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Water Management
System

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 Water Management System

Water, once an abundant natural resource, is becoming a more valuable commodity due to droughts and
overuse so the need for a Water Management System. It is the activity of planning, developing, distributing
and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management.

In this edition of eMag-Lounge we have focused on various aspects of the water management system,
such as challenges and potential of water management systems, different methods for water management
systems, the adoption of water management systems across states and water technology for green
buildings.

June 2020 • Constrofacilitator 2

 Different types of water management
04
methods

Water Resource Management in the

09
State of Jharkhand

Water Management potential and

13
challenges

18 Water Technologies For Green Building

4 9
13 18

3 Constrofacilitator • June 2020

 TYPES OF WATER MANAGEMENT METHODS
Different types of water management
methods
W
ater scarcity is
being driven by
two converging
phenomena:
growing fresh-
water use and
depletion of
usable freshwa-
ter resources. Water use has been growing
globally at more than twice the rate of popu-
lation increase in the last century, and an
increasing number of regions are reaching
the limit at which water services can be
sustainably delivered, especially in arid
regions. Water scarcity will be exacerbated
as rapidly growing urban areas place heavy
June 2020 • Constrofacilitator
pressure on neighbouring water resources.
At the global level 31 countries are already
short of water and by 2025 there will be 48
countries facing serious water shortages.
The UN has estimated that by the year 2050,
4 billion people will be seriously affected by
water shortages. This will lead to multiple
conflicts between countries over the shar-
ing of water. Around 20 major cities in India
face chronic or interrupted water shortages.
There are 100 countries that share the
waters of 13 large rivers and lakes. Interna-
tional accords that will look at a fair distribu-
tion of water in such areas will become criti-
cal to world peace. India and Bangladesh
04
already have a negotiated agreement on
the water use of the Ganges.
Water management therefore is the need of
time. Water management is the manage-
ment of water resources for the coming gen-
erations. It involves the activity of planning,
developing, distributing and managing the
optimum use of water resources. There are
different methods through which water man-
agement preservation can be, some of
them are explained below.
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collec-
 TYPES OF WATER MANAGEMENT METHODS

tion and storage of rain, rather than allowing

it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a
roof-like surface and redirected to a tank,
cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole),
aquifer or a reservoir with percolation. Dew
and fog can also be collected with nets or
other tools. Rainwater harvesting differs
from stormwater harvesting as the runoff is
collected from roofs, rather than creeks,
drains, roads or any other land surfaces. Its
uses include watering gardens, livestock,
irrigation, domestic use with proper treat-
ment, and domestic heating. The harvested
water can also be committed to longer-term
storage or groundwater recharge.

Tamil Nadu was the first state to make rain-

water harvesting compulsory for every
building to avoid groundwater depletion.
The scheme was launched in 2001 and has
been implemented in all rural areas of Tamil
Nadu. Posters all over Tamil Nadu including
rural areas create awareness about har-
vesting rainwater. It gave excellent results
within five years, and slowly every state took
it as a role model. Since its implementation,
Chennai had a 50% rise in water level in five
years and the water quality significantly
improved. In Rajasthan, rainwater harvest-
ing has traditionally been practiced by the
people of the Thar Desert. Many ancient
water harvesting systems in Rajasthan have
now been revived. At present, in Pune, rain-
water harvesting is compulsory for any new
housing society to be registered.
Groundwater recharge
Groundwater recharge
Groundwater recharge is the enhancement
of natural groundwater supplies using man-
made conveyances such as infiltration bas-
ins, trenches, dams, or injection wells. Aqui-
fer storage and recovery (ASR) is a specific
type of groundwater recharge practiced
with the purpose of both augmenting
groundwater resources and recovering the
water in the future for various uses.
Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain
and snow melt and to a smaller extent by sur-
face water (rivers and lakes). Recharge may
be impeded somewhat by human activities
including paving, development, or logging.
These activities can result in loss of topsoil
resulting in reduced water infiltration,
enhanced surface runoff and reduction in
recharge. Use of groundwaters, especially
for irrigation, may also lower the water
tables. Groundwater recharge is an impor-
tant process for sustainable groundwater
management, since the volume-rate
abstracted from an aquifer in the long term
should be less than or equal to the volume-
rate that is recharged. Recharge can help
move excess salts that accumulate in the
root zone to deeper soil layers, or into the
groundwater system. Tree roots increase
water saturation into groundwater reducing
wa t e r r u n o f f. F l o o d i n g t e m p o r a r i l y
increases river bed permeability by moving
clay soils downstream, and this increases
aquifer recharge.

Artificial groundwater recharge

Groundwater levels are declining across

Rainwater Harvesting the country as our withdrawals exceed the

05 Constrofacilitator • June 2020

 TYPES OF WATER MANAGEMENT METHODS

rate of aquifers to naturally replenish them-

selves, called recharge. One method of con-
trolling declining water levels is by using arti-
ficial groundwater recharge. Artificial
recharge is the practice of increasing the
amount of water that enters an aquifer
through human-controlled means. For
example, groundwater can be artificially
recharged by redirecting water across the
land surface through canals, infiltration bas-
ins, or ponds; adding irrigation furrows or
sprinkler systems; or simply injecting water
directly into the subsurface through injec-
tion wells. Artificial groundwater recharge is
becoming increasingly important in India,
where over-pumping of groundwater by
farmers has led to underground resources
becoming depleted. In 2007, on the recom-
mendations of the International Water Man-
agement Institute, the Indian government
allocated `1,800 crore (equivalent to `44 bil-
lion or US$610 million in 2019) to fund dug-
well recharge projects (a dug-well is a wide,
shallow well, often lined with concrete) in
100 districts within seven states where
water stored in hard-rock aquifers had been
over-exploited. Another environmental
issue is the disposal of waste through the Drip Irrigation to Conserve Water
water flux such as dairy farms, industrial,
and urban runoff. above the soil surface or buried below the more efficient than other types of irrigation
surface. The goal is to place water directly systems, such as surface irrigation or sprin-
Drip irrigation into the root zone and minimize evapora- kler irrigation.
tion. Drip irrigation systems distribute water
Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, In the drip irrigation process, water and
system that has the potential to save water and emitters. Depending on how well nutrients are delivered across the field in
and nutrients by allowing water to drip designed, installed, maintained, and oper- pipes called 'dripperlines' featuring smaller
slowly to the roots of plants, either from ated it is, a drip irrigation system can be units known as 'drippers'. Each dripper
emits drops containing water and fertilizers,
resulting in the uniform application of water
and nutrients direct to each plant's root
zone, across an entire field. Drip irrigation
system delivers water to the crop using a
network of mainlines, sub-mains and lateral
lines with emission points spaced along
their lengths. Each dripper/emitter orifice
supplies a measured, precisely controlled
uniform application of water, nutrients, and
other required growth substances directly
into the root zone of the plant.

