix for compressive and flexural strength tests. Chemical treatments are found to improve the surface roughnes
and cement matrix interface properties, as well as to enhance the overall strength of the fiber reinforced pervious
concrete.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Fiber reinforcement delays the crack generation and enhances the strength of the host matrix.
However, the bonding mechanism between fiber and concrete matrix is controversial in literature and needs better
explanation. Due to surface smoothness and inert chemical nature of commercially available fibers, several
mechanical and chemical treatment techniques have been studied by researchers to increase the fiber-matrix
bonding properties. The use of fibers in pervious concrete is even more challenging due to high porosity and
insufficient fiber-matrix bonding interface. This study discusses the effect of chemical treatment on short
polypropylene fibers and its uses in pervious concrete as reinforcement. The change in fiber surface due to the
treatment is determined through fiber wettability test and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Changes on the tensi
strength of fibers by the treatment methods are also tabulated. Single fiber pullout tests are conducted to study the
effect of the treatment type on fiber-cement interface properties. Treated fibers are then put into pervious concrete
matrix for compressive and flexural strength tests. Chemical treatments are found to improve the surface roughnes
and cement matrix interface properties, as well as to enhance the overall strength of the fiber reinforced pervious
concrete.

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. With the construction of sponge city, the pervious concrete
material has been developed rapidly. A high-performance pervious concrete is developed by using cement, silica
fume (SF) and superplasticizer (SP). The effects of SF, SP, aggregate size, water-cement ration and aggregate-
cement ratio on the permeability coefficient, compressive strength and flexural strength are studied by controlling
variables, and exploring the corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance of pervious concrete. The results show th
using 0.5% SP, 5% SF and small aggregate can greatly improve the strength. There is an optimum value for water
cement ratio to make the strength and permeability coefficient maximum. Compared to ordinary pervious concrete
the corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance of this pervious concrete are very good.

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. In the past decade more attention has been paid to storm waters as
well as urban runoff as a new source of water. While these waters can be effectively used, one should remove thei
unwanted pollutants; thus the effect of mix design factors on removal of Cu and Ni from aqueous solution was
investigated. For this purpose a fractional factorial experiment was used and the results were analyzed and
optimized by using Minitab 17 software. Subsequently, appropriate amounts of natural zeolite, iron oxide and
superplasticizer were optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with the goal of maximizing Cu and N
removal as well as increasing permeability and minimizing the cost of concrete construction.The optimum mix
design of pervious concrete includes pumice aggregate (grain size between No. 4 ∼ No. 3/8” sieve), W/C (0.25),
A/C (4), 100 Kg Portland cement per cubic meter of concrete, silica fume (5.05 percentage of cement weight),
zeolite (5.45 percentage of cement weight), iron oxide (0.5 percentage of cement weight), and superplasticizer (0.1
percentage of cement weight). Verification samples indicated 69% Ni removal, 84.5% Cu removal, the compressi
strength of 2 MPa and permeability coefficient of 1.6 cm/s.

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd Pervious concrete is an important stormwater management technique for the urban
environment. Surface raveling is the single most common distress caused primarily by plastic drying and paste
shrinkage. Internal curing is one mechanism to provide additional moisture to elevate internal humidity and reduc
shrinkage and is most commonly provided through prewetted lightweight aggregates (PLWA). This study evaluat
how fine PLWA influence properties when used to completely replace the small portion of conventional fine
aggregate present in pervious concrete. Samples were placed at a fixed void content to not confounded results with
changes in density. Strength, degree of hydration, shrinkage, and freeze–thaw testing all showed substantial
improvements over the control mixture, strongly suggesting that internal curing become routine for pervious
concrete.
© 2017 Pervious concrete specimens are prepared for CT (Computed Tomography) imaging and numerical
simulation to observe pore characteristics and study law of seepage flow. 3D reconstruction based on CT imaging
utilized to generate virtual 3D pervious concrete structures, extract the connected pore network models, and analy
the target porosity, actual porosity, 3D porosity etc. Pore characteristics analysis shows the 3D porosity, and
average planar porosity can generally represent the actual porosity, and 3D connected porosity is close to the
effective porosity. The connected pore network models are used to simulate the water seepage flow using CFD
(Computed Fluid Dynamics) method. The seepage flow simulation shows the permeable capacity increases clearly
with increasing porosity under the same inlet pressure. The relationship between seepage velocity and pressure
gradient is obtained and fitted by the nonlinear Forchheimer formula. The acquired hydraulic conductivity can be
used to assess the seepage flow capacity.

© 2018, Chulalongkorn University. All rights reserved. Porous concrete has high porosity and can be used for
increasing the permeability of pavements and parking lots and reducing the urban runoff damages. In this research
light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) and pumice were substituted for 5, 10 and 15% of course aggregates in
porous concrete cubes and their effects on the compressive strength (σ), hydraulic conductivity (K) and porosity (
were investigated. Moreover, effect of adding 10% and 20% of fine grains (as filler) is studied, too. Results showe
that fine grains increased σ and decreased K and n. But, samples without any fine grains didn’t have regular trend
The use of additives up to a certain amount reduced the σ, and then, because of filling the pores, increased the σ.
The applied additives had almost the same performance in terms of σ; but in terms of permeability and porosity, th
samples containing pumice had a better performance.

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. To study the influencing factors on permeability of pervious
concrete, by adding inorganic organic composite materials obtained experimental results show that different
aggregate size, aggregate cement ratio of different, different water cement ratio on the permeability performance.
The permeability of the concrete was tested by using the self - made permeable device. The experimental results
showed that the permeation coefficient of the experiment was obtained and the factors influencing the permeabilit
of the concrete were compared and analyzed. At the same time, the porosity of pervious concrete was measured, t
influence of various variables on porosity was studied, and the influence of various factors on the permeability of
voids was found. Finally, through comprehensive analysis of a variety of factors, the optimal water cement ratio is
0.28. At this time, the pervious performance of concrete is optimal.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd The significant increase in global urban population and rapid growth of impervious urban
surfaces result in erosion of stream channels, flooding, and damage to stormwater infrastructures. The aim of this
research was to study pervious concrete pavement as a sustainable solution to control the stormwater at source,
reducing heat island effect and enhancing safety of driving. The sustainability of pervious concrete can be increase
and the carbon dioxide emissions reduced by replacing a huge amount of ordinary Portland cement with waste
materials such as palm oil fuel ash. Palm oil fuel ash is a waste material obtained from the combustion of oil palm
shells and fibers in palm oil industry to produce electricity, which caused environmental problems in countries suc
as Indonesia and Malaysia. This study presented experimental investigations to assess the substitution of control
pervious concrete with palm oil fuel ash up to 40% (by mass) to produce sustainable and eco-friendly pervious
concrete pavement. Density and void content of specimens were determined at fresh and hardened-state. Falling
head permeability test was carried out to investigate the stormwater filtration capacity. Compressive and tensile
strengths were conducted on pervious concrete specimens. Skid and abrasion resistances were also employed to
evaluate the effects of palm oil fuel ash on safety of driving and surface durability of the pervious concrete
pavement. The results showed that void content and water permeability of pervious concrete increased slightly wi
increasing palm oil fuel ash, while compressive and tensile strengths decreased. They satisfy the typical range for
pervious concrete according to American Concrete Institute. A minor effect of palm oil fuel ash on the skid
resistance was observed, increasing its substitution levels caused the abrasion resistance of pervious concrete
mixtures to decrease. The heavy metal concentrations in leachates of the pervious concrete containing 40% palm o
fuel ash were significantly lower than recommended in the standard. The pervious concrete containing 20% palm
oil fuel ash presented the most optimum mixture both technically and environmentally.

© 2018 by ASTM International. Sustainability in pervious concrete paving mixtures is obtained through
interconnected macropore structure that allows heat and mass transfer efficiently. Compressive strength and
permeability characteristics of pervious concrete have been extensively investigated in the past. However, the
flexural behavior of pervious concrete, which is an important mode of loading observed in the field, is still a
conjecture. Furthermore, flexural strength and flexural stiffness are the basic design inputs to determine the
pavement slab thickness. With this as the background, the objective of this study was to investigate the behavior o
pervious concrete in flexure and propose predictive models to estimate flexural properties that form the key inputs
for thickness design. Beam specimens from 15 pervious concrete mixtures with 3 replicates per mix type
comprising different mix variables were prepared and tested for flexural properties in a closed-loop servo-
controlled hydraulic testing facility. Flexural strength and stiffness were found to be in the range of 1.5-3.2 MPa
and 8,000-15,000 MPa, respectively. The mixtures consisting of smaller sized aggregates depicted large energy
absorption abilities compared to larger sized aggregates, which seemed to be more brittle in nature. The predictive
models based on the basic properties were rational with fair to good correlations: 0.65 ≤ R2 adj ≤ 0.80. The model
could be comfortably used in future to estimate flexural properties of pervious concrete in conjunction with the
existing rigid pavement design methods that are envisaged to assist in arriving at rational thicknesses of pervious
concrete slabs for field applications.
© 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Seven different concrete mixtures were prepared
to estimate the possibility of using pervious concrete for light traffic urban areas. The total porosity, density,
compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and traffic noise absorption capacity were tested for a
the concrete specimens. The first mixtures corresponded to a standard dense concrete mixture (M1), while the oth
mixtures were pervious concrete mixtures involving two different types of aggregates (dolomite and steel slag) an
different proportions of aggregate fractions. The total porosity, density, compressive strength, flexural strength,
abrasion resistance, and traffic noise absorption capacity were tested in the case of all concrete specimens. The tot
porosity increased, whereas the compressive and flexural strength decreased simultaneously with an increase in th
share of coarse aggregate fractions. The abrasion resistance and acoustic characteristics improved if only a fractio
of the aggregate was used in pervious concrete preparation.