Greywater

Greywater is gently used water from your

bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and wash-
ing machines. It is not water that has come
into contact with feces, either from the toilet
or from washing diapers. Greywater may
contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair, and
certain household cleaning products. While
greywater may look “dirty,” it is a safe and
even beneficial source of irrigation water in
Artificial groundwater recharge

June 2020 • Constrofacilitator 06


Greywater Systems
a yard.
Greywater is water from basins, baths and
showers that is piped to a surge tank. The
greywater is held briefly in the tank before
being discharged to an irrigation or treat-
ment system. The greywater can be
diverted either by gravity or by using a
pump. The surge tank can be any type of
container that is suitable for holding (but not
storing) the initial surge of water. The surge
tank must be emptied completely each time
greywater is dispersed to the irrigation or
treatment system – greywater must not sit
for extended periods of time in the tank. A
gravity system can only be used when there
is sufficient fall from the laundry/bathroom
drain to the surge tank.
Sewage water treatment
Sewage treatment is the process of remov-
ing contaminants from municipal
wastewater, containing mainly household
sewage plus some industrial wastewater.
Physical, chemical, and biological pro-
cesses are used to remove contaminants
and produce treated wastewater (or treated
effluent) that is safe enough for release into
the environment. A by-product of sewage
treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry,
called sewage sludge. The sludge has to
undergo further treatment before being suit-
able for disposal or application to land.
For most cities, the sewer system will also
Sewage Treatment Plant in Pune
TYPES OF WATER MANAGEMENT METHODS
Evaluating Conjunctive Use through Regional Water Planning
carry a proportion of industrial effluent to the
sewage treatment plant which has usually
received pretreatment at the factories them-
selves to reduce the pollutant load. If the
sewer system is a combined sewer then it
will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to
the sewage treatment plant. Sewage water
can travel towards treatment plants via pip-
ing and in a flow aided by gravity and
pumps. The first part of filtration of sewage
typically includes a bar screen to filter solids
and large objects which are then collected
in dumpsters and disposed of in landfills.
Fat and grease is also removed before the
primary treatment of sewage.
Conjunctive use
Conjunctive use is a catch-phrase for coor-
07
dinated use of surface water and ground-
water- literally going with the flow to maxi-
mize sufficient yield. Conjunctive use of
groundwater and surface water in an irriga-
tion setting is the process of using water
from the two different sources for consump-
tive purposes. Conjunctive use can refer to
the practice at the farm level of sourcing
water from both a well and from an irrigation
delivery canal, or can refer to a strategic
approach at the irrigation command level
where surface water and groundwater
inputs are centrally managed as an input to
irrigation systems.
The planned conjunctive use of groundwa-
ter and surface water has the potential to
offer benefits in terms of economic and
social outcomes through significantly
increased water use efficiency. It supports
greater food and fibre yield per unit of water
use, an important consideration within the
international policy arena given the critical
concerns for food security that prevail in
many parts of the world. At the resource
level, groundwater pumping for irrigation
used in conjunction with surface water pro-
vides benefits that increase the water sup-
ply or mitigate undesirable fluctuations in
the supply (Tsur, 1990) and control shallow
water table levels and consequent soil
salinity.
Constrofacilitator • June 2020
 TYPES OF WATER MANAGEMENT METHODS
Aquifer storage and recovery
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is the
direct injection of surface water supplies
such as potable water, reclaimed water (i.e.
rainwater), or river water into an aquifer for
later recovery and use. The injection and
extraction is often done by means of a well.
In areas where the rainwater cannot perco-
late the soil or where it is not capable of per-
colating it fast enough (i.e. urban areas) and
where the rainwater is thus diverted to
rivers, rainwater ASR could help to keep the
rainwater within an area. ASR is used for
municipal, industrial and agricultural pur-
poses.
The objective of AR is to replenish water in
an aquifer. Injecting water into AR wells can
prevent saltwater intrusion into freshwater
aquifers and control land subsidence. In
contrast, ASR wells are used to store water
in the ground and recover the stored water
for drinking water supplies, irrigation, indus-
trial needs, or ecosystem restoration pro-
jects. The stored water may be recovered
from the same well used for injection or from
nearby injection or recovery wells.
Desalination
Desalination is a process that takes away
mineral components from saline water.
More generally, desalination refers to the
removal of salts and minerals from a target
substance, as in soil desalination, which is
Aquifer storage & recovery
June 2020 • Constrofacilitator
Desalination Plant
an issue for agriculture. Saltwater is desali-
nated to produce water suitable for human
consumption or irrigation. The by-product
of the desalination process is brine. Desali-
nation is used on many seagoing ships and
submarines. Most of the modern interest in
desalination is focused on cost-effective
provision of fresh water for human use.
Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of
the few rainfall-independent water sources.
The process may be used for municipal,
industrial or any commercial uses. Water
08
desalination processes separate dissolved
salts and other minerals from water.
Feedwater sources may include brackish,
seawater, wells, surface (rivers and
streams), wastewater, and industrial feed
and process waters. Membrane separation
requires driving forces including pressure
(applied and vapor), electric potential, and
concentration to overcome natural osmotic
pressures and effectively force water
through membrane processes. As such,
the technology is energy intensive and
research is continually evolving to improve
efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
Conclusion
Water management methods should be
adopted strategically, keeping in mind the
need of the work to be implemented. Plan-
ning groups must address the needs of all
water users, if feasible. After the water
demand and supply comparisons and
needs analyses were completed, planning
groups evaluated potentially feasible water
management strategies to meet the needs
for water within their regions.
Source
usgs.gov, researchgate.net, grac.org,
netafimindia.com, fresnofloodcontrol.org,
greywateraction.org, watereducation.org,
Level.org.nz, groundwatergovernance.org,
dharawater.com, cityofpasadena.net,
wbcsd.org, chaitanyaproducts.com,
t e x a s l i v i n g w a t e r s . o r g , p o w e r-
technology.com, heritagelandbank.com