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. The increasing use of pervious concrete as
sustainable and environment-friendly paving materials is primarily owed to its ability to reduce pavement runoff.
The mechanical and transport properties of pervious concrete with 50% ground-granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBS) replacement were examined. Open-graded 10 and 20 mm aggregates were used to attain porosity of 10%
15%, and 20%. Polypropylene short-cut fibres were added to the mix. The clogging potential of pervious concrete
exposed to dust was investigated. The results indicated that increasing the porosity led to a decrease in compressiv
and tensile strength. The fibre addition was effective in low-porosity concrete. Permeability was proportional to
porosity and inversely proportional to aggregate size. After 40-year simulated dust exposure, the concrete
permeability could be restored with the water flushing maintenance process. In comparison to Ordinary Portland
cement concrete, pervious concrete incorporating GGBS is a more sustainable paving solution, offering a decrease
in cost, heat island effect, and embodied energy, while also reducing carbon emissions by 54%

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Although the greatest concern regarding perviou
concrete (PC) is permeability, the strength performance should not be neglected. The trade-off between
permeability and mechanical properties is however a difficult task and often requires several trials to establish
optimum mix design. The objective of this study is to model the effect of main mixture parameters on permeabilit
effective porosity, unit weight, and compressive as well as tensile strength of PC using a full-factorial design. The
modelled factors are paste volume-to-inter-particles void ratio (PV/IPV), water-to-cement ratio (W/C), and dosage
of water reducing agent (WRA). The modelled domain is limited by values of PV/IPV ranging between 33% and
47%, by volume, W/C between 0.27 and 0.33, and WRA dosages between 30 and 190 mL/m 3 of concrete. The
modelled responses include hardened unit weight (HUW), effective porosity, permeability, compressive, and tensi
strength characteristics. Test results showed that the PV/IPV parameter shows the most significant influence on
permeability and strength development.
© 2018, Canadian Science Publishing. All rights reserved. Bio-grouting is an environmentallly friendly,
sustainable, and low-cost ground improvement technique, which mainly utilizes microbial-induced carbonate
precipitation. Previous large-scale applications of MICP have encountered practical difficulties including bio-
clogging, which resulted in a limited zone of cemented soil around injection points. The research presented in this
paper focuses on evaluating the feasibility of cementing a limited soil zone surrounding permeable piles using
MICP bio-grouting to improve the mechanical response of permeable piles under axial pull-out loading. Two
instrumented pervious concrete piles (test units), one with and one without MICP bio-grouting, were subjected to
pull-out loading at the Soil-Structure Interaction Facility at Lehigh University. The pervious concrete pile served a
an injection point during the MICP bio-grouting. The mechanical responses of the test units and surrounding soil
were analyzed, along with shear wave (S-wave) velocities, moisture, and CaCO 3 contents of the surrounding soil
The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the limited MICP-improved zone, extending a radial distance
approximately 102 mm around pervious concrete piles, improved the load–displacement response, load transfer,
and pile capacity under pull-out loading. The ratios between ultimate loads of the test units with and without MIC
bio-grouting were 4.2. The average shaft resistance along the pile with MICP bio-grouting was up to 2.8 times
higher than that of the pile without bio-grouting.

Additives were added to pervious concrete pavement to improve the removal capacity for runoff contaminants. In
this study, static isothermal adsorption experiments were conducted for concrete prepared with fly ash or bentonit
The results showed that the material containing bentonite showed better adsorption capacity for runoff
contaminants. The saturated adsorption values of bentonite for major runoff pollutants, including chemical oxygen
demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP) and copper (Cu) were 8.61, 6.93, 19.31 mg/g respectively. However, the tw
additives showed only weak adsorption capacity for total nitrogen (TN). Compared to hardened cement, the
adsorption capacity for COD, TP and Cu of the cement with bentonite was increased by 54%, 30% and 42%
respectively, and the capacity of cement with fly ash increased by 42%, 11% and 33% respectively. Therefore,
additives can improve the decontamination capacity of the base layer of the pervious concrete pavement. This stud
provides technical support for the construction of a sponge city.

© 2018, Int. J. of GEOMATE. Biomass aggregate (BA) is a by-product of biomass industries which is less dense
and more porous than natural aggregate. In this two-part study, BA was mixed with fly ash and alkaline liquid, an
heated in an oven at 80 °C for 24 h to produce coated biomass aggregate (CBA). The first part of this study was
focused on the density, specific gravity, Los Angeles test, water absorption, aggregate impact value, and aggregate
crushing value of BA, CBA, and normal aggregates (NA). The second part was focused on compressive strength
and water permeability of pervious geopolymer concrete (PGC) that was produced with BA and CBA. Pervious
concrete is a non-slip porous pavement concrete that allows water to slip through. In this study PGC was prepared
from alkaline solution: fly ash ratio of 0:5, fly ash/coarse aggregate ratio of 1:7, Na 2 SiO 3 /NaOH ratio of 2:5, an
NaOH concentration of 10 molarity. PGC was cured at 80°C for 24 h. PGC made with CBA had higher
compressive strength without much effect on water permeability. It has been found that PGC made with BA and
CBA had lower density than PGC made with NA. Results indicated that both BA and CBA are viable alternative
aggregates for producing PGC.
Three types of permeable pavements were monitored at the Edison Environmental Center in Edison, New Jersey,
for indicator organisms such as fecal coliform, enterococci, and Escherichia coli. Results showed that porous
asphalt had a much lower concentration in monitored infiltrate compared to pervious concrete and permeable
interlocking concrete pavers; concentrations of monitored organisms in infiltrate from porous asphalt were
consistently below the bathing water quality standard and actually had limited detection. Fecal coliform and
enterococci exceeded bathing water quality standards more than 72 and 34% of the time for permeable interlockin
concrete pavers and pervious concrete, respectively. Concentration reductions greater than 90% were observed for
all three indicator organisms for porous asphalt and fecal coliform and E. coli for pervious concrete when compare
to runoff values, while permeable interlocking concrete pavers only had a modest (39%) observable reduction for
E. coli only. The near absence of indicator organisms observed in the porous asphalt infiltrate may be due to the
high pH potentially due to asphalt processing. Neither rain intensity nor temperature was demonstrated to have an
observable effect in both concentrations of organisms and performance of permeable pavement; but this may due
the limitations of the dataset consisting of 16 events over an 8-month period.

© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers. The consolidation process of a stone-column reinforced foundation
under partially drained boundaries was investigated on the basis of a newly developed consolidation theory. An
analytical solution was created using a separation of variables technique and the theory of an eigenvalue problem.
In this paper, a solution from the literature was referenced as a special case of the solution. Computational exampl
are presented and discussed. In the situation of a sand blanket layer on the top of the foundation, the solution that
assumes a completely pervious top boundary tends to overestimate the consolidation speed, and the solution
presented in this paper is more suitable for a calculation under this condition. The study on the consolidation
process of the foundation under partially drained boundaries shows that the consolidation process is more rapid if
the disturbance to the surrounding soil during the installation of the stone column is relatively less pronounced;
choosing a stone column with a high oedometric modulus is advantageous for the consolidation of the foundation.
Finally, the sensitivity to the effects of the variation of different parameters on the consolidation process was also
analyzed.

Pervious concrete with high porosity has good permeability and low mechanical strengths are commonly used in
controlling storm water
Pervious concrete management.
is a permeable It is different
concrete from normal
which presents a lowerconcrete.
strength It is only
than containing
conventional single size
concrete due of
to coars
its
aggregate
high and The
porosity. has lower density
strength compared
of pervious with normal
concrete concrete. This
can be improved studya was
by using low focused
w/c pasteonwith the additives
effect of or
Engineered
admixtures. Biomass
This study Aggregate
focused on (EBA) on the compressive
the addition strength,(diatomite,
of mineral additives void ratio and water
fly ash, permeability
limestone dust,of pervious
and fine
concrete. EBA was prepared by coating the biomass aggregate with epoxy resin. EBA was used
sand) in a low water to cement ratio (w/c) paste to improve the strength and other properties of pervious concrete. to replace natural
coarse
The aggregate
strength, totalranging from 0%
void content, to 25%.
density, 150 mm
thermal cube specimens
conductivity, were prepared
and abrasion resistanceandofused to study
pervious the were
concrete
compressive strength, void ratio and water permeability. Compressive strength was tested
investigated. The results show that these additives increase the paste volume and improve the mechanical at 7, 14 and 28 days.
properti
Meanwhile, void ratio and permeability tests were carried out on 28 days. The experimental
of pervious concrete. The improvement from addition of diatomite or fly ash is due to both chemical and filler results showed that
perviouswhile
effects, concrete
that containing
from addition EBA of gained lower compressive
inert limestone dust or finestrength. The due
sand is only compressive strength
to filler effect. was reduced
Pervious concrete
gradually
with mineral additives show increase in strength and abrasion resistance with a slight increase in density and void
by increasing the percentage of EBA. Overall, Pervious concrete containing EBA achieved higher
ratio andconductivity.
thermal permeability.The © Published
incorporationunderoflicence by sand
10% fine IOP Publishing Ltd
is highly desirable in this study as it gives high strength
and high permeability. The high permeability is probably due to the use of large particle sand with little or no fine
particles which led to an improved continuous void. © 2017, National Institute of Science Communication and
Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved
The use of Pervious Concrete (PC) increased in the last years as an alternative to solve the run-off problem. PC
shows a high percentage of empty spaces/gaps, which vary from 10 to 35%, facilitating the flow of rain and water
through its structure. PC presents higher k permeability coefficient compared to conventional concrete.
Permeability is the main property of PC, although there is no standardized method that guarantees the correct and
precise measurement of such property in laboratory conditions. Currently, two main methodologies are used to
assess the permeability coefficient: the falling head and the constant head permeability tests. In that regard, the
American Concrete Institute recommends the use of the first method, although no comparison was done between
them. Furthermore, the recommendations do not consider the use of sustainable aggregates during the production
the PC. In this study, the permeability tests were explained and used to assess the permeability coefficient of
different mixes of PC produced with sustainable aggregates. The experimental results were used to analyze the
relationship between the porosity and the permeability of concrete and compare the performance of the falling hea
and constant head permeability tests. The study presents the advantages of performing the constant head
permeability test to assess the permeability of the PC.

The most singular characteristic of pervious concrete is its interconnected porosity that allows water to flow
through at high rates. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate an advanced DEM-CFD model to asse
the permeability of pervious concrete numerically, taking into account the influence of the composition and of the
compaction process. An extensive experimental program with 1 aggregate grading size, 4 paste contents and 3
degrees of compaction was conducted to validate the numerical approach. Results show that the DEM-CFD mode
is capable of predicting the permeability depending on the variables considered here. Moreover, flow parameters
derived from the numerical simulations help understand the experimental results. The study confirms that, instead
of relying on trial and error experiments, it is possible to use advanced numerical models to accelerate the definitio
of mixes and the production process, reducing the time, efforts and costs required.

In the paper, the impact of the percentage content of coarse aggregate on concrete structure and properties (such a
density, infiltration rate, water absorption and compressive strength) is analysed. To achieve the aim, 5 concrete
mixtures differentiating by the content of 8/16 fraction coarse aggregate (50, 70, 80, 90, 100%) are formed. The
mixture with 80% of 8/16 fraction aggregate additionally has 0/4 fraction sand. Concrete mixtures have been
densified with and without vibration; in such a way, ten different batches have been formed. After analysing the
concrete properties, it is found that the most appropriate composition of concrete mixture based on compressive
strength and infiltration rate was WPC2 where 70% of 8/16 fraction aggregate is used without fine sand. The
compressive strength of such concrete densified by vibration after 28 days equals to 10 MPa, the infiltration rate –
10000 cm/h; non-vibrated specimens have compressive strength which is approximately 7 MPa and infiltration rat
of 15000 cm/h. The highest infiltration rate (over 20000 cm/h) is obtained when only coarse aggregate 8/16 fractio
is used in concrete mixture; however, the compressive strength of such concrete is approximately 3 MPa.

For the past many decades, usage of concrete has increased on large scale all over the world. Concrete ingredients
practised are becoming more costly day by day and demand for the same is increasing widely all over. These
ingredients are also extinguishing with time and some of them are responsible for polluting the surrounding
environment on large scale. Replacement of cement by a pozzolanic material named ground granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBS), which is a byproduct or waste product of steel manufacturing industries. Ground granulated
blast furnace slag act as a cost-reducing ingredient and also increase many mechanical properties of concrete. This
paper is the outcome of the research work carried out in pervious concrete incorporating partial replacement of
cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag.
This study was conducted to determine the extent of the amount of pervious concrete strength of the compressive
strength, tensile strength sides, and measuring the rate of infiltration. In this study, researchers used a chemical
admixture type b that serves as a retarder admixture. Does chemical admixture used was 0.8% of the cementitious
Parameters are locked namely cement water factor of 0:38 and the amount of cement as much as 300 kg/m3 for
each variation. Previous concrete or non-sand concrete is a simple form of lightweight concrete made with fine
aggregate by eliminating the use. The variation of the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate is 100%, 0%; 95%, 5%
90%, 10%; 85%, 15%; 80%, 20%. From the test results obtained optimum variation is a variation 1 (N) where the
compressive strength of 30.38 MPa, tensile strength 4.66 MPa sides, and the infiltration rate 4.94 × 10 -3 mm/hou
© 2017 Author(s).

Pervious concrete pavement is a recognized sustainable solution for urban roads. To enhance mechanical propertie
of pervious concrete material, in order to allow wider use of this technology, a lot of studies are going on all over
the world. The use of a little percentage of fine aggregates is proven to increase the material resistance without an
excessive reduction of permeability. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing the fine virgin aggregates
with r cycled tire rubber. 14 different mixes were analysed in terms of indirect tensile strength resistance, void
content and density. Two different dimensions of crumb rubber were studied, as well as two different dosages,
which were applied to different no-fine control mixes. All results were compared with the same control mixes
containing natural fine aggregate. The mixes had a fixed granulometric curve but varied in water/cement ratio; thi
in order to evaluate the effect of recycled rubber depending to w/c ratio of the mix. An image analysis was also
conducted to verify the rubber distribution in the mixture and the cracking surfaces. The experimental analysis
showed that a correct proportioning of fine sand significantly increased the strength of the material. Moreover, the
use of recycled waste tire rubber, gave interesting improvements respect to the no-fine control mixes, even though
the developed resistance was lower respect to mixes containing mineral sand. This result was expected because of
the cementing property of mineral sand. Although, the important result was that it was possible to use waste tire
rubber in perviousconcrete, with an appropriate dosage and granular dimension, for increasing the performance of
traditional mix design, in order to achieve pavement materials more and more sustainable. © Published under
licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

In order to fulfill requirements of sustainable road construction, new materials for pavement construction are
investigated with the main goal to preserve natural resources and achieve energy savings. One of such sustainable
pavement material is pervious concrete as a new solution for low volume pavements. To accommodate required
strength and porosity as the measure of appropriate drainage capability, four mixtures of pervious concrete are
investigated and results of laboratory tests of compressive and flexural strength and porosity are presented. For
defining the optimal pervious concrete mixture in a view of aggregate and financial savings, optimization model is
utilized and optimal mixtures defined according to required strength and porosity characteristics. Results of
laboratory research showed that comparing single-sized aggregate pervious concrete mixtures, coarse aggregate
mixture result in increased porosity but reduced strengths. The optimal share of the coarse aggregate turn to be
40.21%, the share of fine aggregate is 49.79% for achieving required compressive strength of 25 MPa, flexural
strength of 4.31 MPa and porosity of 21.66%. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Pervious concrete is considered to be a sustainable pavement material due to high water permeability. The
experiment presented in this paper was aimed at study the influence of water to cement ratio on both the
compressive and splitting tensile strength of pervious concrete. Typically, less water content in concrete mixture
leads to less porosity of cement paste and thus it provides desirable mechanical properties. In case of conventional
dense concrete, the lower is the water to cement ratio, the higher or better is the strength, density and durability
of concrete. This behaviour is not quite clear in case of pervious concrete because of low amount of cement paste
present. Results of compressive and splitting tensile strength of pervious concrete are discussed in the paper while
taking into account values measured after 2 and 28 days of hardening and variations in water to cement ratio. The
results showed that changes of water to cement ratio from 0.25 to 0.35 caused only slight differences in strength
characteristics, and this applied to both types of tested strength. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Pervious concrete is widely used in various fields because of its high permeability. Strength and permeability are
two important design parameters for pervious concrete, but limited research has been conducted so far on their
mutual relationship. A series of laboratory tests are carried out to demonstrate the effects of water-cement ratio,
aggregate-cement ratio, and porosity on the properties of pervious concrete including strength and permeability in
this study. In addition, a modified permeability testing method for pervious concrete is developed, as the existing
permeability testing devices for pervious concrete have not considered the specimen-container interface leakage
induced by the large number of open pores on the surface of specimen, thus affecting the testing precision of
permeability. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Pervious concrete pavements that are widely used as surface layers in low volume road applications such as parkin
lots, residential streets, etc. are subjected to repeated loads, which may undergo fatigue. Although most of the past
studies have focused on the compressive strength and hydraulic properties, limited investigations have been
reported in respect of fatigue in pervious concrete (PC). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of
stress levels and frequencies on the fatigue life and develop laboratory fatigue models of PC mixtures. The S-N
curves indicated that power-function relation exists between stress levels and fatigue life of PC. The non-parametr
and parametric methods indicated that the stress levels (0.70, 0.75, and 0.80) and stiffness were significant in
affecting the fatigue life compared to the loading frequency in the range of 2–10 Hz. The fatigue relations of PC
fitted with 3-Parameter Weibull and lognormal distributions indicated the characteristic infant mortality type of
failure behavior, represented by initial portion of the reliability bathtub curve. The stiffness degradation and tensil
strain accumulation depicted a three-stage process with rapid degradation in the primary stage, stable and constant
degradation in secondary phase, and accelerated degradation in the tertiary stage. The laboratory fatigue models
developed had good-to-fair statistical goodness of fit parameters (0.65 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.85), which can be used to
predict the fatigue lives of pervious concrete in case of non-availability of testing capabilities. © 2017
Elsevier Ltd
With the advantages of both granular piles and rigid piles, pervious concrete piles (PCPs) are especially suitable f
improving ground bearing capacity. To study the dynamic performance characteristics of PCP composite
foundation under earthquake loads, the acceleration response of subgrade and the development and dissipation of
excess pore water pressure in composite foundation during the earthquake were numerically calculated. The
dynamic performances of PCP were compared with those of gravel pile and low-grade concrete pile. The surface
acceleration amplification coefficient of PCP composite foundation is obviously smaller than two other composite
foundations. Meanwhile, its predominant period is only half that of the gravel pile and low-grade concrete pile
composite foundation, which demonstrates that PCP composite foundation is more effective for avoiding the
mechanical resonance of the upper building. Besides the significant damping effect, it also has obvious pressure-
reduction effect. The excess pore water pressure induced by an earthquake dissipates quickly because of the high
permeability of PCPs, and foundation liquefaction is effectively inhibited. Consequently, the draining-damping
coupling effect of PCPs can improve deformation compatibility of soil during the earthquake. © 2017 American
Society of Civil Engineers.

Pervious concrete pavement is one of the innovative structures designed in order to manage the quantity and quali
of urban stormwater for a sustainable development. In general, pervious concrete pavement enables water to
permeate through its structure and have a capability to cater dynamic loads at the same time. However, the
conventional pervious concrete pavement lacks a superior strength while performing as pavement structure. Thus,
an extensive research has been carried out in order to explore the possible materials to be incorporated into
the pervious concrete pavement for better physical, structural and mechanical properties. The objectives of this
paper are to review the waste materials used in the pervious concrete pavement along with their mechanical,
durability and permeability performance. © 2017 Author(s).

In recent years, the use of nanoclay has received various interests in order to enhance the properties of constructio
materials which can also be eligible for pavement technology and engineering application. This review paper
summarizes the effect of nanoclay as cement replacement and additive to the performance
of pervious concretepavement. The addition of nanoclay to pervious concrete has demonstrated improvements in
strength properties such as compressive and flexural strength, durability such as freeze-thaw and chloride
penetration resistance, shrinkage, and denser microstructure but at the same time reduced the porosity, permeabilit
and water absorption properties. This enhancement is due to the roles of nanoclay as nanoreinforcements,
nanofillers, nucleation site, and reactive pozzolans in order to promote hydration and improve material properties.
© 2017 Author(s).