Water Resource
Management in
the State of
Jharkhand
Dr. Siddhartha Sengupta
Associate Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi – 835215, Jharkhand
W
ater ment of water resources as it is a water
reso starved/deficient state and managing
urce /utilizing the available water resources
man- is of prime importance for the state.
age The State Water Resources Depart-
ment ment is primarily involved in develop-
is the ment of all kinds of water resources in
activ- the state. Jharkhand has a total agricul-
ity of tural land of 29.74 lakh ha. Against the
plan- total cultivable area, 24.25 lakh ha Irri-
ning, developing, distributing and man- gation Potential can be created.
aging the optimum use of water. Water 12.765 lakh hectare irrigation Potential
is essential for our survival. The field of has to be created though Major and
water resources management deals Medium Irrigation Projects and 11.485
with the current and future issues fac- lakh ha Irrigation potential has to be cre-
ing the allocation of water. State of ated through Minor Irrigation Schemes
Jharkhand is in great need of develop- and other sources. The principal objec-
Constrofacilitator • June 2020 9
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
tives of water resource management in
Jharkhand are:
Ÿ Increasing irrigation coverage
Ÿ Making existing irrigation network
more efficient.
Ÿ Moving towards effective Partici-
patory Irrigation Management.
Ÿ Emphasis on minor and lift irriga-
tion projects as they are more suit-
able and economical and have low
gestation period.
Ÿ Recharge and replenish the
decreasing Ground Water Table.
Ÿ Providing Industrial water to pro-
spective Industries.
Ÿ Inter River basin transfer of water.
 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Land Pattern in Jharkhand
S. No. Category
1 Cultivable Area
2 Forest Area
3 Waterbodies
4 Waste Land
5 Scrub forest
6 Builtup Area
7 Other
Total
Major Thrust Areas of Water Resource
Management in Jharkhand
Ÿ Irrigation Sector
Ÿ Flood Control Sector
Ÿ Command Area Development
Ÿ Inter River Basin Transfer of Water
Ÿ Industrial Water
Interlinking of Rivers
1.Inter Basin Transfer of Water from
South Koel Basin to Subernarekha
Basin
It has been proposed to transfer addi-
tional and unused 1281 MCM of water
available at Manoharpur Block of
SouthKoel Basin into Subernarekha
Basin through Tajna river to Chandil
Dam via Kharkai river. The second iden-
tified site for transfer of water from
South Koel Basin has been proposed
through Tajna River at d/s of Murmu site
into Kharkairiver via river Sanjay.
2.Inter Basin Transfer of Water from
Intra-Linking of River South Koel with River Subarnarekha
Areas in Lakh hectare Areas in percentage
29.74 37.30
23.92 30.00
1.59 2.00
7.17 9.00
4.38 5.50
3.99 5.00
8.93 11.20
79.72 100.00
Damodar – Barakar river Basin to
Subernarekha Basin
The additional unused surplus water
from Barakar river through the pro-
posed Balpahari Dam, (available water
of 4.0 Lakh Acre ft or 493.4 MCM) lying
under Jharkhand share in Damodar
Basin has been proposed to transfer
into Subernarekha Basin by establish-
ing proposed link connecting
Balpahari site of barakar river near
Tundi to Subernarekha river at Muri&
also connecting Damodar river near
Bermo.
3.Inter Basin Transfer of water from
Sankh Basin to South Koel Basin.
It has been proposed to transfer
around 403 MCM of water available
from the proposed hydel Power sites in
Sankh Basin to South Koel Basin near
Gumla. The water may in turn be col-
lected in the main stream of South Koel
river. This water may also be trans-
ferred through the same inter river links
as proposed for South Koel Basin
water into Subernarekha Basin.
Interstate Issues
There are a few schemes in Jharkhand
which have interstate issues relating to
the management, construction, opera-
tion & maintenance and sharing of
costs and benefits with other state
mainly Bihar. Presently, there are three
interstate issues on which MOU
regarding management, construction,
operation & maintenance has been
done are listed below:
1. North Koel Reservoir Project
It is agreed by both the Governments of
Bihar & Jharkhand that the remaining
works of the common components of
North Koel Reservoir Project i.e. a dam
across River North Koel near Kutku and
a Pick-up Barrage near
Mohammadganj in Palamu district,
Jharkhand, shall be constructed, oper-
ated and maintained under the overall
guidance of a two tier Committee con-
stituted for the purpose and the benefit
derived thereupon to be shared
between the States of Bihar and
Jharkhand. North Koel Reservoir pro-
ject has CCA in Jharkhand 12470 Ha
but in Bihar it has CCA 111800 Ha.
The 75% dependable water availability
of the river system at the North Koel
Reservoir is 987 MCM which will be
shared between the States of Bihar &
Jharkhand in proportion to the
Irrigatioin and Muncipal& Industrial ben-
efits derived.
2. Batane Reservoir Project
Both the Government of Bihar as well
as Jharkhand agrees that remaining
works of the common components of
Batane Reservoir project shall be con-
structed, operated and maintained
under the overall guidance of a two tier
Committees constituted for the pur-
pose and the benefits derived there-
upon to be shared between the State of
Bihar & Jharkhand. The common com-
ponents of the project shall be con-
10 Constrofacilitator • June 2020
 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

structed by the concerned department Water Level of Reservoirs

of the Govt of Jharkhand as a deposit
S. No. Name of Reservoir DSL (m) FRL (m)
work and its cost will be shared
between the two States in proportion to 1 Paras Reservoir Scheme 664.329 674.390
the irrigation benefits as per DPR (De- 2 Nandani Reservoir Scheme 667.682 674.695
tailed Project Report) to be derived by 3 Buchaopa Reservoir Scheme 663.410 668.902
them for this project. 4 Latratu Reservoir Scheme 609.756 626.905
5 Dhansingtoli Reservoir Scheme 525.300 535.975
Batane Reservoir Project has CCA 6 Getalsud Reservoir Scheme 579.268 590.243
1660 ha in Jharkhand and In Bihar it
7 Surangi Reservoir Scheme 286.190 297.170
has CCA 10466 ha. 64.14 MCM avail-
able water has to be shared between 8 Masaria Reservoir Scheme 615.243 624.390
the two States in proportion to the irri- 9 Jaipur Reservoir Scheme 733.231 742.988
gation benefits derived. The Govt of 10 Katari Reservoir Scheme 637.195 647.256
Jharkhand has also have the right for 11 Tapkara Reservoir Scheme 571.951 580.793
development of aquaculture, lift irriga- 12 Chinda Reservoir Scheme 403.658 409.390
tion from the reservoir without affecting 13 Larwa Reservoir Scheme 548.780 587.195
the regulation and life of the dam and
14 Kansjor Reservoir Scheme 420.229 428.482
a l s o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t o u r-
15 Upper sankh Reservoir Scheme 749.430 767.680
ism/recreational activities in the reser-
voir. 16 Torlo Reservoir Scheme 301.829 308.537
17 Jainasai Reservoir Scheme 240.548 250.305
3. Bateshwarsthan Pump Canal 18 Baranadi Reservoir Scheme 121.950 128.050
19 Diggalpahari Reservoir Scheme 125.000
Both the Governments of Bihar & 20 Kairabani Reservoir Scheme 128.050 138.110
Jharkhand agree that remaining works 21 Suryodi Reservoir Scheme 76.220 80.790
of the common components of
22 Masanjor Dam (Mayurakshi Left Bank Canal) 109.750 121.340
Bateshswarstha Pump Canal Scheme
i.e. a pumping station in Bihar on the 23 Tanughat Dam Project 249.085 268.902
Right bank of River Ganga and a high 24 Gonda Reservoire Scheme 614.787 619.817
level main canal, which enters into the 25 Ghagara Reservoir Scheme 510.061 522.256
Jharkhand's territory at 47.10 RD and 26 Jamuniya Reservoir Scheme 439.558 445.732
leaves Jharkhand's territory at 27 Boudha Reservoir Scheme 555.183 561.890
150.00RD and re-enters into Bihar terri- 28 Lotiya Reservoir Scheme 478.963 487.805
tory hasto be constructed, operated 29 450.762 458.537
Hiru Reservoir Scheme
and maintained under the two tier Com-
30 Dhulki Reservoir Scheme 185.061 189.939
mittees constituted for the purpose and
the benefits derived thereupon to be 31 Baksa Reservoir Scheme 406.098 413.262
shared between the State of Bihar & 32 Anjanwa Reservoir Scheme 406.860 412.119
Jharkhand. This scheme has CCA in 33 Barhi Reservoir Scheme 395.427 400.150
Bihar 22328 ha and 4887 ha in 34 Anraj Reservoir Scheme 239.940 252.440
Jharkhand. 978 cusec water pumped 35 Dhankai Reservoir Scheme 220.440 225.300
from River Ganga through this scheme 36 Chirka Reservoir Scheme 406.400 415.630
has to be shared between the States of
37 Danro Reservoir Scheme 286.500 294.510
Bihar &jharkhand in proportion to the
irrigation benefits derived. 38 Left Banki Reservoir Scheme 271.180 278.960
39 Pandrwa Reservoir Scheme 288.110 298.000
River Basins/ Sub-River Basins of 40 Babhanikhar Reservoir Scheme 248.780 256.700
Jharkhand 41 Chataniyaghat Reservoir Scheme 183.230 192.070
42 Malay Reservoir Scheme 280.030 293.440
Ÿ Subernarekha River Basin 43 Butanduba Reservoir Scheme 246.340 257.310
Ÿ Kharkai River Sub- Basin 44 249.080 256.090
Temarain Reservoir Scheme
Ÿ South Koel River Basin
45 Batare Reservoir Scheme 204.570 214.330
Ÿ Barakar River Sub-Basin
Ÿ Damodar River Basin 46 Batane Dam 219.140 232.850