The purpose of this paper is to solve the shortcoming of the mix proportion of pervious concrete. So we have done
the research on the measurement of the specific surface area of aggregate, and the research on the volume change
cement after hydration, and the research on the best water-binder ratio and thickness of gelled material package.
The experimental results show that the equivalent method is more accurate for measuring the specific surface area
of aggregate. It can better reflect the specific surface area of aggregate. Moreover, the calculation method of the
mix proportion of the cementing material can improve the utilization ratio of material and the quality
of pervious concrete. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
The major objective of this study was to understand the influence of mix parameters on pore properties and modulus of
control and silica fume (SF) modified pervious concrete mixtures with an application of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV)
technique in defining the structural and hydrological properties. A total of twenty-four different pervious concrete mixture
were prepared encompassing three aggregate gradations with four aggregate sizes, and two levels each of water-to-ceme
(WC) and cement-to-aggregate (CA) ratios. Additionally, 5Â % SF was used as partial replacement for cement to produce
twelve SF modified pervious concrete mixes. It was found that permeability mainly depends on mix variables such as WC
and CA ratios, and gradations since these factors control the interconnected pore structure of the pervious concrete mixes
Based on the measured mix properties, permeability predictive equation was developed, which followed Weibull
distribution, and was mathematical robust with very good statistical goodness of fit measures (Radj 2 > 0.80; Se/Sy =Â
0.432). The equation was rational indicative of the fact that porosity alone might not always be significant in defining
permeability of the pervious concrete. UPV test technique employing a set of 55Â kHz transducers was used to determine
dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) of all mixes, which yielded UPV in the range of 2750–3400Â m/s, and Ed in the range of
11–19Â GPa. The findings were encouraging in that the estimated moduli using UPV were rational, which was also
testimonial of the fact that this technique can be confidently used in future in the periodic evaluation of in-service perviou
concrete pavements without having to retrieve field cores. © 2016, RILEM

Pervious concrete systems are developing stormwater management technologies which also have wintertime
benefits as melting snow may percolate into the system instead of refreezing on the surface. Enhancing the surface
microtexture of pervious concrete may also be beneficial in preventing icing or slipping by pedestrians. This
research explored different surface treatments on pervious concrete specimens both qualitatively from personal
judgements, and quantitatively through static friction measurements with a spring balance with respect to
“slipperiness”. The tests were performed on both dry and wet specimens. One aim was to determine whether the
spring balance method may be a simple test for comparing surface treatments on pavement samples with little
surface area such as laboratory specimens or sidewalk sections. The other purpose was to make a preliminary
decision of which surface treatments to use for a sidewalk installation for future studies on wintertime performanc
The reliability analysis of the spring balance results showed that there was high operator consistency. In addition,
there was a high level of consistency on average results between the quantitative and qualitative methods. This
implies that the spring balance test may be an acceptable methodology for comparative analyses with respect to
static friction. © 2016, Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

The objective of this paper is to propose a novel numerical approach to evaluate the fresh state behavior of perviou
concrete (PC). A new constitutive law applied to Discrete Element Method was developed for the simulation of th
interaction between aggregates connected by fresh cement paste. Several innovative aspects regarding the type of
contact model, the consideration of the contact bridge and the inclusion of the rheology coefficients were proposed
A calibration was performed with data from the literature. Furthermore, an extensive experimental program
considering different shapes of aggregates, grading curves and aggregate-to-cement paste ratios was conducted to
evaluate the fresh state behavior and validate the numerical models. The good fit obtained between numerical and
experimental results confirm the model and the constitutive law reproduce the under uniaxial compaction, thus
representing a step forward in the design and application of pervious concrete mixes. © 2016
Today, pervious concrete is one of the best materials used in sustainable drainage system. Due to the limitations o
raw materials, the use of waste materials in concrete is able to reduce the negative impacts of concrete towards the
environment. Therefore, this study presents the development of a sustainable lightweight pervious concrete by
replacing natural coarse aggregate sized 6.30–9.50 mm with waste material from palm oil industry sized 4.75–
6.30 mm and 6.30–9.50 mm. For this purpose, limestone was partially replaced (from 25 to 75% by mass) with oi
palm kernel shell (OPKS) to produce sustainable lightweight pervious concrete. Properties, including both fresh
and hardened density and void content, compressive and tensile strength as well as permeability were discussed.
The results indicated that it is possible to produce sustainable lightweight pervious concrete by incorporating
lightweight waste material from the palm oil industry. Results also showed that the kind of concrete produced is
suitable for use in light traffic roads and parking lots. Furthermore, in this research, pervious concrete containing
the OPKS showed high water permeability, which varies from 4 to 16 mm/s, in addition to acceptable compressiv
strength, ranging from 6 to 12 MPa. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Pervious concrete (PC) pavement applications are growing in popularity due to the environmental and stormwater
management benefits that PC can offer. However, relatively low mechanical properties and durability of PC,
comparing to conventional Portland cement concrete (PCC), limit its use for vehicular applications. In this study,
different size fractions of cured carbon fiber composite material (CCFCM) pieces were incorporated into a PC
mixture (rPC) in three volume fractions. The goal was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of rPC
in comparison to the corresponding properties of plain PC (control). Seven mixture designs were prepared in orde
to investigate the effect of CCFCM volume fractions as well as CCFCM particle sizes. The test results indicated
that CCFCM addition enhanced the workability of the PC mixtures. rPC mixtures presented higher average
infiltration rates when compared to the control mixture. Improvements in mechanical properties were seen on 28-
day compressive strength (4–11%), 7-day tensile strength (11–46%) and in modulus of elasticity (6–45%). In term
of resistance to mass loss in Cantabro and surface abrasion, rPC mixtures presented various behaviors, with one
mixture containing the highest volume fraction and a combined size fraction, outperforming the control in both
tests. Overall, the results of this study indicate that incorporation of CCFCM is promising in improving physical
and mechanical properties of PC. © 2016

The lack of a standard test method for evaluating the resistance of pervious concrete to cycles of freezing and
thawing in the presence of deicing salts is the motive behind this study. Different sample size and geometry, cycle
duration, and level of submersion in brine solutions were investigated to achieve an optimized test method. The
optimized test method was able to produce different levels of damage when different types of deicing salts were
used. The optimized duration of one cycle was found to be 24 h with twelve hours of freezing at -18 °C and twelv
hours of thawing at +21 °C, with the bottom 10 mm of the sample submerged in the brine solution. Cylinder
samples with a diameter of 100 mm and height of 150 mm were used and found to produce similar results to 150
mm-cubes. Based on the obtained results a mass loss of 3%-5% is proposed as a failure criterion of cylindrical
samples. For the materials and within the cycles of freezing/thawing investigated here, the deicers that caused the
most damage were NaCl, CaCl2 and urea, followed by MgCl2, potassium acetate, sodium acetate and calcium-
magnesium acetate. More testing is needed to validate the effects of different deicers under long term exposures a
different temperature ranges. © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
A method to minimize the effect of porosity variations on the relationship between splitting tensile strength and
compressive strength was proposed. Sixteen mixtures using three different aggregate types, paste, and slag conten
were prepared. Both cast cylinders and cores were tested, showing that the aggregate type had an effect on the
splitting tensile strength versus compressive strength relationship. The paste content and the slag content of the
mixtures did not affect the splitting tensile strength versus compressive strength relationship. The results also
demonstrate that the splitting tensile strength versus compressive strength curve for the core specimens was steepe
compared to the curve representing all specimens, indicating that the equation for casted cylinder specimens is
underestimating the core splitting tensile strength by 7–13% for compressive strengths between 10 and 20�MPa
(1450–2900�psi), respectively. This study proposes equations to compare splitting tensile strength and
compressive strength for both casted and cored pervious concrete cylinders. The proposed equations are consisten
with the existing research in pervious concrete but also demonstrate that ACI 318 for
conventional concrete overestimates the splitting tensile strength of pervious concrete for compressive strength
below 20�MPa (2900�psi). � 2016 Elsevier Ltd

A variety of empirical models have been proposed by other researchers correlating hydraulic conductivity to
effective porosity for pervious concrete (PC). However, most of these models do not account for the influence of
pore tortuosity or require complicated measurements. To quantify the influence of pore tortuosity, PC with differe
microstructure is proportioned through varying workability of matrix, amount of binder and size of aggregate. A
relationship between relative mean pore size and pore tortuosity is proposed and incorporated into the Kozeny-
Carman model. The relative mean pore size is defined as the ratio of mean pore size to aggregate size. Mean pore
size is derived from the pore size distribution (PSD) extracted from linear path function (LPF) tailored to PC. The
modified Kozeny-Carman model is validated by the agreement between predicted and experimentally obtained
results. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Pervious concrete pavements have good drainage capabilities; however, storm water runoff during extreme events
can cause the pores clogging in permeable pavement. This study aims to preliminarily reveal the mechanism of
sediment clogging in the pores of the pervious concrete pavement under storm water runoff. An innovative
continuous permeability measurement system combined with the electrical conductivity measurement is develope
Laboratory simulation tests are conducted with this system to demonstrate the effects of four factors on the
permeability reduction. The tests indicate that the pore clogging process generally includes three phases, i.e. quick
clogging, temporary mitigation of clogging and progressive clogging. The clogging is more prone to occur in
specimens with large porosity. Meanwhile, the variation of electrical conductivity of pervious concrete can
accurately reflect the clogging process of pervious concrete. A rapid clogging model has been developed and
validated. Research results obtained are important in optimising the design and evaluation of pervious concrete
pavement. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

The objective of this research is to evaluate the flexural fatigue behavior of polymer-modified pervious concrete
(PPC) with single sized aggregates which could be used in base course of infrastructures. Three aggregate sizes
(27.5 mm, 32.5 mm, and 37.5 mm) were selected for single sized aggregate mixtures. A laboratory testing program
was conducted obtaining the fatigue lives of PPC at various stress levels and stress ratios. 65 beam specimens of
150 mm × 150 mm × 550 mm totally were produced for each mix type, ten of which were adopted to determine th
static flexural strength of PPC prior to fatigue testing. To incorporate the effects of stress level S, stress ratio R an
survival probability, equivalent fatigue-life was employed to study the fatigue equation of PPC. The studies indica
that statistical distribution of equivalent fatigue life of PPC approximately followed the two-parameter Weibull
distribution. The S-N relation curves and regression equations corresponding to different survival probabilities
(0.5–0.95) were obtained by regression analysis. Based on these results, the fatigue life ranking as PPC-27.5 >
PPC-32.5 > PPC-37.5 was declared. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
To investigate the mechanism of rapid clogging of the pervious concrete pavement under rainstorm, a real-time
permeability measurement system combined with the electric conductivity measurement was developed. A series
simulation tests on clogging were conducted with this system. In order to form a circuit in the
saturated pervious concrete specimen and measure the variation of electrical resistivity more easily, NaCl solution
was uniformly sprayed over the specimen to simulate the rainstorm process. After achieving the required depth of
water, different horizontal flow velocities were formed by impeller which is motivated by micro motor. The sorted
river sand, as the clogging material, was uniformly sprinkled on the specimen's surface to simulate the clogging
process of pervious concrete pavement. The effects of porosity of pervious concrete, sediment size, depth of surfa
water runoff, water runoff velocity on the permeability reduction due to clogging of the previous pavement by
controlling variables. The results show that pore clogging process generally includes three phases, which are quick
clogging, temporary mitigation of clogging and progressive clogging. The clogging is more easily to occur for
specimens with large porosity which is treated well-graded sand as the water runoff is relatively deep. The cloggin
process is postponed with the increase of horizontal runoffs velocity, but the final clogging ratio would not be
affected. Besides, the variation of electric conductivity of pervious concrete can accurately reflect the clogging
process of pervious concrete. A rapid clogging prediction model can be derived from the Kozeny-Carmen equatio
and the results can provide a crucial method for further investigating and evaluating the clogging
of pervious concrete, which is beneficial for the optimized design for the concrete. © 2016, Editorial Department
China Journal of Highway and Transport. All right reserved.

This paper presents an innovative grouted ground improvement pile alternative (biogrouted pervious concrete pile
Biogrouting is a potential ground improvement technique that utilizes soil bacteria to induce calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) precipitation to cement soil particles. The most commonly investigated biogrouting method is microbial
induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). Previous large-scale applications of MICP have encountered practical
difficulties including bioclogging, which results in a limited zone of cemented soil around injection points and
heterogeneous distribution of CaCO3. The research presented in this paper focuses on evaluating the feasibility of
MICP biogrouting of a limited soil zone surrounding permeable piles to improve their responses when subjected t
axial compression loading. To investigate this, two instrumented pervious concrete piles with diameters of 76 mm
and lengths of 1.07 m with and without MICP biogrouting were subjected to compression loading at the Soil-
Structure Interaction (SSI) facility at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The pervious concrete pile
serves as an injection point during the MICP biogrouting. The mechanical responses of the pile and surrounding
soil were analyzed, along with shear wave (S-wave) velocity, moisture content, and CaCO3 and ammonium
contents of the surrounding soil. The results presented in this paper demonstrated that the limited MICP-improved
zone around pervious concrete piles improved the loaddisplacement response, load transfer, and pile capacity und
compression loading. � 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers

Pervious concrete (PC) mixtures were designed and prepared to measure and study permeability characteristics at
varying head levels using a falling head permeameter. A total of 1092 readings was used to study the permeability
properties of eighteen PC mixtures whose porosity was in the range of 15–37%, and permeability in the realm of
0.076–3.5 cm/s. The permeability reduced as the head of water increased, and gradually attained an asymptotic
relation with the head. Cement-to-aggregate ratio had largest contribution in controlling permeability of PC
mixtures. Nonlinearity in Darcy's law was observed in respect of permeability of PC mixes, which was modelled
using Izbash/power law, and was prominent for gradations consisting of larger sized aggregates due to
inconsequential tortuous pore structure. Modified Kozeny-Carman equation was fitted for PC gradations to
compare the results with Izbash law, which showed good agreement. This study is deemed to assist in
understanding the hydrodynamics of water flow in pervious concrete, which in turn will aid in rational pervious
concrete pavement system designs. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
Pervious concrete is a sustainable pavement with high permeability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate
physical and mechanical properties of the pervious concrete including density, strength, porosity, and permeability
Taguchi design of experiments was used to optimize the performance of these characteristics. The relationship
between properties dependent on coarse aggregate size. As the maximum size of the coarse aggregate increases,
both the permeability and porosity grows up. Also, it results in a significant decrease in compressive strength.
There is a trade-off between strength and permeability which should be considered to meet the minimum
requirements for the pervious concrete. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Making good-quality portland cement pervious concrete (PCPC) requires utilization of chemical admixtures. Several types
admixtures, including superplasticizers (SPs), viscosity modifying admixtures (VMA), and set-retarding admixtures (RE) are
commonly used in PCPC. These chemical admixtures significantly influence the flowability, film-forming ability and film-
drying time (setting time) of the paste component. Consequently, the workability of the PCPC mixtures is greatly affected b
the type and amount of chemical admixture added. This paper shows how the Box-Behnken (BBD) response surface design
can be used to characterize the individual and combined effects of SP, VMA and RE on pervious concrete paste. The paste
properties evaluated include flowability, film-forming ability and film-drying time. Using the BBD technique, ranges of
admixture combinations were studied with a reasonable amount of data points. Finally, mathematical equations (models)
and response surfaces were developed. The models and the response surfaces could be used to select admixture doses fo
different type of PCPC mixtures. Therefore, this method is highly recommended for situations where concrete producers a
required to create PCPC mixtures, which have variable mixture composition and material properties. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

This research project evaluated the effect of using recycled aggregate and ground granulated slag on pervious
concrete specimens compacted using two different methods: fixed energy and fixed porosity. The permeability,
compressive strength, and solar reflectance index were analyzed. When compacted to a fixed target porosity of
20%, mixtures using recycled aggregate had, on average, 12% less strength than virgin aggregate mixtures. The us
of slag did not negatively affect permeability, or compressive strength and yet was useful in improving the solar
reflectance index in mixtures made with limestone aggregate. Recycled aggregate mixtures exhibited a significant
higher solar reflectance index compared to the mixtures using virgin aggregates.

This paper presents a simplified model for the simulation of the compaction of deformable granular materials such
as pervious concrete in the fresh state. The strategy is to use an evolutionary lattice system with local instability to
simulate the intensive internal rearrangement expected during compaction. This is associated with a bar layout and
material properties that vary with the time steps. Furthermore, a biphasic particle composed by a rigid inner core
involved by a deformable exterior layer is considered. This versatile approach allows a simplified representation o
complex granular media made of very deformable particles or of rigid particles covered by a flexible binder.
Numerical and experimental comparisons were conducted to evaluate the capacity of the method to predict the
behavior of different materials. The results indicate that the model may provide an estimation of the forces applied
during the compaction, being suitable for a wide range of applications. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Continued urbanization and population growth further the growth of impervious urban areas, leading to concernin
adverse environmental and societal impacts. Pervious concrete has remarkable potential to counteract these advers
impacts while providing necessary structural integrity, thus supporting continued urbanization. Broader applicatio
of pervious concrete could be achieved through increased raveling resistance and enhanced durability performanc
This research emphasizes the development and characterization of high performance pervious concrete aiming at
improved mechanical resistance and advanced durability properties. In pursuit of this goal an ultra-high
performance cement-based matrix with compressive strengths in excess of 150 MPa (22 ksi) and high durability
properties are designed and applied to the mixture design concept of pervious concrete. The research results show
that compressive strength and elastic modulus increase by up to 150% and 100%, respectively, without sacrificing
the hydraulic conductivity of the concrete. Furthermore, freeze-thaw tests have been carried out to compare the
durability performance of conventional pervious concrete with high performance pervious concrete. Based on
enhanced mechanical properties as well as improved durability, high performance pervious concrete potentially
allows extending the application of pervious concrete and thus carries a vital potential in effectively counteracting
the growth of impervious urban areas. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

No abstract available
Abstract Fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA) are wastes from coal combustion power plant. Due to its coarse and
porous particle, BA is usually disposed of at landfill sites. While, as-received FA can be used as pozzolanic
material and source material to produce geopolymer binder. This study focused on the use of FA as geopolymer
binder and BA as coarse aggregate to produce pervious concrete. The effect of NaOH concentration, partial
replacement of FA with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and curing temperature on the properties of pervious
geopolymer concrete (PGC) were investigated. The results showed that the strengths of PGC increased with both
NaOH concentration and level of OPC replacement. The curing at elevated temperature (90 °C) was a significant
factor for the strength development. The PGCs containing BA had the thermal conductivity of 0.30-0.33 W/m K,
density of 1466-1502 kg/m3, and compressive strength of 5.7-8.6 MPa and are suited for use as an environment
friendly concrete. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Abstract The performance of pervious concrete is dictated by the void structure features such as the size of coarse
aggregate, void volume, void size, void distribution, and the amount of cement used. Pervious concrete consists of
coarse aggregate surrounded by a thin layer of Portland cement paste. The amount of cement used affects the
aggregate coating thickness, which has an effect on the porosity and other mechanical properties of the concrete.
The void size is not purely governed by the size of coarse aggregate, but the aggregate size, gradation, and the
thickness of cement paste. A higher porosity of the material does not ensure a higher permeability, as the
permeability
In this paper, isproperties
a functionofofpervious
the voidconcrete
surface made
area, void
with size, and distribution.
air-cooling electric arcInfurnace
this study
slaga (EAFS)
correlation is made
as aggregates
between key pervious concrete properties such as the porosity, permeability, compressive and
are investigated. Test results showed that under the same condition, pervious concrete made with EAFS aggregate tensile strength
versus the cement
had a better paste strength
mechanical thickness. A athicker
and greatercement coatingcoefficient
permeability will lead tothan
a lower percolation
that made rate byriver
with natural reducing the In
gravels.
porosity, pervious
addition, however,concrete
this could havewith
made a positive
EAFS effect on other
aggregates haddesirable mechanical
a lower weight properties,
loss than that madesuch as natural river
with
compressive/tensile strength and permeability. This research focus on proportioning the coarse
gravels for the soundness tests. The dimension stability test showed that the possible expansion characteristic aggregate, cement
of
content, and the void content in order to correlate the cement paste thickness to the key properties
EAFS became not so significant for pervious concrete due to the voids inside the system. It is concluded that of pervious
concrete. concrete
pervious This wasmadecompleted through
with EAFS a controlled
aggregates is a concrete mix-design,
good alternative a controlled
in many ways. ©laboratory preparation
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All right
technique
reserved and an analysis of the hardened concrete cross-section.
Mix ratios of liquid-to-binder (L/B), fly ash-to-binder (FA/B), nanoSiO2-to-binder (NS/B) and NaOH
concentration (NH) of fly ash-nanoSiO2-cement geopolymer pastes were optimized for the flow of paste and the
compressive strength simultaneously. Optimum mix design was found at 50% L/B, 60% FA/B, 0.04% NS/B and
1.71 M NH resulting in a maximum achievable compressive strength at 22.2 MPa after a 7-day curing under
ambient temperature (25 ± 5 °C) and the desired flow of paste at 110%. It was found that NH had the greatest effe
on the flow of paste: the higher NH, the smaller the flow of paste was. On the other hand, NS/B showed the least
effect on the compressive strength. Pervious geopolymer concrete made with the optimum mix was able to reduce
fecal coliforms and phosphorus by 54-100 and 25-85%, respectively, depending on the contact time (0.5-8 h). A
greater FC and P removal % was achieved at a higher pH caused by pervious geopolymer concrete. © 2015
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Pervious concrete provides a sound solution for managing storm waters in built environments where the water
runoff as well as the natural recharge of the groundwater are important issues. The use of pervious concrete is also
commonly related to other environmental benefits such as the Urban Heat Island reduction, traffic noise absorptio
and pollutant filtering. Despite the broad capabilities, comprehensive standards are still limited and many issues
have not yet been completely fixed. For example, compaction is often underestimated and one of the common
compaction effort is provided by hand-rolling; however, different compaction energies, techniques, or timing can
significantly affect mechanical and functional properties of the material. Performance can be furthermore improve
by adding a small amount of fine sand, as suggested by many; sand can lead towards better raveling and skid
resistance, also improving the maximum flexural strength. On the other hand, too much sand and improper
compaction energy may lead to an excessively low void content and reduced drainability features. Compaction an
sand addition should be therefore analyzed more in details. The present research aimed at (1) evaluating the effect
of differential levels of compaction energy and (2) analyzing the influence of fine sand addition into several
pervious concrete mixtures. Results suggested that adding small amounts of fine sand (around 5% of the total
aggregate weight) to pervious concrete mixtures provided better mechanical and surface properties, and a
consequent reduction of drainability. However, the correct balance of mechanical and hydrological properties can
be achieved due to both accurate mix-design and proper compaction plan. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