Constrofacilitator • June 2020 11


WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Ÿ Sankh River Basin
Ÿ North Koel River basin
Ÿ Punpun River Basin
Ÿ Sone(Stem)- Kanhar and Kao-
Gangi River Composite Basin
Ÿ Mayurakshi River Basin
Ÿ Ajay River Basin
Ÿ Ganga Stem Basin
Ÿ Gumani and Koa- Bhena basin
Ÿ BelsaiChandanChir River basin
Ÿ Harohar River Basin
Ground Water Resources
The importance of groundwater for the
existence of human society cannot be
overemphasized. Groundwater is the
major source of drinking water in both
urban and rural Jharkhand. Besides, it
is an important source of water for the
agricultural and the industrial sector. It
is a renewable resource. Being an
important and integral part of the
hydrological cycle, its availability
depends on the rainfall and recharge
conditions. Till recently it had been con-
sidered a dependable source of
uncontaminated water. However, now
its quantity quality is going down due to
overexploitation and its contamination
through various sources, including
industrial waste. Jharkhand receives
1100 mm to 1442mm rainfall, out of
North Koel Reservoir Project
which 23800 MCM comes as Surface
water and 500 MCM as ground water.
But due to Geographical setup about
80% Surface water and 74% ground
water goes outside state which is
responsible for 38% of drought of
Jharkhand. After creation of
Jharkhand, all the towns as well as capi-
tal Ranchi has shown declining trend of
ground water level. Consequently, in
the peak summer, wells and tube wells
go dry. This has necessitated need for
artificial recharge to cater to the need of
ground water demand, particularly in
the urban areas.
Bateshwarsthan Pump Canal
Present scenario of ground water and
surface water in Jharkhand is as fol-
lows:-
Ÿ Ground Water Reserve of
Jharkhand - 4292 M.C.M.
Ÿ Surface Water - 25876.98 M.C.M.
Ÿ Allocation for irrigation required by
fields - 3813.17 M.C.M.
Ÿ Industry Requirement - 4338
M.C.M.
Ÿ Urban area requirement - 1616.35
lakh gallons
Ÿ Availability in urban area - 734.35
lakh gallons
One of the biggest concerns for the
water-based resources in the future is
the viability of the current and future
water resource allocation. As water
becomes scarcer, the importance of
how it is managed grows vastly. Find-
ing a balance between what is needed
by humans and what is needed in the
environment is an important step in the
sustainability of water resources.
Reference
Department of Water Resources, Gov-
ernment of Jharkhand http://
wrdjharkhand.nic.in/index.html
Image Source:
www.watergovernance.org, tathya.in,
iastoppers.com
12 Constrofacilitator • June2020

Water Management potential and challenges
W
ater is essential for
our survival. The
field of water
resources manage-
ment will have to
continue to adapt
to the current and future issues facing the
allocation of water. With the growing
uncertainties of global climate change and
the long-term impacts of management
actions, the decision-making will be even
more difficult. It is likely that ongoing cli-
mate change will lead to situations that
have not been encountered. As a result,
alternative management strategies are
sought for in order to avoid setbacks in the
allocation of water resources. Ideally,
water resource management planning has
June 2020 • Constrofacilitator
WATER MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES
regard to all the competing demands for
water and seeks to allocate water on an
equitable basis to satisfy all uses and
demands.
There are a variety of strategies for
addressing water challenges, from water-
shed restoration and efficiency improve-
ments to vegetated swales and green
roofs. Because water is deeply linked with
economic, environmental, and commu-
nity wellbeing, many of these strategies
can also provide other benefits, such as
reducing energy use and greenhouse gas
emissions, providing wildlife habitat, and
enhancing community livability.
Advancement of water management
system
Water management continues to progress
over time as our understanding of the
water cycle evolves, new issues emerge,
and societal priorities change. Inclusion
of multiple benefits into water manage-
ment is a necessary continuation in water
management that allows for a more holis-
tic systems approach to achieving more
sustainable water systems.
The current paradigm includes integrated
water resources management (IWRM),
millennium development goals and the
UN's sustainable development goals, and
a greater focus on efficiency, or the “soft
path” to water management. There are
13
 WATER MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES
additional efforts to address water chal-
lenges through corporate water steward-
ship, in which companies are identifying
and managing water-related business
risks and working to mitigate adverse
impacts on the environment and commu-
nities. There are a growing number of
frameworks and resources for integrated
planning and consideration of the multi-
ple benefits of water management strate-
gies.
Water supply, water quality, and flood
management improvements are often the
primary objectives of water management
decisions. Government agencies, busi-
nesses, and others have acknowledged the
importance of multiple benefits and the
potential for multi-benefit approaches to
help build partnerships, leverage
resources, optimize the value of invest-
ments, and garner public support. Com-
munities throughout the globe are exam-
ining and advancing water management
strategies that achieve multiple benefits,
from complete street projects that create
safe transportation options for all users
and reduce pollutant runoff to water effi-
ciency programs that reduce water and
energy demand while increasing in-
stream flows.
Project Kaleshwaram, world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation project
14
Various groups have developed tools and
resources to assist in identifying and quan-
tifying benefits of water management
strategies; however, the tools often focus
on a single strategy (e.g., stormwater man-
agement or watershed restoration) or a spe-
cific geographic region. For this reason, it
is difficult to apply insights from the tools
to a new project without significant
investment of time and resources.
Balancing of water demand
Much effort in water resource manage-
ment is directed at optimizing the use of
water and in minimizing the environmen-
tal impact of water use on the natural envi-
ronment. The observation of water as an
integral part of the ecosystem is based on
integrated water resource management,
where the quantity and quality of the eco-
system help to determine the nature of the
natural resources.
Conservation measures to reduce water
demand are generally well established,
but they often require societal or eco-
nomic incentives to implement. Although
some conservation measures are costly,
most compare favorably with measures to
increase water supplies. Moreover, water
conservation measures invariably have a
positive effect on water quality and the
environment, if only by minimizing the
impacts on freshwater resources and the
volumes of wastewater generated by
human activities. In urban and rural-
domestic sectors.
Successful management of any resources
requires accurate knowledge of the
resource available, the uses to which it
may be put, the competing demands for
the resource, measures to and processes to
evaluate the significance and worth of
competing demands and mechanisms to
translate policy decisions into actions on
the ground.
Addressing the challenges of water
management
Throughout the world, demographic, eco-
nomic, and technological trends have
accelerated our ability to knowingly and
unknowingly modify the environment we
live in and that sustains us. We humans
have become the principal driver of envi-
ronmental change. Our actions are
impacting our global environment,
including our climate. This in turn
impacts the amounts and spatial and tem-
Constrofacilitator • June 2020