This study investigates the influence of aggregate type and size on the properties of pervious concrete. Five
different concrete mixtures were prepared, including a standard dense concrete mixture and four pervious concrete
mixtures with varied aggregate types (dolomite or steel slag) and differing proportions of 4-8 mm to 8-16 mm
aggregate fractions (30:60 or 60:30). The results suggest that a higher amount of small aggregate fractions (4-8
mm) yielded higher density concrete mixtures and greater flexural strength. However, connected porosity as a ma
parameter for estimating pervious concrete efficiency was surprisingly influenced more by the aggregate type than
the size. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Falling head method (FHM) and constant head method (CHM) are, respectively, used to test the water permeabilit
of permeable concrete, using different water heads on the testing samples. The results indicate the apparent
permeability of pervious concrete decreasing with the applied water head. The results also demonstrate the
permeability measured from the FHM is lower than that from the CHM. The fundamental difference between the
CHM and FHM is examined from the theory of fluid flowing through porous media. The testing results suggest th
the water permeability of permeable concrete should be reported with the applied pressure and the associated
testing method. © 2015 Yinghong Qin et al.
Pervious concrete pavements are designed to allow rain water to percolate through the pavement voids and reduce
runoff water and splashing. One of the problems of pervious pavements is clogging. This study evaluated perviou
pavements cleaning methods and presents findings from a study conducted on a fourteen-year old pervious concre
parking lot. For this study, cores were taken from the existing pervious concrete parking lot, and the falling head
test was performed on the samples: as cored, swept, and pressure washed. Sweeping removed little debris from th
surface, but did significantly increase the infiltration. Pressure washing removed a relatively significant amount of
debris from the samples, and also significantly increased the infiltration rates. The samples were then broken to
determine remaining debris, since pressure washing did not completely remove all debris from the samples. The
properties of the debris were compared to the lawn/garden soil around using sieve analysis, cohesion tests, and
organics analysis. From The sieve analysis test, the debris was of a similar gradation to the garden soils; however,
presence of particles from the existing asphalt pavement was observed. A cohesion test revealed that cohesion in
the removed debris was less than that of the garden soil around. An organics analysis indicated that organic matter
in the debris was less than the organic matter in the garden soils. The study found out that pressure washing is mo
effective cleaning method on pervious pavements and the clogging materials are soils rather that organics matter.

This paper presents a unique combination of permeability, infiltration, and clogging testing results to provide
background information for the specification and design of clog-resistant pervious concrete pavements. Pervious
concrete cylindrical samples of various sizes and porosities were tested using a falling-head permeameter in the
laboratory. The cylindrical wall effect on porosity and permeability was determined using image analysis along
with testing variability. Infiltration was tested on a series of fixed void slab samples that were then clogged with
compost, soil, and a compost-soil mixture. Cleaning effectiveness was measured and related to sample properties.
The results show that cylinder permeability was highly variable, with 100-mm specimens producing the least
variability of the two sizes tested (75 mm and 100 mm). Slab specimens with consistent cross-sectional infiltration
were the most clog resistant and had the best infiltration remediation after cleaning. Samples with initial infiltratio
capacities greater than 750 cm/h were the most clog resistant. The best pavement performance resulted from
uniform vertical permeability distribution and high initial infiltration capacity. Copyright © ASTM Int'l (all rights
reserved).

As a new material type for pavement, pervious concrete should be designed to maintain both porosity and the
structural strength. The actual mix proportions for pervious concrete depend on the application, the mechanical
properties required and the materials used. Actually, the mix proportions of pervious concrete were determined fo
locally available materials based frequently on trial batching and experience. Another analytical method should be
developed to facilitate the concrete producers. Based on the assumption that the cement paste only plays a role of
coating, it does not fulfill the void among the grains of gravel; this paper focuses on one modified method for the
design of the pervious concrete. The volume cement paste is divided by the surface area of the aggregates to
determine the thickness of the excess paste. A scaling factor has been defined to evenly distribute the cement paste
toward the size of gravel. Moreover, a binder drainage test is proposed to determine the critical w/c ratio towards
prevent the flow of cement paste to the lower layers of concrete under the action of vibration or compaction. The
pervious concrete has been formulated according to this method to validate it. The mechanical and hydraulic tests
are performed to characterize the pervious concrete. The obtained pervious concrete presents a large sufficient
permeability (1 mm s-1) for draining rainwater and good mechanical resistance (Rc = 28.6 MPa) with regard to
typical pervious concrete applications such as parking lots, walkways and low-traffic roadways. In addition, the
mechanical strength of pervious concrete in this research is found higher than that generally reported by other
authors. The results indicate that the theoretical mix design method is a successful theory for an optimizing
composition of pervious concrete. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The study presented herein investigates the effects of particle size and volume content of waste tire rubber on the
flexural strength, abrasion and freezing thawing resistances of pervious concretes. Two types of scrap tire rubber
wastes, namely crumb rubber and tire chips, were used in the production of rubberized pervious concretes obtainin
by partially replacing of single sized natural coarse aggregate with equivalent volume of rubber. The study was
conducted at constant water-to-cement ratio of 0.27 with cement content of 450 kg/m3. The rubberized pervious
concretes were produced by replacing the tire chips, crumb rubber and fine crumb rubber, which was obtained by
sieving the crumb rubber from 1-mm sieve, at two different contents of 10% and 20%. Also, tire chips-crumb
rubber and tire chips-fine crumb rubber mixtures were utilized in the rubberized pervious concrete production at
same contents. Pervious concrete samples with and without tire rubber were tested for flexural strength, abrasion
and freezing-thawing resistances. The test results revealed that use of rubber significantly enhanced the abrasion
and freezing-thawing resistance while it decreased the flexural strength of the pervious concretes. © 2014 Elsevie
Ltd

In this paper, the concept of paste film-forming ability is introduced as a parameter for mixture proportioning of
pervious concrete. Two new test methods are also developed. The two methods characterize film-forming ability i
two conditions. The first method characterizes the ability of a cement paste to form a stable film on a smooth
nonabsorbent vertical surface. The paste thickness measured from this test is called, Ideal Paste Thickness (IPT).
The second test characterizes the ability of cement paste to adhere and remain on an aggregate surface; this paste
thickness is called Actual Paste Thickness (. APT). The IPT can be used as a standardized parameter to evaluate th
film-forming ability of cement pastes. The APT can be used to study the formation of cement paste films on
pervious concrete aggregates. In this study IPT and APT of sixteen superplasticized cement pastes were evaluated
The pastes were prepared from four water to cement (w/. c) ratios (0.23, 0.27, 0.32 and 0.37). © 2014 Elsevier Ltd

Abrasion resistance of pervious concrete was evaluated on core and cast specimens by using the Rotating-Cutter
method and the Impact Abrasion method. Sixteen mixtures were produced using limestone, pea gravel, and
recycled concrete aggregate, and up to 30% of cement was replaced by ground granulated blast-furnace slag. The
analysis of the core specimens indicated that the Impact Abrasion method had a low within-test coefficient of
variation and was able to differentiate among mixtures. The use of recycled aggregate and ground granulated blast
furnace slag did not have a detrimental effect on the abrasion resistance of pervious concrete. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd
All rights reserved.
Objective of the work: To study the properties of rubberized plain pervious concrete in terms of the mechanical
properties and the permeability. Materials and methods: Three types of rubber were used in the production of
rubberized plain pervious concrete mixtures which obtained by partially replacing the aggregate with rubber. One
water-cement (w/c) ratio, one moist curing period, and four designated rubber contents by total aggregate volume
were considered as experimental parameters. The results compared with non-rubberized pervious concrete (contro
mixture. Results: The use of rubber significantly aggravated the pervious concrete mechanical properties and its
permeability but in different degrees according to the rate and type of rubber used. However, replacement of natur
aggregate with rubber particles resulted in a significant increase of toughness and ductility of concrete as well as
better damping capacity. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of aggregate size and gradation as well as the paste volume
on unit weight, compressive and tensile strength, porosity, and permeability of pervious concrete (PC). Three
different coarse aggregate (CA) types with nominal maximum size of 2.5/10 mm (CA-10), 5/14 mm (CA-14), and
10/20 mm (CA-20) were used. Binary combinations of these aggregate were optimized to provide a wide range of
uniformity coefficients (Uc) and packing density values. All PC mixtures were proportioned with a fixed water-to
cement ratio (w/c) of 0.30. For each aggregate gradation, the inter-particle void index was determined and used as
design parameter. Various PC mixtures were proportioned using different ratios of paste volume (PV) to inter-
particle void (IPV). Test results indicated that the increase in PV/IPV ratio increased strength and density, but
decreased porosity and permeability of PC. A PV/IPV ratio value comprises between 30% and 60% seems to be a
optimum range to achieve good balance between mechanical properties and permeability of PC. In general, as the
packing density of the aggregate increased, the strength increased, whereas the permeability decreased.
Furthermore, test results showed the beneficial effect of fine particles on strength development of PC. © 2014
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Though the presence of a vertical porosity distribution in porous pavements has been recognized, the impact of thi
distribution on the permeability of the pavement has not been considered. This research investigates the impact of
vertical porosity distribution on the overall permeability of pervious concrete. First, an unimpaired porosity-
permeability relationship was generated using pervious concrete specimens which had uniform porosity throughou
This relationship was then used in conjunction with the vertical porosity distribution of surface compacted perviou
concrete specimens to generate a vertical permeability distribution. An effective permeability value was used to
summarize the overall behavior of the permeability distribution and was shown to have a much better correlation
with the actual permeability of the specimens than the permeability predicted using the average porosity of the
specimen. Additionally, an analysis of the relationship between the permeability distribution and the effective
permeability showed that the minimum permeability (and therefore minimum porosity) tends to have the largest
impact on the effective permeability. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Pervious concrete is a type of concrete with significantly increased water permeability, ensuring increased rates of
drainage of rainfall. The high porosity is achieved by removing a large percentage of fine aggregates from the mix
The present paper is an approach for the addition of steel slag as a substitute for coarse aggregates in pervious
concrete. More specifically, three types of aggregates have been used: steel slag, construction and demolition
wastes and conventional limestone aggregates. The produced pervious concretes are compared for their properties
such as water permeability, compressive strength and abrasion behaviour. Also this paper contains the study of the
porosity analysis of these pervious concrete mix designs by using porosity profiles produced from X-ray CT
Scanning. According to the results of this paper, it is observed that the incorporation of industry by-products or of
Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes leads to better abrasion behaviour, and to the increase, in some cases,
of the compressive strength and of the water permeability. © 2014, International Centre for Sustainable
Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems SDEWES. All right reserved.
The use of pervious concrete pavement is significantly increasing due to reduction of road runoff and absorption o
noise. However, this type of pavement cannot be used for heavy traffic due to a high amount of voids and
consequently low strength of pervious concrete. In this paper, rice husk ash (RHA) was used in order to strengthen
pozzolanic cement paste and the effect of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% weight percentages as a cement
replacement in concrete mixtures on the mechanical properties was studied. Moreover, 0.2% Vf of glass (where V
is the proportion of fiber volume to total volume of concrete), 0.5% Vf of steel and 0.3% Vf of polyphenylene
sulfide (PPS) fibers were used to improve the mechanical properties of the pervious concrete. Also, several water
cement (w/c) ratios were made and then, physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete including
porosity, permeability, compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength were investigated. The results
indicated a significant increase in compressive, tensile and flexural strengths. Also, in all of w/c ratios, a similar
trend was observed in the compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of concrete containing RHA and fibers but th
optimum percentage of RHA was different so that, it increases rapidly to the optimization point but gradually
decreases after this point. The w/c ratio of 0.33 significantly increased the mechanical properties of the pervious
concrete and reduces the amounts of voids and its permeability. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A method of comparing the performance of pervious concrete cores and compacted cylinders is proposed. This
approach uses cylinders subjected to different compaction levels via a Proctor-hammer to create curves that relate
the concrete porosity and the desired property. The cores are then compared to the corresponding curve values tha
match the core's porosity to create adjustment factors for unit weight, permeability, and compressive strength.
Cores were comprised of pea gravel, limestone, and recycled aggregate concrete mixtures. Experimental results
show that, compared to compacted cylinders of the same porosity, cores have on average the same unit weight, 20
less permeability, and 17% lower compressive strength. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pervious concrete pavement is an effective means to address important environmental issues and support green an
sustainable growth. By capturing storm water and allowing it to seep into the ground, pervious concrete is
instrumental in recharging groundwater, reducing storm water runoff, and meeting U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency storm water regulations. In fact, the use of pervious concrete is among the Best Management Practices
recommended by the EPA. In this research, water quality and pollutants leached from pervious concrete pavemen
was investigated. This project mainly aims to study the pervious concrete pavement by pollutants such as acid rain
sea water or waste lubricating oil. The results show that pollutant and water purification of pervious concrete
pavement both significantly improved in the acid rain, sea water or waste motor oil test. A diluted sulfuric acid
solution (pH value 2.0) after the pervious concrete pavement system could significantly enhance its pH value to 6.
above. This study demonstrates that implementing pervious concrete pavement is valuable for road design and
hydrologic consideration. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Pervious concrete mixtures have good freeze-thaw durability in laboratory testing when properly designed.
However, translation of laboratory designs to field applications introduces specific challenges and considerations
which directly impact long-term durability. This paper includes a discussion of considerations important to good
performance of pervious concrete. Certain considerations, such as construction site cleanliness and curing, are
applicable to all pervious concretes, but are especially important in freeze-thaw climates. Other considerations,
including deicing practices and plowing, are specific to cold regions. Topics will be illustrated using experiences
from the mid-west United States, including the world's first pervious concrete overlay, which has been installed at
the MnROAD facility in Minnesota since 2008. Since the freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete is affected b
both the mixture and the installation, a companion paper, Mixture Proportioning Considerations for Improved
Freeze-Thaw Durability of Pervious Concrete, will provide a discussion of topics related specifically to the concre
mixture. The two papers provide a comprehensive discussion of pervious concrete for cold climates. © 2013
American Society of Civil Engineers.
Recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Water Act and Energy and Security Act amendments
require stormwater management at private, public, and federal installations. Pervious concrete is a highly permeab
material used for stormwater management where detention/retention areas can be placed underneath the pavement
for increased site utilization. Although pervious concrete has been successfully utilized in the U.S. for over 40
years, the applications in cold climates only began in earnest around 2006. There still is hesitance to use pervious
concrete in cold climates due to the perceived lack of freeze-thaw durability. The authors have extensive experien
using pervious concrete in cold climates and this paper will discuss the mixture requirements and options for good
freeze-thaw performance. Since the freeze-thaw durability of pervious concrete is affected by both the mixture and
the installation, a companion paper, Installation and Maintenance Considerations for Improved Freeze-Thaw
Durability of Pervious Concrete, provides a discussion of topics related specifically to installation, construction,
and maintenance. The two papers provide a comprehensive discussion of pervious concrete for cold climates. ©
2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.

In order to understand temperature changes in pervious concrete, an infrared thermal camera, NEC TH7102, was
employed to measure its surface temperature. Mumford and Shah proposed that an image be divided into a set of
homogeneous sub-regions such that the energy contained in the image can be minimized. Based on this
minimization of the energy, the multilayer level set method implicitly presents the regional boundaries as several
nested level lines. By increasing the iterations and preselected level values, these lines evolve close to the level
boundaries based on the energy minimization. The multilayer level set approach was employed to segment a
collected thermal infrared image into a series of homogeneous sub-groups according to the surface temperatures
measured by the thermal infrared camera. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using the multilayer level set
method. The experimental results show that the surface temperature of pervious concrete, as measured by an
infrared thermal camera, can quickly reach the environmental temperature at night. © 2013 American Society of
Civil Engineers

The skeleton of concrete is determined by aggregate gradation. This paper studies the permeability and mechanica
properties of pervious concrete affected by the aggregate gradation. Eight levels of aggregate gradation were
selected, which included the single grain grading, double size grain grading and continuous grading. It is found th
by series of tests, compared to the pervious concrete with the single grain grading and double size grain grading, t
pervious concrete with continuous grading has low porosity, small permeability coefficient, high cubic compressiv
strength and similar splitting tensile strength and the flexural strength. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications,
Switzerland.
The research is to compound (1) the Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement(RAP) with the asphalt penetration less than 15
(25°C, 5sec, 100g) and the gravel aggregates of the base course adopted from the existing roads, and (2) the ceme
binder into Regenerated Low-Density Pervious Concrete (RLDPC) whose the compressive strength is between 25
to 50 (kgf/cm2) and whose permeable capacity (ml/15sec) is greater than 600. The results show the RLDPC used
the pavement gravel gradation layer or as Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) that is more advantageous o
(1) reducing the costs of re-filling pavement, (2) enhancing the durability of roads, and (3) increasing the flowing
space of underground water. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

A study to achieve high-strength, high porosity and permeability pervious concrete pavement was carried out. Firs
the mix proportion in terms of cement content and coarse aggregate-cement (CA/C) ratio and water-cement (W/C)
ratio were varied. Next, a mix proportion providing the optimal combination of strength and porosity was chosen,
and polymer superplasticizers and short discrete fibers were added to examine their effect on the strength and
porosity. Results showed that a water-cement ratio of 0.2 resulted in a dry and brittle mix that led to compressive
strength less than 15 MPa but a high permeability rate of approximately 20mm/s. A mix with CA/C ratio of 4.25
resulted in a compressive strength of 13.9 MPa, flexural strength of 3MPa and high porosity of more than 20%.
Using comb polymer superplasticier and 2% steel fibers resulted in a compressive strength of 25.1 MPa and a
flexural strength of 3.6 MPa at 28 days without compromising on the porosity. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications,
Switzerland
Pervious concrete is a relatively new material, standards and rigorous specifications for construction and placemen
are therefore still missing. One the one hand, the main characteristic to achieve is a high permeability to allow
meteoric water percolate in the pavement and evaporate from the subgrade. On the other hand, developing
pavement cementitious mixtures able to retain high void contents and reach significant mechanical performance
entails an in-depth analysis of materials and construction practices. Pervious concrete can indeed be placed using a
standard paver as for asphalt mixtures but the compaction stage is usually demanded to the contractor practices:
light steel hand-rollers or standard drum rollers are both used without an in-depth knowledge of compaction
properties of the cementitious mixture. The present paper aims at investigating the influence of compaction
methods on the mechanical performance and void contents of pervious concrete mixtures. Several compaction
procedures were tested modifying the compaction energy and the mixture characteristics while preserving high
permeability. The main objective was to simulate and identify the effect of commonly adopted in situ compaction
techniques - i.e.: tamper compaction as provided by the paver, steel hand-roller compaction, or standard drum roll
compaction. Results showed how the compaction energy, water/cement ratios, and the percentage of cement affec
the Indirect Tensile Strength and void contents of the mixtures. Further investigations were also conducted in orde
to comprehensively evaluate how the variation in the percentage of cement and water/cement ratio influenced the
stiffness of the material. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland

Pervious concrete is a type of concrete with significantly high water permeability, ensuring increased rates of
drainage of rainfall. The present paper comprises an approach to the addition of CDW as substitutes for coarse
aggregates in pervious concrete. More specifically, two types of aggregates have been used: construction and
demolition wastes and conventional limestone aggregates. The produced pervious concrete samples are compared
for their properties, such as water permeability, percentage of void content, compres-sive strength and abrasion
behavior. According to the results, it is observed that the incorporation of C&D Wastes leads to better abrasion
behavior, and to a slight increase, in some cases, of the compressive strength. The behavior in water permeability
also examined and discussed.

The United States is facing the problem of controlling air pollution from vehicle emissions, especially in growing
urban areas. This study investigates the photocatalytic effect of titanium dioxide (TiO 2) applied onto pervious
concrete pavement to remove some of these pollutants from the air, so that pervious concrete pavement can be
installed for two sustainable applications: storm water management and air pollutant removal. The photocatalyst,
TiO 2, activates with UV radiation to oxidize air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NO x) and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). This study compared different methods to apply TiO 2 onto the surface of pervious concrete
and measured the photocatalytic activity of the concrete, the infiltrating characteristics of the pervious concrete, an
its ability to withstand environmental impact. High pollutant reductions were seen with a driveway protector mix,
commercial water-based TiO 2 preparation, TiO 2 in water, a cement-water slurry with low cement concentration,
and the commercial PURETI coating. It was found that nitrogen oxide (NO) was efficiently removed with each of
these treatments, while VOCs displayed more variability in removal efficiency. Different coating methods can
cause different degree of infiltration rate reduction depending on the specific design of coating materials while no
of the application methods decreased the infiltration rates below levels applicable for standard hydrological design
When pervious concrete was compared to traditional concrete, pervious concrete showed higher NO reductions. ©
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Pervious concrete pavement (PCP) is an appropriate means to meet growing environmental demands. To apply
pervious concrete as a pavement, its performance should be studied over its life span. This research aims to develo
empirical performance models based on a proposed condition index through incorporation of integrated laboratory
and field work. Since no condition index has been developed for PCP to date, first, a condition index is developed
The condition index is proposed as a combination of two indices: a surface distress index and a functional
performance index. Two sources of data have been collected to develop performance models including panel ratin
and field investigations. Performance models are developed in two phases using regression analysis techniques. In
phase I, performance models are presented as functions of a surface distress index and a functional performance
index, while in phase II, performance models are correlated with pavement age and successfully validated.