poral distributions of precipitation that
falls on watersheds and the timing of its
runoff. Coupled with changes in land-
scapes, due to growth in food and energy
production and from the movement of peo-
ple into urban centers, we are altering the
quantity and quality of our freshwater
resources on which we depend to survive,
both physically and economically. We
depend on water not only for life itself, but
indeed for our economic wellbeing as
well. Water plays a role in the creation of
everything we produce. There are no sub-
stitutes and while it is renewable there is
only a finite amount of it.
Our planet no longer functions in the way
it once did. Earth is currently confronted
with a relatively new situation, the ability
of humans to transform the atmosphere,
degrade the biosphere, and alter the litho-
sphere and hydrosphere. The challenges
of our current decade-resource con-
straints, financial instability, religious con-
flict, inequalities within and between
countries, environmental degradation-all
suggest that business‐as‐usual cannot con-
Water treatment
June 2020 • Constrofacilitator
WATER MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES
tinue. These challenges to effective plane-
tary stewardship must be addressed and
soon. The various parts of the Earth sys-
tem – rock, water, and atmosphere – are
all involved in interrelated cycles where
matter is continually in motion and is used
and reused in the various planetary pro-
cesses. Without interlocked cycles and
recycling, the components of our Earth
could not function as an integrated sys-
tem.
Today everyone is concerned about the
potential water scarcity in the face of
increasing, mainly population‐driven,
water demands, and its consequences on
our energy and food production. The
Global Risk Perception Survey conducted
among 900 recognized experts by the
World Economic Forum reports that the
highest level of societal impact over the
next 10 years will be from water crises. In
recent decades the percentage increase in
water use on a global scale has exceeded
twice that of population growth. This has
led to more, and larger, regions in the
world being subject to water stress where
the current restricted rates of water use
and consumption, let alone the desired
rates, are unsustainable. Water demands
and supplies are changing. What they will
be in the future is uncertain, but it is cer-
tain that they will change. Demands are
driven in part by population growth and
higher per capita water consumption in
growing urban, domestic, and industrial
water sectors.
By 2050, the world will have to feed and
provide energy for an additional 2–2.5 bil-
lion people as well as meet the current
unsatisfied power needs of a billion. To
meet the nutritional needs of this addi-
tional population, we should consider the
amount of water that is consumed in the
production of different goods and, in par-
ticular, energy and food. Energy and food
security are demands that are particularly
critical to water managers. Energy pro-
duction, water, food security, and climate
change are all connected through interac-
tions and feedback. For example, the
growing, transportation, processing, and
trading of food products require large
15
 WATER MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES
amounts of water and energy.
International projects involving water
transfer often raise concern and contro-
versy. However, one form of “trade,”
which is generally accepted without rais-
ing special problems, is the natural flow of
water among countries sharing a river
basin or aquifer. This transaction is nor-
mally ruled by political agreements,
rather than trade agreements. In practice,
only a comparatively small number of
agreements for the long distance trade of
raw water have been concluded.
Trade in high water consumptive goods
from water scarce regions may be eco-
nomically profitable in the short term but
it is not viable in the long term and is a
threat to meeting other water related
goals. Pollution and environmental degra-
dation are not transferred along with the
products to the consumer. They are left
behind for the producing country to deal
with. Countries will need to revise poli-
cies to avoid incentivizing high water use
for low value purposes and unsustainable
export promotion. This is a very complex
issue and requires much more research to
find real water‐trade links and to find pos-
sible solutions if trade is causing unsus-
Popular Systems of Irrigation in Assam
16
tainable water practices and reducing
local availability of adequate water
resources.
Trade policies and practices need to be
aligned with the goal of sustainable water
at global, regional and national levels and
to support overall gains in water‐use effi-
ciency and providing incentives to coun-
tries to produce and trade goods in line
with their specific water circumstances,
while fully participating in fair, equitable
and sustainable trade.
Addressing the challenges of water
management
Decision makers want to know what
options are available to them that will be
robust under any scenario of the future.
Our improved understanding of physical
and social processes and trends, possible
future changes, technologies, and man-
agement options and our ability to model
them as systems can help us find solutions
that can be effective now and adaptable
across a wide range of feasible future
states.
Scientists, engineers, managers, policy
makers and stakeholders must work coop-
eratively together to identify and develop
strategies to sustain largely ignored eco-
system values. A fundamental scientific
challenge is to be able to specify the spa-
tial and temporal scales needed to under-
stand and manage for ecosystem resil-
ience and sustainability.
We have the knowledge, the technology,
and the economic resources to manage
our water resources much more effi-
ciently and effectively than we do today.
Scientific research through systematic
study of the structure and behavior of the
physical and natural world is continu-
ously adding to our knowledge and tools.
Through research we are learning more
about how to preserve ecosystems and
their need for water. We know that
changes in our behavior and our diets can
also have a substantial impact on our
water consumption. We know we can
reduce the waste of water used to produce
food that is discarded in various stages
within the entire supply chain, from field
to fork, before it reaches our dining room
tables. We know how to use less energy,
and hence less water needed to create that
energy. We have options. We need to
make choices. Continued research is
Constrofacilitator • June 2020

Traditional Water Conservation Systems
needed to help us to identify these contin-
ually evolving options and to inform us on
their effectiveness.
Societies are responding by implement-
ing mitigation and adaptation measures.
Some of these are slow, others are fast;
some are leading us in one direction
whereas others in another. One of the most
dramatic changes that has ever affected
society-global warming-and the close
link to water-has not yet resulted in an ade-
quate concerted effort to cope with the
threats. The result, in terms of climate and
water changes, is likely to have a degrad-
ing or damaging effect on agricultural sys-
tems, natural habitats, and economic sys-
tems, in addition to the hydrological cycle
itself. Scientific arguments about the seri-
ousness of the consequences of our
increased greenhouse gas emissions
expressed at international climate meet-
ings are only marginally and slowly influ-
June 2020 • Constrofacilitator
WATER MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES
encing political decisions and concrete
action.
Adoption of Urban Decision Support
System (UDSS)
We have technology to our advantage and
we must use it fully. Urban Decision Sup-
port System (UDSS) – is a wireless device
with a mobile app that uses sensors
attached to water appliances in urban resi-
dences to collect data about water usage
and is an example of data-driven urban
water management. The system was
developed with a European Commission
investment of 2.46 Million Euros to
improve the water consumption behav-
iour of households. Information about
every mechanism – dishwashers, show-
ers, washing machines, taps – is
wirelessly recorded and sent to the UDSS
App on the user's mobile device. The
UDSS is then able to analyse and show
homeowners which of their appliances are
using the most water, and which behav-
iour or habits of the households are not
encouraged in order to reduce the water
usage, rather than simply giving a total
usage figure for the whole property,
which will allow people to manage their
consumption more economically. The
focus should be on these types of techno-
logical developments.
There are many challenges but we need to
address them through planning and full
grown responsibility.
Source
pacinst.org, nap.edu, Wiley.com, Fao.org,
oecd.org, indiatoday.in,
irrigation.assam.gov.in,
economictimes.indiatimes.com,
thebetterindia.com
17
 WATER TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN BUILDING

Water Technologies
For Green Building

Shamanth Kumar M
Project Engineer and
Manager of Design Services
Salarpuria Sattva Group

Constrofacilitator • June 2020 18


ABSTRACT
Conservation of water is the basic prin-
ciples of green building. The efforts
should be made to ensure that the
material and system that are used help
in reduction of water consumption in
buildings and landscaping the areas.
The principle of sustainable water man-
agement is achievable by using alter-
nate sources pf water that can be sup-
plied to meet the water demand where
the quality of water need not be pota-
ble. In the residential zones potable
water can be supplied and in large com-
mercial zones partly potable and a large
portion of non- potable water can be
supplied and this is a wise step and
should be considered in urban areas of
Ind All the fixtures such as taps, toilets,
shower heads, urinals etc. should be
water efficient. Green buildings are sus-
tainable buildings demanding the
water conservation as well as prevent-
ing pollution and use reuse of Grey
water and recycle treated water ensur-
ing potable water use for potable pur-
pose only.
INTRODUCTION
Water is most critical resource and all
the human activities are dependent
upon water. We use water to drink, pro-
cess in industries, support wild life, gen-
erate power and cultivate crops. Water
is therefore said to be 'elixir' on the
Water efficiency system
WATER TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN BUILDING
earth. Water has been exploited the
most because of its relative abundance
and inefficient usage in industry. This so
called 'abundance' is illusion and
encourages sheer wastage of water ulti-
mately this has led our nation to be
water stressed.
Water as such covers significant part of
the earth, much of the part is not suit-
able at all for human use as much of the
freshwater is not accessible for human
consumption - either the freshwater is
trapped in the glaciers or snow in moun-
tainous region or un- reachable depth
in the ground water. Only 0.3& of the
water is available for human consump-
tion. Though the water is renewable
source, there is a shortage of water and
with the time it may aggravate and
threaten the future.
Fresh water is scarce and industries
today face increased competition for
water from both agriculture as well as
domestic sectors because of the swell-
ing population. Water is absolutely crit-
ical for survival on earth and it must be
conserved to ensure that they will have
enough water in the days to come. This
thus demands sustainable water
resource management.
CONCEPT OF WATER EFFICIENCY AND
GREEN BUILDINGS
In a simple language, water efficiency
means reducing usage of water and
minimizing waste water. Although
water efficiency and conservation are
often anonymously used, they differ in
their meaning. Water efficiency implies
using improved technologies and prac-
tices that deliver equal or better service
with reduced water consumption. For
example, the use of low flow faucet
could be more effective than conven-
tional faucets. Water conservation on
the other hand implies curtailment of
water usage. Water conservation also
includes day -to-day demand manage-
ment to better the water usage
(GRIHA).
Green buildings are sustainable build-
ings demanding the water conserva-
tion as well as preventing pollution and
use reuse of Grey water and recycle
treated water ensuring potable water
use for potable purpose only.
Water efficiency means responsible use
of freshwater. Responsible use of water
is using the water cautiously and con-
serving for our grandchildren. For exam-
ple, all the fixtures in public area are
checked periodically for leakage and
are in good operating conditions. Pre-
venting leakage of water is saving the
water.
LOW FLOW PLUMBING FIXTURES
AND TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED IN
LOW-FLOWFAUCETS
Land-space needs to be promoted
around the building. The water efficient
fixture & right flow plug, Low-flow
plumbing fixtures should be used for
conservation of water. Such equipment
moderates the flow of water. Low-flow
technology is normally applicable in fau-
cets, aerators, urinals, shower heads
and toilets. Self-closing or electronic
faucets for lavatories help reducing
water usage.
Te c h n o l o g y e m p l o y e d i n L o w -
flowfaucets use aerator. The aerator
has a tendency of breaking down the
stream of water into many tiny streams
and the air will get mixed with each tiny
19 Constrofacilitator • June 2020
 WATER TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN BUILDING
stream. When the faucet is operated
this reduces the space for water and ulti-
mately flow of water gets reduced. This
can significantly reduce tap water in
hand basins and kitchen sinks. The
reduction in flow rangesfrom50-
75$with typical flow rates.
It has been observed that we use water
lavishly particularly when the water
flows in fixtures for more time and
thereby providing more quantity. Water
sensed fixtures bathroom sink and fau-
cets and accessories use 30a less water
than standard flow and by reducing
water flow and minimizing the water
bill.
WATER EFFICIENT TOILETS
Toilets account for a significant portion
of total water demand in residential as
well as commercial buildings. Flush toi-
lets which operate between 2 to 3L per
flush can be employed. There are differ-
ent types of water efficient toilets in the
market.
Vacuum toilets normally used in aircraft
more becoming common in public rest
areas and commercial buildings. The
waste is evacuated from the toilet bowl
through a vacuum created by a vacuum
pump. The average amount of water
used is 1L / flush. The waste is dis-
charged to the sewers or treatment sys-
Use minimum water
Constrofacilitator • June 2020 20
Save water save life
tem.
Waterless toilets is dry sanitation sys-
tem and does not use water at all to
transport human excreta. They are
called composting toilets. Such toilets
require some space below the floor -
either a pit or elevated platform. Such
toilets can produce fertilizers if suffi-
cient time is given to treat the excreta
correctly. Decomposition occurs in the
holding tank at correct pH, tempera-
ture through a biochemical reaction
over an extended period. Such types of
toilets are not used in India.
WATER EFFICIENT URINALS
Water efficient urinals use less than 2.8
L /flush. Waterless urinals can be used
in office, hotels, theaters and commer-
cial buildings Most of these urinals use
an oil barrier between the urine and the
atmosphere preventing odour escaping
out the atmosphere.
WATER EFFICIENT APPLIANCES
Washing machines and dish washers
have been used in India also. High
water efficient cloth- washers and dish
washers of different sizes are available
in the market which use 33a less water
and also save 40aenergy.Many new
models of dish washers do not need
pre- rinsing which saves quite a lot
amount of water.
ICGBhas desired that the efficiency of
plumbing fixtures can be enhanced and
thereby the potable water use can be
minimized.
In LEBD Railing system, the weight age
of the component of water efficiency is
7&. Out of 70 points, 5 points are ear-
marked for water efficiency having con-
siderations given to reducing water use
in landscaping, waste water treatment
and water use reduction. Use of items
like Waterloo bio filter, waterless urinals
and composting toilets are entitled for
points in the category of water effi-
ciency. Reclaiming water .for both vehi-
cle washing and landscape watering is
considered important aspects under
LEED water efficiency category.
WATER AUDIT
It is suggested that water audit should

be made in all existing buildings for con-
servation of water. Let us tract the use
of eater by the occupants. Identify the
key use areas. Install sub meters and
monitor all such water use areas. This
will also help the occupants understand
where most of the water is used and
how it can be reduced.
Following measures can be suggested
based on the above discussion:
There are many ways to increase water
efficiency in buildings, primarily
through plumbing-fixture replacement
and implementing new technologies:
Ø Cleaning of pipeline must be done
installing new fixtures if required
during water audit and ensure
proper drainage flow.
Ø Replace ancient high-flow water
closets and flush valves with the
lower flow rate new fixtures, exist-
ing buildings often have older,
high-flow flushvalves.
Ø Utilize dual-flush valves on water
closets. Dual-flush valves have pro-
vision of a full flush and an half
flush to be used if required.
Ø Replace existing plumbing fixtures
with high- efficiency fixtures.
High-efficiency fixtures include
high efficiency water closets, high
efficiency urinals and waterless uri-
nals and ultra-low flow shower-
head.
High efficiency water closets use less
water than conventional. High-
Water conservation is key for human survical
WATER TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN BUILDING
efficiencyurinals use little water per
flush, Waterless urinals use a typical for-
mulated liquid to maintain the trap
seal. Ultra- low-flow shower heads typi-
cally use less water Install or replace
existing lavatory and sink aerators with
more restrictive aerators. Significant
savings can be achieved by replacing
high flow aerators with smaller flow aer-
ators.
Use wherever possible Grey water (con-
sidered non- potable, but is suitable for
use in water closets and urinals) distri-
bution systems. Use of Grey water can
significantly reduce consumption of
domestic water and qualify off score
under the water efficiency category of
Green rating system.
EFFICIENT IRRIGATION
India faces severe water scarcity due to
highly uneven distribution of monsoon
with time and space unlike western
countries. We have long dry periods in
the year. A large percentage of popula-
tion is dependent on agriculture for its
survival. In the dry period, the agricul-
ture sector requires large quantities of
water. We consume more than 80a of
our water for agriculture. In order to
feed our growing population, we need
to promote effective irrigation.
By installing rain or soil moisture sen-
sors, over watering can be prevented. A
rain sensor senses rainfall for a desig-
nated amount of water. Rain sensors
are smaller devices, easier to install and
relatively less expensive than soil mois-
ture sensors. Soil moisture sensors little
complicated to install can detect exact
moisture at the level of the root system
and offer greater water savings.
EFFICIENT USE OF WATER DURING
CONSTRUCTION
Construction industry needs huge
water and almost 20a of its require-
ment can be reduced by effective build-
ing design construction and manage-
ment.
The simple ways to reduce water con-
sumption during construction are given
as under:
Ø Using buckets of water to clean
the tools rather than running
water. Water needed using the
buckets manually will require sig-
nificantly less water compared
with running water. Sometimes
high pressure hoses instead of run-
ning water will also reduce water
as cleaning becomes faster with
less use of water.
Ø Concrete mixers containing fly ash
generally requires less water (1-
l0&) for a given slump than con-
crete containing Portland cement.
Ø There are various methods of cur-
ing. Curing by ponding method is
suitable for curing horizontal sur-
faces such as roof slabs or floors or
pavements of highways.
Ø Sports Halls (Indoor and Out-
door).
21 Constrofacilitator • June 2020
 WATER TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN BUILDING
Ø This type of curing can reduce the
demand for curing water. After
placing the concrete the Surface is
covered with moist canvass. After
24 hrs, these covers are removed
and small ponds of sand are
formed around the concrete slab.
The area is divided into no. of rect-
angles. The water is filled up
between the ponds.
Ø Membrane curing is an important
method of curing as it is water effi-
cient. The concrete surface is cov-
ered by a layer of water proof
material. The layer of water proof
material is known as membrane.
The membrane could be either in
solid form or in liquid form. Thus it
is a moist curing of concrete. The
moist curing needs less water.
Moist curing maintains the satis-
factory temperature by preventing
evaporation of the water. The seal-
ing compounds used as mem-
brane are wax emulsions, bitumen
emulsions and plastic films. This
method is employed at places
where water is scarcely available.
In India most of the contractors
use dumps gunny bags for this pur-
pose.
GRIHA recommends use of chemical
Water maintenance system
Constrofacilitator • June 2020 22
admixtures such as High Range Water
Reducers (HRWR) or super plasticizes as
they act as indirect accelerators. Simi-
larly wax and resin-based compounds
are also suggested.
WATER HARVESTING
In its simple terms, water harvesting
means collection and storing of rain
water falling on the earth (Rain water
harvesting). Water so collected can be
used for the purpose of drinking water
treatment. The rain water can safely be
used for irrigation, toilet flushing wash-
ing laundry, operating mechanical heat-
ing and cooling equipment that use
water etc. It will lessen the municipal
water supplies and considerable water
can be saved.
Water harvesting in Green Rating is con-
sidered important aspect of water effi-
ciency.
The Indian Urban Ministry has already
issued “Model Building Bye-laws 2016”
The bye law has made provisions man-
dating rain water harvesting. Municipal
corporations have been assigned
responsibility to undertake and main-
tain water harvesting projects at all pub-
lic spaces and public buildings. The min-
istry has expressed the desire that citi-
zens should come forward and volun-
tarily install rain water harvesting sys-
tem.
GRIHA has suggested that rainwater
runoff from following catchments
should be avoided:
Ø Tar felted roofs as they are a source
of biological and heavy metal con-
tamination.
Ø Asbestos sheets as the fibers of it
are toxic.
Ø Roofs chemically treated for water
proofing or reflective coating as
there is possibilities of contamina-
tion with heavy metals and other
harmful chemicals.
Ø Water from bathroom and kitchen
should not be harvested.
The delivery system from the rooftop
catchment usually consists of PVC con-
duits taken from the sides of the roof
sloping towards a down pipe entering
the tank. PVC pipes are thus used to
transport rainwater collected from the
roof to the storage reservoir. The stor-
age reservoir could be any storage con-
tainer like RCC, masonry or plastic
water tanks. They need to be regularly
maintained for cleaning and disinfec-

tion.
GRIHA considers rain water harvesting
as green rating and recharge of surplus
rainwater into aquifer has maximum 2
points core.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT- WATER
COLLECTION AND REUSE
According to GRIHA, Grey water is
waste water generated from baths,
showers, hand basins, washing
machines and dishwashers, laundries
and kitchen sinks. The Grey water con-
stitutes about70a of the waste water
generated. Thus there is a huge poten-
tial to treat this water and reuse for vari-
ous applications. Grey water recycling
in all new construction will help conser-
vation of water to a great extent. The
water used for bathing can be recycled
for toilet flushing through ultra-low
flush toilets.
Grey water from the residential as well
as commercial zone can be collected
from indoor sources other than toilets
and treated. The plant may include
screening, oil & grease removal from
the kitchen waste water, filtration and
finally disinfection. Treated Grey water
can be used for cooling tower- make up
water, landscape irrigation, green roof
top and toilet flushing.
Thus 'Dual plumbing system' employs
separate piping systems for recycled
water (non- potable quality) and pota-
ble water. The recycled water system
serves non potable use such as flushing
Wastewater treatment
WATER TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN BUILDING
toilets, land-space and external wash-
ing etc. This is therefore required to be
separated from plumbing system sup-
plying water for potable use such as
drinking, cooking, bathing etc.
Criterion 20 of CiRIHA very clearly speci-
fies the use of dual plumbing system
and encourages decentralized waste
water treatment.
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Black water is the discharge from the toi-
lets and may contain nutrients and
microbial population. Black water can
be treated with utmost care using
higher dose of disinfection. Treated
black water is most suited for sub sur-
face irrigation for land- space.
Even combined waste water containing
Grey as well as black water can be ade-
quately treated to a very high quality by
adding micro filtration followed by
high dose disinfection and activated car-
bon treatment. The treated combined
waste water can be safely used both for
toilet flushing as well as irrigation pur-
poses.
The landscape should be designed in
such a way that it ensures minimum
water consumption. It includes only pre-
vious vegetation. ICGB compliance
option suggests limiting use on the site
to conserve the water and / or ensure
that landscaped area is planted with
drought tolerant / native / adaptive spe-
cies.
Selection of plants having less need of
water should be made plantation will
increase the aesthetics and yield cool-
ing and pollution control. It can reduce
carbon foot print.
MULCH FOR CONSERVING MOISTURE
Mulch is nothing but a layer of material
which is applied on the soil with a
broad purpose of conserving moisture,
reducing the growth of weed and
improves the general health of the soil.
The process of applying mulch on the
soil is called 'Mulching' Bark chips
mulching is popular. This is normally
applied to bare soil or around existing
plants. This also gives aesthetic appeal.
Mulches with manure can also be
applied to improve the crop production
and land- space as it helps in enhancing
soil productivity. Mulches help soil
retain moisture in summer, prevent
weeds from growing and protect the
roots of plant in winter.
Organic or biodegradable mulches
such as conifer bark, pine needle, spent
mushroom compost, compost, bark,
wood chippings, leaves, newspaper or
cardboard straw, grass clippings, nut
shells add nutrients to the soil as they
decompose. This type of mulch needs
to be periodically reapplied.
Inorganic mulches (Non-
biodegradable) such as gravel, slate,
pebbles, stone chippings, black. plastic,
or fabric, crushed CD's, tumbled glass,
sea shells etc. cannot improve soil struc-
ture but help suppress the growth of
the weeds and also conserve moisture.
The layer of mulches is normally 5cmto
7.5 cm. Mulch stabilizes the soil tem-
perature and moisture, and prevents
the growing of weeds from seeds.
Mulch actually creates a layer between
the soil and environment preventing
sunlight reaching the soil surface and
thus evaporation is reduced. Similarly
munch also prevent water from reach-
ing the soil by absorbing water from
light rains. Ruth Stout, father of mulch
recommends a thick mulch of any vege-
23 Constrofacilitator • June 2020
 WATER TECHNOLOGIES FOR GREEN BUILDING
table matter in flower garden all the
year as it enriches soil.
Mulches should be applied when the
soil is moist and warm not in winter
when the soil is very cold and not in sum-
mer when soil is very hot.
Plastic mulch is commercially used for
commercial production. The plastic is
rolled out on top and seedlings are
transplanted through the plastic mulch
as the plastic mulch is impermeable to
water. In Drip irrigation plastic mulch
isused.
ENSURING WATER QUALITY
Potable water quality standards must
be maintained irrespective of any type
of source of supply. If the municipal
water supply is not meeting with the
desired standard of the potable water,
it is recommended by GRIHA (Criterion
2fi) that additional relevant treatment
must be given and desired quality of
potable water must be supplied to the
end users.
The standard to be followed are BIS 10
500-1991 standards. This standard is
applicable in India and is based on
World Health Organization (WHO) stan-
dard and has been a mended subse-
quently to take care of Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS), hardness and chlorides.
PERVIOUS PAVING SYSTEM USING
System for storm water run-off
Constrofacilitator • June 2020 24
PERVIOUS CONCRETE
The conventional concrete as is known
is a mixture of cement paste and aggre-
gates. Cement paste is composed of
cement and water and aggregates are
composed of fine and coarse aggre-
gates. The cement paste actually coal
on the aggregates and forms a coher-
ent mass known as Concrete. This con-
crete can be moulded into any shape
when freshly mixed, It is therefore
called as plastic and it becomes strong
and durable when it gains strength and
is known as hardened concrete. Thus
the careful proportioning and mixing of
the ingredients place very important
role to get the desired work ability for
the fresh concrete and the required
durability and strength of hardened
concrete.
Pervious concrete is different from the
conventional concrete. It is defined as
“no fines concrete”. The pervious con-
crete mix contains very little or practi-
cally no fine aggregate. It is a mixture of
cement paste which forms a thick coat-
ing on coarse aggregates.
Compared with the conventional con-
crete proportions, proportioning pervi-
ous concrete mixture must have better
control on batching all the ingredients
necessary to produce the desired
results.
Aggregate grading used in pervious
concrete are typically either single sized
coarse aggregate or grading between
19 and 9.5 mm. Pervious concrete uses
the same materials as conventional con-
crete. With the exception that the fine
aggregate is eliminated entirely and the
size distribution of the coarse aggre-
gate is kept narrow, allowing for rela-
tively little particle packing. This not
only provides the useful hardened prop-
erties but also results in a mix that
requires different considerations in mix-
ing, placing, compaction and curing.
It is possible to use the Eco-friendly
material in INDIA. For the smart cities
the use of pervious concrete will be suit-
able, specifically for parking lots,
pedestrian ways in the green spaces,
morning walks in rural areas. The roads
around the houses in rural and even in
urban areas could be successfully con-
structed in pervious concrete and sur-
facing inside the compound can be
made with pervious concrete. The
objective however should be to
improve the ground table. There are sys-
tems where un-compacted gravel
crushed stone porous paving blocks or
pervious concrete block are used to con-
struct walk ways or parking lots where
the traffic is light. This helps in allowing
storm water runoff recharging the
ground water table.
CONCLUSION
The prime objective of this article is to
stress the need for conservation of
water especially on the World Water
Day, highlight the various technologies
available for implementing water effi-
ciency. This article also empathize on
construction of green building and
adopting practices of water efficient,
energy efficient, material efficient and
indoor environment. The several tech-
nologies discussed in the present article
have been successfully put into practice
for saving water. Many nations have
adopted policies of green building to
conserve water and reducing the use of
natural resources. Protecting the exist-
ing sources of freshwater is most essen-
tial for avoiding crisis of water in future.
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