Photocatalytic compounds such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2) can be used to construct pervious concrete pavements
that can trap and degrade organic and inorganic particles in the air. Photocatalytic pervious pavements transform
harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO x) into nitrates salts when subjected to UV light from the sun
purifying ambient air from vehicle emissions. In spite of these benefits, an increase in nitrate levels may cause
eutrophication. The objective of this study is to evaluate the amount of nitrates released due to pervious
photocatalytic concrete and to assess potential eutrophication issues. To achieve this objective, pervious concrete
samples were tested in the laboratory for photocatalytic NO x reduction efficiency according to JIS standard. The
test was performed using an innovative lab setup and conducted under different environmental and operational
conditions including flow rate, UV intensity, temperature, and relative humidity. After testing, samples were
washed with deionized water (DI) to collect the nitrates deposited on the surface. The concentration of nitrates
collected was measured using a colorimetric method known as cadmium reduction. Results showed that
photocatalytic pervious concrete is capable of purifying ambient air from NO x. Results also showed that the
concentrations of nitrate deposited on the surface are low and will not cause eutrophication problems. © 2012
ASCE.

This paper presents results from a unique study that employed biomechanical evaluation techniques to assess the
slipping behavior of traditional and pervious concrete pavements under icy conditions. Gait motion analysis using
embedded force plates, electromyography, and tracking videography were used to analyze subject mobility of on
icy and wet pervious concrete. Results show that pedestrian contact pressure on pervious concrete is more than
twice the pressure on traditional impervious concrete. In slippery conditions, the pervious concrete specimens had
more controlled gait cycles and reduced slipping. The unique surface characteristics combined with high
permeability reduces surface icing, suggesting that pervious concrete offers superior slip resistance in inclement
weather. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.

This article compares the performance of two permeable pavements, pervious concrete and porous asphalt, that
were installed side-by-side in fall 2007. Because the pavements are located directly adjacent to one another, they
experience the same vehicle loads, precipitation, and pollution loads. These permeable pavements are part of an
infiltration stormwater control measure (SCM). This article focuses on the comparison of water quality parameters
maintenance and durability, and user perception. Eleven different water quality parameters were analyzed at this
site for 19 different storm events over a one year period: pH, conductivity, total suspended solids, chlorides, total
nitrogen, total phosphorus, total dissolved copper, total dissolved lead, total dissolved cadmium, total dissolved
chromium, and total dissolved zinc. Results from the two pavement types were compared using the Mann-Whitne
U-test. The only parameter that was found to be statistically different between the two pavements was pH. Periodi
inspection of the two pavement types indicated that after two years of use both pavements were wearing well.
However, there was some evidence of clogging of both pavements and some evidence of surface wear. A survey o
users of the lot indicated that the perception of these permeable pavements was favorable. © 2012 American Wate
Resources Association
Pervious concrete isoneofthe most effective pavement materialsto addressanumber ofimportant environmental
issues, such as recharging groundwater and reducing stormwater runoff. In this paper, the findings of an
experimental investigation on properties of pervious concrete are reported and discussed. The amount of general
purpose Portland cement has been reduced by introducing fly ash as a cementitious agent in pervious concrete
samples. The properties of various pervious concrete samples including density, porosity, compressive strength,
water permeability and drying shrinkage have been carefully measured. In addition, the relationships among these
properties are explored. According to the results, high porosity samples indicated higher permeability, whereas the
compressive strength was reduced. There was no significant difference between properties of pervious concrete
samples containing fly ash and those samples comprising only cement as a cementitious agent. Hence,
environmentally friendly pervious concrete with fly ash can be produced in lieu of conventional pervious concrete
© 2012 Taylor & Francis

The work described in this paper provides an evaluation of an aged pervious concrete pavement in the Northeaster
United States to provide a better understanding of the long-lasting effects of placement techniques as well as the
long-term field performance of porous pavement, specifically in areas susceptible to freezing and thawing. Multip
samples were taken from the existing pavement and were examined in terms of porosity and unit weight,
compressive and splitting tensile strength, and the depth and degree of clogging. It was concluded that improper
placement and curing led to uneven pavement thickness, irregular pore distribution within the pervious concrete,
and highly variable strength values across the site, as well as sealed surfaces that prevented infiltration. Copyright
© 2012 Aleksandra Radliska et al.

To improve the ecological performance of pervious concrete, single-factor test method was adopted to study the
correlation between compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting strength, the effect of porosity to the
strength was analyzed as well. The shrinkage characteristics were compared through experiments between
ecological pervious concrete and no-fines pervious concrete, ecological pervious concrete and common concrete.
(2012) Trans Tech Publications.

Two infiltrating low-impact development (LID) practices configured in-series, pervious concrete and bioretention
(PC-B), were monitored for 17 months to examine the hydrologic and water quality response of this LID treatmen
train design. For the first LID practice, 0.53 ha of pervious concrete was installed to treat direct rainfall and run-on
from 0.36 ha of asphalt parking lot. The pervious concrete was installed over a gravel subsurface storage basin,
which was designed to store 25 mm (1 in.) of runoff from the parking lot before draining into the second LID
practice, which was a 0.05 ha bioretention cell. The bioretention cell was conventionally drained, had a media dep
of 0.5 m (1.6 ft), and was constructed at a location with a high water table. Outflow was only generated in 33 out o
80 monitored events, and over the course of the entire monitoring period, the total outflow volume reduction was
69%. The large outflow reduction subsequently led to high pollutant load reductions for total nitrogen (49%), tota
phosphorus (51%), and total suspended solids (89%). However, when the contribution of base flow was included
the calculation, the total nitrogen load discharged from the bioretention cell was 64% higher than that of the runof
load because of nitrite and nitrate, NO2-and NO3-(NO2,3-N), which were present in the base flow. The total
nitrogen (TN) loads of runoff, storm flow (total outflow minus base flow), base flow, and outflow (total) were 7.7
3.94, 8.69, and 12.64-kg/ha•year, respectively. Of the 8.69-kg/ha•year TN in the base flow, 92% was in the form o
NO2,3-N. This study demonstrated the hydrologic benefits (peak flow and outflow reduction) gained by having tw
infiltration LID practices in-series. When compared with a single treatment practice (bioretention) that was
monitored at the same site, the two LID practices in-series treated an additional 10% of annual runoff volume,
discharged approximately one-half as much outflow volume, and discharged significantly lower peak outflow rate
However, the water quality results were not as promising because of the influx of groundwater in the bioretention
cell and the lack of denitrifying conditions in either the bioretention cell or pervious concrete system. This study
also quantified increased TN and NO2,3-N export to surface waters from a bioretention cell that was situated in an
area with a high water table. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Pervious concrete pavement is a sustainable and environmentally conscious paving material. Use of pervious
concrete pavement in freeze-thaw climates in Canada has been minimal to date. This paper describes the
performance to date of five field sites in Canada. The test areas are monitored continually, starting at the
construction stage, to understand the behaviour of pervious concrete in climates in Canada. Testing involves surfa
distress evaluations, permeability monitoring and evaluation of cast and cored samples. Winter and rehabilitative
maintenance options are being performed and evaluated. Test areas are instrumented to track moisture movement
through the pavement structure. The findings to date of this work indicate that freeze-thaw cycles are in general no
the cause of distress development or failure. The areas that require the most attention to achieve success are the sit
design, mix design and construction stages. © 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Pervious concrete contains voids from 15% to 30% so that water could penetrate thru it in order to reduce surface
runoff from percolates on top of the surface or pavement. This study is carried out to determine the suitable type o
texture that could maximize the infiltration rate based on the proportion and type of material being used. Besides,
the uncertainty of concrete preciousness also could be determined to evaluate the infiltration rate value when using
pervious concrete on soil. Also, Monte Carlo Simulation is applied. The highest infiltration rate for pervious
concrete sample is 1.24×10 5 mm/hour, with the maximum probability density function of infiltration at 207.18
cm/min (22.59%). The lowest infiltration rate for one of the concrete sample is 8.99×10 5 mm/hour, with the
minimum probability density function of infiltration rate at 151.18 cm/min (21.31%). © 2012 American Scientific
Publishers. All rights reserved.

Pervious concrete pavement (PCP) is of significant importance in the field of stormwater management in terms of
reducing runoff volume. Stormwater managers should initially ensure that PCP adequately performs over time to b
able to implement it in a stormwater management system. Performance models are intended to predict the
performance of an asset over its service life. To develop a performance model commonly long-term performance
data are essential. No performance model has been developed for PCP to date because PCP long-term performanc
data are rarely available. In such a case, expert knowledge is an alternative method to collect data for developing a
performance model. This research aims to develop performance models for PCP for the first time by using an
integrated Markov chain technique (combination of homogenous and non-homogenous techniques) through
incorporation of expert knowledge. Both deterministic and stochastic approaches are applied to build up Markov
models by using expected values and the Latin hypercube simulation technique, respectively. Both approaches
provide consistent results although the stochastic Markov model provides more detailed results. Short-term
experimental field data are also incorporated to validate the Markov performance models. © 2012 American
Society of Civil Engineers

Because pervious concrete pavement (PCP) has a porous structure and can percolate water to an underground laye
it has been proposed as a stormwater best management practice (BMP), an environmentally friendly product, and
sustainable paving materials. This porosity makes PCP susceptible to freeze-thaw damage in cold climates.
Therefore, PCP has not been widely applied and investigated in such a climate. Long-term performance data are
rarely available, and no performance model has been developed for PCP to date. The main objective of this resear
is to integrate expert knowledge (using the Markov-chain process) and experimental data (PCP field investigation
to build a performance model for PCP through incorporation of the Bayesian technique. The combination of these
sources of data is an efficient and effective approach to build a performance model for a new type of pavement,
such as PCP, which has not had a long-term performance database. As a result, a robust linear performance model
is developed and applied to predict the service life of PCP. The service life of PCP is estimated to be approximate
nine years using the developed performance model. In general, the expert knowledge leads to more conservative
results rather than experimental data. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers