PUB·LIC:INTE.

R·N·ATIONAt L·AW
SAN .BEDA LAW CENTRALIZ~D.OAR OPERATIO/!JS.- MEMORY AID 2019

. GENERAL P.RINCiPJ,ES
·I neqotletlon, . mediation,
conciliation, . ·arbitration,

Public .lnternatlonal, Law '(The Lewoi Nations)

Tryis., deals with: : the conduct . of . States and .
· zzzz;
diplomtitic ·

jusdce.
by
efforts,
· the
. Court of
i.nternationc;1I organizations, their r.efations-with each.
other arid, ..in certain circumstances: their relations In extreme.cases.jorcjble'
. wit.h persons.' .natura]" c:/r'.[urtdical °' tRestetemen; measures· . may. be ·
(Thfrd) of Fc!reign.(?ela.ti.onsJaw ot tneUnitea States employed · like war and
reprisal. . · · ·
·· [hereinaffer_R~STATEME{VT]). ·. . · ·· '
. (SUAR!j=Z, Potitice! Law· Reviewer(2018), p. · 1.17 '!
. P.rivat~. lot.ern.ati'o'hi!I.La'ii(.·(Conf//cf.qf La.ws) : [he;einaft~r.SUAREZ]).. . · , . · . · : . ·
lt}i:!lecli, betwe~n ·c~mflicUng rnuf)lcJpal systems of . .
=~ = . law tci·'regulateih0'relati0riship between persons. It .Schools Of Tho\1~_h.t-'On.PLiblic lnternatlona! Lavi:.
focuses on the'conduct, riot of States or international · 1. Natural Law .; there is a natur.al and universal ··
',·
orga·nlzations,.. but. rather.' · on
the conduct. of . principle ·of right· .and wrong, independent. ot
.'•. . in'di'viduaJs, corporations and other private: ·entities mutual intercourse. or compact; which can be
(SARMIENTO,·· · Public· ·. international · Law Bar discovered'and. recognized by ev_¢t:y i~dividual
~eviewer (2016), p. 6'.Iherefnafter SARMIENTOJ)a· through the use of N~ reason. ahd conscience
. .' . · .· · . · · · . ···. · . ;, -. <~) .' (NA CHURA, Outline ·Reviewer ·Pa!iticai . Law
·. PuoUc tnt~rnational\~w _and Private /0' ;1. .;l_ (2009).; p. 641 (hereinafter: NACHURA]). . ..
.. lnt~~~tlonal_L~w,.IJ1sfmgulshed.. t. ,.,.(-(: -<1;\ ·, ·· .
·· · · · · · · · · · : t/,j
,,, "'.,·\':·,. < 2. Positlvlst :....1aw. as ·it exlstsshould.be analyzed
• . . ,.,. ·.·; . .,:...---,t,'-empiri~<\flly, : shorn. of·. an:· ethical . elements
t_.fl.;;_.. ..,:~.;....·.:"..(~£'!11!£'.!~tematio.nal Law, 61h EditiorJ (iOOB}; p.
I\ I~ 49.[he.rejq"P.tterS!"fAWJ); Jt"is largely, man-made, ·
.. . . . . • . . • ~ . ~ ..,. ·'i.' • .. • ;;:q . may v~fy,jfiiom time to tlrne. and from place. to
.1 goveri:iir t~~ relation of It-· deals /1,¥1th.;. ..P':!Xate' · ~ ; · place Jmcl \;pence, actual. behavior of ·s\ates
·so\terei~h ··: ·states · am:l indivigu,:J}s~):. .t.~i~:· ·... . '.\ sho1,11d b~ re§~rded as the basis of internatio:nal.
other entiti~s· witfi an <~ , · · \/ "'.:.....<· r1$1 . law f/ '(MALANCZUK,_ ·. · AJ<"ehUrst's · Modem
internat\onal.pers~mality.... -(~·';,' ·'. 5°::'::b,, r- ·: . • 1:} ..Jc;>~jl}.t~rn1:JtiorJa/.Law {199i), p. 16) ·
l~JdidJ1,plj~,rj
· · · '.) · [heieihiii'(er,tr;f'AW,NCZUK]. : . . :· . .
• .. .., ;..·..:i ·-...)/c~J/r.,. ~- · .... ~·. .

Tt}eY. '.. a.re... )e~~raJly lt.i~··re_~,i~ni'ur'lftlPc!id{ . 111/ -3·, :.- Eclectic or Grotrim ~ premised both 011 .the
acaept~d.... pnnqiples~.·9t- nat1onal~·'l'1.cJ:j~racter · ·'.~i-.;';it:}~.at.ural.mor_al .1~~ and _on ·co.mmon consent
p~blic ir;ite.i:nati.o~al !aw, ,beca~s~. .-!i)cfr~. S!a,!~, ~::.:.:i!~!!.·i.~~,)~1~¥Z,
.su1;-ra· at 1175). .. ·· . : · .
?',vini:i, . the sul;)Ject . ar:1 has. ,ts . ~.wn c?,n,fl,,cf . . . . . ·. . . -. . .. . : .· .
·international nature. · rules. . ,,l"' I t ,· . 4. Com~and·Theory- law consists of comm.ands
· · · ·· · · '~-- ,.. '· ·,.. originap.ng from. a ·so','.ereign and backed' i'.Jp. by
threats of sanction· if: di&obeye~: interriation'a'I°
$ancfions :ma:y· 1:>e-Jn · the· .'Relief prayed tor. may · · law·is 'not a law because ifcloes·not coine't'rom ..
..f6r,n: . · • Pf;'- . peac;:efi.tl b;e ·. · 9bt~lne·d·· from . a- corrirrianQ ·af a sovereign. This has· generally
('~: ·rer.yiedies, e:g.,_ diplp_f!1aticmimicir:>al tribunals. been discredited (BERNAS, Introduction_,:. to
~~
,t . - mc:urivtl CO~J:ITEE . .. s~~&·~o~
.\·. - MAJl.Y.<:;YR.IliLI.. <;::'SUMANQUI · CHERl,SH. · KIM. ·B. _FERRER: AARON FRANZ SP. AURELIO,·
. . MEMBERS · .. ·. . •. . ADVISER~
Atty. ADONIS" V. GABRIEL,
.,;•

·, . ~r-al{ Chairperson, ~RIC/I. Sub}eci Chair, . : ¢~o:rn,. KAM VlCTOIUA CA$ES. . Atty. JOSE ANGELO A. DAVID .
. MAE C. VISTA Chairpeiso11..for '11NA :S: CAS~O Assistant · MARIA KATRINA~ D,'\TUIN, .~d.Atty..1.f.URJEA . .PE
Acadetfiics,. : 'BEN : .. ·REL. E. .. Subject· . Chi,:ir,' .'R.OEN . G. JQHN I..ORENGE N. DE.MESA,.: . ,. ·. ·:·. . . ·. : . ·
. BARBERO Chairperson forHotel.- . MEC~O · Subject : :Electroni~ MAllJA ERIC.A L DEJ:.A. OUJZ, · . .
·. ·operations, ]HELSEA L0l!I$.B.. ·Data Processing, CHRimAN S. . FRANCES . . : CAM.Il.LB · · · A.;
: ·.o~o: Vice' Chairper.son, for TADURAN <;:011~ti_tµtio11al Law}, FR,i~iqsco, · FERDIN.AND .
Secretariat; EARL JUS'l'IN M.. PATIUCK . RAY. ·B. .B'ALISI ELBERT · D:. -JOM!LLA.' .)R.,
YAMBAO· Vi~ Chafrj,lrso.n-jor (;0J1stftutiorial Law 11; ~O~ORE. REGINA PURIT.,-\·B.·LA V~.S,
~ratio7?s, MA: 'ANGELICA .B. MA.E ... ·P.. ·;. DEGOLLAOO . JAIME NIKOLAI ~ .P~!3GAO,
DE LJ;:ON Vice Chairperson for · Administrative Jiiw.and 1.aw 011 · MARIA YSABEI.l..A B:
.finance; ARM 01..MAYA ]; .. P11blic '<;:orpora11on; FRANCIS PALAMOS, EI.LAINE.ROSES."
BA,D.ANGAN .Ylc;t Chalrpetion . AR~~ A CORl'UZ Election TAN, and MAYRELL T:TAN
for Audit, fO:RDAN N, CHA VE:?:. Law and Law 011 Publfc Officers, · ·
.. Vlc~·ch'airpmo11 fQrEDP, I-:IANZ •. and G.ERANI I?.· MALUAN . .
DARRYL · · D.TIU Viee · Public l11terilatiimal Law
C/lafrperso11for. Logistics, and .
DOHN ALFRED E. AQUILIZAN
. Vice Cha;trperso11 for. Membership
 *·••••· • a ,.. Qi ,a-a&ZZJ

p·uB.LIC 1.N.TE.RNAT-lONAL
SAN SEDA tAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPF:RATIONS- MEMORY,AID 20.19
LAW
Public.1nternational.L~w(2099), p.3 [hereinafter
BERNAS]). .
5.. Co~sensual Theofy - international law· derives • ,
its binding force. frbm' the consent of states;
treaties and custom are expresslons of consent
. (BERNAS; supra ·at 3). '
. Note:· The consent of States 'rhay be expreesea,
·as in·ttie form.of treaties of conventions; implied,
as in· the-vcase of international customs; and
· ·p,:esumedir;i the case of·g~neral prln9iple~ of law
(SARMIEN_TO;supraat :J).' . ..

... ~:~:r.;~~\indin~finternational legal norms_'or'tho~e It .is P~~i'led prlncipally u . consist~; .. ~a inly . :of
which have coercive character, e.q., provisions· bf from. . . . ·... ·t~eaties,. statutory ... enactments
the .United Nations Charter, Vienna Convention on· int~ri:iat16n!3I · customs executive orders: and .
. Diplomatic Relations, Geneva Conventions of:1949 · and gene~al. prfnclples judicial pronouncements..
(SARMIE,NTO,.supr;;iat4). ·~·· .· . :r-=,==· ~,tlaw. · · .... · ;:... :. . .· · ... ·,
. . . . . . . 'Tu· .. . .. ~
. Soft Law;. , .. . : ·.. .. ., .. . ·,/;_:Sc. - . 't;i: ~ · .. . . ~. . .' .. · , . : . . ~~ · .
. u.sec!_to c;iescri~e international i~sti:~efl,S~l):faq~~!ri•""'=""·lt..,J~~-re ~ll~q~h'rough It is re·dr~s.sed thrciu~~
makers recoqrnze- are ·not treatres{IS~ ha"{~~their. 1. . statei.t0!sta~''S ~ . local · adrninistratlve and
purpose 1ti.e promotion of 'norrn7ef~9·}~e-~ie'7~~r~·f(ai'.is c'tl06t.··· ~\ : judlcial processes .. ·. . .
· to. be gopd and therefore sh~~~"'h'av.¢"ge'ner;:il ~J) 1.£ ·.. · - :. · · -~ · · ·
universal appllcatlorr (AUST, '¥1,~ndb'l!,ok. dn ·.11i~. ·: •. • • • • • • ~: • • ., . . .
.Jntem.afiona/Law (2().10), Pb.t.J!.!.:effeinaft~rAUST,.__· .;i .cite.c~e· resP9td1bi1it\1"1ndividual 'i-e~p~n.sibility

.. strll h~ve leqal.relevance

· ti
I nterna
(SiR~l!f.1,:0,
I c" · (C. t .of.I' ii ,·
1ona om,~y
~ura
H?or}bo.(!k]). They are. nc;:ir-~111~ng·qn .c~ar~ctEti;_~u~. ..

~11f(la:sl9.ept1'{_m1A.·. ' · · ~IW.Il

. ·. j;J~~~us~ . it %ttaehe~ · , · .
a_f!J:}4 C:, .~~curvfo·thf st
-:-i11h •., otto.11 ,i:i t1on Is. ")
;:::.:,..~;;;._:_ . ·· < J,
t~~1· : . . · .: . ·. ' .
. .

. . · ··. · ·
· · . ··

, ·
. !
f);·" -. ~:,;:. ~<>. , :
I/ ,1,,,.,,,,,,;;.-iI . . . · · .:·. ·
Refers to rules of p·oliteni!s.s;,rerpv~!'i~~ ,, a,'@,....
·~oodwill _.ob~erved ~y.. s.tM:ii ~irl\: .th~lf{~\itua1~·.(<-1J.j~f5.et1c; I :1PP_rchtcl',es to the _;Relat!P':'~h1p_. I
intercourse w1th9ut b.e,.ng leg~ly boulid by. ~l'(~~',fl
_-j~~fyte~nt4;f,n.ationl Law an.d.. Nat,~nal. Law:· .. · I
· at 4)., '. . . : . . . ·. . ... \ :· '1~ .. r~/:5?-~'b~isry,v:- Su~~s~s .that -int.e.rra!i?n~l.law :~mcj' ·. i.
Particular ru·l~S of comjt;> ·~·a;~fal~.~d o~}r,i~~i,~~iritP:i;ft:~ ~.:rt:
pe.tiod,. _,:nay ...dev.~!Qp .. into ·-r~!es ~';!,..(c@fpi.na.';Y-~jn,z~.,..~~~· ~~~liich·· "naUonal~·. and .,"intern~ti_onal"
Lt;~ i;~;:i~:·n~s~!.~~I:

·.inte~nati5)[!~1 ·1aw. (BRQWNL~~'. Pri.ncip/~~f[J;_Oolic· 1i g

.f\.\\><.~f~q~#i-.e m~r~r}tpartic;u.l~r m.ariife~t~tro,n~:
lnt~r(lalipnal .Lalf, · 5th _Ed1t190-:· (J99B~e/-·24· l'\/1.C~\. :~.> .:... :_ ·. . .. . · ...... ~·. · ·.·· •.
. [li.~re,nafterBROWNLIE]).. ·,. ·.. ·· · . :"'-.~-.,.,;-,--=~"tfuclh~l'Tl -'-'!nfetr:iat1ol')al law a11q. national !aw are .
... · · ... · · ·· · · · ., ,. .' .. . in~~~ndeot ofeac;h .oth~r and both:systetns are .
·.,. ... ,:.: . ' . .. - : .regarded,·, .as· ·., mutually'· ,exclusive' · .. and·
·· .,: ·· "' . . . . . . ·: . · .:. .. indepen'Cl.enL: They ..' exist. side .by side . within
'lN1'ERNATiONAL AN.ti •,' -. .
different sph'Efres o'f' action .-:the· international
·. · · · · · · · · . pl~ni/ ·cil'.\<f"the ..-~6'me$tic· pl aha.:( SARMiEN'rb,-
. ~t~IbN:AL-:LAw· · ... ·, .·::siJP,iciaf 4BJ: ·. ·: · .· : : ·,:: ··.· .:' .·
. ···. ·"' ..
. : .. Th.J~ries as' to M~rne~ :of Ag~ptlh~{ l!lt~'matfo~al
lnternatio·n:ai Law and National Lav,,; . _:. ·· Law as Part of the .L,aw of the ·state; · · . · · · .
. · ··Distfngulsh,~d -· 1, :o·octrlne · ot ·tnc()rporatio·n - a Sti'ite.. is: ..bciund ..
\ ·'
by th,e· generally . ~9C€ipted ,principlEli, .. of:.
lnteinati~naJ law, the ·s.ime: being 'c.ons,ideretf as ..
a·~
. part.?f it~ own. Jc;1ws (SUAR[=Z;, siipffJ· 1179) ..: '·.,
Law 6'f coordination Law . of .. subordi~aticio Tt{e· Phllippi~es.. ado'~ts .ttfe .g.~Aerally ·accepled
(c,onsent)· . '(issued· .. by ,: political principles of' International Law !;IS j:>art of thEl !aw . ·
· · sup'erior) · ·. .. of Jhe land (CONST.,Artr II, Sec. 2): · ·..
·.:

340. I 2019 S.AN SEDA CE;NTRALIZED SAA 'OPERATIONS

 1o«MMP a ew
. .
2. Doctrine of Traneformatlon ' - requires the 2: · If the international law cpnflicts with ·a
enactment by the ··legislative body of such. . statute .
international _la~ principle's as are souqhtto be The d~ctline of incorpo(atio,:i. as ··applied id mo.st ·· .
part of municipal law (COQUIA & DEFENSOR- ·. countnes, ·decrees. thc!t rules· of internatfonal .faw ·
SANT!AGO, International ., La.w 'end World ar.e glvEln egual ~tanding.wltl), but are not !\Upertor
.Organiza(iOns · (2005), .p. 1.3-14 [hereinafter to·, national legislative enactments'. A .treaty.may
COQU/AJ). : ·. repeat a statute, ~nd a statute may rE1pE;}al a ti:eaty.;
thus; ttie-_principf.e q~ lex posterior deroga.t. priori,·
It is applled thro-~gh the-treaty-making power o~: ." : that which comes.last in time,.wjll usually be upheld.
· the· President'. Thr0ugh this power, rules ·and ·
by .the "municipal tribu'nal (NACHURA, supra at .
.643) ..· ·
· princlpleq embodied in a treaty in force would be .
transforrned -into: Philippine Law ."ar:id shall . Conflict Resolved-by latematlcnat Tribunal -~n-
become. valid arid: effective.·. uporr.. the . thelnternatlonal Spt"!ere:. . .. . . .
concurrence of· · two-thirds . (2i3): of all · the · ". · National laws must yield to the· laws of. nations
members of the ·s-~nate (CONST., Art. V/1,.Sec. · because lnternatlonal law-provides the standards by
21). · ,· · ; ·. which legality of St3te. condirctls fo· be determined
Th~ M.il;t~r/~ommi;~io~ cre~ted _by:EO No·~ 68·. )Sl;JAREZ,."supr.a at 11l7). . . .: . . · .. . . . ·
. "tias:jurisdiction to try-a member of the Japanese Fitzmaurice ~ompromise · .
lmperial;Army fo_r.il,(i61a~i?ns'?f The Hague:_and,,r/>" -Slnce the two. systems, lnternational and national
Gerieva·conven.tioils on the Laws of War e.~w-1 • -'); law, do not operate In common field, they can never
. though the Phili_pP.ines is nota !lig_nat_o(y to.·tl"\~~~?.?~~\
come ·into· confllct. Each one .of them is -suprime irr
.corwentions. The: l_egalitta~d .co~sti~utipnali!~ep/,.-;_;i~ its o~n dom.ai_ri, thereby 'a_ny apparent conflict .in the .
the acts of. the M1!1tary Commission 1~- ba~ed·,o~:·;,,''.')l..-. domestic. fi~ld is . automatically. , settled by. the
Sec. ?, Art. II-of the-'Cdns_titi(tion-.. Becaus~tt\~/1it'(;~.1lor.@,~ti?:<i9~flic_;t rules of·the.fo'~m and any. conflict·
rules an'd requlationsot the· Hague ~o~;.Geneva>.1r ·1 . in the'"'1nter~~tional field would be resolved by.
conventtonsform part of. gene~~1!¥'"<1ccept~_p~-;-::_I~ lnter.nation1.ll~w. It is supremacy not _arisii:ig from·
principles. of international ·law,· suct;i ffoles.· an~·-"f,\ the . cohteot H Hut from the· field 'Of operation·
. . ' ,- ,. f .,,. ',; .·'t .. -~'le 1·.
. pri~ciple$·there'.ii)re·fo.~ pa!1.,9M,tle -:~Y'FO. our· y, (SARMIE/1T..01s~ra at 49)".- . . _. ·. .. .: .· .
· nation (Kwoda .v: Ja/an.<;fqf11r";f?:R.~N_"'fj-<fu:~96~ · f'.}. · .. lf fl \~ . . . . . . . . - I
March 26, 194.9), . _-. · ?;::::;_ ··p:;... • .. ··. "'. t>\ Ch~rm1rg ~-~tsy ~anon .. · .·. ,. . ·
· · ·. . . ·.- ·: : . t:/ 1.-"-z:z1 ~~'?:-.~(' I<"'· ,yi a'e!~9.1.•J:~~~~}~f~~ht.ne'.'er to be cons_tru~~-to •
.. Typ~s of Tr~msform~ti(!ri~~ctrL11et:,=\:;; • F ..:) . ft~J v19late ~~!J.~of_.nations. 1f. a.fl~ other p_o~s1blec
.. . a. Hard :. ..:.. only. : le_glslatioii/81~.d,,...,Q:,rsforp:i· V c.o.~~tructt90_ remain~.. · WhE;lre, fairly· po.ss1ble, a
i(lter'national law into·dqmes1ic'law; '.aflcl ·: · · .. ;.( . Y,nJ!ed States statute 1s to be ~onstrued so as not to..
b. SQft'- eiihe'r ajudieial"or·il:lgis~ti~~ctof,a Jr~)?;'c&j:tfli9t,with .interi:iational law or y.,"lth' an international
State can t~nstorni _intemati9.ea_l la,40,ro:;-o:.~'-:-;/.-5.gr.'e~iil~eilr;of
1 the U~ited Sta_tes (Id._ at .5~). . . · ... :
.. · · d.9mestlc law (SARMIENTO,.svP.ra- at:9~1,: ·. · .· · · . · · · · . ···. . . · · · · . .
ht •
. . • . • • ·:' .·.. . . ·:· '· ···: • .• • '1'1:,)-•
. '<.)'•'.:i ·. ·' .• . •
:•. ... I

. . •

Ri.Jies' li:i· the·.~esoluti.on' 9f. Coi'ifl~_c_t. tre~ween ' . 1_. SOURCES. ':. ·. ,·
lnterriatlonai t::aw and·N·atl<mal Law: .. · ·.• · · ~ _
Gener~"i 'Rule; : Attempt . to·. reconcile· app.ar"!:lnt ...
. ¢ntradlctiorr~nc( there.by· give effect. if" pqs_~ible ._to - .so·urce~ of lnternat"ional Law:, ·: . .
~oth: syst_em~_·9f law. :h.
sh~uld · 'be :·pr~surn1::d th.fil-.: · 1. Primary ·source$:. (C2G) .. , .
... munic,ipal law is al)Nays enact~d oy ·eac;h ~late with .· a. _ lntematiooal ~onventlrins; .
due regard·for _an·d never in·de·fiance of tf!e 9.e!,i~ra)ly b, ·international ~ustom; ·and·
.· ~cce'ptea ."principles .of- interna~foria! law (CR£!Z;_ ·. c .. .§ene_ral-.:pririciples·or 1aw. . . : .
!nternationa!Law. (2003)~ 2: ·secondary,$ources: '(J.:r) ·. · ·. . ·: . · · ·
.. . .. , ·.: . ·,:. P·. °7.fhereinattl:#_r
.. ·. Q~U:?]).
. .
.. _ ·a. 'Judidal-~eclsior:is .(stsbject to ,t\rf.:59); a_hd
.' .· Confli ~t .. ~e:s.ol~ed. by Loc'al< Court c)O· ·. t1:ie : b. · 'Ieach_ings· of )he ·niost highly · qualified
';i:: · Dotnestl_c Sph~"re: ·· ;· ·· · · .. · · · ~, ·. : · · ... · · publicists · .of · the variou.s nations
"4\· .. ·1:. If thednternatiori.al' law· conflicts. wltti .th~ : , (JN_TERNifflONAL'_CQURT. OF ·JUSTI.GE
·'.:.'.' . . Constitution . . . . ·. · . . ST:A TUTE, At;t. ·J8(1) [he.reinaftet .. !CJ
··}:,, 1-he Philippioe Constill.ition,.as the highest law STATUTE]f... ' .. ·.. · . : ·. ,,: .
·'Of ·the· iand.;· stiould. be uph~Jd, as.: <:l!;lailist a
conflicting· inte_rriational· 1.aw. -T.he·_Suprem.e<:;ourt N~te.i
Artlcle 3.8:(1) ;~f ~h~. ·,cj:
STATUTEis '~id«:i!y..·
,, ; h,is ·.the. power ..to, d.eclare ·a treaty or· executiv~·. . recogn'ized as the most authoritative and cqmpleti:3
C · .. · agreement '\Jri<;otistitL1tlo.nc!I (CONST.;·Art. Vf/1, · statement 'as 10' the. sources· 'of •inte.rnali<;)nal '·law
,; . : .Sec. 5, par. (2)(a)).· .. :... .· . . ,. ·· ($HAW,·,.·.supra. at 70);. It do.es·· not stipulate. a
f:i . hierarchy ;between tre.aty· -·1~w. customary

2019 SAN 81:PA CENTRALiZED BAR OPERATIONS ·I 341

 ·P-lJBLJC.iN·.TERNATIO·NAL LAW·
SA"!, B1;DA ~w CENTl!ALIZED BAR 'oPERATION's·- ME!'l,ORY'AID 2019 · .
ffi±Hi'M • SMiWA &PMIWMPP

international law, and the. general principles. of law 4·. ·. Governed by [nternational law (VCLT; Art. 2(1)
(Max Planck Encxcfopedia for Public internetionel . .(a)). ·. . .. . . . . ., .
Law'(,2<)10), p. 6 [hereinafter EPILJ). · · ·
. . ' . . . . Examples of, Bilateral Treaties Entered· i91to by
·Note: -The lnternatlonal Court of Justice (ICJ) may .. the Pl,lilipplnes: · . '
decide -a case .ex aequo:·et bono where the. parties . ·· t. :Muh.i'al Defense Treaty (with USA), signed on
· agree thereto (/CJ STATUTE,Art. 38(2)).... . · August ·30,. 1950 and enteredfnto force on
.' . . .. "
·: August 27,.1952; ' . : · . : ·
· · Ex aequ~· et J?on.'a·.hrom equity and conscience") . 2. Visiting: Forces Agre~meht (with USA), signed
A.decision made exeequo et ooncmeans-that the ·,. on February ·10,':1998 and ~nter,e'cl into force on
- court decided the casenot on· legaU:;onsiderations · · Junet, 1999; .... · · ·
· but· solely. qn · what .is fair ·anc;l : reasonable . (EP/l; 3. RP-US l=xtrad1ticin .Treaty, signed an· 13· Nov.
sl.!pra at .f3).- . . : . ·. . . . . · . . · .' ... : · · . . · · -'·: ·199?' and entered i~to.Jorcef on 2.2:; November ·
·. · ... 1996.

Examples of Multilateral Tr.e.atlesiConvepti~ns

.. . . · EntE!rep lnto by the 'f>hillppine~:_: · · .
.. ·" . ... , .. •·. . : . : ..

! .

Requisites under VC.LT:·(ASWI)

1. Internatlonat Ag~eernent; ·
· 2. · Between States:;
3. ln'Wr.ittenfo~; .

, 342
. I '201s SAN
. B·E~A.CENrRAUZED
' . . BAR OPERATIONS·
.
 c»W+Mifff. I
'*
P.UBLIC IN·TERNATlO·NAL-LAW
¥ j4¥W!,! ..

SAN BEOA lAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 1019 . .

dacflfiik@IBRPW,Wi;:a:&;,;!LP.'fA#,1Wla7i¥ifFW'!'ffl5J1{/~\~ 1:

Elements:of International Custom: (SO)

·1 . §_tate practice
· Thei'e'niuslbe evidenceof substantial uniformity
of practice by a substantial. number of States .
(AUST; Handbook, supre at. 6). · .

Within the period. "in question, short though it

might"t;>e, S.tate practice•. lncludinqthatof $tales
·whose interests are specially·affected, should
have· been- both extens_ive "and 'virtually ·uniform
(Norin:_; Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment, /CJ
.
. Reports 1969,. p_ar:
. .. . 74). .

" . Evidence:
:· . a. treaties; .
· b. · Decisions. of: · 1-faitional Courts and ·
·' lriternatiorial Tribunals;
c; '. Natlonal.l.eqlsletion, .
·d'. · Diplomatic Corresppnderice;
e ... Opinions of Natlonal Legal Advisors; and
f. Practice of Internatlonar . Orqariizations
. (Reportof tntemetionelLew Commissionto
•. . : . the _,General Assembly (Part ti): Ways and
'" · ·; _'_·;,:;:{."~~ ·. Mer~i!.f for· · Makin_'{; · th~ · Evidence ?f .
,.. ,_;-~J£:2;''..s,:.:..(~:;:t~.CfJ~f9,m'.3,Ylntemetionst Law more readily .
~~Ill . ' . · ':-~:.-av/ai~a'J?le," (1950), Yeerbockot tnternetiotiel
;L.l~. ·.. CorJjfi~s_ion, Art. 24, Ill). · . · · ·
..,. ,4 ·. ·it·,ll ·.· .
· . l:}··. -2~ ·QPiriili1Jki~;ive·11ec~ssita'tes-(opinion of law.
. ~ J ·: . ·"o"i· n~'ces'.~ity)k . . .. . . .
· \ "i;,,j · .Thev' belief t~.at this .practlce is rendered
.1~.,
-,·r~~JH' . · the
·-~l'fg~r-~?t!Y:Jtil:f;e·xistenc:e·of ruhffeq.uiring it;
_.-~~·· · · · ' (5' ·, ·'f··-r' ,,
.St~~c~rned 'must therefore feel that
· ·
a ·

. [.I · . they are conforming to what amounts to a legal

. . . .. . · .. .. • ,, · /.ll . ·:·• .: . l:·'(,,,,.,....,~··",obligation . ..(North See: C(?htinen.taJ .,Shel(,
1951 (GC 1 ), ·1952 (GC· II-IV), 201-.2 ltf'~Ji,1986_ r.4;;;:,\::t.:!s~fJ}JJIB'!,l, '/CJ Reports 1969, par. 77). !
(AP II). ~006 (AP.Ill) ·. . . -·, <,;:(: ... /J.f' '"-:--=,··-'':'---:---~DI. . . . ·
·· __Regio.na!Custom . · ·'.. i' . · .
A practice afl"!Or)g states .w!thin a particular area of
the world which. can: be $Uffjciently well 'established
: . ··and·'accepted as law thatIs binding amonqthestates
of·that region but notelsewhere (~PPS &·GRAHAM,
lntematidna/Law
;. ; . .
(?.0.15);p.
. . 11·. [hereinafter
.
EPPS])... ·

·Speciafor Local Custom ..

A.'· long-continued . prab.tice .. between .two States
ac;cepted by them as regulating their ·relations that
. ' form.the bas.is of mutual rights and.obligations (Case
con_cetning·Right.of.Passage o.ver Indian Territory
(Merits), Judgment ofApri( 12, :19_60: /CJ- Reports
1960/p.
.• . 39).... . . .. .· .
_::. .- s: .INTERNATi.oNA(.·,eusTOIVIS (CUSTOMARY . . l~#a~.tGu$torn (Dlritto spo',;tan_eo) . .. .
f; .LAW)'·,· .. , . . . · · .- .
A. bfnding rule -·est~bfished"'by· th~ ·Sp_onta.neous
i; . This.. conslsts.cof rules of law derived from · .the a
. activity of great nµm ber of states anq need. not be
.:t consistent conducf of States .acting out of thebelief , obs_enied for a·pan~ic!erable period _(MALANCZUK,
f ·. that the taw required·Jhem 'to act that way (JJ.US•T, ·
r..
J · Handbook,supra a(6}. ·.
.!.:'
; .· ·· ·· ·
suP_ra at 45J.. . '

¥'!_ . .. ..
o/. .
,, ~ 2019 SAN BEPA CENTRALIZ~D ~AR OPERA,:10NS I 343_
 ii# ~ *.'6' ASM\NIU-\IMII 4. 4&AE!i8 EM&, k; MW& HStWtiN

P·U.BLIC-l'NTERNAT·IO.NA.L ·LAW
SAN BEDA LA~ CENT~IZED BAR Of?.ERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 .
~pjij~~--~.·~~lCIMW? s-c;,,a M4¥«JSMIM . ·~·itiCRM&ji49MMtttii~YWffl~ sa,,- ..SYHS:~tMIY\ tilP.RiiC ,., ·,

Persiste"'t Objector. 'R.ule . Groups of Jus .Cogens Norms: ·(MRP) . · ·

When ~ State .. p·ersistenily· objects to a rule of
customary int~rnation~1 ·· 1aw. ~urjng the f~rmafive
stage of that rule,.· -it . will no.t be boun.d_. by . it
(KACZQROWSKA., Pµbfio.~nt<Jro.ationfJlLaw· (2010),
. p. 41 {herei(latierKAG_ZORbWSKAJ).· .· ··
.. Once a -custornary rule has come into existence, it
will apply ·.to·: ,311 St,:ite.~. except. ,any · persistent-
objectors. However, an o_l;>jecting $ti:.ite,,in. order ·!O .
rely on theperststentobjectorrule; must: {RCI).
a: gaise its objectlon.a] the tormauve.stape ·of
. . tha rule in question;' . . ·. . . . .
b·. Be gon~isteii! in maililaaning .ils_.objeqtiJll:i;.
. c. !riform other States of its objection. This is
. 'pertlcutarty.tmportant .-.yith regard to a rule
· . · which has . been . ' almost .. untversauy
accepted. If a State remains silent, . ifs
. · silence willbe- interpreted 'as' 8CCl!.Jiesceng_e.._
. -1. Maxims oflnternatlonal Law ·which 'protect ·.the
foundations of. law, peace and humanity .in the
international order and which at present are
considered by nations asthe minimum standard .
for their mutual relations; . · ·
2. ,Buie~· of peaceful cooperation in the sphere of
. international law which protects fundamental
common interests: and · ..
3. Erotection of humanity, especially :Of the most
.· essential human rights (SARMIENTO, suRra ·at
17), . . . · . .
·, . .
. Obligati'ons Erga omnes (!'tow~rds ;111''): .(GM) .. _·
1. An obliqation under. General international law
·. that a. Sta~e· owes in-° any' .given case to the
interna.\io~a!. comr:nimity, in "".!eW _of its .common
valuesand its concern for compllaricesso that a
== . breach ·of that .obllqatlon enables .'all States to

. : . . ·41)~
.
to. the 'new rule· (KA.CZOROWSKA,.ftuf§ft'~f ·~ ~;<3~~ action; _or

. : .. .
..· . ' : . . .
. .
· . /_
. , .. · . . ~7~. J,..
· ··e'I:,. . u.
~;::-.·====--~~~
fl\/Aly-.~iQaliE_>n-·und~lra Multilate~al treaty that ~
~,ti:lt~1p~~~to
· .

the .tre9:ty ~wes _in aciy g(ven case

·

There.. are _-some -cu:5tomary rtJ.I~ th1'~~r~~so· . :~~fl~!t~e 9J~ -~ Sta1e- ~art,es t_o·th~ sa_me tr~~ty,
fundam~nt;3~ that. states are no,;ree<~E:jec9t;ieA'r.""'"'.""'c[F'....-...._.IJ!i~"!';th'e1,_-~ommon values and ·conc~.rn =. .
lntemat1onat law has . acce,;tftjhef·n.?,tion ttt .
"ir' ~"' cof1lph13'if~?!'P>·that_ a breach 9f .that .obhgati~n. ·
peremptory ho_rms,.or-fus·cpgen~-ihichfbini:l··aW -~\ 1( .~na~les.~~ tl:ies~\?tatesto ta~e actio(I (Vfnuy~
~t~tes .(EPPS, supra a(-1:2),fi Tllus,y·tt:ie p.;ersistent ./yl~ .. - .~· E~ecl!.ftV..f!ltSlfCJ.~{ary,G.R_. No. 1·62230, Apfll ·.
obJector rule· does· fiat a1;u:~1y".;if-~~he C~stc5mary1 11·-·--28;-t010;
0~\,:.
['farc_~lo'f;l.a Traction, Judgment, ·/CJ· .
ln!emationa1.:Law· b"' · alre~~~lved ,1/(!o .~ .fr•p~rls ··1.&Xtlf"P:lfrJ.33; Obl;gaUons and .Rights
;~U . :· ~
· cogens rule,
· ' ·. -_.. · ·. _..
. . .

Ju§- ~ogens (CompelHn~-l~w).,q·)

·. ~:
.i~1 ~l-' ~·\_ . ~ '
. ~\~~···
&J'~;.,_ · ~ Ergcj 9rf}r:,~~1itµa~~nat~onaf,~a.w,J~esolutibn
>J. • the/ljJE.t)lut_if,.e D[<lifitntemational(2QQ5),·Art., .1
-~,:1·.. :fh:rJ,j_Ji.jftf!r)t ;-Q~Jtlf$.ATIONS ;AtJO · J:?!GHTS
of

Also -.referred ,to as 'perem~fufy~n:f'TI. . iAt~r~!;.. · (]:" ~.fJ.if!;_jiOMffeES]M ,ij. · . · · · . . ;..

. int~ma~1onal l~w·. A:'nor-rn ag_~~p,e.d.a\d.fe"~@.li~e,d'.{ . ..:.~.A=~-~·· : /~ ,· j . . . ·. · ,
· l;>y the intE?mat1.oi:ia_l commur:uty\<JfS~atel?;~S-~:~l'tql~".~;,.,t,,,..•?"'~~ampl1i:.. , , ·· ,~ . . . · :·. ·.. . .
as-~ n.or".'·fron:i."".h.1c;h,rm de_rogali~,nis pe}~:te~~~f'-'. ;P.J9fl~b~t~o~/f.a~t~ o! a~gress,or:i, · . ··:
Wh1_ch ~n be m?_d1fied only b~ a subsequ~t·m~Jm·er..m~~~Pr~..1;1_!_b,!\~J,;I of genrn;;1de, · · . · . · ..
general. mterna~onal J!:)w havmgJt:,e"\~me §~r~~f~r-~,,,~---~e~, Rb\m:iy~n~ on tl)e pro~e".t,on. of bas!C
.(VC(.T,.Art. 5.3). . .. . . . ·. . . . . :.~ .. (If 1~, 4 ~ ~~ \!1-Yff1,anr!glits; ., ·. . .. ,.,
. : . . . ' . . . - . ,. . ·.... _:.-,.. _; ·.;. .. .... .,_~ . .1.v.v:\:}.,..~o(igations. rela tin~ ; to ·self~~etermir:ialio_n;
. . Jus·_cog~nsenjoys ~ higher.:_rank 'in the intei:natJdtffif-=--=.,,..~ · · and. · ·. . . . '. . . • · ·
.. hierarchy .Jhan treaty ·law .. a·nd .e:ven. orclinary · . e. Obl'.gat,011~:reJat!ng to the e,nvironment of
· customary" .rules (ji.Jsi d[spo~ith1um) (PF<;,SflQCJtot.v. .. · · _cqr;nr:no~. ~pace. ., . .
Furundzija(Tr/af),. lntema.tiorJa'/OrlminaiTribun·a1 for :0,bllg t:1·0·ns £;..:: o · . · · . d. :;, . c _. ·: . :. . ·.·
.h · F · v · · 1 · · (1998?1 · · •t . · • · .. a , ga mnes an ..,u,s oge..s, ·.
. t_ e .. ormer , ugos av.1a : 7, par. 15 31• : . · ~... · · · _ . Distl_ngu,_isheci_'.. .· : . _. . :.
Exari1ples:/. ·. . . . ·.
·1, Prohibition; . pr9secution, · · and ..i>unishrnent: of
· geno¢id0; ·crimeS.'agciiils~ humanJtY., J:1nd =.war .: · ·
. ctime~·;· .. · .. ·.. · . . · ·
2 .. .Prohibition of'tc;>rture:· ... '. · . . 'only .some rules crea,ir:ig All _jus. cqgens. ruJe.s
·3.: Prohibition of·slavery; slave. traa.e,-.and pira:cy;· .. erga· .omnes obligations create - .efger'' omnes
4 ... _Prohibitio,:i of ""'.ars '6( ~·ggr'«;!ssion and..territorial· : ·. are rules
'
·qfjus·coge'ris.
. . obiig_a~io~s:·. ·: : · .
.; ,-aggfc!nctizement; . .· , .. · .·· ... · .. · : .. . :
·5 .. P.rohlbitiQn of.apartheid (SARMIENTO, ·~upra at·
. 1-6).•.. : . . . , . It is: on' their· na.ture.(they It is. o~ ~heir r~cognitlon
.embody. moral . values -by .. the . international
.which · .are. of . univers'al commµnity ~as: · a
validity). wh9leu .. · .

344 I 2019 SAN BE.DACEN.TRAUZEb BAR QPERA!IONS

 M mm s- 5. , 41 I R

~·I.
j.. 'of membet'states t<;> act .
j·.·
1-; . , ·l #\\ in' ·such .manner· while
t: . All States to. which - the Consequences derivlnq exercising .its functlo.ns, .
) . ·obligation::.'is. owed· are from a breach of. erga but jf·a relevant norm"is
pefremptory, states
t- entltted to. claim from t~e omnes . obligations..
f .
responstble State. in alonq wit~ further.
. . cannot deroiJa.te from it.
i' .·parti.cular: 'cessation o'f consequences specific
t the, · '. . intemaflonally in Art. 53 of the VCLT (a
; ..· .. wrongful .. ~cf.f anh,d ,tti~eatyfi~t void jf1• ~.t t~~t It can be modified only If is· capable of being
t° performance · 0 ·: -, I e me. 0 . ·I S, cone USIOO, I by a su.bsequent .riorm· ·.mo~ified by._ contrary,
R- .. · · Obligat).on of reparation in 'conflicts .. with a. having the .. same c.onsensual;. le€jal
f.· , the il'lter'est:of the State, peremptory norm · of .
r' ·entity or-individual which general· Jnternational·
character. agr'eements:.suc,h·as· by •.
. treaty., ·
t::.. lsspeclflcatlyaffectedby 'law) .:

r .
.P the · breach. Restitution
should be · effected
· ·(Santiago, · lntemetionet 'Law :(2015), p.: 9 & 113
[hereinaft'er.SANTIAGQJ). · - . . .

i:, ~!::si~ie~ rnal~rially . . ,,..,;;;). c . .'GENERAL PRINCi.PLES 0f LAW.

0 .
[. .· . ··. . .:· · - -· · · . ·· · -.: ./. /"'.,.-".\ These.are.concepts comm~n to ·n:iajor natlonal legal ..
t (OBUGJ!. T./ONS AND RIGJ:fTS ERGA: OMNES,f~·-/_ · · ·: ~ systems. Allowing International Judges to rely· =.

I
:.·.

(.
?;.!(ACZOl=?O.WS.KA, supre at 48-52).·_·
· · ·

·
· · · . . ..

' . Distinquisfted
· · ·

·
·
/;f;.Y
· \J·'i~ >t,:~.,:)
· · · ./ris (:ogyns_a~d· J~s Pispositi"'~11J,.,::. ~~\.f f{..,.,;int'eirrfatit:inat'j~w
-~-1-1- .
.
! :~ .• · 1,r
ji~
_s9~~cepts. C:9._mmon, to the.' major· n_aUonal· · leg~I.
rj' (, ·. ···: r.v-;.,. systeri;ts nlie~ns· that· where there . ·1s . a gap 1n
the judg.ea ~av~,some a~.ility_to. fill
it rathertha?;~1n,prY.a.nnc_>Unc1_nQ t~at~he case cannot
be· de.cidect11:ik1t~us~no inter~at10:nal ·.law. cu:rently
'.exist.;> onlt\~jto~~~·.(~PPS,-~µpra.a~ 22). This has
,,.... refe.renc~not'.topJmc1ples of lnternational lawbut to
~"""Ii"" .• ;, .. · ,.'
It 1f,~-:i_aw,~j~C1-to,.!hEa?
• . .L~.\
I principl~j Ofxmuiil_pipa) law COm~On ~() the. Jega!.
r;,..-1 system~·,oftfre•wot,lft!,fBERNAS, ·:supta at 1l))..
dispgns~n::,!J.,.1)f
• ~-. ..Js,-./_ .< '-'~·
..
~ -'i
.· •· ~1,;..!
. f
-'~~l:t:-;·:(1.' ''1/--,.'Ji · .
• . ~ • .t...'. .;1..1_,
. ·. ·
parties ·(,-"· ·' , , • ,, ·.,,, Ex 1 ~---
... ~,...?".. iiJ'--,/-.. . f., .pl . amp es:. •. · .. . .
· '' :.J ··•1 ·- · f;· .1 :- · ,Convept of limitation; . · .
· . ;~;,i,r?t")?!~cipleof estoppel; ·anp · · . · · · . ·
.• . . . ,. . . . . .· .. ·. .• ~·-J .. ,, ,.-. C::::~~~~~'.'..~ii.ie'.o,ifbllrden qf ~roof (EPPS, supr.a at.21) .
. These . are · the·· .d4ties· These aret:4n~r'1)}/iof · · · · . ., ·. . · _ ·. . · _-
:~..,:- which· every ·state· owes· customary (,~t~~':a~{onal . . ·examples · 9f : Gener~1·.. Ptinc1pies · pf · Law
st, ta·.·. tl'ie ·. inf_er:n.ational .!aw ..to.un:oed',~fs~lf~·. · -~ecognized br:the Phillp_pin!? Suj:>reme_Co~rt:.,.
f{' community:· · · · .· · 1ntE!rest of part1c1p~tmg · 1. Delegata. potesta n.on potest delegwe. (OE!lamal
;,·. :r, .. .states. · · v: .Deportation .'.·Boar~; G:R. .. No. · 1..:c:.t_6812;
. .....
·~

..., · ·... · ·October 3.1, 1963);' ... · . .- : ., ·· · · ,

-f I•
2 ..- . In .case of doubt; the. :condition. of.: he··.. who
poss~sses rs·.·t!te.~.b.etter ,one. (The_~'Heirs of ·
·C?tnl)ot l;>Et ·. wci.iv~d.. May · b.e .. Wc;tived.,.. Th!3Y
Jumero v: ·JfJcinto·. Liztires,. ·<;3.~. No .. 5051, .
Thel.e • · rules .. : · ;:ire.. .birid ~mly . those . states
S_ep.tember 27,.. 1fJ10); and ... :.: _ ·. : : ·. .
~bsolutely binding on· al!· ·c~:ms.~nfing •to . be.
3.. The.place where a crime.i.s committ,e<!should be
·state.s a~ all:times. · governe~.by them.
first ascertained · in·· o~der to. determi~e the .
jurisdiction '.of the. cow:t or 'judge (':)nited. State~
ii. :i.\rceo, .G.R. No. t--2-733, March 2_7,.1f}06).
. . . . . .. .-· ... .
lnt~r: $e . .
agreements
d'er!)'galtng.: ·. . .. . from
Nothing, .. 'in. principle,
precl~des ·states· from . o. . juo1ct~L·
1cj
Th·e·
·o'ec1si0Ns·. · :. ·
·statute directs. the Court to apply judi'cial.
·· , · · · : ·"
·peremptory· norms· are at;ting in · disregard of
prohib.itel'.J· and are ~ul! ordinary · norms . Of· .. decisions as. SUb$idlary rn~an· fo°r the· dete.rmiriatiO~·
and:void'.. 1nteroalional · . law; · · of the rules of law .. aut tl)is is niade·subjecf to Art. ·59 ..
pr.ovid~d and ·. to' the of-the same statute, ,.,,,hich states.that, .,the decfr~ions
·.extent · that' · the of the court have no J?inding .forc,p. exceprbetween
:constituent instrument ·the parties and In respect,of·that parlicular case."
·.evi<;l~nces tti'e intention.

2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZED BA~ OPERATIONS I 345

 ~e&.::m?i.(.,SOS M f ff IIMI . 65€& & ·,em•b&;&i fti\l~

·.>;f:0.. . .PUBLIC -INTE.RNATI.ON.AL . LAW

· SA~ BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY,AID :)019· .

NtMPM ··- _wse@ea&&ki ·-·~··· SSRffiMiiid¥#'i4!"'*?"''Sii~

,Mit#ID
Hence, such. 'declslons do not · constitute stere F.. EQUITY . . .
.declsls, However, lhe decisions of- the ICJ° are not . · Equity, when accepted, is an Instrument whereby
. only reqarded as ·highly persuaslve in international conventional or customary . law, may . ·be
law · circles, they have also · contributed . to the. · supplemented or modified in order to· achievejustice.
formulation: ·.of. principle's. that. have · become ·. · Procedurally; it means a. mandate ·given tb a judge
intemationat law (BERNAS, supra at 1!)) •. to· exercise · discretion in 'order to achieve a
determlnatlon that is more 'equitable a~d·. fair
N~te:. They are not ·really sources, but. "subsidiary (BERNAS, 'supra at'21): _:
means" for finding what -the law is, ·and whether.·a
norm. has been accepted as a rule of Internatlcnal Non-liquet (_It is not crear)
law (NA CHURA, 'supreet 644). . . ·. . .. · . Refe'rs· to a sltuation where there is no applicable
· Iaw, and the _parties. have not a~reed. to have iheir ·
In oonslderlng the decisions ~f -coerts 'as subsidlary' case decloed ·ex eequo. et bono (SARMiENTQ,
sources of mtemational law, Art. 38 of the ·--ICJ· ·supr~ af 8). : ·
Statu'te· does not _ d1stinguisli . between those.
rendereq by. international tribunals like the !CJ and· .
· arbltratlon bodies and those 'promulqated only by
· national .courts. Both kin<;ls.· ot.: decisions . are · . ·
·1r..--. . .----------- . . . ---- ..,. .
.
·

TREA'I,'l:F;$: .
· acceptable-as lo rig as ttiey .are a correct applicat_lgri=---=·~ ..::.. _
and interpretation of the law of nations or u:!\de1'fak:e
to establish· the rule of internatronal_,j.aV:(~l.}Z-, ll
. ,~J · } -~ . . .
· . · · .: .
.

. A\tf'e~ty~s,;~~-i~tern"!~ional agreement concluded.

·

·supra at 25)..
.
· · '. ,;,:,/<"'- [.
·. /' '.!,:.. . ·_y:7·?.'~· .
:~s,=~~~~eOq'S~t~_.inwritten form and qoverned- by
. inte'm~tion'alJaw~ whether embodied in a single
Examples of lnt_ernational Co1,1tfs'bQn;b-:On~Js-:=-="-~AstrJJ.r.n~l~r);ii'\' N{~ or more r~lat'ed · instrun:ients·
·1. Internaflonal 9ourt of Justi1e(),~i ,-,/ f" · W> 1r ,~j:Jate~ it\~Qri;H~Li!prdesignation_ (VCLT, Art.. 2, · ·
. 2. Permanent Court of lnterg~t1?rf~l'/i.Jstiqe; Jr- . ~~. ,p'a.r. 1(af{ \_ f" \. .. . . . .
3. · European Court of Huml;l_'n Rrghtt; · 2 ·.. · • l \·( if)\\· . · .
4. International Militari/T-rilji\J~.t?t/ · .. ~-- ._. . :-Tf'l'jffacrlhata ttt~itY:~1unwrittenshall not affect:
5. lnter-Ame~ican Co.urt of~tim~ 'Rights;lan~''), r.:::.t'jpffs(~~al fon?~r:-__ ;I .· : ·. ·. ·... · · · ..
6. Permanent Court of Arbjtr~J~oi) . · ·\'. . ft·~-n,.#,8 Thelapplica~~n::col f~y of.11.)les · s~t fqrtti in ·ttie
· · . .. _· .-· ~ ~ ~ ('JI; ·. . -~c?.......::!:_C ~ w~4c.h'~ta!es 'l.(ould· be subject ui')der
E. TEA~Hlf:lGS . OF Tl(!~ tr"r;.tpST{.:;.l't.ll~ACY ~ l J 0 . 1i)Ji. . 1~naj,:.t>.-~wf _-independently of the
QUALIFIED PUBUCIStS-rl<1>F' \HE!.~rQUS!:¥.i~:\ Jt ,{@<;:,, -~R.ift~ hom and'Y § . . ..
. · NATION~- · .· · · \ I
.\., ·.. ~S,~':i;l ~~1:{ll;l~ap~~iktion Jot.: the...- Convention, _to the
Where there _rs no treaty and no.~control)rrigex <;:.tJ~e ': ~~$1lt_,ony-?f St,'~·tes· .as betwe_en . themselves·
. or legi~lative ai;;t'or judicial. de~i~n._ r~:~·t~!'fl~~~).,rrili-~d~ht~l'n~t~onal ~green;,ents. to which ot~er .
had to·the_customs and_usages of«:1v1hze.p~a!!_~~s~~IJl3~e~ts,,~f

commentators {The Paquete·f-!abana·Ca~e,. ~9/us_ ·lVI! f.\1~~;,:;~":

w~
and, as evidence ~f ti:iese·, to th1;3 ~otk~,~f'~}hrnn~<:e::oec.-.-."""""~ 7}f,Ai'J.f3). .
/,11"\ternatrbnar law qre. also parties

. . . .
· ·
. ....
. .
.· : -
67! (19QO)). · ·. . · ~'...,~~~ ..,. . . l-:r~~?ct~Jh~tthe 1·969_ Vrellr:ia Co11vent1on on the
. . ... . ·. . . .. . : : . · . · "'"""~9:aw of Tre~~ies excl'udes agreern.ehts involving O
•

· · HigtiJ.y.:qual_ified. publiclsts ar,e writers.whose maio
value depends; oq"ttie·extent' to which their books.
and· articles-;are cited as works ·of s.cholarship,. i.e., ',
based:pn thorough research iri!o .what tlie:'law is~°!<;!: . .
to: b·e (~ex.lat~} .r.ather, than comparing· the 'views of.
other writers· as.to-what·theyth.ink the law ought.to·
. bf! (/ex ferenda) (AUsr,· supra at 10)>. ·. ·..
. . . .
· international org~nl.zations· and: those between .
. st.ates: wbich;..ar_e.to be governed-by municipal laiiv ·:
. (le.es :not .mean. that' such agreeme.ntS· cannot be
cf\ar~'cterized_ ~s. inte'rnationaJ ~gree'ments; or that .
· .they are jnvali<!, but merely thaf:the,y .are not:within.
. t~~-·purv.iew of- the Corjvention (SHAW, supra .at
· · 904). '·. ·· · · · · · .- . · ·. · · · · ·
.

Example~·! · . . . Binding :Ett1·ct on Tl:iir~tStates · . ..

. ·1. · The:. works· of Hugo Grotius· (ih~ ·tallier, of _G-~oeral Rule::A treaty does. not. create- obilgations
. international law}; . . . · or. rights· for a third. State without its cb11$ent (VQL T,·
2. · Gil pert Gidel's :'Le Droit lntJ:Jrriation?IPublic de :.Art. 34j. · .. · . .: . . .
/a Mer";. · Exceptions: (ROR) · . ., . . . · .· ·.. · ..
3 .. Malcolm N. Shaw's "International. Law"; ·. .: , 1 ... A Buie.set forth in a.. treaty maybecbme bl_nding· ..
- . · 4;' Works-Of tile Jnstitut de Droit lriterna1iorial;and. · . upon ~ ·thirp state. as a· ci:rsJoinary rule of.
5. Works of the fnternaUon'al Law Commi~sion, · · . "ihternatlonal 'J~w :when 'it is recognized. as sucJ-i
(VCLT,--A.n: 38);· . .

· 346·.I 20i~ SANBEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

 F HMO 9EAtl I If ,,
PU.BLIC I.N.TER-NATIQN.AL.LAW
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRA_(IZEDBAR OPERATIONS - MEMORY.AID 2019 .
Miff IMP as·,~- ,; N:HFP,*!ffil96tfflLYft!NM¥!Ciif . IWM4i)d~Mi~ik#ME

2. An Qbligation arises for a .. third State from . a · permanent international exlstinq policies, rules,
provislon of a treaty if.._th~ parties to the- treaty · arrangements . laws, · or · agreeme_nts::
intend· the· provision to be the -rneans of (Commissioner . of concluded ·(1) to· adjust
establishing the obliqation and the third State. Customs v. Eestern.See the.details of a treaty;.(2)
_. expressly ·. accepts that obliqatlon in writing · Trading, -~R. No. L~ pursuant to or. upon
(VCLT,-Art. 35); ·· 14279, October 31,. connrmatlon by an act of
. 3. A Right arises for. a ·.third State from provision a 1961 ). the L~gislature~ or (3) in
of a treaty if the .. partles to the treaty .intend the the . exercise of . the'
provision to. accord that.riqht-elther to the third· President's· independent .
State, or to a group of States-to which lt.belonqs, . powers .. tinder· . the
or. to· ail. States;·. and the. third .State assents Constitution (Saguisag v,
theret6 (V,Ct., T; ;Art._.3_6, par. (1)). . Ocbos, G.R.· No. 2-12426, ·
. · _Januaiy_12, 201"6f :; : ··.· ..
of
Major Goditi~ati~ns·of t.J.:i.e Law n~at"ies:
1. .Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties; · A treaty . is . regarded as Executive aqreernents
2.· Vienna ·Convention on the Law ·of Treaties. . being on the same level- thatare inconslstent'wlth
between States and International ,Orgari_izations as .a: statute because· of either· a law or a ·treaty .
or betweenlntematlonatOrqanlzatlons: and . legislative participation are . . considered
3. Vienna conventlonon Succession of States in- through· the Senate. If ineffective. (Sagulsag v.
· Respectof Tre:aties.:- . · 1.-c":t
-ther.e is an Irreconcllable Ochoe, supra).
. ,r,/f~/) ( · conflict, a rater raw 'or .
A UN oecteretion is a formaland solemn. i·nstrum~_nt/;(;_' \ treaty takes· precedenc·e
·suital:>le for rare occasior.is·when ·prin.ciples of dr~~.c.;- ,;~,\ .over one that is-. prior
and· l~sting _..importance c;irl;l being._ -e_nuri~la'1?··:'.';''°'.'~~/$.~i!_uisag;;at· ·Ochoa,
Accorq1n~!Y,1t nas be.en <;>bserved U,at th~. l/0-vers{!f~: Tr:~.. .: cS<lPJ:?;)'"";,i~~-,
Decla.rt:;l(ro·,:i r;,f'Humap-Rrghts no longer .. fi~?;,mfo!he;:::J· q. ~-~-1~ ...

dichotomy 'o"f .:bihdihg_ ,tr.e~ty ._again~t:)1:00.-.b~nd(n.!r.td., . .. . . . f.tnt · · : . . . . . . .·

·pro~our.icem_ent,. _. !)ut . _ I~ _rathe~. • an~[~_!6ont~t1yp--,; ] •.\· N~t~. W~e~elf P,,'.3~Yt';> an..agre1n;e_nt ISJUSt a~ enJ1ty .
stat~ment of the rntem;:it1onal.collJm~ity.f(~fi.Zbn,v: . f1 w1t1:11n a s~te11no~pmdmg !ntern!3,t1onal_lc!Wobl1Qat1on.
Tagitis,·G ..F?. No, 182498, Df:!.e.e,rr,~'73, ZQ.p!J.)=.;- : . ·r_:1 (s-crei.atx-_a · __rjp_twiip_s_t~n~rng ·tha_t si;ud __ agr~e~e~t
. · . . . :· , - r:·:
. . ,t'f.< .... · c>-'Q~ :· · ·.. ~"\: _,includer;torelgn dlgrntarres as s1gnatones and that
Treaty:a·nd Executive .AgreJfi{~:fit-1,E>~!i.f.i,9.ui~\ied - [~'i-J its Stgoi!)'9::W~~~jtlj.-e~sed·by. represe,:it.;ltives . qf .
·. .. · ·::l· . . - ..... >", . tHJ: :;~!~~:ri~~t~T~~·e;t:f :6~~:~r(~~;~A~;
rf--!?-~t~ee_nlhe. government of the Republ\c of. the
' . JfN~,Rhjl_ippines;~nd the MILF is n9t _an internationally
. No distinction In their.binding ~fleet Y,P.~~-StaJsiM°- ~1':t!lJ~jrJdi.ng~r.eement no.r does it c-::mstitutea u~ilat~ral
lo.ng as the. negotiatlng.ftim;tlonaries:t-i'i_lyf;l re~ained declara,tion·_.on. the part_ ~f- th~ .GQv_ernment of. the
within their.powers (USAFFEVeter'ans~1<J.i;ia.tlotJ1 R_epu_~hp· of_· Jhe . Ph1hpp_1ne_s _becaus~ . th~.
Inc; v. .- Treasurer,of th,f Pt,ilippines,' G.R:. No.. L- c9mm1tmentsm.the MO~~AD were n_ot a_i;l_dress~d to .
10500 Jude 30 .1959)·. · · · · · · ~tat~s and_ no.t con:iplymg t~ereto. ~<;>uld i:io.~ ~e ·
·' · '. ·. detnmental·. to. the . secunty .. of , 1nter.n~t1onal
intercourse (The Province ofNor:th Ccitabato et al.· v.
. Tbe' Governir,ent.of the. Repul:)lic CJf jh~· PhlNppines
·n is con~luded : by:· the . It ]~: :concl~<!e.c!. .by the.r- · - • Peace ··Panef. on ·Anc.estral. Domain, _,.G.R. No.
Presidenfwith the.adviee President .· based '. .on
and«. consent . of. ''ttie authority· . gl'antea ~ by . .
. 18359{"ociober·14; 20.08).. ·
. . .
. . .
·. Senate. ·-.No.: 1rea~y. or 'coogr.ess:·. or based on· Kinds ·of·Tr~aties: (°LC)· , · . . . .. ,
.international '_agreeriient the.' . tnherent . authority t.. .baw-m.aking/NormaJive· (traites-lois) _:-. furth_ers
shall be valid ·· .. and g"raritedJhe President by . . community interest~ by s~tting up. int.ernati~;m:al ·
effective.·: . .unless the· ... · Corrstltutlon' . . ' · stal)dards which !:jre·~_st ach1ev~d·by universal
concurred. in by at ieast -{SAR.MIENTO,. supra at ·. . . particip~tion .arid -are· n.ot-1;-iasecj 01') tne principle
two-thirds' · of ·a1f. 'the 34). · . ·. · of recipro_cify; and .. . .'
· Memt:i~f.s of. the Senat~ ·. · · , ". . · · 2. ~ontraqUReciprocal/Sy11allagm;:itic (traites-
(CONST. Art. · VII, Sec. . contrats) ~ fu,:thers the indi_vidual int_erestsof.the
21). . parjicipatitJg.. States, aimi~g at th·eir ·mutua.l
. -benefit · which ·. is · best . achiev.ed through
It ... · involves political. It · merely involves. > re.ciprocai. obllgations ( do ·ut de_s) (EPII.. ·(201 _1),
issues;:- 9hanges in .arral)gernents ·. -on the p. 8). . . . . . .
national ·policw:. and _imp!"emen~ati9n of

2019 SA':'l·BEDA CENTRALIZED.BAR OP!;:RATIONS I 347

 ;iws_ CS INFiii 5 . ?:iiSPIWWZIMl&biil
i&MSi 41'89fhi4flCWJNdi

j:>·UBLI.C l·NTERNAT·1o·NAL:.L·AW·
SAN BEDA I.AW ~ENTl?ALIZED.BAROPERATIONS,- MEMORYAID 2~19.. • . .: ..
A •s **'*-'.AA
M+a& HfiiOIAAIAPSS ifif:fl1HtH1'fft&PtiU itt'NS,PNW!SF4\IR!iJ

~teps in Treaty Making: (NeSi_Ra-ExR.eg). : Obligation Not. to D~feat .the Object and
-1.: . Negotiat'ior,i·...:. discussion .. of the 'provlslons of Purpose of a Treaty be)ore lls Entry into
.the proposed.. -treaty, undertaken by_· the Force
representatives of the .confracnnq parties who A. Staie is c.i!:?liged. to refrain from acts which ..
are =:p'rovided with as 'tull. powers or. p/eins would defeat the .object and purpose of a treaty
p·ouvoirs'(NACH.URA,·.supra at 6~4).' · . · whel'): ... _'. . . . . : .
. - :. · a. It has' ~igr)ed the treaty. or. has exchanged ·
Full Powers . ·instruments.constituting.the treatysubject to
The .auttrorlty.qranted. unto a· representative of ·ratlficatjqn,·acceptani::e'or approval; until it
th'e-s\at~.to enter into, negotiate, sign 'and seal a shall' have' made ltsvlntention clear· not to
treaty .. Th).s.sh::fll be made by. the 'President or· · · become a party tothe-treaty; 'or." .. '. ·
. the S~cretary of Foreign Affairs, when delegated · b, It has. expressed 'ifs consent to bebound by
· (E.0 .. : No .: : 4.!59 . (1997); ', Guidelines tn 'the . tha· treaty; pen.ding'the-entry into forceof t.he ·
Negotiation of )ritemiitional,Agreementsancl its · · . treaty-and provicjed~hat such entryinto force
Ratifi~tioh, Sec: 4).. · . .: is· not unduly delayed (VOLT, Art: ,18).
' ·.· . -" . . ,·.. ,. .·.. ··: .... =... .:'1 ··... .. -,
. P'~rsons · ei:cempted f~9rn . sh.owin~·· fuil . Note~The power-to ratify.atreaty is vested in the
powers:. . . . President,' However,'. no 'treaty or international .
. a .. -Se.c:retary.of Foreiqn ·Affairs; .~"'=== ·- agreemel)t· sh,;311 be -valid and effective. unless
r- b, · .. Heads 6.'. P.~ilippine:c;l!Pl.oin~tic nii~~jpn:s''(for O
, '. . the. PUFJ?OSEH>f ad<;>phng -the te~t'0;. ~ ftrfaty--
T
~;i;e,~.~.~~edin by al least% of all theMembers of ·
L ·
L ·"",Jthr;·S!h~(CO.NST_.,Art.. VII, Sec. 21). .
. ·~~~a·~h:~t~!:1t~n~~~~~:~;~~~~r!t~=-1~i~~f~·i~·iAc~ ·.~Y ~h1~h· the· state ·f~rnia.lly
. a~~ ·. 7<~)·
·.. · .: · · ··/' · ·~:~~~~- .. --..~~C-E'{P.t~~eP5?~isrQ'ns c.if a·.t.rea.tygonclucled.qy
I .
c.. Represeritat1ves · . acc~E:~tecf/} · ~/ . tt:i~1 T '>."f' !ts"r~pre~~!il-~~~v~,Us purpos~:1s. tp enable the
' 41,
Philippines to an intep'atiori~l; orif~rence ~r · -.8u. .conftacti'n·~ partJ~\ to examine the tr.eaty more .
. · . to ari. int.ernational.or.§f1niza\ibh or pne. of its £1' closely andigivf!l:'1~{11,an opporlunity t.o r_efuseto
: : .. · O'rgans: fo[ !he·purp§se:J,f:~dopting-r.~he-tex~· .:,ll'~-~em\l.!1"idb]~=ir~.~\J~.d th~y find it inirni~I Jo·fheir.
-"..: ~f a_'treaty iri. that.·~~li~1ce, orgt11.i~~F1/ .. t.~;iliter!~.~s=(C_0 liii.:!f~r.a a.t .1.73) ..:_ .. ' ~· . '
9r organ (EO. No. ,4.5~fe,c.4). \ .\".mi.ITJllVI. . . J . . . . ~- l J: . .· . . . . .. ·
. · _ ·. · · · · ~ ...., ... ~ . C'-:]_\ >;-:. - ---.?~~lBlc R,~'quir~fre.nt·for Entry into Force:
·2: ;s.ignat~re.. -:- ·prima:ily h~f~o/1¢;1~\as\~"~·~~s.·o~~-'i aJ n-E~zcll.~}~·~.,~1 A,greements· : s~al_l. · be
. · A11tho~t1c.at~~g· the mstr~eYJ~'abd s1{1~'he!1~R~,, ~·.t~~p;,.,../ ~tr3n~rlJJl.:ed· "f6§b~~ ·a.tter-·. their srgnl9~ tor
· .. the good ~a1th. oft.he contract!n~art!e~'b".i-t,.~ '~/.~)>r:eP.a;at1~rJ ~.rat1f~~t10~ p~pe.rs. T.he DFA ·
does ....not in~icate the .-fin~L~ons.ehf-:,.of. the~~V' shiiJ:: t~ns:viit tne - agr_eements, : to<' the·.
in·. ca.s~s wh.ere ratificatlo~~of .th~,tre~ttSis"lE'' lf\r:.... .f1esic:Jeot·Jor :his :r:atification. ,T~e original
. ·requlrE:d,. SiQ~1=1ture · .does ':'~t ·c~~t~'a~ r), ·· '. · ~~si~~ 9.fq~m~nt~ill be returned to:Jhe DFA
obllga~9n t9 r-at,fy (CRUZ; supra,ltt.tf@Al~-=~:°"" ·•{"'\'(O!:JslPj)topnate~ct1ori·.· . '·· :· . ; . · :·. .·
. ".. :- . . . . . . •' . . . . . : '" ·v,. ·. 1i. i( /\ ~-b;\ iitr,.~afie.smust.~.o.mplywith t.tie requi~EHT)ents.
· Alternat . · . ·: · · . .' - .. ·- . _. , .. . . .. . ..~~.;!.. 1..Vl£':~:;A5r·E;,xe.cuti~e:.e,greerne._nt~, ·1n. ad~ition, th~
. A prin~ipfe whi.ch ·provides· that ·.a State's ·owri"=="~-. . Df'.A sh~I! tran.~mi_tthe:tr~at)e~to the Sena'te·..
name wil.1 be. listechihea.d qfother.signatories in . · ·,·'f?r. ·cqnc4n;~nce .: itr . ratification , py . th~
its own offidal·c.opy·ot the 'treaty; ·n· ts d"eyised to '. ,'.·· ·. President.. atcqi:npa.ri'ied . b.y c·ertified . true
'.. '·hand're sensiti'v.itie&'·o'v:er': prece.~ence and. to : . .·. COP~.ofthe !rSaty'.~nd~ratificatioi:i in.str,µment.:
· · .. malntE1ii1 · prihciple: ·-'of· -... equality · betwe.en. . .. '· Jhe:~oopurr,enc;:e shall .t;>e:j_f:!r;iqo1he: DfA. ·
·, · cqritracting 'p·arties (SAF{Ml~IVTO;.supra ·at ..19- :_. · Th~''DF.~: sh~II' comply with: the· provision qt
. 20). ·' · . . . . ·: _ ·. ~ the, tre.~ties'. i'rl effecting th!;lir ·entry into- fcir\ie
,.. . · :·_.,. :. ... · . ./ . ·:: [E=,~<No~)59~..'~e·c;_i).·. · . ·.
. Prdto·col de 'Cloture · · · · ·. · ,., .... · · · · ·
.. Ali instfument which 'r-~·cotds,the \vfnding up of. 4. . 'Exc.ha~·g~'of'ir1~tr~n:i;~ts'. ·~f. ~atihcatkjn. (C~U;,
the proceeding's of a diplgmatic qonference and ·. ,supra.at ,1-73): . . . -:'. ·. . , · · : . .-
·UsUally · includeS text- of. .dbctlmer;1ts ..· cirid Sets · ... . . . ~· · · ·· · : .· ·· · · ' ·
:agree·~ ·upqn, signed .by: th~ plenigoteniiarii=;s · ; .· 5:- Registratjon ·. and . ·-.fll.b.il~atic;m·... by~, .the
· · att~nding.-(tie·;~onferer:foe. lt.·is .11cit"the -treaty . Secr~~a.riatbf.th~ Uni.led l'Jations."(/d.): ··. ,· .
. itself~- ~ut'·.a sum~ary of proceeidirig_s: .. of a · · ·~ · · · ·
{ · protracted tonference which may. hav13 taken · .Note: A treaty .notregi~tered with' the· Secretariat·
· place over ~ever.:11 years (Tar,a.pa .i/:· Angara, canpot, IJ.e invoked before.. 13ny 9rg,q,:i.. of the
G:RiN~: 118295; May 2, 19971:_ . Vr:iited,Nations such ~.s the. !CJ (UN.'CHA~[ER,
. Art. 1.02(2)). · Nevertheless, it does not cease to
pe binding betw~en the parties' and m,ay'be '•the

. 3~8 I 2019
. SAN 9EDA
~ . CENTRALIZED
. . . . BAR .OPERATIONS
·.
: . ... .
 wsmn1a,1aa&a111:m1wae. er tNUb&!& •• ~-~ ..... . ·t •'Rj·~ } ~

·. . .- PU.BLIC INT,EiNA1fON'AL LAW. J J.:~i;fif.~,

.Ml#MMii!l6lf4!4?+f!9:'fA'!¥·! · WMfiMMISf--fEii!
• SAN BEDA LAWCEl'iTRA1:IZE~.;B/l•R. 9
;;__ ;_.,=~ 2!!~!=:.:::::::=~~=~--
~~;; •o·.=·.~~:!.
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~.~-· . . . ,.,. _ :==·~.:1.~,zz
~ +...-e,..,..
ll!l
-_.. ....·· ~ .'~1€.•·._•
·.·· . ,t .
basis for some other arbitral orjudicial body not Conflicts ·Between Treatles ;"
connected .wlth the· United · Nattons (CRUZ,· 1. Lex Posterior Derogat Legi Priori the
supra at 17$). . · · younger law overrides the older law;· .
2. · Lex Speclells Derogat Legi Generali - where.
Conflict Cl~us~s ~r S<!~ings Clauses·, two (2) laws g~vern the same'faciual situation, a
lt is not relatively common jn .multllaterat treaties to .. law govemio·g · a specnlc . subject matter
- insert so-called "conflict.clauses'' whlcbare i~tended: .. overrides a law Which only governs general :
to · make · express · provisions .. to resolve problems matters; and
. arising from aconftict between treaties '(EPI!:.., supra 3. · · Prior in Tetnpore, Potior. in Jure - he· who is
~u14r ·· · · . first in -tlrne is
·preferred in right (SANTIAGO,
suore at 115).
11/i)sfrqtion
Accesston . . . . . ..
. .... . . . . It is a process· by which a . State expresses jts
. Diplomatic
.... Negotiation:
-~--- - .
•. consent to· be bound· by an 'already existing treaty
'(SA.RMl~Nt9, supra_ at 2q): .
. Signing 'of-the treaty by the 'The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is ,
. . representatives. expressed by accession when:
t. · The· treaty provides. that such consent may be
Ratification . .-.of. .the · ·· b ·th. · ;.J{) expressed by· that s.tate by the means of
- . . . .. y .. e ". ~.! y;,i'; accession; : . .
'constltu ..tional o,rgans.
States.'
of.treaty
the
·
respective : .. /" ·.\
:,/;-.,;~,,1 2.
. . .
W!ien. the. n'egotiating States were agreed or
_,..... -----~.'-j,.,.,.-:,J . have subsequently agreed thatsuch consent
---..--·--- ..........-------~·, I· .• :·:·t~~;H-'.'t'·rn.ay b(:!:it!i.xpre$S€c;I
._
.§x~han~~ 'dt.t~e ratification
...,......,...,_.,.___..,....
instruments . .
__ .-f'"'<.!-,:r'!."!09.
_ _. ·
·'<, .u !r...<J~~--ti't~¢1,ss'101. ·. .
,\:_l;l 3 .. ·~1,1 th~ JJ~,!1es have, subsequently agreed. thaJ
by that State by means of
.. . s . . ' . •

_ .._ ---.-. -.-.-.--,--.. .. .1. . . . . . -.-. •.~.-. . . .-...,.,.,

.. ~eg1stra;_bc>n:w1th.am:;I ~u.bhcauoi:i by the· ·· · · ~
\,ii..: /h _ )).:c;;/1
'f~i
(A
. sucl'J.c9.}'l~eqt maybe expressed by that State by
•. meahs/o,~M.cf:!ssio11 (VCLT,Art. 15).
~ · ,f" ii ~
· ·
· .. . · . .. ,·
,. S~cr~t.anat of ,the Ur:uted ('Ja~Jons : : . • . c ~- !1:'-· Reserviti~>ntj . \ ·. · .
. ,, . - . . .. [, "".:7 --·""- ·1~., or n.a"'!ed,
'"-· • t!a·) ·. A_ un~a~.,r..~~-$.;~~em~% h~we_ver ph.ra~ed
· . . . .'-,1. · ::::: ,{' · accepting,
'':!:~'- Iii made~b~~:§,t~t.1~~eo signing r~tify1ng,
(Pimentel v. Executiv(;J S'ecr~ta'Yi. 1,:,. Gt-~".'./'.( · ?'l}
approvin.g"'1::ir-'--accedil?9 t.o a treaty, _whereby it
. No. 15[!088, Jut;: 6,. 2005). . ".~Y· \~ P-. !11 purp<:'r't!:l to ~~elude or·to modify th~ legal_ etf~ct.of
- _ · · · · ·\J., t,,· .. ';~j : . ·
,!1;:?'~~r!am pr.ov1s1oi:is.of the treaty 1n their application to
Restriction on the -~u.bject Matter;)f~Tre~ti~~~::::~'.0."~,t-!i}at~~-tY9~T;'Art. '2'. pa(. (1)(d)). . '.
(SARMIENTO,:supraat 15) . , . I• .r. · ;~.,~( · R I · R · · ti .
1. 'Jus. cogeiJs res~ricti.ons, - .A_ treafli~~y_g1c! if;- at · u es ~tl. ese!Va · on~. · . . . ,
· the . time of ·i~s conc;h:,~\on; ~onflicts,··With a A ~ - ,. A Sta.le may ma~e a. reserv~t.1on unless: . .
·peremptqiy norm :Of g~neral lnt~rnalional Law. ,· . . .a. The reservati?n is proh1b1te? by the tre!'l_tY,
( VCL t. Art .. 53\'. . : .. · ~ . .' . · . b .. _:The. t~eaty only · provides. specified
. · ·. .'. "' . · ·" • · · . · : · ·. . · · · · ·· . · rese,tvatlons; or . .
2. Prlnc1ple·.of Charter Supremac;:y- In the.eye.nt . Wh th f ·, · · · t'bl · ·th
Of ·a. conflict . b~fweeh the . oblig'ations pf the.. C. . en . e reserve mn. IS· _1ncompa I e WI .
. M · b · · f·th · UN.. d th.e UN c·harter and. the purpose and: obJechye of the tre.aty
~ll'l er9 p_ E! . un er · . . . ·: . (VCLT. Ail 19)' ·
their obligations' u.nder any other .interoati9oal ' . '
<3.greernent,. - theii: · <>J?ligatjon's · u'ndi=ir _the . UN , .' 2. -A reservation. . does not require acceptance .
Ch~rter shall prevail (Uf:! Chart,eri Art 193): · ·, unless. it is-otherwise provided by the 1reaty itself

Not~: A.tr.~~ty is. void. wt:ien a.t the tim~ o.f its
·(VCL.T.
. . Art
.
20(1));
. . ·. .
.. ccinc:1u·s,oi:i; 'it cenflicts .v~·ith juspog~ns n:orm .or. . a . .3. • Wt,en it appears .fr.om· the limited number the of
·.·if 'its coriclu~ion has .been procured.by the_:thr~~t nego.tiating Sta\eS',and the. object aod purpose qt
or use of' force in. violation of the. principles of a treaty that the. appli'Ration· of the· treaty' in its
·int'erhation·a1 law embodied iri the .UN 'Cha'rter · - ·entir~ty·between 'all.,tt)e 'p.art,es. is essentia.1 an
: (v¢i;f,· . Arts;· . 52 · and . s:i, ·.·as·. -:Cited. · by conditi~n of the consent of !:lac!l oil~ to b!3 b:Ound .
'i.
SARMfENTO, st/pra at .16),- . by the treaty, a··reservali.on reqµires acceptance
f··. by all the pa,rti.es (VCLT, Art. 20·(2)). In special
, ... ·. cases, .a . competent orgarf or cirga'ntzatjon .to .
which the '.treaty,'·is. an-· integral 'instrument; must
give its a!=ceptance (VCJ._ T, Art. 20 (3));
. .. . ..

2019.SAN BEDA CENTRAL,IZEO.BAR OPERATl()NS '1 349

 . 4. Unless thetreaty otherwise- provides:" · . Travaux·preparato/res. . .
a. -An acceptance by another contracting State The "preparatory Work" of a treaty that contains its
of . a. reservation constitutes the reserving legislative history. It is used as a supplementary
'State a p·arty to thetreatyin relation to that a
means of interpretation of treaty (V.CLT, Art. 32).
other State !f. or wh'en the treaty is in force
. for those States;.' . . Grounds . for Invalidation o.f Trestles: (EFC-
., b. ·An objectlon by another contractlnp State to ·ccJR) ·
a reservation- does. not preclude the entry 1 .. grror (VGLT, Art: 4~); .·
· into· force of .the ·treaty as between- the 2. fraud (VCL T, Art. 49); . . . .
·:objecting and - .. reser:vit-ig ··$.tates,. unless a .3. ~orruption of a representative of astate (VCLT, ·
contrary lntention is aefiriltely expressedby Art. 50); .. · ·
the obje·cting.State;.. · · · . . . 4. £oercion of a representative of a state .(VCL r; ·
·c. An 'act ·eipres~.ing a :-state's consent to· be Art. s1); · · . ·
· bou.r,,d by 'the . treaty· ·a·nd. containj'ng a · .· 5. £oercion of a state by use of. force (VCLT,-Art.
... . · .:·resefv8tiorl'iS- effectiveas ·soo_rj as. atleast . 52); . .. · . .
one 'ether 'contraetinq- State-·.has. accepted 6 .. Violation. of .J.us coqens (VCLT, Art. 5q); or.
: · :*e.reservation..-(VCL,. T,- Art. 20, (4)); · · 7. 'Violations of the flestrictiens imposed on' the
. . . . · authority of representatives of-a-Sfate:.(V9L T,
5. .A _res~~atl_o~ 'is cci~s!-~e-re9..· to.: ha:v~-- ~e~,,...".'"'=s,~~Art -. 47)-. . . ·• . ··. · . · · . ·

.,
·: ac?ep~ed. by a $tate ·1f it _shall_ have._!~Jsecf"no_
obJectlQ~ to the ~eservat1on-. by .. ~~~erictJ~f_a { .
"'LJ.
1\ -r"""":._q,_,, . · · . . : .• .· . ': -, .: . · ·
1~r,~,u~d~o+the Termlnation or Susp~ns1on of a
per!·od. of twelve· (1i): mont~~-<J_~ei\) i_t: .~.--:-:-~.t.~ty:(fg.~~~-WEED-~S.:J) . . .. ·.
notifled of the reseryafion or,,,;' y-tl'i~9.pte· on · 1.~~u;.eemE:21~\the
. parties; _ · .
. · which it expr~ssed' it~ c;on~;0': fq_~Yo!:f.p~Y~4~..,..., ·.§.gat-~~&tr~/i~r
is alre~dy realized; . ·.
tl)e treaty, wh1ch~ver 1s late(~Plii'f!;'A_rt.ffe.O, (5))t );''. ~Y Maffnat,~~~1.~~·(¥CLT, Art. 60); . · : . . .· · ·.
· ·. . · . . ' . /(. "'Y/ .: . .ft' l ·. ·'.!if~.
A~ . ~up~rv~n~g·!me~ssibility of Perforin~mce
6. .A, reservatioQ is only eff~~ti~~ tq;th~ s\pte-party 1.,l. .\,.. 5. B.ebus_ Sic.\ta,ffipqs or the fundame·ntal change
·who .n:'a~.e tl:le reserva,~i~1)t:d_~es n<:Jffc.ilte.[~~~ .J!. -:--:-.• orciffurnstcl1p~~~CL!,Art. ·6.1); · , . .. . ·:
_prov1~on.s of th_e b'ea_ty w1tn"'r~~pect to !_h~.otfi,_~r7· q~l!atet!nconststen~tf~aties betwee,:i parties; ..
se
stateaparti~s· ~!JJf?r <VfLL,,~ltl,: 21~-( . ; ~_ndd:t~1' .-!~ ~ii war?~w~elJI t::o~i1Fting parties.(SARMlf=,NTO,·
' . . . . . . . . . ' -~ ~ ~. ·: ;. \ . . . c"-C... suer}lca_J;30J0 . 9:· . . . . .
.
7. A res_e:'~tion ,is · d_~1~fJ(~~ · w(t.t,· g}',, and•tl'! • j !f~~ :g~if.ijl}on~f fer~f, · · · . . · . _ . ... - .
i.
communicat~d to the St\te•.parf{~~ --~@r,'\..~rt~ .::(.-&1)~'n:cflo'n Jf one-0,fthe part1e~-to the ~reaty 1n a_ ' i

._23(1)): ·
·. · .. · ·.
·.· ·
·..
.. - 'i~ .. \\ ·. ~l~~ · -~i· .!?_!?_ifJ.rtiteJfaeaty,w11j'ren_the righ~s _and·obl_l~atjons
. ~\ :· ·'\"':-.· .· .:-1~"-~,,....J::' ~~0uld .9pf devoly,e upori succeedir;ig S~at~; · .
i
'AMENDMENT.O~ MODIF_l~ATI~N OF.T-REAt'6'GJrr~~t-;::::p:::-'{?1_(
~..:!!.e_n_wciation .,,,0r. D.~~is.tance by ·_one of the
. · · · · · · -' . · ' ..,.,.,,__~:,..,..P.ftl'tfes",.,·· ir · . · - ·.
. Aril~n_drn~nt_. "":. formal . ~lt_er~ti.c:in. '\q((~~~?l'Y'=~:rftko,~-~s~~c~ . ma~er; .- . ·_._, .'.. . .-
. . . _PrOVl~l_on, -~~-e.cJ1.~gall parties to thE;i.a~r.eetoe.o~J . );, ,ift_.?!-(§~~~a,r:1ce OJ . d1plOr)1atrc ,. relattqns. when.
. · · · . · . .. . · _ . • ~ 1V;1{.')·;'.;°!!l.-dt.~n~able1n .the treaty;- : ' . · . . · ·.
Modification.-: variatiOf)S' of· certain tieaty'-terrns -~==-~~-Emer_genceof 'riew Jus Cogens Whlcti 'r.enders. .
betw~en J').articulaf parties. only (SHAW, ·supra ·at.· · · : . :voicl any el;<isting'conf)ic;;tjng·treaty (NACHURA,: ·
· ·9$0). · ·.-· ·.: - :·· · ·: · · · · · · .. · : supra at 68.~), · ~ . · · .. · · · ·.

lnt~tpretatio~ of .Tre~tie's:..(ANJ~~SC) .· : ~ot~:

t_he_ r.igh! to give n9tice or withdxa~ai15 'known ..
1 .. ·Actuality-base~ d"n the· act!,Jartext; as right-of deni!nc.iatfotJ (Id), ... ' . . . .·. . ·
.. 2. . Natural· and Qri:li~ary Me~ning; , · . . .
· 3. ·!ntegi'c\tiof'I_-'- irite'rpre~ed a}; a whole; . . Doctrine of Unequal-Treaty . . ...
· 4 .. .5.ffectlveness - (Ut Magis _Va/eat' Qi.Jam. Pereat), . . .The r;loctrine posits ttiattreaties whiGh are \,meq~~I" ·.
. . based.on obje-ct and purpose; . . .. . ei!her because. o(their ·s.l!hstailce. (e.g. :iJ:rEJyimpose .
' - . 5 ..· ·.s:ubs·equent.Practic.e;· and ·.: · . . · . . o_n' one p·arty .only' obligations and .grant. to ~ncither-- .
6-, -~ontempcit~neiity' - "interpreted 'lr{ li'ght · of . only.rights, or impos·e.'extfem~'.i'estrictions on the.
linguisfic(tJS'age CU(J'enfat t~e-time wtien.,the .. · sovereignty ,of one party'oniy),' OF q°eCqUSe o_f'the·'.
· .--: treaty.was.c91)clude'd (EPIL, supra .at $6J_: . · unequal proce.au·r~ .(e ..g. 'concluded upon· ecoiiom)c ·'
·. : · · · · · · ' ·· . or . political coerdon) are: not ·1egally · b}oding
.Note: A treaty ·s.l_lall· be i~terpreleci" in good faith i~ ·: (SARM~E,:.JTO,. supra at 30). . . . .
i . acco'rda~_qe wit~ the-prdinary m:eaning (o be giv~n to
the terrns ·of the.tr.eaty in their context and in ~he light
cif.its pbject.and purpose (VCL'J:, Art."31)~ .
• •. . . • .. ~ ! . • • • •

350 I 2Q_i9.SAN BEDA CENTRALIZED ..BAR .OPERATION!f

....
 • . . . • ·" . . 1

PU BL1·c 'I.NTERNA TIONAL -LAW:

. SAN BE:C:JALAW {:ENTRALIZWBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019 .
es .,.e
ME

FUNDAMENTAL
5¥

PRINCIPLES
¥#HFS&dH4i WI

CONCERNING
'
Role of Executive Department
TREATIES · The power to neqctlate and enter · jnto treaties is
. already included in . the. inherent powers of the
Pacta Tertils Nee Nocent Nee -Prosunt (a treaty , President in the conduct of foreign affairs; subject
binds the parties and only._the parties) . only tothe power of·the ·senate to concur-in treaties,
as Spelled outin 'Article VII; Section- 21 cit.the .1987 .
P~ct~ Sunt·Servah·d,i(aqreements must be·kept) Con?tit~ti~n (SARMIENTO, supra at 23). · ·
Every treaty in force is -bindln·g· upon the parties .to it . .. . .
an~ must be performed by them in good faith (.VCL 'T, Privileged Character of Diplomatic N~g_otia'tions
''Art~- 26) .. · - . . . . · . . the pnvileged character ot diplomatic ne_gotiaOons
has l;ieen recogni;zed lnthls.jurlsdlctlon. In Cnevez v. ·
Rebus Sic Stant/bus (thlnqs.standtnq thus) PCGG, the -Col)rt held that, "Information on. th'e
;., fundamental chanqe of·cirqurnsta_nces which has goyernment 'ex·chariges pric'ir..-.to.. the' concluslon of
occurred witti.r~gard"to those existing at the time of trestles and. executive agreemerts .rnay 6e· subject
thevconcluslon of :a. treaty: and. which. was not. to reasonable satequards for, the sake cif national
·.. foreseen by the parties, may be invoked as a ground interest. ln-'People's. Movement. for. PressPreedom
. tor tem.ilnati~g or v.vith<;lrawjng from the treaty if: . · (PMPF) v, Manglapu_s, the .Court stressed tr,a't "the
1. The· ''e.idStence for . those circumstances' secrecy of ne,gbtiatio~s with.forelqri.countries is not:
.. constituted .an-essential basis otthe consent of violative of th~ Constitutional provisions of 'freedom
the;parties·to,pe b.oUD,d.·by the treaty; and · · /I'\ · of speech or of ·the·. press nor of the freedom of
2. Theeffect of the change is radically to transfor,r;,(~'.-?( · access to information" (Akbayan· v. Aquino, G.R No .
.· Jhe extentot the obligatiohs_stilfto b~ perfi;>~~,ctt,~:·,'1~\ 110~16, Juty·16, 2008).
un~er-the treaty- (VCL T. -Ad. 62, par, (1)) .. \ <-:i . :._1.J'l~I • •. • •. : . . . . ·
: . . . · . . . . · . '\i :,.,_ r • , !''/. Ho,w~v.er;m.f<:>rmabon·p,er:tamingto contracts entered
Note:,This does riot operate..automatically, Tb~fe L~~' ;;Y:;_i::-i.i;1t~t:;bY;,JD~;,~-gov_emm~nt in its, proprietary or
a necessity for a formal act of r'ejectiori, J;S,ually by'·J q com·rrte~era.1':papacity is not covered by ttie dqctrine
·_the Head ci_f State, _w{th ~he ~tiitt::rnentf~~the'rea_s?ntLJ,. ofexecutive/~t,t¥ilege·.(sARMIENTO,. supra at 2°1). ·
whx qon:"!p!1ance w,th_ the, trea~y_,s "? 18n_9.E:rtr~q:!,roo.,.:--· I·"" . . : . .t -11 \ ,· . · .. ·. . .. ·
(Santos II~· v.. ·Northwest Orient A,r/mes,lf?/:?·.' tfo.: . ~-·l Ro!e of·Legl~lat1ve Depart,rient.
0 . · '·. .
. _101538, June 23,. 1_!)9i). . ·.· /!.'?-:~ : "tr~·.-; '.."-- .. 11:~ ·No tr€a~f?r ;ntetr-1~U0rial agreer:nent shc1Ube·v.a1id•
·-· : . . · . . > . _. ·. r.,<:;,-_,, J:;:'-.-,., · ·- ~ {;,i and:.eff~ctrve~t:mle\s.concurred in ,by at,least 1wo-
. R~qui.sit~_.s. ~o,r ,Appl!catlb'nt"of:..,;1-R.i~bljs'.'":~§Jr;... [:·,~11 ~hir.d5Z(~l3j:<5f;.]!.ll~mEfi,Ybers- ofthe. S1::1~ate"(CQNSr
Stal}tibus:(SUCl~9) . '-Ii< · ?'-4~\ ~\' \. ·. '[->-', Art. Vll,""Se~,_?1)~-oi..r · · .- · : . ·
. 1: T~e ch~nge. must· be· .so ~i:J~~pJiar:.(~9_at.t~i i·;'/. · . . . .; . .. . . . . · .
.,, · ·= {9.undabo~ ..of __ the· trei=!ty·must\,nat~ alJ.~~g~ther . f~\.--;::.~-e>le_Qf_·~ud1c1al }J.epartmen~ .. · .. ·· . · .. . .
• . d1s~pP,eared; . ·. l\-"---;.;. J . _;,,,.f·-1.M~~.rre.yrew,. rev1se,-~reverse, modify or affirm .on
)lo 2: :The change must ,have . been- Ubfor.e_seer,(.-;o,,.=:-;-.:~•-• ap?iea1~61.certiorari, as 'the law:or:the R,ules ·at Court · .
:; . unforesee~!Jle".atthe.ti"me-ofthe·pi?.ef~citiortot)he in_ay provide, final judg~eDtS and_ o~ders of lower.
~ treaty; . · . . . '. ·'"".r':----.,!,J ·. . · coµrts in ..all c~ses- ·in Which the ·constitutionality or · ·
£. 3: .The change mast not hav.e:been .Cai.isef{by the . valia1ty of .any: treaty, international or ·executive' ··
b. .. -party.invoking the doctrine;··. - . ~greemerit'is= in. qu_e~tion (~ONST. fort 'Vf/1,-Sec: 5).·
' 4 ... The ·doctrine· must -be .. !nvo.ked. within a · · · · · •
f. · ·. reasonahretime; . .. . . . . V~fitlify· of the- Vi~it'i~g- F:9rces·Agi:ee:meilt . · .
,. .· s:
t_". The Quration.of tt:le 'treaty:mustbe indefinit1:f; ~n·d
6.- ··The dt>ctrine cannot Qperat1::1 h~troadrvely,· i ..e,,. it
Sec.: 25,· Art. )(VIJI of. the. i9?7 Co"r;lstitution -states·
tha.t: "-After the: explratiori ·iri. 199,1 · of ttie· Agreement
r'
f::· · ..,mist not adversely affffct provisio_ns-·which have . between th.a Republic· of Jhe. Philippines: a.rid. )he ·
r ·. _already" b~n- complied With ·prioF·-fo the .. viial .:United St~tes of America concerni"ng military. Qases;
r. cha_nge · in th~- siluf::Jtiim (NACHU[?A, supra\ at :. foreign m11itaiy bases, .troops; or facilitres shal~ not·

r.i
... · ?87)._ · ·· · . · be a·llowed rn. the Philippines·.expept -under a treaty
.
·duly ·co·ncur.red·in ·.bY ·the' ·sanate·,and, when the
Exceptions~: . , .. . . Cc;m_gress---so require~. rati_fied by a majority ·of votes
1, .The -t~eaty establishes a boundary; or : . · cast by·the pe·ciple-in a national referendµm held.for.·

If:~.
~,·
'.
..
2. Jhe · f~n_damentar_.change· is Jhe _resu.lt of a
· · . .- brea_ch 6y 'th'e party ln:vokirig it eitner of an
·-Obligation· "iinder. the .. treaty or. of any other
. international obliga\ion· owed. to. any other party
. 'to
. tne .. treaty-(\/CLT, Art." . 62 (2)).· .. · . · · · : . · .
that i,urpose; and recognized as a.treaty by the \)ther
c:ontracting State.." This ha·s Qeen complied.·witt:i by
. , . virtue of the fact that -the presence of the "US Armed
Forces through the Visiting Forces Agreement
("VFA") is a pres~nce .allowed urider. the RP-US'
Mutual· Defense Treaty (195.1 )~ Sihce the· Treaty has
be.en ratified an~ c_oncurr.ecf-in._by both the Philippine
· .. Senate and the US ·senate, th.ere is no· violation bf

2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIQNS I . 3·51

......
 -1
~~~ ,_.,...,., A f . I I ·4 . t EIM:e"SM>iYIKt& -&lid

)~~ ·PUBLIC. i:;NTE:RNATJONAL LAW

~· . ,:&:. :n:;\ll·r,,111111¥ WIM'ri::SEDA ~~::rRA:!o::~.OPE:~~NS-;:::.:;:tfP.lrlHdli ft c 'i-ltfo§j dP I~

the Constitutional provision. The VFA. being a vaud:
. implementing . agreement to jhe 'main, treaty, the
parties are required as ·a matter of international law
to abide by its teirm.s and provisions {S/mbolon 17. ~
Romulo, G.R. No. 175888; February 11,.2009). The
VFA agre'emenrled to the annual military .exer!,:ises· . .
_(f3alikatan exercises) between thePriilipplnes' and ·
the U.S. ··
· 'ordered the estaollshrnent of the "comfort women" ·
V.alid'ity. of 'the Enhanced Def~n~e: Coop~/ati~n
Agreel'!'lelit . ·· . ',
The· President i'nay enter · Into an executive
agr!3em.erit on foreign military' bases, -troops, or
.facililies, if (a} it is not the.lristrument 'that allows the ·
presence of foreign rn.ilitary · base's, troops." or,
facilities: or (b} it merely 'ainis to implement an ..
existing law or
treaty.' 'The. Enha11ced Defense
<:;oop~ra.tion Agr.eem~nt is ya.lid, withou~necessity of.
se·nate's. concurrence as it merely implements
., those already autnoriz~d under t):le 'visitingg0re~"-;~=:~-etitiQ_q~~s·.
Agreement (Sagaisag v. ochoe, <;,.R.~o:""21~26,
January 12, 201·6). ·. . . /~''')
....... -· · ,,?";,.
Conco,:dat . . .. .' /':(-,,~.1~
A treaty or·agreement between Jt'i,pfr.~e,and~;f$tate
. or Government that deals Wi~elig'[~µ!' m~tters, ~·
8. lndiv,iduals, to a certain extent (See .discussion
on lnd!vidua/s;NA CHURA, suprcfat 646): . ·
Pursuing a .Claim is Dlscretlonaryupcn the State
MALAYA:LOLJ\S (petitioner) have approached the
Executive Depa'rtment through· the DOJ, ·DFA, and'
QSG. requestinq.assistanceln filing.·a.'clal_m against
· ·· · .the Japanese ·official~ aod military· offlcers who .
·stations in tfie Philippines. However,'officials of the'.
. · · · · Executive · Department declined to :· assist- the
petltloners, and took the. position thattrte individual
clalms.ofthe comfort women forcompensationhad
already peen fully· .sc;itJ.sfie.d.by.' Japan's compliance
with thePeace Treaty between thePhilipplnesand
Japan." · •. ··.· ... · : .. · .. ·· · .· · · ,
· ·. · · · · · ··
The S1.Jpr~me.. Court' r.1,Jl~·cf that ~t:ie .Philippin·es. is n~t
· under.. •9ny international obhg.ation ·to espouse
claims. A State ':"~Y exercise d!plomatic
LJ.
f!r.,o~~tf>fh::.~~wha~e~E:,~ .means ~nd . to whatever. _
r~.
-.o.-rro.:,:~e~te!}~'1t}~1i&_,~t, fo~ •t.1~ lt~.OWIJ nghtihatthe State_
\%
.;-r,:,=. =w-:a&.i~rttr;ig. :~q\Jl?}he ·nat~ral .or legal. ~rson. on -
~r
_...~-~~e.ti~'*~<;Jlf-t!,~:i,i~!mg

A'l\
consider t!ia~ ~heir rights 1:1~e ·
not a"cle~uatety· P.,ret~c.ted, they ·h~ve no remedy m
"filie~a_t\na1\~~~A11lt:1ey can 00 is resort to nationai
·well.as ttie recognition ~md prjl/il,e.ges/>ithe fi9ly sle ),\.~ 1aw.. if m\an.5 ~~t,r8jya)r~ble,~~tli a vi~.w to furthering
in other States (SARMJEN_T<(/,t~J;!tf./Jat
~ . · ' /t ,,,__,( ,¥ .
141-----:-~~es·
· ~
'
ti'.l~ir:eal,~ or.d~~~~trdress. . ·. . ,.
.i \" ' (\ · - ·
Moduf;' Vlv_end_i : ·: ... · K . ·.ti:-. :-.
LJ· ~T ·st .~. tlier~fP.!~1'~
A temporary ·~r prov1.~1oll?b:,f9r ~rn.~.ot«\ usuaTl~~i] ~theiJts~~rote}t1on
\ .7 '<(~c"""":,, (£,....P!~,"71. . '
..the _so_re j4dg~ .to-decide:
jvlll be granted, to what extent
,e i.'
;ntendOd to. be ,eplaced 1aq,,
on! Ci!{)!/1,~~cc J.
;tJs.~nll!<lilanWY'~j/ ,li,;11 ;; ce~.,e.JI nataITTs; ;n \h;s . '.I
i
permit, by one. of a more peli!:9,~e:Pt a -~~t,ai)~dJt· 1~1~pecJ,.W.scrltfona.Jv)po~ert~e exer~ise·ot-v.ihich · :- I

character (SARMIENT.O,sup~ at .15J\·~'\~ tg1lJ ~li1~·

e"Z~)t~~n.ed !)y,tonsid.E!rat(ons:.9(~. politi~I ~r. 1··
. : . ... \. ·· . u -~~,.;
~tfi 1a~h,ire:5!ri~el~t~yfto·the:part1?ula~case·(Vmuya I
i
.· . ~·· . . . ,.'!....~~ mulo,/3.R. fl/0)!!162230, April.28, 2~10).. ·.
.. • · N,• ·,- ~- ·~Q 1EN't\~) ~~ · '.#.. '. ." •' · .
. SuBJEP.T AN'D.OB~CT:7~~ ~ ~ :g~J;cJ~f'fi),t~rjt~tio~al
.. L~_w· ,. ·' .. : : ': ..
· I .' . · . . · ·. . · ;~~:.:.~"~)'. -~-=:--td'safpf\~),jJJflh1ngindirectly vested w1tfl n~hts.and
: .. NTERNtT_IO~~~ ~'W~~~·.~:~;J.ttw inte:.~tional ·~~~er .?~AR_EZ;.
, . . . . . ·- ~ . ... ..
SubjE!Ct of ·Tnternational.Law . . . . . :$ubject:and C?J>jeci QfJnternation.al La.w.
An ·entity.. that l:Jas 'right~· and r~spom)ibilities· _U!l~e[ . · . . .~i~tlriguished.
infornational '.'J.aw ··. and ,cari.:· be. a ·proper party .. in, .
transactions iny0lving .the. applic;3jjon .. '·pf·~ law ·Of .
r:Jc!tions among.membefs of,interna1.ior,~l·comm.unity · ,
. (NA.CHU~A,-sl.ip,r.i,at 646).. in other:words,:tl\ey ~re
. tho_se w.ho·haVE! iriter.n~1ional' personi:ility. They ·are .
actors. in. ·the i.ritep,ation~! legal .. ~y~t~m ancj are :Jt. ·.ha~. ''rig,hts · .. and It::,; -~.p~rso.rr·ci~ thing'.in ·
'distinct fr.om objects·of inter:natio9.al law .(BERNA$. . responsipilities · under respect of ·which . rights ·
· s1.,ipra ..at l-·1). that iaw: .·. . ·· are:held,an~ . o(?ligc1t,iqfls
. -. · as.some_d:by,th_e·su~ject:.·
· Examples of $ubj13ct:
:l .. StateSj . · .
·2: . Colonies and. dependencies·;
3. · Mandates ~rid.trust territories;· .-. .
.It • has• international I( , · is·· _. ... not ·
directly-
personality ... to dlr·ectly 'governed by th~ rules of
4. · Beilig¢renf communities; . .· . · assert rights and be.'held ·intemationanaw;
·5;_ · International administrative bodlss; responsible u·nder the
6/ The lJnited Nations.; · : . - ·. ; • . · law of n~tions. :
· 7. .-The'Vatica'n and the. Holy,·See;.a~d

. . .. .
,3!;i2 I <;019 SAN BEDACENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS.
 Sidi ff , •• A MM¥&¥iYWM •. . ! -.GliP&•AVihil41W11111S"i!!'t:::a!:.~t-·.-
...

PU-BL·1·c.l.NTERNATIO:_NAL·LAW . !:/".~/:., ·
SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED Billj OPERATIONS.-MEMORY A(D 2019 . ,· ·; :,
. i""&lft ·3 t+N~Nk&i8iNDPMiFtA€ 14. DPP9¥fy&MU aMMi·k<fS!lll.lu 'h:i.L

It can be a proper pafty.in Its ·rights are ·received
transactions involving the and _its responsibilities.
·application of the law pf imp.osed
riatrons ;:imong members through_-·
of . . international instrumentality of an
communities.· . . interrl)ediate a'gency,
.· . ..
(NA(?HURA, supra at 646)._
Classification of States:
1. Sovereign States.. ~ · 'those ~njoying · full
membership iri. the international community
(FENWICK, lnternationiil Law,· 3,c1 · Edition,
(1952), p.10£?[hereinafterFENWICK}). ·
. . indirectly 2. Neutralized· States - those upon which the ·
. · · the of
status petr;nanent neutrality .was formally
imposed by aqroupof g·reat·powers(FENWICK,
supre aU0?-108) .. · . , .. .
3. Dependent States - those that have. practlcally:
complete control· qt their domestic affa_irs while
·they have been subject to a greater or lesser ·
degree of .deperidehce --upon another Stat!;i in

l State . . .
STATES·.· ..

.. .
.
. respect.of their.control. over their relations with
. ·third states·(FENWICK,:·stiptaar 115). · . :
· . · a. Vassal· Stat~ or, Sta:tes under S,uz~rainty
-·those subject to. bond·.of .. vassalage ana
dependent upon. their "suzerain State for
.

It is an entity that. has a. defined . territory and . . foreign affalrs (Id.)_. . . . . , . .

permanent population, under the control of its own ',.. ., , , . b, Protectorates -. ~t,;1te which by formal
govemm~nt, · and that :engages in, or· has th~:.~:".Jl treaty placed itself under the protection'ot a.
capacity to engage in, formal relations with otll~y/·;,.,_ -·· stronger power, surrendering upon the latter.
such entities (Montevideo Con~ention an Righ~s(~~1,'-·:,;1\ .. control over its· foreign affairs (FENWIC!<;:
Duties .ot. State (1933),' 'Art.. 1 [herem~r(r.,;))tL..'.-.. ;,.. ·_-SIJP,.':a,_ at .119). . . · . ,
MONTEVIDEO CONVENTION]); 1:
.. >,-:f'' (,.;~ j;;.-;.4:U~8~f~d.!:if-iltion·an~ Un_lo"! ..,...·States which are_
?;>~- . ·;'· !1 . a-ss0e1«;1t~ f'!r certain sp~tfic purposes: .
· Facts·of.Statehood:· (PDG.C)· .' ·· . /!Y. · ;t.LJ~ a. Rei:!htUllon :.... when two 'or mere-severally '
·.1 .. ·. fermanen.t population: .- .- Yi1.c. )~"'¥~ · r
.so».'~~1,9 ·stat.es·have ·the same-monarcb l
~. Qefiql:d.te.rritory;. . _,; · 1·;, },~;,i · . · ;.-, cif<!d}or'tnte_rnatiorial purposes ;;ic! 'as .one . I

3. §dver~ment; ·and·. · __ . . -.<::ff: . <,;~'£:..,.., \-;} . . · §tate,(F£.,YWICK,supra at 121); .· · . .

4. · ~apacrty.to enter ~rito reli¥,m..ns WttJ:i:o.(ner sta!es'~ L~,\ b.. .f.~def~I states ~.control: of the externa_l.
(MONTEV{DEO CONVEl\fTi'f;BN,~~j}·t.::;1_..._ 11~~ . ~fe~iTe>n~.Af,t)rthemem_berSfat~.s. h~~ been·.
•''
;~.,
I;'
·
Perm':'nent Pop,ulation
. · .
-·!~e
""->:... ?.-:..1"3{ «P-:,- ~- . [:fl
po~~!~!/f'm.,_~~~~- n.p,J rt . · · ,'. ... iletrr..:.~'f!?t!Y, surtendere_d.· to · a . central
go~e~nni":nt· ~Q t_h~t: the· only· ~t~te whicl)
have to .be ~o,m?9~n_ou~.rac1aUy, _ettn!calJ:YrtpbaUy,, · ~.L- """" · · . ex.rsts for 1nte.m~tt.c;malpurposes 1s·the·~tate
-religfously, hngu1_fhcally or ottierw,s!}.: t~-tJtmu.i;J ~e ,:"":1:!Ji1,J,~J~Fmed by_ we· unron .(B(?IERL_Y;-_The -Ja_w of
a-.settl~d populat1onrtho1,1gh the pres~!lf!:l o~ ce,r:):aJ.~_;1-J.l.,.3.il.., .•;w.::@h"lions: . ,tr.n. lntroductJ.on.. to International
inhab.itants _whq :~r~ traditionc!IIY riqm~~c dqf50not . . · ·. · l.:.aVf __.?f Pea_ce,.. 5fh Edition (1951) p. · 120.
ma~ter,(AUST, supra.a,t.16).· :_ ·. · ·. '\\~{S) .. ·. · .· · fheremafterBRIERLY]);and . · ·
· · -if · , c. · Confederation - .though . a_ .ce_ntral ·
Defiile.d T~rritory·- The $ize of the territoi:ydqes not·· g6verri'm~nt exists . ai:id e)(ercises ··certain
m_atter.CNo{do the.,1~·11·~ ·-'.and :m.ari#trie; boi.mcla_rie:;; : . : powers, it does .not cohtrcil· an· the ·external
have.-to be qefined: de.fiAi~ively (l,d.). . · relations· of the m·ember · States, . and
·~-: ·'
/ .. ~_·
. - ... . .There
0
, . . . : . . • : .. .. . therefore .for· iriternc1tiohat:'purposei ·there
·Go..:ernment - must b·e.a ~en,trar govetn.nient . exists riot one• IM ·a number df =States"(Id.;.
.;t . .. ·'
-, opera.ting: as a.·politica(body-_w!thirl'the_ l~w o(th~ SARfv1/ENTO, ·supra at 71~73);· · ·
land :and in' effective·control Cif the· territory.. Once a
-~; . state -has been. esta.biished, military .oecupation by St~t~ Dlsti_ng·uished from a Nation '. .:
a'nother state or civil war will not affect that statehood · The ,term "ns:itlon··. used· popularly.' as ·synonymous
(/d.j::.. . . ·- . . ..
i''.;· Capacity .. t~· ::Entei< 'i'nt.~ Rel~tions ;,.;ith 0.ther
, '. with:"St.ate'.'; .was·reslric;~e'd by maMy writers to:mean ·
·a ..body ·of people--mote or:less of ttie ·$ame ·race,
'.\~
· language; religion, . and . historical_'. traditions
St~tes --~ The:goVt:lmment must be 'sover,eigri ·and __ (FENW)Cf<;supra at 104}'.
independent, iSO 1hat :Within . its· lerritmy . it is. not
subj~ct, to the auth9rity of anoth_er state.. The Creat.lori of States: {DP-CAC).
coroliary is that the _state thu·s.·has.full capacity. to 1.. · · Oiscov.ery and Occupation
enter into relations ·with other states. B.ut to become Territory riot- belonging· to any State, or .terra
. a sovereign state in pr:actic'e re_c:j1,1jre.$.'recogf)ltion by.. _ .. ' .nullitJs is: placed under .the sovereignty of the
other ~tales (Id:; See discussionon Rights·of States: . clairhil)g;St~t~·: ·· ~
Independenceand._Sovereignty).

. .
?019 SA_N BE.DA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 353
 ·p·usLl"c· 1NTE·RN.ATION·AL LAW.
~ BEDA LAW C£!1fRALIZED BAR.OP_ERAT}ON_S. - MEMORY.AID 20,9_ ··
• _,e as, f1Fd¥5Sif&WCPb

Effective occupation means continued display of

authority which· involves two ·(2) elements: · :
a, The 'lntenfton and .will ·10 ad as sovereign
. "(animus occuoenaty; .. . .
J.__ · ·_RE_-_c_o_G_N_.___1_o_N_.
1T _.l
b. . Some actual exarctsa . o.r pisplay of such Recognition· ·
·authority.They exerclseundlvlded authority If ls .an act by which a state acknowledges the
over. al, persons· and _property within Its. existence .. of another ' state: government.- . or
borders . )'Ind are iri:dependent of, .direct b~lligerent cornmunity and _if1dic~t!3S _its Willin!;jri0SS
control . by any, other: ·power (Eastern to deal with .the entity as· such under the rules of
Gre~nlarrd Case,_,_f::CIJ, 1933). ,. · 'lntemationat law (NACHURA, ~upra
.al 647). . .

'
r' .
i.
'
i'
1.·
t
I
,.

': When··· a gov~rnnient Extended =. by .the ·

. fulfili~ · requ1rerpE,l°nt of. recogrilzi.rig .State ~hicti ·
. re.cognition " . . . . . . ·\ .bellevesthat some of the
· 5, · '. Qonquest · , . · . . . ·. '. · . ·, · ·· . '
requirement · · for
. : · The act c;tefeating an opponent andoccupylnq all ri:!cogt:1ltlon·are. absent
: or parts.ofterritory does.not of itse)fconstittitla
):
basis .of. title. to the land. It does· give. the victor -
certain .rights tinder ln~~rr.iat16~al ·1aw as regar.ds .
the. teriitofy;··t&e ri_ght~.of be!ligerent.d.ccu·patior'i-,·
but the territory remains subject to the legal title ··:Bring§. ·: about . full Lim.itea···.·.· to·:-. certain
.ottheousted soverelqn ·(SH.l\~,supra at 361). '; . ·. : diplomatic ir,f~r_£ourse. jtiridica_i· relations: ' does
. ~ .
.and .. observance ... Qf not bring fulr ·dipl9matic
·. :·f,fote:-, This mode is 'lo longer.. recog~i~e~, .. diplomatic
. . .
immunities
..
· interc9urse
. .... •.
inasmuch as· the UN .Charter· prohibits· resort to .
. threat .cir use of force agair:is~ te~ritorf"c!I. integrity ; · (NACHURA;sV.pro
or political. independence of any State . (U_N . . . at 648)..
. Charter,Arl. 2;_ par: 4). ·· ·

· 354 I ·2019 S,AN.SEDA CE~RALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

 PU-BLIC INTERNATION·AL LAW
. :SAN BEDA LAW CENTRAL1ZED BAR OPERATION~ - MEMORY AID ~.019 .
,ml'illllm:B!!lr!!IIIIIAAIIIII_Blllllllmll:llllllZlmMlllallllll:llll&Sll .. lllllllalDii41MIIIBl!l!l~mhi~di~ffla:KF~et~·m@~:MPlllmR~!MIIDllllll:1151111:=iietmMl!l!lll§m•lllll:rSe'SMCWJIIIU'D.,~~

Objects of.Recognition: . 2. Constitutive (Minority view) - it is.. the act of

.1. State .:... .generally. held ·to be irrevocable and · .recognition that- . constitutes the ·entity into an
lm ports the· recognition of its government.· international person; compulsory and l~gal; -may
2. . Government=- may be withdrawn· anddoes not be compelled once the elements of a state are
necessarily signify· the existence of a state, 'as- established (Id.).
the goyernment 1J1ay be thatof a mere colony .
. ·3. Belligerent Communlty-> repels are. accorded Basic Rules in Recognitiol) of States:
·. provisional· tnternatlonal . personality. only in · .1. -ltls a· politicalact arid mainly a matter of policy
connection with the 'hostilities they are. waging on the part of each state;·
(NACHLJ_RA,supra at 648): . .. 2. It is discretionary on the part of the recoqnizinq
r' authority; and . ·
Rec~gnition of state · 3: · It · is -exercised . by . the political (executlve).
The.-recoqnltlon :· of a new State · bears .. upon the. · 'department of thestate (Id.).
admission of a new political group to member.shfp in.
the international community {FENWICK; sµpra at. Rec~gnition. <?f ~over·nment . . .
157). . . It means the act of ac:;knowledging the capacity of an ..
entity. to exercise .1:i9wers of ·government of a state ·
Note: A new state becomes subject to International (BERNAS; -supre · at 77). This is different from
Law. from the vfiry moment of its establishment' with: recognition bf a State. - . . .
respect to jus ·cogens and obligations, erga omnes . <"') . . . ' ,. . . .
under' Cqstomary lritematlonal t,aw._. ~ei~her t~i:;~ii . Requisites for Recognition of Government:· (GN-
express .consent of t~e new State to be.bound;~99,:,1:!/\ WP) . · ·. . . .
therecoqnitlon. by other States is n_e_ce.ssary fo~;~e1·,,.:,,~,\ .1. ~overnmerit is stable and effective (objective ..
. IJB":' -. S_tate:. to be bound _by t_he -Said n_orm~.
o~lr~a_tio?s: . However, _._to enJo~ . the . ngh~pan.i_l,,:/f, 1
·~r:ist: ·::.;;~~~'°"',;-
test): {;-':; : . . . · , .
,;....:~:,_:)5lo,.~1J~~-(~...nt1alresistance to its. ~~t~or.1ty;
.: . .
pnv1leg!=lS otStates under International l..g':"V~.:tne new~, i·r: 3. _TheI:'g_ov,Efrnment must show W11lmgnes~. and
S_tate ni~s,t first b~ integr_ated· i~to. th~(frlternation~l~"'7./f · · abili~y t<f~i~ch;;irge_ its lnternational obligations -.
communlty .: throu~h · co-optatlon ($.jft!il!IE,Y,,T<)'i-"'· 1._. · .
supra a_t 70). : · , ·· : · · .?>· ·
1;·>v7
r (sub1eifvi'test);and .
i:,( 4. The gpv1:;tnrr.i~ntmust,enjoy fopular consent:or
. . . .
i
. _,,.;;';:..-_ : 'tf.·?b _ t··~ 1. . . . appr.p'vaJiot t~e people (NACHURA, ~lfpra at i
Co-optation : . .- · · /r:::.._,, ;,.;-.....,.. · ... ~\ ··Qi'1.i_~1. ·" 647/. · !!)I l_J\ . I
" I ~_?.:>t::..\.
,-,

The .. ~te~ration of .a- new Stat,·in <the-!QJ1tnat1011~1'. i::·;1

t " ./[.
· ~:;.,.·;TI:;,,_;,\,,\;;7 ,
• • •
· . .·
' I.
com_munity does:·:not take. p)aC~~-ut9.n:i:~tJ~sJl~y;r;b~~ . !:,".( Thr.~e K,_n(!s',<:>.!,J:)Er'FactoGovernment:. _ . i
th_rou_g~. co--;?pta~~n; that. 1s, . bY., •Jfs;!:Nitl'9t3I_ . 1:1.':f\:l . [?/ 1 ... ~ov.ern ment. de f~cto _. the. governm_ent that.
co~le"?11v_e reco~r:utron "00 · the par_t·~r. th~ 'i.,lr~atly . t;,~~~..::.:igeis·possession. ~nd control _qr. usur~s •. by ?t..
ex1stmg,Stat~s (S/!iRMIENTO,:supra,af;(tj.)v. . . ./i:f;:•;~·~r-:'·torq_e~r by th.e.vo1e:e of ~~e maJonty, the rightful
. _.. . ... . · . . . , .. ·. ·:. : :.. <;y · : .;1.(r:::f...·::!..ili·'·'~'.'MI:iat:9overnment.ahd .maintains itsetf._agai_ns.t
Pnr~•Rleof.~tateCont1_nu1ty ·· ... ~{..- t1l\f . the.w111?f.th~latter(SARMl~NTO;_sµpraat108);.·
Once. the i~emtity of a· State :as. an ·;r:ite.r:tj~tional · .;2. .Gov~rnmeht. of paramount.f~rce - established.
person. has . been. fixed and' its 'positiqrf-if} the: . '. and rn.;1intained by m'iliti:iry forces who. invade ..
intemation.al, : ~omri-;'unity. 'esh:iblish¢c.( ·.the··, State . · and ·rn;:cupy a· territory·afthe enemy iri the ·course
coo~i\1ue~ t9·be.the same·corporate:p~rson wt:iateve_r · · ' of war (Id.:} . . .. ·.· : · · .
changes._may fake' ·place i_n its. integrai: o_rganizc!tion · · .. , a. Its exist_em:eis m_aintain~d..by_ac~iv_e milit;=!ry
:,f, · . · and g9vernm·ent '(SARMIENTO;st1pra·at- 74); _ · ·· power within the territories, ~nd ag~inst the
· .. rightfyl ~uthorily of <;1n· establisheq and .lawful'
Ex~niple: Fra'rice . which·· retained'- her personal . . .. gov!;lmme~~; .._and .. . ...
identhy_ from.the time the. :law ·of !',lations came ·intc:;,··,_ . b .. While ·it. exisfs, it must necessarily be
.exist~rice until tile.·. present das,, .. although . she . . . . obeyed in civil° matters . by private -iitizens
acquireq., iost;- ..and ·regained parts of.her terfitory, w.hc.i,. by ac~s of obedience rendered ·in -.
·chang·ed· het·i:iyn·a·sty;-was ·a-kingdom, a· repu_blic'an · submission· to sU<>'1 force, de not become .
empire,. agairi a kingdom; again a.re'pµblic, aga.in 'an. responsible, as wrongdoers, fo(tti:ose':acts, .
empire,: and' is now, finally' as it seems· a republic . thoug!, not warcanteci :l;?y :the: la-.ys of th~ .
., -·csuAREZ, ·supra at 1188). · · · · ~ · : rightful government; an·d
( . · 3. . That ... establi.shed · : .~s · . an )ndependimt
-l 1 The~ries onRecog-~ition of States: ·
1. Declaratpry (Majc;,rityview)- mere1y affirms an
governm~nt by th~ :inhabita.nt~ of a country who
· rise in insurrection against the parent State. (Co
~xi.sting. rc,1ct-like lh_e· possession .by·th1!3 state of Kfm C/Jam. v: Valdez Tan Keh and Dizon, $.R.
· the · essential elements; discretionary arid . · No. .L-5, Septem~er 17, 1945). · · ·
politicil; arid · ·

2ois SAN HEDA.CENTRALIZED BAR.o'PERATIONS 355

 • WIMS ffiil 1,.,,.,.,-PP-5 422 AFFIRiiMi EAi tt-'¥¥NZU!t .NMD+I

. p-u-BLIC INTE_R.NATIONAL L_AW

. . SAN SEDA 1.:AW CENTRA~~ZED BAl1 OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
U..~~!»~!'l'i.._~~"161
SRl·ttSWii ,>¥i,1NMC N f P4iif Pi!Ari!$$%·¥44iC?iifft;+ WS$f&iit£WN.S t3EISRI Gil+ idl§Wf{I

Effects .. of ~.e.cogniti,on· of. a · State · or · de facto situation. - produces leg al effects, even
Governmerit: (Pl:tlDS) . if 'Such occupation has no vaiid·.lega.1 basis ad·
a: Entitlement to .. froperty .within the results from pure act of 'force (SARMiENTO,
recognizing State; . · .supre at 112).
b. Betroactive validation of the· acts of the
re·cognized.state. or government;· ;, : :2. Kelsen Doctrlne
c .. !mmun.ity, from 'Jurisdiction; A state violates international law and thus
.d. · Full Qiplomatiq relatiorrsjand infringes upon. the rights of other states if· it
e. Right "to· ·~ue. ·.i!'I the courts of. recognizing recognizes as a state-a community whteh'does :
.state (NACHURA;'supra not fulfill the· requirements of international law
. . .... . at 648). . . · . (Id.). . .
Cond!tlo,ils f.or Recogn'itjo.n of Belligerency: .
(W0$0)'. .. ." · · ·· · .. · ·. · · · · 3. Lauterpacht Dp.ctrine ·, . .,. . . .-
. a. Rebels. are Wil.ling · to observe. the laws 0( l)e recognltlon otan-enttty.whiobts nqt:1e.9.ally a
.. war: .. : · · · state is wrong because.lt.constttutes an· abuse
'b... ·Qrg~nlie·d<;;ivii'g.overncnent;. . . ... . . ofthe power 'c:i(r.ecogrii.tion. It acknowledges a_.
c, ·§eriqus _:and·-:widespread · struggle wlth the community whtch·is.-not; in law,' lndepandent and
outcome uncertain; and· . . · . which does not therefore fulfill the · essential
(!. Rebels .Qccupy a. substantial portion of _ .coriditio.n.s of statehood, · It is, i3,CCO'rc1ingly,:··a
. . terntory '(ld.). .. . . . . . . . ~~iu""'==-~s9.gnitiql'.l whic.h,an intern~~!onal tribunal would.
· .· . · . · · . ,,-,P: · &-.. · · \l J\J.d~p~:e.,.-not only :to. constltute a. wrong but
. ~ote: Absence of one element 1·ean~rtlte>ot==~~~:· efOb'.'jblt~·tobe in itself invalid (Id): . . : .
msu_rgency. · . ·. - .,fo ,.,._:~-;,,/, .. ;:#~ -~,< P/ ,'>. -e. .• .• . · · . ·
·· · : ; .. ·. . ./!V y,:) b __..-,=•~..,,i~.., Beta~c$tf.tt-·D'~cti:111e· . . · . · : _ ..
Eff~cts .of.R~c~gnitinn of a,ttti~):~crr(F(OT): 21',, 'ff:li.~:clo:fe ~Ast a r.eftec.tion of.. Verrez!Jelan,
a: )~?spons!b1h_ty for ac\s/oh~?Ws
, ... inJury_to nationals oftlecogn~flng·sfate shall
re~ltihg tty .,.l\ .;&r\. ][ Pre~1.de.1?.(,\"R/>~Ul$]. Bet£1~court's, .antipat~y Jor ..
n.on-~e~~.[~1i:.·~~le,which dernect 9iplomati~ ·
be shift:~ to.rebel g.~\&'e.r;i9'm7'nt;· .. ~--7....,...~~~!;;.~_n1tron)Jo~anyk7~im.e, ,rjgM or left, which
. b.: -. Th~ l.eg_1t1mat?JJover;ut)~!}.~re~?9!:\j~ln~!W.e...., .. ,~· =',,...$"~am~to PO\X~,.by. rhtaty force .. (SARM/ENTO,
rebels a.s belhg~rE:A~ stt?.!lkQbs_erv~tawst9r:CJ.:;t:_~- suprp at.113>).,,,.,:.:,J i ,. · -. · . ~ . · ·· ·. ,: .
cust(}ms ofwar,in c~riqQcCi~\9.hP,stilll"es; and~u.14'..-41· }rr:.-... J· Ji f, ·. · · . .
· c. Ihir~ states·reco$ni~ng ~Wge_ri~rta.y h01,.1I~- ·S::.:.•• :~.J~J!/'!IJ.l!J/ ~'!5.. N~,njO~.Jtf!r:·_ · : . . · . ·.
. maint~i!'1 .;neutrality .'<f.1tl$c'Yi1il~· .~ r.a at~. f.p1j ~f~~[ii.},gh,ts l'~a~!/'f.JPtdenve Jorn_. a'! i!IEJf!.al
. . .. 648,-6'!-9). . . . . l . ·. \. ":, 01!. '"""~~:fs1tq~on -r~octr1').~, of non-rec~nr~1bn 'where,.
. . .'. , ·. · · : . . . . . . · . · \.: . ., · ·. ~ "'--' j -""'~-_., :L!i9 ~- cerfain ~~~1!1?11.s, 8: factyal · s1tu.~tion will·
m
:N.ote~·~~cogrntion µi1s c.ax~1~9nlYtRrpv1r~~,.,,,,· . Aet · J# rec~!jhrzed· . be~ayse ' . :of ., strong· .
. ~11d. o,nly.for. I?,u_rP.osesof. ~os-tUities (/'d.-,,,j..,~·~~[J:.;"1..ft'\..,.~~7y..,~Uons ·~1'.to .the morality- 9r legalitY,·.o'fth·e
. ·.~P~~ recp~ni1ro~: ~Y •. the Pf~r ·..statf:!~J!;!J~ ,:J3C~ris)hs:t~_lfcive be~n.a~opte.c! in order to bring.
bet.hgere.nt_.co.r.n~u.rnty,1s:cons1dere.d~~!~~~d~a_te~.r=:;~at59W-"faotu~I.s1tuati.on (S~AW;. supra at
Stat.~:for t~~·p~.r.poses o'f..~o_nflict~~..:,t-.,~inQ 1\1~}\_~681-*'··· . . :·' ·· ·... · ·: ·'.: · : · ... · ··
aga1nst.~e·.1eg1tiff1ategov~rni:i:ient (QRU,?;":~'tlp~ J..V.:;;,.,,..-~~ :· . .. ·· ·. · . -·
at 91). · · : · . · · : · · .. ·. : ~-:o. Stimso.n Doctrine · · .. ·:· .:..
This prech.,1dei,··r.eCog,!1itioi:r 9f. any- government
: VV.h~re. r~~ognition· is. ~?<-ti?,~d~ · by ~f)ird States: establi~hed as a re.suit' of e~t~rnal· aggre.ssi9n
. the. .bon'se'quenQes'.are .effec~ive only as to· them (NACHl,JRA,supra-at-6f7). . · · ,:· ·
.·- ..
.. and· .do ·nc>t- 'bini:l"cithecState not .·extend.!n·g .-.
· recog.nil\or:i.. It is only y.here the ''recognition· is . .' Thi.s·approach wa~ .Partlc~lar.ly;st]m':Jlated :by tlier
. · r.nade by the·parent State that the effects thereof Japc:lnese. invasion of Manchuria Ir\ .. 19.3.1. The
. bet::or:ne.g~rieral a'n'd ai-e · 1em:1ily app\icable 'to' all· ' US . Secretary of State . Henry Lewis stfmson
· . other States (!cf.}. · · ·. . · . declarep in 1932. that the fll~g°i:il inyasion.'wouid ·
,• . . .: , ... ·. not be recognized as j1 was' 'confra'ryto fne·1 $28
•' ··.··
Doctrines in St"te Rec~gnition. : . ' . !;'act of Paris ·{the .'K~llogg-Bria['iq .: P.act) ..v,i~k:h.
r. Wils9nffe>b~rOoc;trine · ·· . ... · · had outlaw~d .war·aS.an instri.Jm'ent.of·r.rational
. Proj)ose·s ·'that·· any· g'overnrtierit '._resuiting from . policy (SHAW, supra,'at-468):._.. · . .
: c·o·up- cJ'et~t must. first be :-~onfirmed by. free . .
elections before· '6. Estrada·Doctrir,.e . ,, ·.. ·
.... .. ' .. being recognized'..
. . ·. . .. .
: lt is not. _necessf!ry: tp.· recognize gove.rhmerit
: Note: Wilson/Tobar' ao·ctr.ine :never·. -~gain~d· once a:State,is.recognize~. Thus; the.prc;l:(;tice~of
accept.ance outside the Am'ericas and was never · rec~gnizing.government.is. ~liminated !3ltpgether
tti~ .object'of any long-te:rm applicati_on. The fact with tDe. focus. being on the· rec;o.gnitio.n of the
that ~n occupation' of a territory:.., which is in a .. State. This. relieves governm~nt from. ctioosing .·

356 I 2019 SAN SEDA CENTR_ALIZED ElAR _OPERATIONS

 Dii» iit5#S

· . pusl1c1NTERN:Ai-16NA~"i.Aw ~~
. · SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPf:Rl\TIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 . ~~~~
5HZWliiRA!Mlii,¥A W!Ff&fh#I . biliiAiMSM ihViil#Sll!fl#&)#V,M <&Mzrnaasffli&M+et
P_P~f.Lul'~ \
between two c::ompeting" regimes ifl the same
Sta.te and· enables them: if they so choose, to
· have. deafings with more than one regime in the
'---;;__S_u_·c_c_E_S_.,.;.S_Io_.
...;..N...._......._
· _ _.r
same·State (SARMIENTO,supra at 112).
·"* State Successfo.n. ·
[_ . Termination "oi Recognition- .: ·11 is- the replacement _of one :State by anoth~r in- the
-~ · · , Recognition. of ·a-regime.is terminated when another responsibility for.the ·intematic;mal.relations territory
ti ···,regime is recognized, For as. long as a state (19.78' Vienn.a C<;mventioh on Succession of States
~( · · . continues· to· meer the qualifications of statehood, its in Respect· of- Treaties; -Arl, ·2(b) {Mrelnafter
,;~: · status 'as a state cannot be "derecoqnized". When VCSSR7]). . . . ' .· .
~J. ·the United · States recognized the -governr;nent of
";~. China in:.1979, it derecoqnlzed .tl:1e government of P.rlnctple .of S.t~te Continuity. .
.{:,;'. Taiwan, but continued with commercial, cultural and .. The State 'continues as a jurisfic being
f .: other "non-governmental. relationships (BER/I_IAS, notwithstanding ·th·e: changes' ·in· lts circumstances,
f, supra _at 81). '·•· . · . · ···- .· provided- only that such changes 'do not result in the
.•.-, · loss: of anY. <t iti essentialelements (CRUZ,supra -at
1t . Entities· ·considered- a:~
, it-·. ·.1. Colony -· a .dependent political community
S·t~tes: . . 73).·. ·
:r
, . · · . ·1 .•-.', • •
,. .
. . • ,. .

,i>· · conslstlnq of a. number of citizens of the same Kinds of State Succession:'

~,:.. ·. coutJtry.who have rriiwat~d th~re(r9m _to inhabit ,::'":) 1. Universal°-when·9ne:state completely absorbs
~Lf ,·. another ~ountr~ but rem am subject to ti)~ !Tlot~~r.:4'.(. the international personallty of another ~tate
,.£:.. ,. . -~tate. It rs considered a part of the mother Stf.l_l.ELt.1".11~ : and "thereby becomes the sole representative at
.'f 2 ... Depend~ncr:- a territo~ djstinct-.from"(_'t~Eef~_.:,,(') . law of the rights·and.obliQations of the latter
:~: · country m which _thE: -supreme sov.ere19n·po.We,[.: ., .:1 _·11 • · State; and. · · . . · · · .
t · · ·. resfdes !?Li.t b~lcin_gs·~ighf!ully to it;and ~~bj(jl,9t \~',;~{,i:CQ.~~iatf,;:.~!when:anexisting St_;:ite tak?~. over,
;~ .·.·:the l~ws and reg.ulations.that t.he ~o~~~,l~mayv :.I . · whetf-iE:~{,~Y Jore~ or. v?luntary '. ces~)on., . the
~- . provi9e. · · · /' ,_;.,,7. ·. . ),_J.. · · sovere1i~·;,\of ·a portion ·of. territory. formerly
r
3., . M~nda_tes· an~ -:i:-rust erritorie!·;,,-f,11oh-sel.f,;-/i;\ belonQii:l~ to.anothe~ State or when a new State
· .. g_oVem~ng t~rr!~OfleS W~l~.l:l. ~~V~;::,1i>~~.h.:J?!f!Ce? . !.,_; iS fom(eq; b~ ~reakmg off f~~ a l~rger ?tate
.· tm~er 1ntematic;m.~l.supe':'(1$10.91;to 1f1;l-"1&their jj. . (FEN'w!CfK,}~pra at 152). · · .·
: pol\tical, econom1C, SOC).~~-:and~~ucallondl~ : f'.'~. . . . f. n _.." \ · . . . . . .
.. advancen:ient,, such as ~<t~?se=2,G'~~~~se~_,~Y·°L-,l NI.ODJ~~1"eir~mc;,,~1:;s~10N.OF- STATES: (PAD-
d~feated·states in Wo,rld War 1. pl~fedf,!.ndifi~~ it.~:1 ·
SCAMt<!~f.\~'.!:l~r'/ · · · · .
, control· of .the L_eagµ_e of. Nat1~~~~J~~J:-I F?1jt . . ~;j 1 .. · Q.ecolonizatio~; -. . . .. . . . . · ....
~upra at 6~1). . .. · . , . \.[~ .. ·)'.) · · . . ff'-;;.-.r-4:ti~l'mexatiOjl_-means·of acqutr.mg title to t~~1tory
· . · ..;r .
Kin~s. of. •.f!JSt_ Terr:itori~s:
·
.. -?.'/ .,.:,J
. ."" · . ·
t\.,... .1r'- - .t-~· : .. ·aft~r a conquest· . "
>~·-,;:.~rr-~!.::'.'.:t,J1,;tQJssoltillon - ·Existing__stat_ecomes_.to ai:i end,as
· .

. a. _Tho~e ~-!2lld: ~n~er the mandat'(l,;-r · · 1., ~.r _-.
b. · Temton~s· detached from the er~~}f..~Wes .
;.t.·
· .as_ ares':-'lt._of.~orld_ War II; and·";-;_.,.~\
1t.t:·_ c.. • Thos~ yoluotanly placed.:l!r1de.r tl)e SY..S~e'.:'
by. _t~e · .~ta(es' responslbl~ ~o~ ··their_
·adm1rn~.t~t.100 (SARMIENTO,supra c!t.1.92)..
:-an internatior:ial person .and- is ·.rep_lac.~d by· two
or m6re· other states· · . ·, · .
· . 4. Secessio.A fr'om"c1.n exis(ir.ig, ~tate "to"for.P'\ new. a
. . . state or stat~s: -:: . ·' . : ·.. : :. ·. :. . ·.. .
5. ~~.i,sior qt _territory.fron{one state.to another;
·6: .:·8~sorption.- c:me-state .is .absorb,e_d ~y:~!1~ther
. · .

'f·.: 4 .. eelfige;~ntCoi:nrnunity- it pertains to a groo_p . and no ne.w:.stat.a is cr~ated; . .the. founer

:·becpming. ·E!~ti(lct. a:nd .ttie 'latter coJitir:i~es. in.
f{:: :of. rebels ·Under pn organi_zed. ciyil ·QOVemment
:\t. : who. have ·taken up .. arms ~g~inst the.1.~gitimat.e. ~nlarged, forni·;·and ·. . .
.ft/ . ... gove,mrnent.. When r,ec::ogniz~d, it i~. c~:in.~id~ted· . · 7. :.M.~rger - Twci o.r rno~e states unite and .form ?he
· successor state
:::::.:. · . as. a ,separatf! · sta.!e for P.U. rp9ses. of c.onfhctarid.. : ·,· . ,. . -· . . (SHAW,:supra... · . .
at 96_7~984).
. '
.
'i,.,~ . entitled·to~an the rights and· subjectep. to _alHfle .. . . . ,
·:{· oblf!iations -a fu·ll-pledged belligerent -u_n~er. the · Newly- lr.i.de.pende.nt SJaf.e., ' . .• .
~·-, laws· of.War. . . . . . A successor.State tha-territoiyof vwich, immediately.
}}° ·.5 ... The Holy s~e··"· The R~pu bl_i9.of lhe Ph_ifippines · before the date, of the successlon ·of· Stat~s;·wa~ a
~f· · _.":h·~~. accon:;ied'the Holy_ S~e-. the- status of. a . dependent terrltbry ·for'·the-. international relations of
·~· .· ·. . · ~oreign sovereign, The H_oly · S_ee, throug~ .its which· the .··Predecessor· · State was . responsib!e
(V¢SSRT, Art. 2°(1)): . . . . ·.,
~? .. Ambassador,: the . P~pal: N.unci9; ha~.· ~~d
::_'. . · diplo.malic reprel?elitat1on~ with the. Ph1hppme
·f·:;_ .-.gov,ernment slnc:e·1957. This appears to be ..the
~f · ·,,,
univer.i,al pra~tic,e in international relation·s.(Ho_ly
See v.Rosano, G.R.-No. 101949, December. 1,
.1994). : . . . -

·2919 SAN 8,EDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATI_ONS I 357

 • f ••• a MG db
*'''*"
P,UB.LIC INT·ERNATl'ONAL LA.w·
·SAN·BEDA LAl',ICENTnAllZ~ BAR OPERAT(ONS -MEMORY AID ~0.19

Effec~s· of Succession of State~ with Respect to· Ca~e Concerning. the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros
Te(ritory ' . . · · ·. · . .· Project,/CJ Reports 1997); and ·
When a st!':lte succeeds another state with respect to · 5.. !;egation, orily by comm·on consen't (NACHURA,
particular territory, the capacities, rights an~ dut_ies . supra a( 675). ·
. of the predecessor state.with respect tq that·territory.
te'rminate and ar-e assumed by the. successor state 'Dutles 9f-States: (GRACE•W-TICS)' '. ·
(BERNAS, supra at·82-83). . - . ~. Carry out in Qood faith. its. obligations; . .
2': Refrain. from. Recognizing "any ' territorial·
. Effects of Suc;~es~lon of States with Respect to. acquisition-by: another State.which resorts to War .
Treaties· . .. or
to the.use of threat orforce: . . .
1, Moving 'Treaty Frontiers . Rule/M.ovlng 3.. Refrain .from giving Assistance to any State
Boui:u~ary Rule . · - . . • or
. : which resorts to war threat or use of. force: or
· .Wh~n·part of a territory of a state becomes part · · . aga·lnst which. the U.N is tal<irJg. preventive br
;Of the territojy Of another state, treaties· Of .fh.e : enforcement actions: . (. · ·\ ·
. predecessor state cease to be in force in respect ·· · 4. ·~onduct. its relations ) with other States .in
of the· 'merged' territory- from. the date .. of accordance with lnternational Law;
. succession, i;lnd. treaties of the success.or-.state . . . ,5. ,5n$ure that conditions prevailing ln its territory .
· are in force in the merged territory; .unless it do not menace lnternatlcrialpeace andorder;
would tie Ihcompatible.. with .Jhe object and 6. · Refrain from resorting..to War and the..thraat or
purposeot thetreaty (VCSSRt, Art. 1~1~;::;=c~-~.,,,,~~-~~<?fforc~;. ·. -. '. · ·. ' · ·. · · .
· '. · · · · ·· ~ ·1~..,. · ~ ).. f\ /Ir~a\'<'~11. persons 'ur,der . its . jurisdiction with
2. Clean Sla~e·ooctr,irie · ., . :. :.(':-\ ~~~.;,.~ 'I() ~(sp1lc~f?'r::-..~,~rl:)in·~g_hts ·~nd fundamental rig.his,
.. A. ~ew.1.y. independent Sta.le·,. .,.nol\sP ,,.i:J.d-''fo · . ~.!lh9-~td1~·<.{'Qilma~o~; · . ·· . : ..
maintain rn force, or to be~9~~·at--P,_a~f~.,:.,,.~!l¥-"~--~: ..., ,_~e~1n:.:ff1im!nterven!ng~ · . . . · ·
· . treaty by reaso~ only of th\(J~~~~yatitre. elate · '1(' .,.'i) • R~(i;_ai~tr'<t9J../C?,~~n~n~£ivil ·:3trife; and · : : - · .·
of the. succei;;srof'! of StaJes:·tq_r.~'tteaty. :was. //t\ JF l!f .
.§.ettt1:3 1t?d,1s~utes,1w1thofher States by peaceful
. force in respect of the Jferrttory.fto··V'£htch· the ·1r{'\ · mels (/tl,)i.(}~\\ .: · . ' ' ·
succession of States·rel~te~1.YCTSSRTtAff.-1o)~'· , r:l. . . . · ~· ' I'\. . · -: ·
· · · ·. . .·H.1.::e:-,.J.r .
l '-::.'Zic'-.,; j cRJ!?)!IT. iO·INDiifEN'DENCE Ar-,i·o SOV!;REIGNTY
Note: The "clean .sla!~· :_ rui~~ h_ow~vtr, ~ow~...:.~:hl· · A·
: : NO:- .apply to treati~s~~fttctrn.lY;~tunda~5?!~0\'.er~. 9~1_.%·
. regm:ies or thol?e · conGerniw~t11h~Aiti:t5-{!Ad...,;.~.,...,:he-teJ!t·f}.>t- t ~ ROW~rs·; legal competence, and
· ~
·1 ~J
:. M, .
, · ·. · '. - .
.· · - · · ·
obli~ations· in ·respect tp(JsP\?f tt!J~I.Y-
b~lm ·~1k 1 1 - i.~e~~arisi2 tM'qiJ::l.!stomary:internatfoh.allaw,
· foreign State o~ group (V~S~T.~.r:ts.. ir!i-'
q))'\ ", 14!'~epegd~nt.07;-the qonsent of. an~,~her ·state
• ·. . · ·, . ·\: · · .'\, ·· ~--~:.f ;R{.';J!;.6HORA,~upFa,.f558). . ..
·3_ · Utt Possldet1s-Rule . "· ·. ~. · ~..!"" _z V .. / , . · ·
pre-existing boun9ary ··a'*i~. ottie{'~t&,rit~JEt-,rtA§)o1ute"so.vereWnty . ; : . · ..... · .. ·, . .
' ·... agr~~.ru.ents_. ·. con.tinue_ .: to'\,._.b~/r.9r1:1e~~,1if~sdi~nJ<6'I the::nation within i~s owr:i-·ierr-1toty'
notw1thstandrn~ (Bl=RNAS, supra~ctt!11).t) 7.·. ; ·~"\",:J;!~\~s'J)iily.· exciu·si.ve : and absor1:1te. ·. ·11 . · is
. . . · -' ·.. ·. · '~V..:(. · JviJs~~cepj,w>~·of·no limit"!~ion ·not imposed bY.. itself.
4. Whe!l a Sta~e !s.Absorf?ed ·' ' _ :~~"'~Sov~reigntyis· subject to reslrlctions an.d ~rm.itations
· The mt~rna11on~_t agreement~ Qf t.~e...abs.o_roea · . ·v9lu.ntarily ag'r.eedto. by .. tt:ifil. ·St.;ite,. ·exprE)ssly or
s~ate are · · ter.mm.,;1te? an.d. ~ne .mten:iation~I : ir:nplie"dly; as ·a. membi:ir, of 1he,:J,;1mily · of natio.ns
agre_ernent~.. of th.e . absqrb1ng ·. sta.t€,) . become (Schooner Exchaiige v.-M'· Faddon,,. H us ::n 6.
applu;:able·tothe terntory·.oftheabsqrb~d·state. · (1812)j' · · - , ~ · ·. · ·. ·. · ·. , : ..
Th.ird sta~es may.appeal to.rebus·sic stahti(:JUs- · ·,. : · · ·. · ···· · ·:
. · {B~Rf;IAS, supra at 83-84).. . . . ·.· p·,)nc.ipl~ of Auto-L,'imit~tipn ·. . .
·.
·.,. - ~ ·. The·c9rie(;lpt uf.sqvereignty as·aulo-lirriita"tipti is the .
· pr<;>perty of)i State-fprce.. due to which · it ha~ the:.
. exclusive c~pa0ity. of .fegal :self-deten:ninatlon ·and
·1 ·. ·RIGHTS AND DUTIES . . ·1·: self-re.s(rictioa· ·(SARMIENTQ, sµpra at ~11. ·. A~y
. - . 01i.ST.'.ATES . : . . . . $tate may by it!;i cor:i~enf, expr.e.ss or ,mplied, submit ,
··........__ ________.. ~(> a·restri~tion of its iove·~eig.nrights.. There·.may'thus
be a cu.rtailroeht- 'of· wh~t .btherwis·e is a. plenary
Rights of States:.(JED)L) . , pqWer (Riiagan· _:v. · :c1R, : G:R: . ."f<Jo.. L46379, ... ·
1: !ndependence;• · ·· . December 2.7; 1.969). . ... . . . .
2. !;quality;
3. · . J,uriscliction;. . . · Note: Wh.ila:· s~'vereignfy: has. traditionally. ·been
4. Individual or . collective self-~efe_nse· (Draft deemed :-absolute '"and. a11.:encompassing on the
Declaration. on Rights and ·Duties. ef States, ·. · domestic level, iris however subject to restrictions
·inter.national Law Commission (1949)"as cited in .· and . limitations voluntarily .... agreed · .to by :· ..t.he

358 I 2019 SAN B.E,DACENT.RAUZED BAR OPERATIONS

 1111 . . '.#& . . . ·, ~:%·""'·-""'··""'-~~-
PU-.BLI-C INTERNATIONAL LAW·.
. . . SAN SEDA ~W CENTRAUZE.D.BA~ OPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019 . · .
~i;;i.,
.• . .,
f 9 Mtsh PRMiiiiMibf cf&WA.<NWWE:M PSWEI#&# AA@JR..rlG.l::"" .v .•.
. .
Philippines,.-expressly or impliedly, as a member of ctiarter; but ·this principle shall not. prejudice the
t:_ .
.1. - the family of ·.nations .. :·sy, the doctrine of
W'. · incorporation, the ·country is- bound .by ·generally
:accepted principles of;internc;itional Iaw, which are
appl_ication of enforcement-measures under Chapter
VII (UN Charter, _Art. ~(7)). . . · ·

':' considered to be automatically part of our own laws. When- Intervention is

Sanct_iPned: (RADA)
! .. (Tanada v. Angara, ·G,R. No. 118295,-May 2, 1997). · 1: . · When .B_equested from fellow states or .from the
. ~ .: United· Nations by -the parties to a. dispute or -a ·
.
The sovereignty of .a stale. theretore cannot .in fact state beset by rebell.ion; . ·

I -· and it'\' reality .be considered. absolute." Certain 2. · As· an Act of.individual or collective seJf-defense; ·
_· restrictions enter.jnto the picture: ·(1). limitations 3. . When· .Qecreed by, the·_ Security Cound!. as a
imposed by th_e ve-ry nature of rnembersblp in the preventive · or enforcement · action··. for · the
s: family~ of nations and . (2) limitations imposed by main~enance' of. .international peace . and

lf
. sec1,1rity; and . . .. .
treaty stipulations· (Tanada v:Angara;-supra). .
~)
' . ···. : 4. Wh_E!fl' .such action is :[~gre.ed·upon in a, treaty
Nhmiti~I ~nd R~sid·iJ_ai ·s~vereignt~ (NACHURA, supra af.659).. ' ... ·
f['~ · Where, in· ~im¢ pf 'peace the territorial sovereignty·
allows portion·s of ifs territory ·to be 'occepled, bya
.

Dr~go Doctrine. . . . . . ·
~. foreign .State on the- basis. of a treaty, the grantee lnterverition.is not allowed forthepurpose of making.
f· under the treaty may receive considerable powers.of.. a stat~_ pay its public· debts · (Drago-Porter
~- . acmlntstratlorr amountlnq to a delegation of ,the >~ · ConventioruArt. 1)._
f: . exercis.e· of many.of-the powers of the terr.ito,r.i~t;y-J(:· · . · · : · . . . .

r\f
· soveretqn to the possessor for a particular perio~·-'.JtY/:·\ RIG.-iT TO ~QUALITY
this .case.: Jhe_ ~rante_e or_·p0sses~_Of ac.quiref:~f}r:;;_;). poctrir;ie 5>f_Equa-nty of·States ·.. ·. .
_fact? ' or ~ommal sov~re1~nty . w_hlle tl')e gr~.it9r-·.;;·>£,:Nl~~l§IIEiS am
.

equal in lnternational Law despite 'of

.
.

~
~:- ~1ves the territorial sovereign the-power)p:.-grant orl:S'
. · ·
fl
r~tai_ns r.esid~al _sovereign_ty. Residual ·S?v~r!p.t£Jntt ... .((,µ•:thelri;;:0b-vi6u~. factual inequalities as to· size .
·-".,. _,,. 1.-~:,.,_
. ·· - _ · "th .. .. d. t --~'t.. --·'t. it _ 1;. • . population, "}'.~_.a_ltb, strength,.pr tjE:1mee of c1v1llzat1on.
. - · ·• · '
•. renew .. conces~1ot'}~ w1_ _regar <?(}5 -f ern.ory·:::;; It has llje. f'?J(?i~ngGQnsequerJces: . · .
t (BRP.WNLIE;,~upra at 11 OJ. · . ·. : /.f:0>-o.-.:-~ ,),· .
: -<·1Y~ .Jr,C:- ··.
in . 1_. ·.VY-~e.n1pq~~~tio_naris!:)s_,-w~ic;h ~a~ io be settled .
:· Ir( :. by cors~~t; ~~ery·State has a.nght to.vote and
t
~'
t
d- ·d. -~ .· ·
1 n . epen enc_«;· . . . . . . . . . . -<!£"' . . ·If>·~ .· ,;t (\\ ... to 9ie vq,e oni ; .
This mean~ fre~dorn: from ~?H~r.ot ~Y,15J:1El!s~at~ or\ r~-r :2: l;_heiivo.te'toftle we.akest State·'.has as much ·
. . . . :: . , . . ''. .
j/ group otsyit~s and.notfre_!:ldO~_ff.?r_n'..tt-i~:JE)S,tnch~~ . (\'j . \v~lgbta~r'tifi'rJ;fJ_'0the j most powerf [· .. _·
~."· · that are bmdmg OIJ .an· stat¢s ff>rmm9(.the"famil~~t>ij .1·•1 · ·. ..·-·: ,~:i1. .,.,,},:·,.. , .--. . . . u_, . ··
ur~ .
·~-
·
i . r '. ·. ' "th 'f b'' . '!;,~;.;.,-. _°":f->·.•_·'ti . !'"' 3. N~. s~at~_--can cl_am:i JUrtSi;l1ct1on over ar:iother, . ..
~- na ions~ ~rries_ v.i · 1: Y.-!l~c~s~a:,f:~P ,c~~on~: ("l 4 ... XIJ.e courts of ~n~ State do.not as.a·rule question
correlative,. duty of non-itite,:ventio_p _ /NAf'f!LJ._ , .- . t:°\t',r.T~'th~validity ·ofth~ official'acts of an.other State in

! :
'fl:::
{{ .
supra at 658). . - _- · .. · · \~;-..:'---".' : t_.,.-~rJ~,h(i_lf'{{~;!~~,:as·
T . '. A. . ...... 't . f'-:-th· R.',-. ht' . 'f I d . ·, ''f'k. . J10;..~-----:-~---.•.""""-'-'tne'.latt'er's
w.Q sp .. c s_o . e.. 19 _ o n _e~1J,~enc7_;(-d .
~{ . . 1. · lnte~nal 1n4eperi.~en~e (Right 0~'2~_at1onal
· 78~79).
·
t_hose _acts pur.por.t.to t~ke- effec\ wittiiri ·
il!riSdi.Ction (~ARM/ENTO; ~upra al .
· ·

~.) . . ·Self·Governml;!rit)· :- the supreme authority or. . . R:IG-H"f . _:TO TERR.ITCRIAL '· INTEGRITY : . ANQ
.~: Jurisdictic>'i-1 ofthe-.State·to-control all persons or: · · JURISDICTIO_N
mi-- property Within·its ti;irrito.rial domain. ,· ·.· ..
j_;· 2. !=x.terrial· Independence. ·:...c: the supreme ,_power . Component~of'tbe Territo;,, of a.·State:··, ....
:r of1he· State·fo determine the ·relatiq_ns it desires· 1 ... ;rerrestrial ~ lanq mass ori which tl:le- inhabitants
:~,. · .to maintain . with . other · · States; without .. liV~_. .. · .· ·. . . .. . .· .
f. .
f· · :interferer.ice: . on the.: par.t .of. any · third . State
(SARMIEN'ro;·supra·at 79). . :_
2. Maritime and fluvial; and ·
3 .. -~erial -.and ·space (NACHUR!1,,. s_upra.
· p67). ·
at. 662- .

~>- lntervent(oti . --·. ., . . ' . . .

{ .It' is ·,an .act by .which. a 'state·· iriterferes:-with th.e
'. ·domiiJstid·or· for'efgA_ ··affair;s of another. state through
. the employment offorce or,threat of forc.ewhich may ...
be· physical; ·P.<;>litital, . Qr. economic (NACHURA,
supra at 658). · · ·. ··
Nothing contained . ..iii lhe present ch~rtec · shall
authodie thEf United N~tions to intervene in .matters
which ar~ essentiaity with.ii:,the dorr:iesticjurlsdicU-ori
of any state or shall req·uire 'the members lo submit
SUch maft!;!rS · ·. to. settlement . under. the ·present
fPlease -· see -<Jfscussion · ori· · Territory and
Juris.diction.) ·
·_RlGHT TO EXIST~NCE·AND _S·El~·DEFE_NCI: . .
This is.the·most c<;>mprehensive as au-other rights of
. slate· 'flow from , it. A ·state may take measures
. includil)g the use of. forcl3 a·s may be riecessary tq
.. ¢ountei-acf any danger to ·its . existence until_ the.
:S~curity ·council· has. taken .measures.. Measure
taken for sel_f-defence _must' be reported to· the
· Security Council (UN Charter, Art. 51).·,. . · . · ·

~·. . 2019 SAN _BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I ·359

l~ •,
 Aggr0sSion · \· Collective Self-Defence-
The. use of armed force by a state _against the. The right of states to cometo the defense of a. state
· soverelqnty, · territorial integrity,· . or .polltical · whosa-sltuatlon meets the condition of legitimate-·
· independence of another. state; or in any -other individual self-defense under the UN Charter. (UN
manner lnconslstent with· the Chatter of. the United . cnener, Art: 51).
Nations, as· set out. in this. defini~ion· (Definition ot-: . . . .
·.. Aggresslon,· UN Generi3(As.semb7y Resolufic/n No; The ·1cJ rejected the [ustification or collective self->
3314" (XXIX);;4r.t. 1 [herein1;3fter-UNGA 3314}).- .defense · maintained by the United ·.. .states. in
. . . •. .. . . connection- . with .. "the . .rnilitary . and paramilitary
A~~s of-Aggression: "(IBBA-AS)'·. ., . . activltiesvtn and -aqalnst Nicaragua. Self-defense;
1 .: lnvasio·n or attack by the armed forces of a State . whether . individual · or. couectlve, can only: be
·. , ·at of
the terrltory another· State, or· any military . exercised in 'response .to·an armed- attack. There ts· . ·
. occupation, however temporary, resultjrg from _. no rule . permitting·."the \ixercise. of c611ective ~·elf-
-: such invasion 'or attackor anyarinexation by tne.; .: · ... defense in the absence-of request by tbe State which
· _Lise of force of. the territory of another State or . ·. Is a. vi.ctim · of an: alleg'ed,. attack (Military .ena
part.thereof · . _.. .· · : · . Para.milita_~ A,ctivitie$ in and Agtiinst Nicaragua
· -2.·' §.o.mbardm~nt by ttie· armed ·fqrc:es of aState "(Nfcaragua· v.·.U$.), .Merits, .Judgment,./CJ. Repon»
· . · -.a!;j"ai_nst t]le territory.of another State or the. use . 1986 P.-14): . . . . ..
- · ·. of:any weapons 'by a State against the territ9_JY..:.-:-,,.~~-~ . ·. . · t ·, • • • • • • • -.

. ofanother State;· . . ... ·. ,-:-.,.,.."'~ · .. "Tr ]. ·Rrep!-1!!¥e/Arj.tic_ipaJo.11:.Se_lf~D:efen~e: ·.'. ...

_3"· _§.!ockade.?f the PC?rts or coasts of>-;St~_te~ th~ ll.-. .f~r·!Jlf~:
armed forces ·of-another State; Lf!'·. <'"\ J,. ~==--=;Jt!_M6<f!eCf~it~~
4. : !J~e.-of Ar-r:ned_ t~.r~s of on~fxi~e-w-~_!.ctf"are _ no;,.cpojce"of_pte'a~
?,!'<fQ_f<:_e.. ~n .ant1c1p~it1on of-a? 'attack 1s le~al
mst,,mt, overwhelmmg, and l~aving
•..5- an~. nq· moment of de!iberatil;m
within the territory of ano,tp:_r,~~~t~''1'~~El""--=;"ft""''."'(SA~~~~~Uprc~~ft ?81). ·. . .. . .
agreement ·ot the. ~iee,t~m~·:;·_stple., !fh "'.:r· -w. · :'\ :~ .--{') 1 ... ·. . .. .- ·
corifravention of the con~1tio'rf5;;~fovif"d for if ·Al\ .X<threafrned~~tat.e,~~cording ·to lqng. established
th.e · agreemen\. or a"i, extepsion ·o_f :their .--(:.}\_ internatidnanaw;t'<fJ)takemil_iJary.actiori as long as
pres?nc~- /in. sµch_ ·i~t7-l!i:1ryJ, ~ey,'lfd"":''.'"'!llenf.-lr~.11:fr~ten.e~ ~t~~~-\i~immi~e:·nt, ~o-ot~er _means
terrrnt:iation of the agree~".'~117·. · ~ !!~lj ·~ara deflect it, 'rnct· tnlaction ls proporhohate (UN
5.: ~cfibn of a· S~tejn allo\1Yi~gtls~tc_rri(~\ wliic"i~. 1, '. ;,1;:j[ifilh~l~_'tl/Ji. PsnWi>-onl11Threal$, ,. Cballe/ige.<; . -and
has- pla.ced'at th~ dis~qf~f·~f4l11ot~t;.!~J~_!ate, ·t?::_~;;£h.i:m11tffJftj~11,rpt:tle1:7euho/d (2003), p. 100). ·
be used by that. other:· siate11for,perttetr!i;!\~g-a.n-, · J , . ,~ 7,/t:J/_' tl '""'<.+ · ·. · ·· ·
. act o~ aggre~si?" agains~a::thitct~tataf".a\c;!~ . ;- · }d· · .. ~t~_~g~to9;ctrine,r .. : _: '. - . · ..
6. §e~~mg by or _on behalf:lof ·a Site-~f{'~rri3.t1l~- j' ~WE;P.,110~sµ_flc,~1on·toi/fo~ceful 1".}te~en~1on. oy ~n
ban_ds, groups_, 1~regular.s o\'>mE1rce ne~fl'l~Aut§!papower; Of byJI regionaLofganizat1on,,.1n what ·
carry .out· acts:of armed" fOr(ie again J anotff~r-.,.,...·~e:J:the;wr'se c·oMTdered .th.e ir:,ternal affairs.- of a
State of such··gravity as -to .a1t!ount lSi:1fu~,,.")bfs'..!.C~...\AerglJb'of!ng~or,y-Kunity fDEME, Law; ·Morality, and ..
, listed_~.above, or its ·s~bst~intf~4}Q-~~~~~"'---.--""-"'"'~':\.e.e~~ft~Jemf~ /nteNention (2013), p._.·_~O).· .
_ther~m (!!_NGA 3314, Art. 3), . · · '~-[ ... )\ /[ /1t,R .. t: p... t 't. j-,,;2·.·P) ·
.. ,, \~"- "'.>:•biflrl;·t . . , .
:R~qui~ites·foi P,ro.per t~e~cl~e ~f ~~~t·-qt~~-~~)~o~Jit~ni~ =~~~ng -si3rio~~.t,arrn,-as a
Defer.ice: (ANPS) . . . ..·. . . .: . · . . . . r1:isult [?f inle.m<:11 war-(·fo!?urs.~ncy,_i"eP.res~ion _oq;tate
1 . An_ :Armf;!d attacK occurred. agains_t a. member of 'failure, . ar:id· · ._the. state in ·.q·1:1e:,t_\9n·.is: unwillir;lij , or
tlw. !..IN;· __; . , · · · ·. :· :.. . · · ., , · 1• · unable· to, halt· Qr avert Jr.· the principle. bf . ri6n-..
2. · It rnusf b1;3. ~oflfine.d · to.: cas~s . Jn whieh · the . · ihter:ventioil :yields to
the·. iriternational ·responsibility
N.ecessity · .?f .. the. ~~lf-defen~e' _is· : instcint, )o:p.rotect_(lht~rnaticina_lCom"!ission ·ari-lnteivenlion.
·-overwhelming; and teaying no ehoicE;J of rne.a~S; al'ld Sta.te.Sovereignty_(2Q01), .-Ba.sic Princ1ples). .
. ,. and oo moment for deliberation\ , · : . ·
·3. Measures . taken' . .m·usr 'be limj~ed. by that" MonrQ~:·ooc.trtn~· . .
. necessity .. and" .. keP.t ' dearly within; "it Based . on . the.· .. Staie : "of. the.·: Union ~ddress. of
(froportio11.ality); ~md . . . . . ., Pr.esidentJames . Monroi:iof-the United States·where
· · 4. Must give_ way:to measures that"rnay be. ta~eh : tpe US was infofmiiig ·the···po_wer~.af the .Old Wand.
. ·by the .§.ecurity.Cdui:r.qi! .t9 maintain internaU-prial . (E.t.ifope:} -that the jKrr1ericat1·.continents were .. no
.. : . . .. peace .-.and · security,·' (SARMIENTO, -supra at . . . . . - lc;>:nger operi to l;uropean colonization; ~nd that any
· 274). · .· .. · effort to ~xt4;1nd·l;uropean.politicaHnfluence into 1he
N"ew World wollld be considered by the US as
an act
of aggression. The thr.ee mairi principles -are·i
,1.° Noh-.co!onizatiori;· · · : · . · .. ,
2. · Non-fn~eryent_ion; and · ·

. 360 .
. I 2019 SAN SEDA CENTRAUZED:BAR
.~ OPERATIONS
. .
 3. · Separate spheres of lntluence for America and Internationally Wrongful-Act .
Europe (~ARMIENTQ,supra at 98-99). -Every internationally-wrongful .act of a State entails
· the international' responsibility-of that State. There is
RIGHT OF LEGATl0N (Right -.df Diplomatic. an internationally wrongful act of a State when:
(ntercou rse): 1. The conduct consisting of an act or omissiori is
It is the right of the State to· send .and receive. attributable to theState under international law;
diplomafi9 mlssfons, w~ich enables States tocarry · and · · '·
on friendly interceurse. ·It is not a· natural or inherent 2.. The . conduct constitutes a breach · of · an
right, but exists only by commonconsent. No legal 'international obligation of . that . State (Draft
liability is. incurred by..the State-for-.refusing· to send . Article~ on Responsibility. . of States· for
or re.teive diplomatic representatives' (NACHURA, lnt~matior,al/y Wrongful . Acts, Aits. · 1-?
suore.et 675). · . [hereinatterRSIW.AJ);
.. . ....
. ·. ·. . . 7 . .

.. (Please·s_ee)Jiscussioh otrDip~orr,atic Law.) Note: · Js..' 'State cannot· escape charactertzation as

wrongful by invoking its internal law (RS/WA; Art. 3) ..

· ··' . •.
1· Attribution

I .
·. . S;ATE . RESP.ONSIBiLITY ·
. · · . · ·: .... , · ··
.
. ".. '•·: ·
.
. ·· ·
:_.
. ~/)
.
It is a legal construct whereby an lnternatlonatly
_unlawful conduct of a State- organ acting in that
. capacity is regarded as the· conduct of- the State
Doctrine of State·ResponsibUity., · .,, , · /·.: itself;· making·. that State responsible for it as an.
Provldes -tnat whenever·· one· 'state commits/ ~r{,.<;\ internationally wrongful act A State is internationally
internationally unlawful act aqamst a~other st#"~/- : _;:;!~- responsible for. its own acts or omtsslons but. as.an
.· international r:!3spo,nsib~lity is ~stablish_ed.':_betw.~E:!/l.'._··.' ~- l,.,a..tJ~-~i:act __ eriu.w, '.it can P.hy_si5=ally act_ only. th,_rough·
t~e two. AJireach_·.0fan mtern_at,onal o~hgatro~l?.'V~§.!:?'.; :.:...,;tfl~~pu,~Js~'<?C;9ro~ps of mdrv,d.uals_ perforrmng."acts ..
rise · t9 a _requirement for .,r:eparatro9,.,<lt··.rs a'O t'. of-tti_e-state')·<;>nits behalf ({)_1tferences Relatmg to
fundamerita_rp_r1nciplE:_q~i_nt_ei:natio9al/~!'.~sing o~fi)--"!'j lfr!munity · :w~iP. Legal r:ro.cess of 'a SP_ecial
of the -nature of Jhe internatiorral· legaPsy~tetn and~....-1::t Rapporteuiqof. 'tl1e Commissiort of .Human ~,ghts, ·
the doctrines '.of' .state . s~ve:reigntt~a9,d-- e'$~1ify ''.¥ k:J. . /CJ,·!\pril l9, ili 9~, p. 62). ·
st~fes (SHAW, s.uj:>ra~t 778). _,.,.y _ .it"~""' · ·_-e\ j:r:i\ . : / .. 11 · .\. · _ . _ .· . . ... .
· .: • . : . . . •. _ ., 12f'=-,, · ¥j'", .. :. \,. f~ . Con~µ~;t-~tttlbu~j>le_to the S!ate. • .
Essen~1al Ch~ract~~1sbcs: ~E_;;pt.-)=:-~~9\J . ~~>. · f:''1 l:t1ea~t~-;1Pflt,l°'ff:>l!9}yng are at!nbutable to tile State:
1.·· gx,_stence of. ari 1ri_t~r-nat1~~~1 le_g-~~.b..l.\Q.8_t_rot:f-:'.J,lilj lri/ (SP~ D12N~t~~~!;>-'"' . . .. .. · · ·. . . .. .
· ·. force as _bE?tween two,partrc1Jtap·q!:!!!es;tl,;,. ·· 1f. · l'".Y 1 .. .§tate· organs. exercising. _leg1$lat1ve, J.Ud1c1al,
. 2. QciCUJrence of_~m,act0( 6misSiOf!'~hichr"fOlat~S . ,1,._,·--'· E:XEJcutiv_e, o(a'tJy other functions Whil~ act.irig· in
tt,at 'obligation and which is im"p'uta9.[.e.>.'to·tn.e l;;_;~·~?\'1ai-gbvernmental capadty even if the ·organ
°o/.'. . ·$tale responsi~l_e;_~nd . · . ·1,r.·· ·.,
. {{i(~¢7.:.'.:,;.:,.,_~12·t,·:=·~~x'.c~~-. its_ a~thority or . contraveni,l's
/ . 3, ,boss or d_~11;age·ha.s;resu,!te1:t:f,ro_ni~\he.:u~~~~1:ll. . ·.: .. _mstruc~l!)ns; , . _--,: . . . .. . .·
j;i,.::_., · ac~or:omrs~ron.:(Articl~s 0'.1 $tate.R$t$eot1~j.~ll1ty!_ ~· · Aferson or er:it!ty empc;>.Wered by the.law of the.
··: · '- ... Art. 1; .Factoryat Chorzow{Germany v;~Pol'and), ' State -to. exercise elements · of governmental
~\· · . Permanent court <of. internalio.nal Justice; July · authority while .acting fn a governmental.capacity
..... ·.2iJ; 1927..; SHAW.,supr<J:at ia1; ... · · · . ~veri :if the p_er~on er entity eiceeds·its'authority.
. . · · ... ' · · · , · · · · . . 6r-tbntrav.enes instructions; : . · ·.. · · .-
~- :T°heo~ies:Oh Stat~--Res.pqr{sib·il,ity.:1·., ,: : ' . . . . ':, . 3.. Ari ~riia'ri placed at :th'e Qisr,9sai' of a State· by
,'-_' 1 ... Princ!pli ·of' "objecWve_'.Respoti'sibiiify/Risk another. state ·if· tn.e organ is exerdsing
. Theory/Stric;tL,iabjlity.(!Vla]Q.rity.Vlew)-_one~ . . . gove.rnm~nt_ar·au\hority .of the State at whose
· an.· upl,:1wfi:lL.ad :has · take.ri pla.c;:e·, . which qas ·.. tlispos.al'it was placep; · . . ·.,
ca:u_s·ed injur'y.and.-which h_as ~een comm_itte~..by -.4 ... .Per.sons ·or group of persons acting . on. the
. an agent of .the. State,-:_ that Stafo· will:. be· . Instructions of, or ur.ider ·the·direction or control.
te~ponsi.l?Je"· in .-'ii:1terriational ."law to. 'the .State ·_. Of, a state even wher~·the "person Of group is
sufferingthe'dar:ri:age.irrespectjve pf good or bad . . 'exercising ~len'}ents qt goveriim'el)tal authority in
faith. . . . . . . .. . . . .· · the. atJsence -or. default bt ·0tticial · authorities
Subjective , Responsibility .. Concept/Fault- - · wflere the:circ.umstarices calqor the ex('}rcise of
_Theory :(Minor.ity'.View) -'--'-. ·An ~lament of .. · -such a_uthority; ·.. .
intt;!ntio"nal (do/o)'"ornegligent (culpa) C~>ndticton . 5. An !nsurrectlonal: m6vem.en( wheri i\ b~co,mes .
the ·part .of the· person ~oricerned is n·f;)cessar.y the new·government of the State;
before his ·state ·can be re,idered. fiable for any . 6. :The entity which succeeqs in establishing a :t:{ew
·, · injilry, caused· (SHAW.· supra at 783;·· Corfu 'Stat"e in part·ofa.pre-existing -State;"ancl
0

'Channel C~se (.UnitedKingdom\(. A.lbatiia}; /CJ,. ~ · ·

. April 9, 1949). . .

2019 SAN BEDACENTRAliZEDBAR OPERATIONS I 361

 =ueuc 1NTERNATIONAL LAW
. wt •'
SAN.B£DA !AW CENTRAUZED BAR OPERATIONS - MEMOf!Y.A/Q 2019:
. . .
WIS WPM;' W c·a;;N E+ &I Ehl IWFWAYi M?W

7. · Any ,person or entity where the ·state would; in all probability, have existed if that.act
'-~ck·nowledges - 'and adopts the person's at . : hac:J. not been committed . (Factory at Cnorzow
.. entity's conduct as its.-'ow1\ (RSIWA, Arts, 11-1 f). '(Germany 'v. Poland}; · Permeneni .Cow:t' of
'lnter:nEJtionalJustice, July 26, 1927; RSiWA, Art.
Instances Wh~n Sta~e. is.. Re'sponsible'· for tlie 31 ). ·. . ·· . . '. -:
Wrongful Act of Another State: (ADC} . . a. · Restitution -·Obligation to· re-establish .trie
· 1: When it 'Aids . or assists another State . in the situation· which existed before· the Wrongful
COll)mlssion,,.of' an 'lntematlonally wrongful act act was cpmmitted,.. . . . . . ', . ' ...
· .mstWA; Arl:.1.6); ".. . . .· ._ b. Compensation ~ obliqaticn to. compensate -
.2 ... wh~n it Qlr.1;1cts'and controts another ~tale in the . (financially)· for assessed darnaqe if.. not
·,· commlsslon of an internationally wrongful act made good by restitution." · . . · .
· (RSJWA, Ait. 17);:anc;J .. . · . . c. ~ati~faction ~ done w.l:len damaqe .is· {)o:t
-3. IJVhe11 it ·coerce~-another State to commtt'.an made good. by restltutlon orcompensatlon: ·
intematiqoallywrongfu.i act (RSIWA.Arl. -1Bj. - · may consist in an ai:::kno-.vledgm~nt of, the
. . . · .. . · breach.. expression' o·f reQret;: a Iormal:
Requisites:. ' . applogy, or. another approprtate. modality
. · a. - The State does ··so with" knowledge ol, ihe · ."(RS/WA; Aris; 34-37): . . :: ..
. . .· circumstances of. . the :,·ih,erriationaJly· . .. . :. .. .
.. . wro.n.gfulact; and. .' . _ · .' · , - . . .,_;c(=-··=--·==2'.lote:Y.,here,restitution _is jriaterlally Impossible
b_: - The act would be, internationally Y{r9i:l!'ffuf if "if -v ;i, '_-pr,~yolve_s a burden out ot proportion to the,
_ committed by- that State (R,Sl~A,'.AMt:,,_16- ~ ) fVbenefLF:~~~ivingfrOJ.l.) it, reparation takes the form ·
. '. 1.£J). ·· • -: . · ::I'-<(~\.1 :;~~;_~~°?f
· c'?JnP:l,hation·:or .satisfacti9~. or"_even_ both ~·
·_ ·: _· :-. . . . . . ,/)t:.\,~:?.': · . · · "(Rl.!ferv!ill;t-.e _ ~be·R,ver_Uruguay (Argent11:a v:-
Acts Precll,Jdmg Wrongfulne~S· o~~i-each_~"-fp..-~-:5~-,Vr~gua~Ju 9..r:_nent, · JcJ R_eporls· '201_0, p_ar,. _
FAILS) . ·. · . .If<'}~.:,?' (. 'f.J\ t'5:· 1f' 2n}.. ~- · , '\\· · . - -·
1. ~ct_sc,ut of .n.~cessiW._butfih~~~tiit i, tti~ sole' . .£,~ ..,n\ _ \ . '\ ·. · -~ - . · . . . ; ·· .
·. w~y to saf~gua_rd-an eS~fr.~alJ~!erest r~aJ~~!_a ....::_._-!.~?Jr~spo~~?~'taJe may n~t . r~(V on _the .
gra.ve anc;:I 1rnr.nmen_t penHa11o;(;lqes.not ~mp~1r an . · p,rov1s1on~ .~f ls.•~·~rna_l, law .as JUst1f1eatlon for
Jtaf~~(o
· l:!~R';lflfial .in!ei'e.~J Of_the WhOrr\ ~)"')~ ! , .!:.,:•''.~failu{l3tQ cofll~1y ~rn~.ns. ?bJigationS Und,e( the
.. .#:ie 1_ntem~t1on_al·o.bhgat\?~»ts~; . - ~\. f;J~~rr'fij-iiif~i. ~~~~ql!~n~i~',,,:(}fj1.1Jt~~1c1£!°')all.y wrongful .acts
· .2. forc~.m.a1eure_;. -n,~ ~ · r-Jl't _
· .· . ~.1:.._;_(!!f~~''-A~#"32)., ·11 _ ...: ·_ .. .
. . ·3. ~ctions. reqJ.Jired ~to sa~tt:1tfi!~1~ct9}~ffelife~ In ~),. ~J. ~?, ../ ~ V'~~ .e . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . .
situation·_ 6f clistress; an.d'.]h~re ,,nq -re1f-s~n~l,i &,(Jf;JIY.9.~j.trin,r - ~ if -' : _. . : .a . _:
way, to save ..thaf life. or other.live\ ~tfl~TI; -'1%'J~t9.1.s. ri~(n~_spo~sible_ -tor· losses .incutred by .
4: .fl)e'gal · activity .against -a~·~ttier. $f~te · ~u_K1_~ /.a},e1l~iAtime"of-.cil(i.1,w~r (S!,R_MIENT.O,supra:a"f 83) .. ·
._ _ inju~~~ s~~te has .c<;>n.s~n.ted:l~the ille'9~,La_e.~~~~Nfr,,.,Jt\, .
5 .. beglt1mate .countermeasure$\ ta~e1J:/'"-agi®st.!£~JC-~lY,.Q.f~la~1,~
rJ •. c, ·
:7· · · · - - - - · · _. . ·
· ... _ · . . ·
. · · c:1nothe.r state} mega1....i~ts; a_nd \~ -:(,:Oa ~~,..,.1r-~:':'f~~e.flfio<;:pntracts .between a: governme~t
· 6.· ·§.elf~~fencem conform1ty.~th the~~-~~~er_ 1'. IJ 1~rff<~!~nVf'tp_r.events a~pears_ ~y-.al,~n~: t~ 1~·~1r.
_ ,.· (RS/WA, Arts.·20-25). _ _· ._,; ·.-... ~~....,_._::. 1V.µh~m.,~~ernments-for d1pl.or:natic. tn~erve.nJ1on m
· ·. - .. · .- · · . ·- . · · ·: · _ ~~lfel}alf.ofthei~-i:::ontract·.righ.ts. (SARMl£NT9, supr.a
t,19te:. Th~.wrongfulness_of failure to co_mply y,.,lth. a at:85) .. : · ·
. peremptory . norm· · of iliternational. I.aw ..- is _nevi!r
preclu9ea (~S1WA, ~.rt. 26): _ · : · · .... :

(Se'e ais~µssibn ~a .jus. Cogens.j _ .· · ·

1.·- _ :.
c~risequences ·of 1~ternation:a1i.y"wro-n~tu1:
(CR) : -. . . . :. . _ .
A~=- -
. . "· ._ . '. ., ... Jlfrlsdiction . •.
1 .. :~~ss.ation ·'-::-. the" state ·r~sporisit)le for ·the 'The.·p~wer or ~u.thcirity exercis~d. by·a .St'~te.. over
. iotematlonally . wrongful . ·-.act . ls.. wnder "an .. land, persons, .. p~op~rty, ,.transacti~.ni; and· ·1:1.ven~s. . _
·obligatio·n. to .ce-c;1se ·maf f.!Ct;-if. It is ~orifinuing, · ·- The basic question of Juris.d_iction centers uponw):llch . ·.
. and'·.- to. offer· .. §pp_ropriale assutan¢es .. and State· has sovereignty 0r .. iegal ,~ontrol_ civer- land;
.. guar.an'tee·s Of nof\-n,ipetitiQl'l if'c;:ircumsfal')C_('tS$0 pe.rsons~ ~l:i'ip_s. at-: sea,·. ~i_rstiips .' in : flight,: P.roperty,
, require (RS/WA; Arl: 30). · . ·: - · · . .. . . - . transactions or' . ev.~nts·. in . variqus . sJtu.ations .
-~- Reparation . (Restitutd _j[j· integrum). . - the (NACHURA, Sf!pre at 667~668).. ··-.
. essenllar principlf'- contained _ii, the actual hoHon .. . .
o~an 11iega1·act is tha~ rep.~ration;must, as fa"r,as . Categori~s- of.jurisdiction:·- . '· ,._-: ·
pos$ible, wipe:ciut _all ttie -consequences·- of-the ·1. Jurisdictiorj to prescri_be:·,:,.. to'.make i,ts: law ,
illega~ act and r_e-es~blis~· the sit~ation which applfcable to persons or a~vities:· ·. ·
. .. ..

364 I 20J9 SAN SEDA C~NTRAUZED BAR OPERA TIQN$

 -
. .
.PUBLIC 1:N·TERNAT.10.NAL
SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALl~EDBAR OPERAT/Oh/S- M~MORY"A/D1019
LA·W
.
"'·
~;·· biV.-&SFll§iPl&MM&tt:AfP4WiS4iiM6 iriNM#&MHWII ME&SM&Wf¥1ti
•
li" 2 .". Jurisdiction to: . adjudicate - to . subject (M,alone International La_w (1998), p. Q9
f.t, particular persons .or things .to judicial process; · [he.reinafter MALONE]).. .
f: . and . 5.. Jurisdiction. base~ on agreement. - States
t 3: · Jurisdiction to enforce and execute - to use ~onfer jurisdfoti~n· .. ttii-euQ._h· · ·intemationai
t the· 'resources of gover.nment to 'induce or agreements_ (ld.J: ·
n'. compel compliance with its· law (EPPS, supra at
t. •' 132). Jurlsd!ction 'Over i=o.reign V!;!SSels in· Phillppine
r . .· . , . · · ·. · . Territory . . .·. .
f/·. Bases.ot°Jurisdicti<:>n:(TN-PUJ) . . 'L French Rule .- crimes committed ·aboard a
t. 1. Ie.~ritoriality .:, ·The fundamental source- of . foreign·. merchant vessel should not . be .
t
t·
jurisdiction is sovereignty civer. territory. A .State
has absolute, but not- necessarity exclusive,
prosecuted· In the courts of the country· within
whose· terrttorlat jurisdictlon they· were

ir:f> · • power to · prescribe. adjudicate, · and· .e11force

.
rules forconduct that oc~ucs within its territory. ·
. commltte.d· unle:ss their commission affects tbe ·
. peaceand-securlty ofthe territory, ·. .. . · ·

r. ·_:. . .
,<·., · ·
..Eff~tts. D~~t.rine·-' A State:has j~risdiction· over
· · : 2. Engli'st:, 'R1.de.- crimes' perpetuated· aboard a
· to.reign merchant vessel · are· in general° triable.
f .

ifi
acts. occurring -outslde ·its .territory but .havinq .
effects wUbin it. It co nsists of two principles:
. a. ·subjective ,Territoriality . .:.. .State .has
in the courts of 'the country within. whose .
territory they. were commltted. This is followed : .
· lnthe Philippin.e.Jurisdiction (BERNAS, supre ·
r.'". . jµrisdictlon to .. prosecute and punish for,._.,(~ at 137-138 citing People v. Wong Cheng, G.R. ·
f·: . ..
crime commenced -. wi!hin · the . State lW\ ,,~{ . No: L'-'18924, 1922). · · ·· · ·
t
~-··
co~~le~ed or 9on.5umm_~ed abroad; . (')/ ::i\. : .,
b. ObJecti:ve _ Territoriality - . State · !.l;tca.~ ,.·.. _:·:J Con_fl_lct~ ~f .Jurlsdlctlon
'-, . .
~i· .jl!riSdiction to pun_ish for.crime wmmeri9'~.~).;.·i.1z__1.U~.appar~11tthat more than one St~te may assert
rf._: . · .with'out.lhe ~~ate ,bu( consummated~ithi.~L)H:~'.'..J!J!i.~3i,g~io9,~o'..v.er any.,.given act or omission in any

f
{
··
: its tetrjtory_ (BERNAS, §.up;a.'at_j,f),;J; citing\...; -~. :given"'-plaee:;'+\This·has led_.to: arguments that, !n
. SS. ~otus Ca~e :(Pr.ance v. f&~Ke'y), PCJJ/L-·I general, ·te~it'8riat ju~,l$dictio·n. is pFimary and that
· ,1'!]27.~· and ,Trarl S0elt~,: Arb!tf/;JJqr,(US-j_.,.. ..-i,1- extrat~rritolalJ!,Jri~~i~-~o.n .must.· be . resti;,~ined in
..--':..> fl':'!~J#. 1J
J. ·, i;
·. . · . \ . .
~~; · _C;;ir.,ada), 1938-41) ..... · d~fer~nf.~1.to·~betpol~c1es·of.theState.where the: act
~"... · · . _ · ·; .·---. · ·.: .. , 4f~ ... "ljr"'-b:-. ~- · ~·\ · or f~1ss1pn dufs: (EP/1,.~ supra at 50-!)1). · .
~- N_at1onallty - T.1;ie· nahori~hjy~pnnr,;1ple prov19es~ ·~1 . · ·. . ·· · . · · ·. . ·
that_. ev~ry .. Sta.le. has.~~ri'sdictl9~_;:qve~'?l!,ts. i":'.l· M.od~~,,ot}r~~~}Yi~J(;;-onfli~t of.Jurisdictlqn: . .
. nationals e.ven ~hen thoset'lt~Onf}ls,-a,r;e,outsl~~ r. ;/ 1. ~al_'am:lfilti.1.J:'e~t - i_t is· ii:· judici?i, ·doytrlne.
Jh.~.Stafe.(BERNAS. ~'!pra f.3t·-~'"4~,'f.::()!_ .. //. rd. . .
_INhereby a' C?U~- ~ea.su_res co~peting interest-
. 1. · f\ctlve Nationahty. - · · 'Rtre.:. ba,s1s. (or · ,~(.;,...-r, . a~ l;>etwe~n 1ndrv1dual rights and govemme_ntal. ·
· .. ju_ris~iction ~here t_he.. Foru,ln ~t~;.assert_:\,-.,~.' :~:t'.'/ff.~~?i'f~~-
. .. or: bet~een·.~tate aµ~hor!ty. !:ind:'federal
; .tlie;nght to._pr.escnb7 a !aw.1,qr a.n ~9.~~~,!-'.:..d!...::-~s.~pr,em'acy-and de,;:1~e~.. wll1ch mterest_-should ·
based- ori . the nat1onahty · Qf{ · the /:.a__etor· . prevail ·(Black's L.aw Dtctir;mary)
_ · ·(SARMiENJ:b; supra· at-1.25)." · '<i:"'ifj, · · . . . . . .
2, · P~ssiv.e ~. N'ation~lity_ : ... : A-.· tneory · · of The U.S-~QUJt employe"[:i°'a·tripartite 'anaiysis to .
-jtirisdicti6n based on the nationality of the de"terminerwhether or not to·assuin.~jurisdiction..
. victim; rarely·u.ser::l"bec,ause,(1) it is.offensive . . a. Aqual···cir' intended. effect. on·· US foreign.:·
for"a·nation to insisqtiat.toreigr:iJaws .arEi not · · .. ·. commerce· . : ..._ . '0 •
·'. sufficient t9. protect its citizens: a!J~9ad:and'' b:·. Sufficient.'.: l~rge .effect. ·. _to -;. prese~t .. cl ..
. . . (2) ·victim. 'is riot being prosecu.ted.'(/d. at:· CC'J~liizab(e.injiJry t6:tfie:.p!ail1ti.ff~ ~nd a civil· .
126): · .. : · .. :. · ·· · ·· ·; · ·. violation of the _a11ti-trustlai,ys; and·;.. i · . ·
c.- ·-·Si,Jfficient"_. strong_. effect ·on· 'WS foreign.
3.. ,ftot~ctiye Principle/ Protective Pe·r~ona!it~-,..; . commerce-vis~a-vis those.of.otlier nations to '
. ·)A State may exE!rc,ise· Jcirisdiction over c:onduct . justify an ·assertrti.11of extr~ordinary'i:1uthority....
· outside its territory that threatens its ·security,as .(Timberlane · lt,Jmber . -C9.:_. v. . Bahl( of .
long as that ce;,'.riduct is generally recognized as America,
.
549. F.2d
.
597;....M.arch ~. . 1977).
.
criminal _by St~ffes in. the intemation.al comrriu.nity
. (RESTA°TEMENT', supra at 402(3)). . 2. lntem~tionai·C~~i!}' ~· E~en 'whe~ a State lias
· ·y_i:,iversallt:y". - · ,::11-e· jurisdi~tibn ·over cri.mes basls for ~xercising_ juris~iction, · it will refrain
cominifteo by -aliens outside ·the territory 6n the fr.om doing· :so if its exerdsE!. will .. be
sole 'basis of the. presence of the a·li~n.wjthiii the' · . unreasona):)le. Unreasonableness is detei:mined
territory of th.e ·state assur:ning. jurisdiction. It by 'evaluating vari_ous factors t9 wit: (LC-CEL)
inc;ludes piracy; s_lavery;, genocide, . hijacking, a.' ,bink of· the activity ·to the territory of. the.
war crimes, &nd ·crimes aga1.nst- humanity· · regula.ting State; · ·

. . '
20~9.SAN SEDA CENTRAUZED BAR OPE~TIONS 1. 363 ·
.•:.. . .. -.:·· ... _ .... ·.
 I~~~· .
~Z-f·!..c..;,~!·~a:wse
~~~
'
·. . · ·
IIMit+.a ms
P.UBLIC· l·N·TE.RNATION·AL·.-L.AW
: .*" W t1weznsRWtSPS

SAN BEDA LAW C£NTRALIZED·BAR .OPERATIONS ·-·ME~ORV. AID 20;9

M_M·»ttEl.k!5;..ma:..ai.:..:.u!ieYu4usW4ffi!R31

~,'ml.'l".fiif#-!MkN6WS•01i!HIW,ildfl.Mfl#ti Nffi' ':lit/ER#ti i·t,,MIRtlfl0Sf.lH-.liq*ft&hilWWlMt@S:hl8S!liiWS11io~

. ~
•
.. . .

b: Connectio~ e.g., nationality, -residence, or

ec'Cmomic activity· between the' regu/'ating
· State and the.person priflcipa!iy r.esponsfble
.l s~ __.........._,....,..I·
~I_M_._.M_,..u_N_1_i_1E
__
for the activity to be.regulatecf; . . ·,
c. · .Qharacter of the activity .to:_be ·regulated; STATE
,•• . l!VIMUNITY'
. ~ ..
d .. gxistence o{ justified e~pectationi:;· that
might b~ . prote·cted · or · hurt ·by ··. the J;)oqtrine of State Immunity·
regulations;' and . · .· . Urid~r tl')is ·doctrine, ~ $late enjoys imri;lunity from
e. .!:ikelihdod of 'co'nfltct. Vv'.ith regulat,ion t>x : . the ex.ercise of jurisdictron .by another ·.state: The
· .. arioth.er State. . cO!,Jrts of.one ·state. may not as~urne,jurisdiction over. ·
· another Stat~ (SUAREZ,supra at 1236). · Th'e State
3 .. Foru"m non '. convemens. - Its: application Is: . may ,not t5e sued without its conseht (CONST ... Art.
discretionary, t.he 'court weighing private interest xy1,.Sec., 3) .. · ·.
factors a,ncfpubllc interest factors.: ·
. a .. Privateinteresttactors: · · :.' , Bas!~: All stat~s are sovereiqn equals and.cannot
. . .i. Accessto sources-of proot; · · · . assert jurisdiction over cine another, consonarit'wlth
···ii. AvaiJab.ilJty ·of-·co(ripulsQ"ry process for ·the publlc lnternational law principle of par
Jn'perem
·~nwilling witnessestand :' . ·. non habet impertum. A 'contrary disposltlon-wculd
, iii. Other personalprebtems wtilch_·m~e=~M,Pdt1Ty vexthepeaceot nations"·(Arigo v, Swift,.
. ·. t!i~I easy, expediti_ous'. an~ine· ·. er~e.1 )-.. fi,:~~~~6510,,se~:tember1_~. 2014). . · .
b. Public interest factors. .··, ·· · . .t~ . L [...,'If.st !f ... ~"."h' · ..... ' ,. ·
i. . Conqestlcn; . . · 0· ":("'\ ·f·~.~t==""d~.t~t11.lctihe_>pe.Ucation ·. · . . · . .'
· ii. De_si_i:e to .settle loc~!f~0Qtto~et~,es~ at : · Abs·o1t.tte'!-'so_y;~~". .· i'!lrnu~ity ·:. is: no· t.i;>_n~.er
. ,:.. hQ~0i·. an~. . . r. _"'''~(j/·,~~fz..=~ee'0-9,rnie~,;<!:tie· 1,~tri~W~ jjoctr.)Re. ?f. sovereign
... · 111.. Havinq the case tr~~IT)·~f9.rum.-at honi~· "if' ,1wm.l!iiil:Y.d~,;i1~~"S9v~r.e1gnimmunity wlth respectto
witht~e apptic.:ibtl 1aw:(;J3f;RNJ#s, sup&i .ef;J\. ·]late ·aqfiviti_~~'.-pt a ~omrnercipfnature (a<?ta jurfi
' . ·. ··at 173-:_174), ·. . . · /I . I[ , · ·A),,~· gest!om§) (A~Jg;ojJJ'\,Swift,."G.R. · No. 20'6510,
. . . · 1-.~ 11. ·h· ~· ·-S'~f'e7'tfl:fer•16·· 2.af4).·1· ·. · · · · -
.Note"~ Forum non ccp.h~e:,;is·i~: ~ ·cmili!:S-=-"- , ~;1:<j · , ·~pr----•z _ .:. . .' r • ·,. • .' ••

· ?i~cr~ti~n.ary power t9! d1;,.9Hht to .~ercise·i;(t~~au1>,}t1~Jmm1:1qity.,:o~_e soyer~ign _i.~ rec~gnized .

c~:mv?n~ently hear a c~~~-t~t~~lloW~<;?;~[l'fl~ ir;Iee--~,gJ/ ,. ,

JUrtse:l1c~on ;where an~tf{et.-1<\?urt~~\- more r::,-~ ....o~ly ~t.l~J}~~d~to pubAc .ac~s (jf!S ,mpehi). (H'?IY · '
an~f.lG:;;.,.R_ftNo. 1019.49; December _1, ·
d1sm1s;, a case. whe~e ap\;i,tJ:ier~,ou,·~){~rum&:l 1..,'i'..,<i,f~4{~
is much bett~r suited to\\.~ear.ftl,~ca\~,:~ie!,."l l · ~«~ . "'l i ·
';{!. ! . _i . . .. . : .. . :
di~mis7al does noJ prev~·~f a·~1afuu.~ fr&.!Jl:r.~-....,y·~~~i,:tio')~;.tolhef.bo.ct~ioeof State Immunity:
· · · .
..

fihng· ~1s or her case in th,m9re-~~oR.rL~~~~-'ElS·~OE):;;.f·. ·,· ·. · · .. : · · · ·. · .

(Q~u~.:: · . · .' ... '\ ·}:. -~-.:1:::..L"l.-:J:':::-:-cv.v.a~ve~~s~~teimm_unlty; '.- · ... , _· ,
. . • ·• . . . . . . ' "<' \?.o~~~M~·('W~P~jf,~1~ 9(V~S .:~ns_ent _at the time the .
. ·. tn_the _Phrhppine:>, u_nder this rul~:!~Et.fh11wjm_e .. ·1~ lfj~~~ \l;)lgli:'ee_d.m~vs11:ist1tuted; .· .. · . . . . . . . .

' the. cas~ ptoyide~:,(~IP) ··: :· · , · ..

-'1.) · Par;tie.s · may Qonveniently. resort -to .
... · . _=-~"'·
. court or-agenay.rnay a~s~r:ne iunsd!cfloa.,.,o;,yer fVJ ··~.;~p.\Nhel)it.take~ ·steps: relat1r:1g·tq.the·men.t~ of .

·
.the':~~~ 9.eforelo,voking immunity:·.·
: c. ·When-by·_treaty or co11trac.t It .ha<l previously, .
.. ·.

. Philippine Cpurts:; .. ... . · given· consent(a'nd · .. . . · ··

2.):· f.l.hil.ippjne'Co\J'rtis ii'I. a position-to make · ·.. ct 'W_heri by law. or. reguJ~t1on in 'forc;ie..at' the time ·
. . Intelligent decisic;m as-to.law and faqts';· · · · :the complaint arose it has iridica'ted that it will
3.) Philippin:e Court nas or ii'.likely to.have . ::consent to t~·e'in.stitut'ion of jh·e· proce.edings
.. ·the: fowet: ·19-.. e,:tforce· its .. decision · >.(NACHUR,A,..Juprfi f;ll'661j; ·. . ., .· '
· (ManilaHotel:Corp .. v.'._NJ..RG,' G.R::
No. . 2'. tr t~e;~fate-itself'has !a.stituted-.the·prpceedii:igs;
· 12Q07,7, O,c(ol;J.er· 13; 2900),. · .. · 3.~. · Any ~ou.riterclaim a,:ising out cir the .same ··legal
· .. . · • · ,··.',.relationship;._ . , . .. .. · · · ·· · . ·.
· .. · ·· 4, ·£Ommercial'transa'ctJons.wit~ prj.vat.~:iridiyiduals
·· · . · ... o( entities; · " . -: ·. · · · . ·. .. · . . .. ·
5 .. Qe.a~ o'i:· iriju,ry. to'..the,:person; 'o'qjamage to or .
. (pss of. tar,gible·. p(operty; cause b.y· -an. act qr .
omission=which is alleged to Qe'attributable'tothe.
· ,_ State; · · ,, · · ·. ·· · ,
€i: . Right or iriterest of. ttie. State ir, movable Or·
' : imrnovabl.~ prt>perty arising, ~y way of succession.· .
or donatloni , .. · · · ' .....

. .36.4 i · 2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALI_Zrn BAR OP~RATIONS I.

 r. tiNISS16¥MGitWit.lrlbiP WI . ·- WJ A..$.
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fi#-1it¥*'?5M iill ~~.:,·-:.

·._PUBLIC INTE.RNATl(ll\fAL LAW· ({f/{;$,

,,f D!31•Mi&IIIIA451J . I 4118.fflli ~:;:~=r::oi~~~:::;~:;.~:~~~~yb~D..!~1 :AfillWQi\mW:,'rt.!ilW~,,Jcl~, 1

7. 811ege.d infringeme_~t of patent, industrial design,

-trade name or business· name, trade. mark, DIPLo~iT1c AND
copyright, or any other form of intellectual or .
· industnal property: . ·. . -. · · -, CoNiuL~R LAW
e. farticip~tion ·in a company orother.couecttve
. body.whether incorporated or uAineor.po_rated; _
9 .. Proceeding which relates ta: the Qp~,rat1on of a DIPLOMATIC L~~
. -shio.other than .a warship: and · .
o.
1 Procsediriq 'involving ,gffec.ts 'of an arbitration . Right ' of. Legation (Right 'of' : Dfp,lom_ati,G.'
lhtercourse). · ·
. . agreement (UN Convention on {(!e Jurisdictio_nal
· 1rrefe'rs·to the right of trie State-lo send and receive
Immunities-ot States end their Property, as c1te,_d
by SARM{ENT(),.supreet 153). , · . . ·- .»••• . djplomatic _missions;· which ena~l~s 'the 'Stat~ to
· · carry on friendly'- r~lati~ns .. !t, il?- not..a natur~I or._.
-::·_.. ·W~J,.i"er."~~~sf.be. ~'1ear.-an~ l!n~9.u!v.ocai'-· . . -·· ·inherenf rig~t. but exists .on_ly by com·mor_i .~ns~nt.
No·-iegal lipbility is ,Inquired by tbe Sta~e for refu_~,-~g
£::', 'The 'existence alone· of a .. provision· in acontract
to . send · or receive diplo1J1atic ·.re·presentabves
st~ting that·. any iega·I .action . ari~lng out pf 'the
agreement stiawbe ,settled: according to. the. laws .of
(NApHURA, ~!Jpra. at '675). . . . . .... ·
the ·pi,nipp'in"i:3s. and by a specified: court. of the Dii,ll.~macy·
P~ilippines is not.necessarily a' waiver.of SClVereig_n ' It is a· science andan art ~h!')s'e purpose is to
·itnmlin_i\Yfrpmsui,t.,Submlssion by,·a._~o~eign.State to.,-~·<'?· ~ccomplis.h-foreig,:i policy in the most accurate.way,
_local jurisdiction -rnust be clear: and -unequ_'".<:'caJ.,\,!t._.%.J · .. trying to persuade the counterpart,
must _be given explicitly or by· nece~ary- jmph~_Uortz;(., .. fl. . . _ . _
(Republic of Indonesia v. vinzon, G.R_. _No. 1~47~~.;.~·,;_'·:'·)· As a peaceful alternative to war, _op~
o~ its rT_Jai~
. June·26,; 2003): _ 'JiJ
·:.'.::;').,-:-·fq~t~.9~~le·e rT!ihi_rni.Zation. of "friction ·_(Roncat1, _
·· .
"Suggest1onn, ,
.
· ~..~~..,.- · · . 'l · · .
,-,;:? 1!fJ~r"'D1plom.gf_9f,..>P':'.[hereinafter
' In International ,aw, when 1:1----sta~e offnte_rnation.~_r.~-~- Vienna Cpffe}'l>Qtion
.I~
t1
.
~QNCATIJ)._ ·. . . .
· · ..
'on Diplorr,fltic Relations
_

agency '0shi:ls t~ plead .s~vere1gn..~_.r.,.pfpl?ll)~,t!~!;\ · ins a·coc;!~1c~Jici~ of the ru1e.sd in~em!3ti?nc;1I.Ja'fl'..?n

immun_ity m. a fo!,e1~n CO~!:t.;1t_ requ_~~ts>~~--f~e1gn :}ii .dipiomatj,9'.int~r~urse; pnv1leges, and, ~mmun1ti~s.
Office of the-~t13te ~here.1t.·1~ ~~~-to cony~y:t,o~~~ tA the·PhiJippin~~ s~r:ie~ 1t _on. October _20,,1961- arid ..
_court. that sa1g , de~e~dant .1;~·~~t1tle~to-tmm~nity. :: '·;~-) ratifi~:i'.if:-~fl.:\19.9:v.~mR~t15, 1965. It _tia~ _b_ecome a .
tf
. (Holy See v.·.Rosano; G.R. N~-101-9¥92tq_1ce"!~C.- 1J··. univers~;tr~~JYi;Vli!tf:'1~0 S~te Parties as of. ~014
1'. 199,4/ · _ . : . .. . ·~,. _:~'iJ'~(\ v)/ ·: -~~}_(EPIL; supr.a'a~'r[VnitedNatio.r,~ T~e~ty Col/ec.llon).
~ote: The determination ·:of _the~~par\i;ri~nt ,?f. ).~:,;T'Qlpl.9..mats - : .·. . . , . .
Foreign Affairs . (DFA) that a certi:IIQ;,-1;1.er.sor,i is__~( ,,:w''A:ciass>'·ofrpersonsincluding ambassadors· sent by
.. cove.red py.the imll)'unity~is 6nly preli.~in~iy)'fJ:ircn~.:...:.-~,U,eirfureign gover:n~er;>{ tc:;i a·foreign,stat_e for the
i;,-:_' has.ho.binding, effect.in court!ftLiang v!,iJ.e~(Jplf(G.R. purpose of' being. g~ner.,il .r~pr~s.entatiyes or- to
i-' , No:: 125865,::January 28,·-2000). . · - · '~~i:il· · undertake· · special · negotiations (Dictionary. of-· .
. ~_-'. ·. . ·. . :· . _-.. .' _:. · . · . . . ·, · .... · '"'·· ... ' /nternation~I [.aw a.r,d. Comparative law, O~al']9:
~'•:.f'<· · ,Act o:f Stat~ K;)j:>~trin_~ : .;·: · ·. ' · .. , · ·
A state .should not mqu1~e-.mto :the val1d1ty of .the.
Oxford. ilnfvftrsftyPress (2003)).. - .. _ ·
':! ·_ p_ublic. acts '.of anothetstate _d<;me wit.hin_ !~.e·terrifoiy.. ·.
.The. tot~I number of diploinpts .of a ?ta_te consfitutes
of the latter. For, this' _purpos~. cons1derabor:is such .. . it~ forefgn se!".ic'ri(RONfATI;suprc/at 1): · .· . .
, as motivi>· ·i;lre .-irl_lmater-ial (Undw~lll:.v.. Hernandez, . ; • .. ,· . . . .. . ·.
.1'68 'tJ...s, 250, Noyer:nber 29, · 1_897):: .: .D)plomatlc Agent : : . . · · . ·: .. :: .. _ ··
. A "diplomatic agent" is the hea9 of th1:3 n,is~,~~- o_r,a
·E:itter.:~toriali~;·vs Extrat~rr:ilorialify , . "member of :the :oiplomatic : staff. of ti,e m1~s1cn .
Th'e -terro 'exterrltoriality is commi:mly_ us~d to · ·. (Vienna ciinyentiori ·,;m brplomati~ ~e.latio':$, Art.. 1 ·
. describe that"°status .of a. per~on or thing physk:ally. (fJ). {hereinafter..vc;DRJ). ,:he·perso~ of·~_d1ploma!1c :._
present ·on. a ·state's territory,_ put' wholly· or partly: .agentshall be Inviolable. He·s,hall nqt be liable fo any
withdrawn fr.om ·the·.sta.te's jurtsdicti.on by a rule- of · ·. form1of a'rresf or detentlqn; The rec_ehting·State :shall .
lnte.rriatiqnal_
. ,·
Law-(BRiERL Y,.
.. . at 187).
s,upf't! . . · '... · treat him' with·. du'e respect and s~all :take all .
ext~~t~rritoiiailty nieatis the rt9ht.or roreign citizens
app,ropriate sl~ps. ·:to .
pr~v~_r:it_ _.any. attack·: ~n his-
' person,' freedom·, or chgn1\y .(VCDR,- .Art.- 29).
to b'e tried by the laws.cif. the. country ~h.ey are from, DlpiomaU9 agents ar.1;3 ves.~ed·wittJ blanket.diplomatic
·riot ·the' laws·· ·Qf tt,e · country where·· .:tfiey.- live immunity from civil_ and criminal suifs (Minucher v.
(CAMBRIDGE DtCTIONA~Y). . . . :·. · · .. Scal;r.o, G.R. 'N_d. 142'396, February 11, 2003).

2019 .SAN
~ BEDA. c;ENTRALIZE;O
. . BAR OPl;RA TIONS. 36§
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'SAN_BEDA LAW CENTRALIZ.£0.8.AflOPEIIATIONS - M~MORYAID 2019
weww WS!IM

Agreirient . . Documents . Carried Dlplt>inatic

Signifies a .State's consent: to the foreign . State's . Repfesentatlves:
' appointment 'of a head :of 'mission, as Vl(eJ.1 .as the 1. Letter of credence: .
. . appointment of military, naval, and air attaches . Letter· given to· ;,in ambassador by his Chief of
. (MAL:.ONE, supra a.t 64). . State ~nq. addressed to
the· Chief of State of the
· Receivhig State requestlrtq the latter to give "full
Aide Memoire . . ·· credence" to what the ·ambassador:will say on
Written summary of the. key points made by a . · behalf·of hls government-(/d.J. .
. diplomat ·in·. an official eonversatlon. Literally, a .. 2. · Diplomatic passport" . ~uthori~irig the . envoy's
document left· witti the -other party to ·"the travel:: ·
cohversatidn.ieither at trie time of the comi.ersation,. 3 .. lns.truttlons, whlch.may. include document. of full·
or . subsequently, . as
arr. ·aid :. to . memory powers ·· (pliens .: pouvoirs} au.thorizi_ng :.him · to
(SA_RMIENT(?; suplaa( 119).: ·. . neqotlate on· extraordinary or special _b.u~iness..
4 .. _Ciphers for Secret communtcatlon.wlth liis· State
·.P~.,..sona Non Grata"(a.n unwelcome person) ~ .s · (GRUZ, suwa_· at 144) .. · .... ·· • ·
This refers to an offe.nding diplomat. The receiving ; ·
State· has the .' riQhLto ;declare a diplornati<? or· Me_mbe.rs·ofthe Mission; _
consular agent a. persons non ·grata arid-. thus · 1 .. Head of .the. mission. (AEC)
· request for the recaltof.that ag~rit (Ef:IL,· suprf! at1~£!'=· a, ~mbassadors or ·nuncio~ accredited to
.. 2). _ . . ..
. . . .
~.
' . - : . ~- . b~
- Agents of Diplomatic lntercourse~.<,!',·(""~.i .(;:,:~Qt·
u 'l\l r
. · .. ·,-;::::""'°?~. l{ -f °1'J .--:-"~~-~~}:if.Stateand ·ot?er':heads ot mission of·
egbi_'{alerit rank: .
ijh~'Y~·~, rnlnisters;' . eno' -lnternunclos
. . . .

1 : Head of state , he is Jl:re e~f$e~i~_Ji,ofihe · . ·. ~ccre~i,e.<.J,to the l:i-eaps pf .$tafes; . ·

· -sove~eignty of the Stat~i- ·· / ~() /' .. ~,.;..,.,,.~~--!., Q!!,afge"d}((airesaccredited. to Ministers o!
2. : Foreign secre!ary or .,:nm1st.e)i;.")"'<:\·/. . i. ·.
. 3. ,Mem?ers. of ?1pf~mat1c_ s~ty1cey1.f' ·
4. · Spec,al d,plomat,c agen\" appo,ptad by hea<t of·
the state; and
5. · :Envoy~ c~remonia_l.. --
f/
.. {1.1'"-:::;,-
ll~.h'
f .
i-:-~
· J:
F
In) If
1·w
fJ.t~
"f9r'~9f@a~s. · : . · , . · · ·
trit
,2\\ Staij ';)f 'ti!sstp: {D_A~)_ .':. ~
a. · l>,plo<n(l~c(s!O~(w•h d,plomabc rank);
~~dmirilstrative ~nd technical staff; and
":"'~.2.]lc:~:'.' i'Pt';"e.. l~r:vl~e,1$iatf(~Vfi£?R.-Ait.1).. _ '. .
· ..

.
.

. . . . . . . ·. : . · . : . . J .,e
Diplomat!cCor.ps
n·
... ,,_.""-4{ · ·\.,;,~\
J · : ·. ~
· . --~ ... :_J~e.miYer o
.
,n.:i : &,nv.~te_ ~~l!V.a t_&- lrl th~ do_mesllc _s.erv1ce·of.
Jl'e m1.ssfoi;i·but 1s·not-an
A body.consisting of an ~!_P(O~~ti~~qyoy~1,,f~J?\9. , ·j} - /) 'rr;/floy(e.,of:::/'f Se(iQing Sta.te.(VCDR, Art.
-to the same local or rece1vm9.\stat~ (fi._RVZ~··.':f!'P~ a~l $",,!i;... l.' ~J:j.n)): ti_ . # · · ·. ·· · .
_144):Tlie,doyen du c;orp_s or,he.. lJeafl.of t§'h~dy.t-Ed
1~: · ... · : . . "\". '. · '\~ . , i,~~s
C~--~-r .·} 1. • .. ./,:,
of·DjplomatJcrM,s~ions:
. . ' .• · •.
..
1.- The Papal N'!nci~;if therEfiS}~n¢; . ., .. Sc ~
r~\~t-!!l"IJ).~fu~nt ... ,l . .. . . . .· . . .
2 .. ·..The oldest .ai:nbassador;or · ~ ;i_ ~~·-.,a,~ai~wtal/in charge of relations .with dther
3, In . their·. c1b.sence, . '".I.he· · bl'<i~s.f''.~if'.\iffe.l~r,:-_;,__~.~;~'.~r·ffe>"6,¢'urren.tto oth~_r"States.; arid· . ·
ple_nip_otentiaty (NAGHURA, ·s1,1pif"i!lt/!J6l) f 1\' 1l -~~bl \f!1,!l}~~te~al- deal ·with·· regional or- global.
· :_ :.. . :. . . : . · . · ·... ~,.: ·.. LY.n,.(~~lssu~swith a p!1.1rality. of States. . :: ·. ·
. ~ote_: Thifa.iplon,a_tic.<:;~rps· do~s not.possess a~~t:·- Non·1:1eJmanent- : . ·:. - .. : ; .
.. · legal·pov..ers-or attrtb_utes.(CRUZ,··supra at 144-14fi); a: Ad /.hoc · .:...~ sp~ci_al m1ss1on.s ..qn· spedfic ·.
. . . · · <. ·_qi.Jestioos (RON.CATI,. supra at,25): · . _ .
Appol~tmenfo.f i:pvoys/DipJorru;1tic·ccsr.ps· Wh0° · . '· · ·
In the· Philippines,. it·. IS -the Pr.esiderit
0

appoints . F~nct{~;,~'of D.lpl~maiic\ (Pk~P--~) ;· . ·. ·.

(CONST. Art. -.VII, Sec:· 16j sends and in~tructs the 1. ···fromoti::drfendly reJati_ohs between the sending
diplomatic·. ·aricf. CPASU!i:)r·.. "representatives._,This State an'd . the. receiving . ·state,.. · and the,
· pr~rogativ~ .Is: unqu~stion.able. (Qe Perjo ·$ari(ps V: · developmenf: of --their· ecohomic, : cultural and·
Macaraig; G·:R. ,No .. 940Zij,:Apri/°10, 1fJ92): .. . . .· ·. ·sdentific·relations; .- . .
. . ·. · · .. . . .. . . -· ' 2.. Bepreseril.hisJ:ountry_in.. the rec~iviti~{State;
· A.gr°eaiion · . · 3.. Qbserve · ~od· . report· .to.· h.is· .country the
.. If is· a'r(inform~I inquiry (flr;gu11y). to fini:i°_ out·. ttie . . . deve1oprnehts in..~he receiving State; . . .
·. acceptability..of a propos~d-envoy and f:ln informal 4:. ·Protect .the interests of. .the ifationals· ·of his·
· ·,c9jiformi~y (agr_e.ment). of .ttie re·ceiv)hg Stat~ to the . ~:Cciu.ritrywithin ·{he lirnits· al.lowed by intemalion.al ·
· .. appointrrier:it of the saicf·~nvoy. If ao .appointmenris: . . ·. law; and.·. ' ··. . . ' . · ... : ..
. ·. ma.de'wittiout agr.eation, 1t amounts 1o:_a piplomatic. .. 5. _Negotiate with the. government of .the. receiving
· . faux pfJS as there may·J;)e erribarra~srrienf (SUAREZ, . ·. · State (VCDR,- Art.3). · · ·.· . .. . . ·
. . · s~pra .a! 1223).·: · ' ·
.·.
'

366 I 2019 SAN·BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

 P-UBtJC. 1-NTER_.NATIO.NAL LAW
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~N BEDA LAW CEN!fl,4.U?ED BAR OP£f/ATIONS ~. MEMORY A_ID 2019
i,PM NM HiWRG iWi\M NvAIC8MfPWNH*IWM1iiMt~

Privileges and: Immunities of the Dlplomati_c 6. .sxemption from all dues and taxes (VGDR, Art.
IY!lssion: (F13UDE2) 34); . . .
-1 .. free communication ·(VCDR, Art .. 27(1 j); 7. .!;_xemption from all personal. .servlces and
. 2. !n.violability of the. premises (VCDR; Art. 22(1)); m_ilitaryoperations (VG.DR, An. 35);" ·. · .
3. !hviolability· of "the archives _'and documents -8. gxemption from all customs duties, taxes, and
{V_GDR, Art. 24); ·.. · . . . . related charges; · . ·
4. -Inviolability .of bffiGial·corr:esponden·ce· (VCDR,. : 9. fersonal baggage is exempt from inspection
·:;o.rt: .21 (2J): ·, :·· · .· . :· · . · Exception: ·· · ·
., : 5. :to .![se the flag :and emblem· of the Send!ng·
{('

(
a. ·Ther~ are serious grounds for presuminqthat
State on the premises, ·-residence, means ·of· · "it contalns articles that are netther for the official
· transport (VC!)R, Art. 20);" . . . . u~e of . the· diplomatic mission ·nor" . for the
• 6.: ~iplomaliC bag Shall. not.be 9pened. or _det1:1ined. . : personal use·ofthe diplornatic or members of his
: family· or· ' · · ·· ·· · · · ·
. (-VCDR,. ArJ: 27- (3));· . ·:. ·.· · . · ·
gxeinption from all du!;!s_ and taxes-in ·r.especl' of b, Articles the :import or export. of. which is
the p~e-rnisesof the mission (VCDR;,Art. 2$);-and. . prohibited.- by the law or.· controlled . by. the
8.' !;:xemptionfrom. an.'due_s·a·nd ta.xes rn respect of -quaranttne regulations of the receiving· Stafe.
' the fees and charges le.vie"dby the m[ssion fn the . in-any case,_"sucti inspection shall be conducted
course-of.its official duties (V_CDR1 .Art.,2_8). only in the presence of trie diplomatic 'aqent. or
his authorized representative (VCQR, Art:. 36);
Diplom~ti·c Bag d . - . . .. :
: It. conslsfs of ..: packages ·cofltaini_ng, . offi9iatfd 10. --~~e froperties, im;lucling . papers. ·a~d.
correspond~nce, .d_ocumelits an~ .artlcles. int~r:i~!'l<y)(~~~\· . · ~or;espondence, · of _an Ambassador shall _·.b.~·
.• _e~clus1v~I~ fo'.. ~ffic1al.ose, w~et_heraccompan1e~p.-t -~ :·+1j · . mv1ola?le_.(VCDR; Art. 30).- . . '. . · ·. -:
•1, · diplomatic courier or not, which are used for offi~ir.1···; .·,.•;J ·r,- · .,.-, · ·. ·.
·l eornmunleation and .'whichbear visible marks 9t,,.Hfort'. ···N-~tLi.N.Bt~:Ary~ writ or process whereby the person of
·{ : character .as ~.a ·dii::>lom:3tic ·. ~ag je_9CZEK,"-!/ 1:1 ·. a,:iy-amt,j1~a~or or public ll;inister of any foreign
,',;· International Law: A Dictionary, (.2.00~): p. 5J-fl .... . ,.q. St~te, c!~~.enzeq and received 8$· such by the
"fr· {hereinaft,erBOCZEK]). · . ·· ·).·-h,;\ ,;Y_.,..!\ ,· Presid~hf!.&r-a.ny domestlo or domestic servant
i ., : . . ·. ,/.;'..->' j//';;1 .· · . r·,, . · · of su~h · ~m~~s~ador or minister is arrested or
) ,, It alse applies.to eonsular bags_~r:i~-oagsljf:~ati9n~!" .· ~\ · imprionedi ~r his goods or chattels are
t · : . · dele.·g·a.tions to· international 9fQlii1izatiqF.l~ Despite~ l''\t . · distta\necl, sei~~~- or attached,. sh al! be deemed
~F · ·. the term .~bag~•. thete ar~. no:~ruriits::;-01'(,tr,lej-s(ze~<;?r · ;:~\- · \'ioi~G~?-\~f;"{q0~J"~ec. .4). . . ·
:;..y. · s·hape or_the' ~iplom_ati_cbag; it O\~Y:..cq_l).Si~f:<i.truFIJs~·:.· r'..: ' ~-...;.,.-<·.,._:.~~ : .. · . . :·. ·
~· · or large coi:ita1ners."(/d.J.· . : · ·"-;i'f)~l-,:\ .. · l!. !;t' / Note:__ Such pnv1lege$ al")d immunities extend to the··
{·· . : · · · ·. . .. · · . . . · ~, ) ,. !' (J!'.l'~-J1Je:rpbe,:s of ·the· family of lh.e · diplomatic ag~_nt.
r.t . · · · . .- . . · : · . ·, . · . . . ·. · . .-y'>-...-.t~
PRIVILEG.ES AND IMMUNITIES ·. . -_ · ;; -;r, ,ipr~vj~e.d tt:iey form part·of the household and ·are !JOI .
'i•l,,,-: ·: :(;"1-r~~~ationai§:OPthe"Receiv.i.rig State_(VCDRi Art. 37 (1))..
'.,-:_ ·A. Diplom~tic Agents: (G12CE4·P~l ·. ~{: · . fif'i.J · · · ·· . · . · . . · .. :. · ·. .
~;: · 1. N_ot _ oblig~d k~ ·Qive ·evidence -a_s~-:;-~fness, B .. Admin!strative a_~d:Techni~al ~~.ff: .,If. th~y, .
.-1;--...- (.V9DR, Ad. 31(2));. · . ·· - · Jogether with ·the l'l)emb~rs of their fam1hes forming
;{ 2.· !nV-iolab.iiity :Of the ·person (VCD.R.-Ait. 29);."-:· .- · ·. ·p~rt of ttiei.r respeqtive household$; are.not nati_onals.
~'. 3: .!nviol~billty of.the private residence'(VCDR; A~,. · of 5>r -p~rmaneiit ·. resident_s in ttie ~eceiving State,
( .. . .. · 30);· :.. · , · .·. . . . they ·~;tiall l:>e entitl~tj to· th~: samer· pr_iv.ileges an_d·'
i; . · 4.-·. lmfinmity frbll1'£rirpil'iat: civif, and admi_nistrati'!e immunities i:IS. thafof.a djplorn-atic·agent; e.x~ept that
/, · · · .. _jurisdiction of-the Receiving Slate; ~?'.cep~ in:. · thefmmunity_f~omcivil and admlnistr.ative jurisc:lictioh
a. .A real a<,tion relaUng-to ,priv.ate immovable ShE!l1· not ·exten.d. -to acts. performed .outside .the.
· · · property .Uf"!less "he hqlds. It on ·beha1r-·of the . · course .of their. dl}ties .(VCDR; Art. 37 (2)).
... . $.ending . State ;for tne · purpose. of the . · · · . · .
. mission;,.· · · . .. .... .. · :. . ·.. ' <;:: •. Se"rvice .Staff:· 1f th~{ ar~ not· nati¢mals ~Lor
b. ··An action relafing to succession jn which the permanent- residents in the .Receiving ~tate; '.they
.. ·. . diplomatic· ~gent "is acting. as "a ·,private . !>hall enjoy imrn"unity·in r~spect of acts perfor:meq in .
person; a"i1d . . : . .. . .· th'e course.of their-duties as well as exemption from :
c: An action·. r~lating to.. any professional or dues and: taxes on. the ·emolum_ents tt:i~y recei_ve·,by
commercial a·ctiv.ity· .exercised·· by . the . reason·oflhe1r:_employme~t (VCDR, Art. 37 (3)). .
dipJom~tic· · _agen't in his private· capacity
t- . .(v_CD.R, Art_, 31 (!)}; . . · ·. ; ; . . . .. it
D.. Priv~te Servants: they 'are not nationais of or
";.. . ·s. ,gxemptlon from social s!;!cunty prov1s1ons w1tp perm~rient tesident.s jn the .Re<;eiving .Sta~e •. they
[ · ·re~pect to services rendered for the·. Sending. shall be · ex~mpt· from ·.dues. ar,d ·taxes ori t_h~.
Stat~ (VCDR; Ad, ·33); . .. ' emoluments . they· receive . by. reason of their
employment. In :otJier re~pects; ·they m~y. enJoY

.... •,. . . 367. ·;

2019 SAN BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I • _:,; i
 NIMICSSS! F' & M l&EB&IIIW iib\11 WNt! lfN PIS CHWM! MM MR

·P.U
. BLI.C.lN.TERNATIONAL
. ' . LAW-
. . · SAN SEDA.LAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS "ME.MORY AID io19
: : '1 ~ttes\&MIAl&M;,e·,,,e,s·1N t,;$ iiSIGStStAl#l·iPRtiE,AMIN&N111ti?f41W·tJR!&Gi?Htlte:PJ
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privileges and immunities only to the extent admitted 4. Qismiss·a1 by the'Receiving· s'tate; ..
· .by the receiving State. However, the receiving State 5. · W~r between.the Receiving and Sending States
· must exercise its jurisdiction over those persons in 5. .!3esignation; ·
such a manner ·as not to inte(fere unduly. With the 6. · Removal; and · ·
performance of the fuoctions ·Of th·e 'rt,iss.ion (VCDR, · · 7. Recall by the Sending State :(Id/
Art>37'(4)i . . . :-
International Public Officials ·· .
· . e:the.:oth~r P.ersol)S P·ri.~ilege·d: Other members of
staff of the' mission ar,d' private servants who. are
· They are· persons who; on ·the· ·basis ·. of an
international treaty . constituting a particular:
. naticina1s of or penn;:inently re~iding in the' receivi'ng international communlty, are appointed by it arid are ·
· $tate··shall enjciy privile..9es ano "imm.unities ·.only to under its· control to exercise furictioos in the. interest
· the extent admit1ed by the receiving· State. (VCDR, .of the latter.: They ara stibJect to ~ -speclat status
Art. ~BJ, ·. . · '(John Kerry King, 'The At'iv.ileges arid lmmuniiiesot
the. Personnel, of ltJtetnatlonal · Organiz:ations.xiii
)J,!plomatlc· Inviolabllity (1949):citing Suzette Basdevant,·.LesFonctionnaJies
·As· an, aspect of the diploi:natJc:'privilege,.· it means lriternationaux,Paris 1931, -Cbapter 1): . ; · : ·
", · that the 'person : of· the: diplomatic · agent,· his· . ·. . . .
· resldenca.end the-dlplomatlcprernlses and property Distinction betw.een Privileges and- immunities
may riot be the subject 'ofany kind of interference _9D=-.==.+...~<?J,piplom.;its,and those of International Offlci:ais -,
· · the part of the rece.iving State Which is legal.Jy,:i:lound lr .
··.t9 .affo~d 'hlrrr .. speciat. protectio~·-·. lt-~,,-.,tmiver:s,~l)y
. recoqnized · as a, most funo.am~n~.J,··~)o((B:91h,-:~=~J;~J:~o,mai,i
~.B~,7nty. ·u1- .
Wfiif!'ea§Jhose iic'r)munities awarded to. dlplornatlc
.ate~
right_ .of the sendi.ng· State based
.,,.J~~rnat1onal laVf,: those gr~r1t~d .. to
customary ~nd conventional ·la~-japd~a~,eisen{ial : . intemaji,dnat6~~als.- are, based on .treaty .OJ'.
prerequisite for the cond~9t of/rel~~oti_p6et~.eell'"•7t'."""'eerucggti0~r~.w s;:ang.v. .Peof:!.le, supra),· · .
States (SARM~E~TO,supca a1,§$!) ~ (. 1!'!) · ·- -wr. · "\; · \·6/.l''\. . · . ·. . . ·
lC i:t.t>NSU.tAR l;!\W 1\ . · · , .
\t- (. ({) '\ ·, . :·
• _ .. " .- • • • ({, • ', ';/' A

Duration of lmmunitles/Priv-llegeS,U R .- . · , ·, ~ . -r . • . · •
Tbe· privile:ges are enjoye_d{bY).Jre.'tenvo~ ~ffoi'il!,~_e..'! "-V!!n!1~,r-i Co~v~,'1!t~; \'.on. Consular . Relations
. moment he enters the. temto,ry:ef.U)f r(;!Cf;!IV!ng ?t~e-·~ t-;:(rt_eYema'fter yC'tR). ~ H . . · .: . , _.
and shall 'cease. ~nly th.e.. ~~;werit ·ht~~Ves ~~,; .,_alt.'1.S·a cl~ific~ticwrof,,tlji exis~ing pr<'!Ctice.and ~les
cm,mtry, or on expiry of·a ·r~asoJJ~~le timel,o wh.,~~of custo.1~ mt~rnatidr,.al Jaw on consLttar reJat1ons
~o do _5'0: ~ltho_pg~· wi~h. f~s,piet,{\o ·6,.ff~1~~~S,:·1~f!PTC.n~J
at q}~~fh_ilippines_sigr:ied.it April 9!'1
. nrimurnty. sl)alJ ~ontil')ue md~trp'itell. T;tiesi~.J(ll~_ge~~ · .i;tr.i1'vpm_~yaridj-1qt1f1etly·1t on :·Nove,:nber · 1.5, ,1965
are available e.v~n in transit,·~hen.tra~eling~bqg~.\-, [ "'$fJl.l)~d:'./XlfJzio. s _Treatf.Co1/~ctioo). .. .:·· ·
.a Third State on- th~ ·way to ~t
from 'l~e ·re'e~~iag ~J/}A""Y . _A . . ',{I . .. . . . . . .
· State.(NACHURA,~upraat.680)~··. ~- ( ('J~E-.......-c~~"u1ay fficeref · .... ·,. -: . · · .
_ ·. ' · · . - . ~ · . ·;,,~J . . .r;i.eiso~c!ifding the head of a- <;onsular post,·
. Note: The immunity of',a diplomatic~ageti.t<tr;"omt:!}'11}~"'""-.:..,:eli'f(ll,sffq )11 ;Ji.fal .. capacity' .with . lhe · exefoise .of
jur.i~d!Cti~n?f~h~ reeeiving St.at_ewill nc>i~~er6p .i'iim. l)_· ,-1'1' ,-9~11Ja~JP~fio.ri (VC~R, Art; _1(d)), · .. ··.'. . . · ..
· .. from· the Junsd.1c:tion ?f the,send11)g $tat~ (VbD~)'\rt. l VV, ~~. . · : . . '. . · . ,. · . . . · · .
'31(4)). ·. · · . . ·~,..~onorary CorisuL ·. ·.. . · - . .
· ·. ·, ... , 1 Jhey.are·'th.e consular officers,.. wh.o are nationals of
· Wa.1:v~ro.f_lrnmo ~iti~s.. .. . . . the· 'Receiving· State .. They do.' not hav~ .. ih~ .sta.tus. or'
pjp!omc;itic pr-ivHeges· may b~. waiyed but.as . .€1 rule, . an official of. the. ~·ending, Stat~ c;1n.d ai.e, ther!3fore; ·
the · V>(aiver :· .car1not. · be.. made · by . the : ind!vid.ual less worthy of prote'ction:(EP/l. (20~ 1), ·p,:
19)',·.. -'.,.'. : . ·.
concerned since such immunities.,are· not personal ..
·to him. Waive,r may be mad.e only by:the g9yemmen~ Kirids·.of Consuls·::·:. . .. : . .. .... . .
.of the ·s'ending: State if it C(?l'.lcerns the immunfti~s·· of·. 1-. · C,onsules. missi - ~ . professiorial\·an9 'car.ear ..
· · . the head ot'inis·sion, in other cases, th~ waiver. may cbnsyls, and nat.ionals of the·sending State; and ·
. be-made.eith13r oy.the government or by the'chief of,
. 2. ConsuleseJe_qti -. selected. by thEI sending ·State
mi~io.n.. WfJiVe.r of the privilege; howe.lie_r 'does. not. from. its. ciwn citizens or from amqng nationals
. ''include waiver ·.of. immunity, . in· ··respect ·.of the ab.road (l:,IACH_U.RA ·~upra at 680).'·: ·. .- .
.. :13xecution of judgment;" a. s~parat~ '..yaiver of. the ~ ~ . .
:.1~tter is nec~ssa_r.y (NACf/URA, _supraat· ~80). Cl~sses of Consuls: · ·· : ·
.. 1; c_on,sul•g'enerai; - · . ' .. · ..
Termination 'of .. Diplomatic .Relations: '(DEAD- Z. Cons.uf;
WR.3) 3. v,c.e-consul; and
· ·.1. ·.Death;, 4. Consular agents (VCCF\.~rt_.9).
2. Extinc'tion .of State; ·
..
:f · Abolition of o.ffice;
-""!' •, •
'I

368 I 2019 Sf'.N BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS ·

 ii 4 iltii6N

Appointment of Consuls . Privileges and l~munities of Cons.ular Offfo'ers:

· Two-documents !ilre necessary before assumption of (GAJE) . . .
consular functions, name!y: ·., · ·1. No· obligation·. to ~ive ··evidence concerning .
1: Letters patents (lettres de provision),which is . matters connected with the exercise of their
the·leller-of'a'ppointmen.t or commission· which is functions or to. produce o.fficial correspondence
tra.nsmitted by the sending State to the . and documents i:elatil)g thereto. They are also
S.ecretary or· Mihister of Foreiign- Aff;:iirs of the · erititled . to decline to give· evldence as expert · ·
COt:_ll)try where the consul is to s_~ive; and . . .. witnesses with regard:to the law of the {>ending
2. . Exequutur, which is th·e authorization issued by · State (VCCR, Art. 44(3)); . · . ·: . : . · ·
the. Receiving. St~.t~ admitting the ·head a of 2. N.ot liable to 8frest or detention· pending. trial,
co'nsular 'post t<:> the exercise: of .his. functions except in the--cas.e of a grave crime and pursuant
.(VCCR, Art. 12(9)- · . . to ~ decis!or:i by the competent judicial authority
(VCCR, ·~rt. 4.1'(1)); ·: .. · · . .. · ·:..;. · . ·
Consulate. 3. ·Not amenable to the Jurisdiction. of the j_udicial
Office estabushed by' one State in an important city. or administrative authorities -of· the receiving
of another ', Sta,te·f<?(th~ purpose of supportmqand: · Stati{ in 'respect of acts performed In. the.
protecting its citizens travelling or. residing there. · · · · exercise cif consular ft.ir:ictioris>except:in a .clvil
These offices are also'charged with performlnq other . action either: · · ·. · ·· •
important adrrilnlstrative duties, e.g., -issuing visas a: Arising out · of . a contract in· which · 1he
.(SARMIENTO; supra 120).... at . /" .. · consular.officer or ernployee dld notcontract
.. . . . .. . . , /)/j/ : ·expressly -orImpliedly as an· aqent of the
Cousular Functions: (FP-PARAISO) . !.'~· t( •\ · .. Sending State: or· · · · . '. . . ·' . . · . ·.
1: ·,Easter .. · the development of economic ·{an.cf::'.:;;)- : b.. By ~· tt\(rd party for damage arisinq-from an
' cultural rela~io~s; . .. ~u . .
·. ·.
.2. -er~t~cnt:ie. interest of their home State~~, 1~f' .Yj.'~:.,;._~~0~vE:.~!9J~.
,:.'-"'.l-:;r-.:_. : ac~(~·~nt ~n:.t~eRece)v_ir:,g Statecaused by a
,vess~I,: _or aircraft (VCCR, Art. 43);
· · · nationals; . . · , . . ...,,::-r-.Y \./ i) . .. -af!d·,!,, ·. . · . . .
. 3'. fron:°.te the . c;omtnercial. fnter(,~ts;of thelr;".'\;c::-tr . 4.: gx~·n:ip~i,~.ctt\··trom.registration of.. aliens· ~-11d
·. sending ~tate; . i ;,.:'>: -,/£· . J,/.....,)1,, · _res1_defn·c~ \'permits, work. permits, taxation •.
4_.·.- .~ssist.na~ionals.i~ distr~ss· i':~.9$(9 J.~~.i:(rs.'to: I} . -custo s.'.ildtipe~ and. ins~~cli_on~; and· from
. ·,represent . them m court, 'Y!§1t-·"pns6(J.er'S? an9 .. !'?. '\ · ·. pe"rsf;l al'. ervlpes and contrlbutlon (VCCR,. Arts.
establish
· · contad.with loca(authoritiesi,
Hi r ~Ji.I~~
~ 't':"i '46-J_.17,
'il.~ 491..~?:·.'ahd
\ \t
52). •. . . · ,· . .. .. • ·
.J ••

5. .Re_gi~t~r births, deaths,. a~:,;mam~rui,si,1. s;~s,_

{">, JIS"U

i;{j . ·•r:::;;:~;;;., i.,,.u~;,y:r. ·. . · .. : . · · ·

6. 8dmin1ster .the property. 'Of...· nati.olJa.1~ of c,H\e} rtf . · ··"¢.'::,:...,;+'l\',a1ver-ofImmunities
sen~ing State; · . . · . · -.:.._-,..~P';-,, \: · ·. jl {'.J. ·
. 7. · ·!ssue:.visas acid pa·ssports; . ll· · j-~ · ~ ...,.•.
B ..:· §upe.rvi:ie vessels and ·aircraft.a,tif;~~.ctlto· t,h_e __ j;~;;~ ='?. , . .. 1 . ·lndiv.idual·concerned /
·. sending State; . · · . /.( . · ~/·~;:----"'--'--~,-....··_e_rs __?_...a..._,..·
. ....._~~--,--+-'-'-'-;c..;....c.'-'--,,-'--'-"-"'""~'-'-'---1
·g_ Qthe(fu~tth;>f')s entrus_ted '.to a ~o~~~~a~ ~fs_tiby·: · r.-,-0,....ffi __tc
__
,_a_l ~·_.-~ .. -.~-~-~.-1--H_a-·m-,-e~·~a....,v,_e_m_·m_._e_n_t_._,·,--!

the sending State w'11ch are not pr,qfI1~1f~d,by pf

_N.on -~~rs_onal _nghts- a. ·J:IOmE;l' gpvernrn.~nt
'the laws·ahd-'regulations-Qf.th~ rec.e1vf"'9.~State .. _s1;1bo.rdmates. · . or· . .
.: . ·-or to ~ich no objecua·nis iak-en by the receiv.1ng b. Chiet'ot mi~sii)n .
. . State o~whi~li.'are.referredlq in°tl)e international '(SUAREZ,. ·supra at 1224) .
. agr:~enients in force·-petween- the sending· ~tate· .. ·. . ·.. . ...
. . ·.~rid ttie· r:ec.~iving State ·(YCCR, Art.. 5; EPIL, · · . . .' Waiver of lminli~lt\Eils.: · . . .
supra a_t-20): __ . . . . The sending State may w.aive,· with regard 'to a .
. m'e'mber of tt:ie' consular post, ;:iny'of the_.·privile'ges .
. · · Note:.· In" a· State where the. sendiog Stat~ has no . and immunities afforded to the lattei'.. °The! waiver
·! · . .diplomatic · missl6h and is . not· represented by a shall".in .all cases:. be_ exp·re.ss~d ·and ·Sh~II be
a
i!.., · diplomatic rnlssion of third Stat~. :a ·consular· 9fficer
·~, . ·may, witt:i.the. consent·of- t_he.receiving Sta\e, and
communicated to· the·. r~eiving 'State· in ·writing.
However, 'the .initiation of proceedings by a. consvlar
,-·. wittiout affecting his consular status, be al.i!horized · officer or .a ·co_nsvlar empfoyeein a matter Wt:iere.t.ie ·
•... · - 'to perfor:rn diplomatic acts (VCCR, Art. 17(.1)) .. Two roight er.ij6y immunity froin'Jur:isdf~tioii shall precluQe ·
f/ or. more States,. with the consent· of .the receiving him frofn invoking ·. immunlty from · jurisdi'cUon· · in
i State; r.nay appQ!.nt' the same ·person· as· consular, respect of any·counter~taim ·dire9tly cbnn~cled with . ·
'·· · . offi~er in that State _(VC.CR,.Art 1 BJ. . . · . . the. principal claim fVC.CR, Art .. 45).. · · · ,

· .A _;,epar~te · waiver ;shall be· necessary for :the .

execution·cit a·jodicial decislol'! (VCCR, Art. 45(4)) .

. 2019 SAN BEqA CENTRALIZED BAR 9PERATIONS I 369_

-···- .. .
 q I PEBNFN

·pu-B-LIC 1.NTERNATlONAL.LAW
; SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR .OPERATIONS- MEMORY AID 2019
;,· YWHi&&h i#RSBS & ei¥swe liiYHSSiit(ilita':fi
=·
Termination of Consular Mission: . Privileges'and lmmunltlas of Diplomatic Envoys
1. Usual ·modes of. terminating. official relationship;' and Consular Officers; Distinguished
·2. Withdrawal· of 'exequetur;·: · ~ · · '
3. Extinction of the· State; and
. -4. War (NACHURA, supra
.. . . ' .
at
681)..
I .

Nci~e: Seve.ran'ce of: consular. relations . does . not .

necessarily terminate diplomatic. relations (VCCR,.
Art. 2(3))..' . . ..
Diplomatic envoys .shall Consular- ~fficers 's~aii ·
. Diplofi:1atic.and_Co11suiar Relations, · notbe llable toany form not erjqy inimi.Jnity·_from . ·
' · Distinguish_ed of arrest or.detention and cri_l!)inal' ji.Jrisd.lptib_Q. If
they sMII enjoy irr.-murJity criminal· · proceedings,
from . the criminal are instituted against a
jurisdiction •. _of . . the consular. . officer; . he .
receiving State. "(VCOR; must appearbefore the
· Ans: 29._&31). . comp·etent .. authorities.
However, t_hey. shall not
· · be llable · to' arrest or
detention pending· trial,
except in the case cit a·
grave·:' .. crime · ·: and · ·
to
pursuant a de~ision.of.
· competent . Judicial
· authority. · (V.c;;C·R, . Ait.: _
4t).. .

I.

I
'

The procedure employec;i .A consular. ·office/ will

by the State of nationality asslst' its:.-nationais.·anp_ :.
. of ,the: injured. person fo, ensure their.righ_ts 'in .t~~:
secure protection qflhat foreign:: ... $tate .: ·a·re· · ·
person, ·· and · to · obtaln properly respected.. ·· . '
_reparatiop , ·. for the
· -internationally. wrorigtu•
· · -act inflict~~- · . ,,-. ·· :..

A State. has. · no A right': of .the.·riatipnal

lnternational legal dutyto .provided by,: the Vienna.
provide assistance to its ·.Convention on consular
natienats abroad but Relations . : .. and· .-·
domestic . · law may. customary.law.. ·
require it to do so. · -·
-~(EPIL (2011), supra at: 7:8).·
.·
. 370 2019 SAN EiEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS...
! -- .PU.B.LIC .INTERNATIONAL LAW·
.

SAN BEDA LAW CE~T~IZED BAR OPERATIObJS - MEMOBY'AIQ ·2019

M .

.
tt.·~ . $f¥M &Mi 15 a,t_.i& P '7 &i&H#4 1' +
. . .
t· n_iv_1n_·u_A_·t_s
·I_N_· _.1··
Executive Department has decided that it is in the
best interest of the country to. waive c!II· claims of its

'r.
l..,·
national for' reparations against Japan in. the Treaty
f- · of Peace of 1951 '(Vinuya -v, Executive 'Secretary, .
Individuals as Subj~ct of International Law ~~· . . . ·,
~J- Traditionally, 'individuals are considered merely 'as
'i'·., objects, not · subjects of ·' international law
__ .
:..
~·
,,'..
. (NAQHURA, . supra. at · 656).: In · traditional
l~tema.~ional· la~, they possess- neither international
. legal ·rights which .ttrey. could assert on th'eir own.
'Whatever wrongs may, be committed against them
.l. . NATIONALITY
I
f· can · be redr~ssed only· ~y ~tate~ or. orqanlzatlons Nationality . . .

I
;;..· .· w22it.3h).
inter~at.ion·a.·I ..P.e~.soria.Jity.- (BE.RN
..__'A·S., .: s.upr.a 'atIt is the bon<,l wt.lien unites· a person. toa given -State,
( ~ which 'constitutes hi~ .membershlp in the particular
v •· . · • · · • · : · . Stare; which ·gives him a claim 'to the protectiorr of .

:
: N~verth~fess, n;iode:r~. practice de·m~ns~ates that
individuals.hava become iricreasii,gly recognized as
. that State, and whicli subjects him to the obligations .
created by the laws of' that StaJe (FENWICK, supra

I,, . ." participants .arid. subjects of intematior:ial law. This

i . has occurred primarily, but not excfuslvely, thro,ugli .
t. · human r.iQ.hts law· (SHAW, supra.a1 258). '. . ·
at ?53).
.
.
· ·· '
.. r.;:) . Rig tit t«:' a Na.fionalit.Y.. · .
.

.. . . . .
t - . . .. ... - · . · · ·.. · . · · · , ,,,/.
\.
i.: . .
;(.1L The Universal Declaration of. Human Rights states
As ·.a resalt; the availability of a forum· in wl'iict(;ary{,~:,,\ that every.one has a .right to a ~ationality and that no
lndividual · carr pursue claims or. be·, prosecute~;.·f9f,. ~·~' .'·.~ one . is to be . a.rbitrar.ily: deprived of · Iii~ ·o_r her

I( '; · · yi9latio.n~ .of intern.ational .responsiblllties · depejc:!(- :.'.\;L Ocl.~~nal!ty Sll:..~~n.ied the ~~ht Jo chan~!':l h!s. or her
r.·. . upon; . . . ·. ·:· . · . · · . . · . . ;..;} ·~~ • tr!.,.J.!!~~~naJ.i!Y.:\Jp1s does not, .ho,wever, .constitut.e a
·1·.·r : 1. : l;he wi)liligness. of·:·state~ . to agr.e~_,..t1;:suoject\;;';
1.. ·
l·
(reaty"'c:;0m~~~ent and .th~re·. ~.r?, : IJ nfortunately, a' ..·
the_mselves. to·. such ·suits or tp-'. ,allow. suc~IJ.::/ J . numb~r. of ·f.1·~umstanc.es ,n wh1cl:J: a person may .
..
'
!

J{. .. ,: prosecutions to go fo1V1ar~ in·}tielrfriatioi:,~1;,;-it become ~?~t l~:5.s (GA~DINER,International Law

\ " courtsi and · . .. . . ·.~>0."rf:S: · 1~( (2003), p.!;17, lb\rf!JIJ_qfter~ARDINER]), ... . - ·
fw. . 2. · .The wil;ing~es~··of the: i~J~~~-~~~'"mun;t~\
!o esta~li~~ an?· supp~rt~~\er.m:!tfo6s1~;?f~~k ·
· tk~·;. ··.Nat!/~aliiY·a·~\_c.itize~s:hi~,Dj$ting.ui~IJe~
"·= __,.., .... ~ ~ · · · ''.
'f ·mtem~bonal tribunal~ for \tie· cidjgrt1®t1or-1--o~ · 1 f! ~ .
<; . violatioiis . of. sta..te or. in<;Hvi?i:i~:rgS,P.O~~ibjliti~ . · I Fl A l~~at b.ond h_~.~ing as,its ~ . ~o·re' .. . exch.:isiv~
(~PPS,s.11pra at 105).. .)j..
·.~ {; . . · ir~p bcI~~-. a· .. s~:>Cl?I- fi:lct .. of. rr:i.ea111ng m that .. .it.
. ... · · . .. . · . ,Y;;·,. ,. .
~L -~~t_;;:_ :~Jlgq~r:!,!fr~· ' a· g~nume applies· on,ly to. cei:ta!n·
Ex~mJ?les of )nt~rnat~onal ~~r~~fn~nt~;'.ff-1" .. ·COnnectlQn of. existenc,e, .metnbers. 'of the state
Covenants th~t Autl'!on~e .lr,1d1.v1du~I~... t(!(lr.ile- • · interests a·nd 'sentiments . accorded.. · .... ·more
~-·. S~\ts· ~.9~,lnst:a State: .· . . ·._. . . · ~~:-~\J . ·. .
'";:, ·. 1.: Artr_cle 297'.. Tr~ty .of Ve.rsa11l?s.. - :autfi.ornze~
tog$ther· .. · . with : . ·th·~ 'priy.!ieges than the. ·rest
e~i~tence !;>f · ~eciprocar of.the p'eo·ple who owe it-
'.}l;.: · n~t,.on:als. of A.111~1. and Assoc1at,ed .P.ow~r~ to fights c1nd duties .. It {Ylay allegianc~. . ·: · · · Its
t·.· bn~g· ac!1ons a~a1nst '.G.ermany ·befc;,re m.1).(~ be· said'to constitute. th~ .. signific~nce . . i~
t ,· .arb.1traltnb\;lnals; . .. . juri~ical ~xpressiori of th~ n:1unicipal, . riot
'.-{ . 2... Ar.Uc.la: -.5 ... -0.f. the. · 192.2 .. · ~er~.~n~P'?hs.h .fact .that the'. individual international (COqUIA,
/ .. · Co~vent19n Coricemmg !!PP~~ .S1le~1a; · . upo1r . . whom. . . if . is supraat 264). . ...
.·;, 3 Article .8 of.. U_DHR"" fo~v1~l.atipn ?f fun~a.me~tal confe~red, eimer. .dlrecfly ·
.rlg~ts granted.by const1t.ut,on or .~Y·law:- 8:nd... . Qy ~he.Jaw or-as :a re·sult
ArticJe 2 .Qf the·lntemat,.onal Coye11a.nt .on C1v1I . of an: . act.. -of · the
ani::1.Pblitical.Rfghts.-.ensure·s··that al"!y·per.s·on . authorities·_..·:i§ . in . fact
' whose,rigl'its ~rfreecfoms· are vlolated sl)a))· hav~ morE/.closely· 'coli ne'cted
. ~ff~ct.ive,reme.oy.and. ~ave his:"right determine~. with th!,3 popuration G1f the
· by compstent :aut~ont1e.s (SA.RM(l;=NTO;.supra. st~fe · ·. . c:.onferriAg
· at'61-~?)·.. . ,. . . nationality·than with thaf.
·:.= . ' . . . . .··.. . . ·of·. 'any other . ·state
t; · Note:'. 1he. q9estion . on ·whether the .Phillppi~e· · (Nottebofim .·. · case
,f·· ·Government .:should ·espouse· the c!aims of ,its ·· ' (second . · phase), .
li.. national{against a foreig_n. government is. a·fareigr'I :Ju.dgrpeiJt· of April . 6,'
l. · relafion.s. · matter,· . the· authority Jor ·:which is . .19$5: JC.,J Reports 1955,
} .. ·demonstrably committed by our Constit~tioo: not to p. 4;: · ·
,f(i : -the qourts·. but to. the politi~al .. branches, The
h,·:.
~--..,.--...-~---~~-------~

201~ SAN BEDA CENTRALIZ.ED BAR OPERATIONS 371

 siw ft -Md ADM P i!ifiiw,I 486•1 •• i·+weea-zw

:. P.UBLICtNTER.NATIONAL LAW·
:. , . SAN DEDA I.AW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS_ - M~ORY AJD wj9 . ·
~-- ~ ·~\IMIMf IPN @&&kMAC&Wi&MbAWNPHi! bi!Eii58$1? W$1&,:&INifiif'4\Wi9%t?W#iiSlWtFIPl141tW2fA!:01-'8·~
. . . . '
Nationality Principle . Princlple, of Continuous Nationality
It is for each State to establish ·its own standards for Thls': principle applies to claims· for diplomatic
conferring' natlonatlty (SARf..1/ENTOrst..ipra at·54). protection. It requires that from the -tlme of the
· ·· · · occurrence of the injury until the 'making of the
Rules in the Determination -of Natio11.allty: award, the ·craim. must 'continuously and without
1. It is tor .each State to determine under its own mterruptlon nave belonqed to a person or to a· series
.rules who are-Its nationals. This law shall be of persqrs (a)'having the.nationallty of the st~te by
recognized by other s'tates in . so ra"r as. it is whom. it . is put forward, arid (b): not' tiaving th'e
conslstent • witlf lntematlonaf conventions, . · nationality of the State.aqainst whom it is· put forward
. international. custom.. and the principles of law · ·(BRbWNUE;. supra at-483). · · · ·
geAeraUy recognized with regard· to nationality;' · ... . · · ' · ·. ·. · · ·
. 2. Any question as to whether.a person possesses . Multiple Nationalities
the. nationalfty · of a particular· State -~~half ·be ,. : It is the possession by af').11:1.diyidual of more than 'one .
.determined. in accordance .with- the\..Jaw 'of 'that .... nationallty., It is acqulred -as the result of the
· State '{193_0 "f1ague--Convention. Certain -on concurrent appiieation .to him of 'the conflicting
• ' QµestionsRe_lati'ng '{6. the Cbnflicts·of /1/ationafity. municipal· laws gf two or more states clalrninq Jiim as
. Laws'. Arts.. f-2_ [bere'in.afterHCCNLJ}: _ ., , their ~a~oria1 (NA.f?.HURA,_supfc! at q90). ·
·.~ ' .
. :Acq4~s-i_tio~ of N.atlonality:.' (B~~-SC) .·. ', . .:.,=.""-""'·~c-=~!;..son- Multi ple _N.;iti~nalities::·"' _ . _.
_1. !!1rth;, .
· 2... t!Glt~ra!i~tion; . ·~
• , . ··&· .
··
. _, .,-~.- ·
•
uJ i-- ;A~erson:hc:1ving twootrnorenationetities may
~\ ' \.~ . · J\}be'"jr~~e~as !ts national by each of the _§:it.ates
3.. _Bep~tnat_1on;: . . · . : · -:. . ·. · · -~·"'\ }: . ~~=""'·::.:'t~P1~ · 1;1~onahty _he possesses_-(HCCNL, Art.
4 .. §.l!bJugat,on; and· ·. JC '\,;~7" . ·. --;s;:'3},, .'4'" f~ • : . · · - · .
. s. f.essiorr·(NACHURA,
· - • ·.
·N~turalizatio~ · . ··
.
. .
supra/,tit
· _. ;f ~
_
r, 6'ar}::.$~~-~,-~-~"'--=--~·~.3tir~s~ha~vin2
. ,/ ,.,,,_ -yf'~
,i_ -g."' . , Tr» · AJI,. -w- b.E! ·t..lr.~eat\_°',,sl ""~
more.than one.na_tiqnalit;rshall
...... , h d . I
•. '')' ·~- <'! .on y one, e1 er~
;f ~¥(. · 4_ _ !!."· ·. ·, ~ · .:!h\.· a_.. . ~e _n~tiJ,,n~~\-.o_f 1~e co~i:i,:Y. -in. which he
'th .

It 1s the· reception of an alten1411to ~h_eji~1z~~~h.P;of_~ :, ·_ · · 1ab1tuM{~-~:.JRnnc1pallyrestde~; or . . . · ,

. State througl,.-a formal actfi~qpphcat,onorffie- . ~,-:-t,~enatii;;ir;ial!t~.if th·e country with which 1n
. individ'ual'c:;onc'erned'-{SA"R .eN"Jtj!·~t/pra~t 5'5)ID~"7> ~"? te _circdrnst~O~fS h~-appears'•to be i_n fact : .
. · · · ~ · . · _ · f · . -~ H _ 1\
· .. '· · l , · w.7/f'q ,· ost _cl~S.ely--{c~hnected (HCCNL, Art: . 5; ·
_Note: However,_absent ag~~~Uink·\~~n the ;;5--~-' . · ,'P.il!!Jjldo#.v: C.O:ff~LEC; ~.R: No.· 87193,
natura_li-zed individual. and H~~;sJ\te, • {i:}nt of~ -cj"l- · · ·.j_fJ-1.J.PJe·.2~111,Q_8g)!J. . - ... · : . · · .
naturalization ne~d - .no! b!3tr~cogs·ze·? "'~h~· ~!~he_fi ~ J£~,(e
l _mjiy n~t~~'fford di~lom~tic· protection to:
. states. (Id).·~ · . .... .. \\ .. : , . . "' · . . ~,ZS.~)'of_l~ ... _n.ati°igals ag~mst ~ State -whose
.· . . . . ·. . . · · ._ '\ .• · .. : ~ · /. ~bon,~)jffe . stic~:, person. _als9_ possesses
. D~ctr,in~ t?f, ---~~ectiv~_. ?tl~>n~li.Y,,. (L~$l~~(~~L;·Arl.,.jl · . · · · · .
_ . ·(~C?iteb~tun _Pr.m~lple) · . .. . . ~~, ·_.4~-~~~,?! · ·~ ;:/':. ·. . · . .· . .
It 1s used to-~etermme Which of two%tates(9y..Vjb)ctr-=-<~~fe{1,i'iPJ;>no/.shall ~e. arb1tra~1ly deprived of his
.'·.. _.a pe:-son is ? na~i_9na_1·w}II. be re6.?9nizi"d~f~~b~i!~g. W ~- l!r\t>Q.a1ii.f·t'li6~'·denied t.he -:~ght to ·chang~ · his
.·. , ~h~_nght_io g1~~·9J.PIOrYJ~.bc prot~,:::t.1Bnto th~-h~-1~of lV.'4..~~i\y.(~mver~a/ [!ecl~rat!o'!of Human-R19:hts,
.: ·• .. ' dual •
n_at,_onal,ty
t . •
(BERNAS,· s_upra·at,142}:
• ... ·~ • • ..
·. ~-==·'Art. • •
t_5jJ:lere1m~_fter
:
UDHRJ). ·. ..
• •
.. .
•
. .
. I ~. -.. . .•• · I .L .· •' "· .
t>ipt~matic.Proti-ction -: -: : ·~.. : . ·. ·. ·, . : : ·. Exc~ption: Doctrl!'le·of Indelible Allegiance . ·
.- A State is·entitjed_to p~ote~t its.s1,1_bjects whe(l-inju·r~d ... An _i.ncl_ividua·Imay .be:pbmpelled.to ·retain his-original
. by aci~ contrary to .iriternatiomU 'f~w co.ry,rhift~d ~y nati~i)ality.· ·l'lotwjth!it~ndiAg 'tnat · tie· has alrea,;jy
renour,iced· it under the laws of another state -whose
:another. State,·rrom'.whori'rthey hav~ beefn·unable to-
. obtain satisfaction th.rough .. ordfna_ry d1c:1niiE!IS . . , . ·. nationality.he-tµ:isacquired (BOCZEK, supra.at 190).· .
. (SARM!Ef\!TO, supra at 56). . . i : . ·.. · .· . . . . :. . . . _. . · ..... '~-- . .
. . . . . ···~
Nerhp·P.otest-ExeurePatrlam. ,. · ·. :-. ·
.. c~nditi~-~s ·. tor . th~ Ex~·r.cis~-~ ot· ci~,o~ati~ The bon-~ qf-riationality once-.torged could never be
. · Protection · . · , . .. · · · ·. ·: ·. · ,· · · · brok~n
. .· (PE!yWICK, supra ..
a{ 258). . · . ..
. ·J. The · ~efendant State . as· 'bro_!<~n' an "obllg~µ·pn .. .... . . .
.. towards !he national State:in r.el?pecfot'its own · Exp.atriatlon . .
·· . nationals. ·. _. ·. ·.. .· · . · ·. · . · · ·. · The right of expatriation Js the, right of a persoh to
2: -On.ly: the .party· to .'whom·· an> int!;)matio.nal renounce his nationality or allegiai:ice hi~ original :to
obligatio_n is-owed .~r.i_.brir:ig a cla.im {eg_arding_ . ·State.- h find~ . supp.oi:t _in· Article 15 ~f .I.he UDHR
. -.breach· .. of · that obligation (Nottebohm 'Cflsei which states .tnat· '!~.o · one .. shall ·be .. c;lrbjtrarily
(second phase), Judgment.of J;1:pri6;·1955:.IC,J . .d~prived · of his· nationality· nor denied· the: right . to
Rf!!p.orts 1955, p; 4)). . . · change hlS: natiomility" -(UDHR, .. Art. · 15 cited· by
.SARMIENTO,. supra at 59).. .: _ .

.372. I 2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATl9NS

 Ai!##&&4"@:>:A.'-'lfi·ii:illkti
PUBLl.C ·t'N-TERNATIONAL. LAW
:· . .
41&
SAN (!EDA l,AW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019
JJIJAM&Wtci:w,we MM·tsawi&i:rffi2
+s&& #§.JbiiHEiiti\Wl!#.M9faJN
.
iiWriR:CBG411Uf;:;-
• , .- ~.. ,
,.
'~~- \ .~.-~-
· ,--~~§-·
Nationality of ~urid.ical Persons . 1954 Conven~lon · relating to the Status of
General Rule:- for the purposes of the diplomatic Stateless Persons (CRSSP) ·.: .
protection of a -~_0rporation; the $fate bf nationality It offers protection· to stateless persons, who are
means the .State under. whose.law the corporation . lawfully within a l'.t1ember. State!s territory, by entitling
~\ ..
VfaS incorporated (2006. Drett Arlie/es onDiptometio per~ons to the same treatment accord~d to .aliens ·
. Protection, _Art. 9 [herein?fter f,fJPJ). , . and to· rece_ive travel documents and. iden~ity papers
f:. (EPIL (2011), p, 11).
~~- .
i-' Exceptions: The nationality shall be that of the lalt~r

f State:when the corporation is: ·. ·. · · ·

1. : Gontrblled ~y. nationals 'of another State. or·
· ·

~tat~s and hasnosubstantial buslness activities.·

Note: CRSSP does NOT apply-to:· . . .
1. Organs recei~ing·protection and'asststance from .
UN. except from·· 'Unlted ·Nations. High.
· in the -State of incorporation;·and · · · . -Commis~Joner for Refugees (UNHCR); . · · ·
. 2. S.eat of rnanaqernent and the-flnanclal control-of · 2: Persons having righ_ts and obliqatlons attached.
the corporatlonare both located in anotherState . to possession of nationalityin the 'country which
(AQP,_Ai{ 9), .. · .: ·. · they have taken re.sidence; and · · ·
. . ·,. ·3. Persons who: . . ··
l.oss ~f Nationa_lity: (RD-RS) ·a. Committed. crimes. ·_against. 'peace; war
. 1. ·. -Bel~ase; . or
crime. crimes against tiuman1ty; . .
·. ·2. Qeprivation; ·. b. Committed serious · non-polltleal .crime
3.. .Bena.r:icia_tioii; and · · . . · · _ /~\ : outside _thi:i-country of residence prior.to their
,-1,r,:~j{(.·\ . c. · ~~Trtiyss~n~:~ .contrary_· to·:purp:ose~ ~R~
6 .. .§.1,1b~titutio·n (NACHURA,; supra at B90). : .
. /- .,,fl
r---------------------_..r,..·;...,.-.
, . . .
. .,.:,.!, -~. principles of the UN {CRSSP, Art. 1(2)). ·.
. .)) /! ))· ..,, ·r;.,-.-< - r,-,.,·
'8T.!\.TELESS PERSONS .,'(_:-P-: t ;'T'"._'..:__,..1~.t::·,,99'n!1ntion · on- <the 1 Reduction · of·
------..-----------·-·
. .. . .
Ji
..,...·-J•.::,
...·..... ..,.. .... ·...,·-'_,,,,.....;...7-· Statelessnes~ (CRS) . . . .. .
· ·_. · (,:',·:·:· '·· ,./t.~.1 1. · Oblig~s,~i~t~~;-~-o -~ra_nt nationality -to- p~rson~ ·
.
· S_tatetessn~s~ . . . . ),'>f~ _- r-J·\ born m1,tli!=)IC\te~~1tones, who would otherwise be
'The. , 'status . }>f ,.~avirig, I'!_~ n~ti~alitfr=-as.. a . ~J ; sfat!31pssiJa~~to en~b_le stale less_ p.erso'ns-un_de(.
11\ati~~-ah!X.,
consequenc~ _of be1_ng _b.0"!1·W.1~b.91.Jt':a_~Y :.-i'A .. : cert~n.. q\rCUfli!~lanc!=Js .to a<;:qu1re. ,a Member ·
. or as a_ result of_ depnva,li_on,{cfr.:-.tosst9.~-0ational1ty~. -~,.·' · $taJ~;~n~~o~-~h!!'._(Art.. 1);_ . , ·., . . , . .
(NACHURA, suprfla~ 691): :\/ ""-~--;~.;;---: ~-~ .·-{;~ 2. Rf~~,-~~W!~-~~)'~h_o_n o~ nat~~nah~Y. based 9n ·
. · ..... -~ ·. · . . ·'\-_..'.. ,--!\,.:;;) viqf . ,.} rac1at,.~lj!f,J~..--rehg1ous or poht1caJ gr_ounds (Art.
: Stjtteless Pe_rsan. ·.. · · . . \;'..'.::";_:;ry-\ . : .
. A sta.teJesspeis.6q_ds_a person·who 1s,nf>tco~~}dered
r · t,J . 9); and . . . . .. . .
}'Ji,1"~··_.:.....,Pr9vides.for _the creatiori. bf a_' body _to ~hich a
. .

as ·a 11ationalby 8[1_Y State una~r the or;,eratlphof·its J:~~. •? I, ,,:st?teless pe·rson may apply and .se_e.~assistl'ince
.. , .. · 1aw' (1954 · Convention ·relating tii... tfi(
Statµf)tff.-1.;::.:...,:~.!.!lt'(AH::l-:f!J. .
-l: .- .. State.less Per~ons, -Art. -1(1) [he,:einafter:;,CRS.$PJ) .
.~ . ·· ·. · · · · "~~J ..- .
Th~ Philippines· has neither .signed·: not ra~ifi~d..the .
f Kin.ds ~f Stat.eles~ ~~-~6p$.;__ . _:· : · . . · .: .
_1961, Convention pn the Reductiori cif Stafel.essness .
1-.- L~gaJly ·(De· .Jure).-~ · c!. person. witt,out the · ·(United Nc!!ti(?ns Treaty'_Collection). · ·
of
·.. citjzenship- o·r nat(onality any State;·anti. . ... . . . . . .... , . .
2 .. -Effectively (De Fact6)--a citizen of.a 'st;:ite who Note:.· The G~mvention on th~.- Status of Stateless. ·
. is .ni>t .~dequat~ly protect.ed by .it: or is-1.!nabfe _tp · · . P-f:3~sons and the. Convention on thef'Hedudti<:J.il;of
es.tabli~h hislher citiz~nshlp·(EPIL,.~upra at 1). · Statelessness: apply .. only t9 . de jurt;J stateless·
. -~ per~om~, }10.weveri both· Converi~io·ns -makE! non-
Cause.s ~f siate'l.essries.s:: binding· , ··. re.commendat1011s . ,to consider
Jo. A Priori:Deniai'o_f Nationaifi~',l:>y:... ·. . . · ··.-'Sympathetically the· possibility of aCcordirig lo a ·~e .
· . ·a. Birth· . · · . . . · facto stateless .pe~son. the · treatmeot that tt\e :
. b:·. t~'bk'<;>f b)rth r!;lgistrat[ori~.. . . .. Cohventions·a·ccord. to a ·de jure stateless· .person
c .. As a·consequence:of'state succession; or (EPIL, supra at.·1 !-12). , ·
d. As 'a. ciinse.querice·,:of. transfer·· of State
. territory; · . · . .. . · · Consequen'ce of.St~tele.ssn~s.s .· .. ·... ·.. '
2. ~ubsequent Deprivation.of NaUonal\ty' by: . · .. Stalelessn~SS· fldV~rsely. affects a person's. rigtJt to
a. , Conflicting· marriage laws; · ·. . ·. · . e~~rcis_e· rights· i,ind '. .prMleges usually enjoy~d by
b. (,:egisJation cif bureaucratic incidents; · citizen·s of a ,State.- e.g., employmeot, righ_t to work,
q. · Denatioi,alizatjon ... ·(rescission · of an right to owri end acqu_i(e_property,iighf to educatibn! .
· ·. fnd_ividual's nationality tiy a willful act of the- · freedom of mobility, right of access -(o healthc_are, ·
. ·. state); or · . . and other
privileges enjoyed by citiz({lns· {SUAR!=Z,
. d-.' ·. Renunciation .(EPIL, supra at 2). supra a( 1282). . . .
•, . . .

2019 SAN B~DA CENl'RALIZED BAR O_PERATIOJ:-JS i ·373

... -· . -----------------------------~---'
 . .

p:UBL·ICtNTERNATIO.NAL ·LAW -
, 51-N BE:DALAW CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS- MEMORY AID :io19

Any wrong suffered by ·a··stateless. personthrouqh

the act or omission of a state would be demnum
ebsque: 117.iuria for In theory no state has been .
J
offended . and · no.' international delict committed ~~fugee. ·. .
. (SIMPf=RfN<$HAM, The International: Protection of Any person who, owing to wen-toundeo fear of., being
Stateless·individuals: A Call for Cha.nge, 2003).. persecuted for reasons of race, religion,. nationality;
a
membership of particular: social group or political
. O_bllgation of~- Stateless Person to the·Country opinton, is outside the country ofhis n~iti()nality;at-ld
lri which He Finds Himself. is unable or, owing to such' fear, 15''tmwilling to· avail
Ev.ery sta.teless per.son has ·duties to the· country in · · himaelf 'of the protection of that country; pr who, not .
Which he finds hir:nse!f, Which require jo particular having. a nationality. aha being outside 'the-country of
that he con'forn,s·.to·.laws ·and r.egulatlons as .well as his' former habitual resldence.aa 'a resuit: of such
.· to. :measures ,taken. for·the maintena,:ice 'ot p_ublic . . events, is unable Qr, pwff)g to SUGh· fear, 'is i.mwilling
i:i'rder.(CRSSP; Ar:t. ·2y.. . .. ~ to return. to 'it (1967 Protocol Re)atii'lg'Jo'.tJ:,e ·sta(us ·
of F:?etugeiis,: Sec. • . 2 .. ..fh~reinaftei · · REFU.GEE .·
. Rights.of Statel~ss.Pefi(ions: · · PROTOCOL];· iri reietion to the -. 1.951 Convention
(PAREF.:PHEALM·IN) -, ' · · · Rel~ting 'to
the Status ottne. R,efugee [fiere,inaft,er
1'. $ame treatment granted to a natlonal of the REFUGEE CONVE/VTICJNJ,. Art. 1, Sec . .A;'.par.'2)) .,
· ..country of his h~b.itual residence with respectJ?..:.~.i~=={.QQ,LC.N.05.8~ 12, _Sec. 1.· (d)).. · . . _

t . ij:~~~·rei~ef~~s~~sisJ;~f;: ~9.9~~;&ia1U p~7e;;;.¥~t~tu~of ;~~gee j~ a'. ~i~ht. under 'th~·

prop~~y; . · · · ./.,.0\) 1 · .~""':·P==~ctQv.entil!l9,-tel~ng to the St~tl.is of _R~fugel:~·-Once
c.. · B,atjonmg; .. , · .. · · ,~4.'' · ~Y::F.': .. , the' "cit:it~a ft._a'lt.fr~.been satisfied, .states have an
d,: E[ernentary.J~ducat!!)n; arid V"v/·':,r:--....,--3f~Bll~atj~h1:~tr~a1'!~·.persorl'a.s ~ refugee; there .i~
.... ":·.. freEraccess to cou_rts~f1'Y'"l 1./ I · ·
. .. . . · . .- . ·. · . . · lf. 'V,/1' ·ij ·
·f.>
_i ·
~l ·
,~
]P. -disq~ftlOQ/(i}~.~,.e~; states h9v~ to u~e _th~ir.
· ·<famesti~ legis{gil1.o~~ d pr.oee.~ur~s m 9!;3ahr:ig with
2. · . ~am? t~eati;ne~t YJhicti ·s,~~ll.:..be ;s fa~9~a~~e ~~- ,/_~\,.. ~l~~ ti\L refu\(~bsta,tus.. ·on~ the~efo.re . has _to
· possible and, m anY, ·eyi9~f l~ss !aV?~~~ ~~}lq~Jd~i:ac_!) r;;f';me~\~app~i.ca~.on,not. only. c;ni its
'than. th~t accorded tQ. l11e-n~ /,generalJy l~~.7' !IJf <~~f(pa~cul~r fa?~S ~~t ~IS(?. Ill' hglJtof the law of the
same circumstances "'.''~··.\E;P~~?t.to: \ "f\i. ~-r;~srateco~~ec11r,REF.f!J~E_ECON.VENT/ON, Art.· 1,
· a: Rights .to movable :a1~cl".1m~oya e,~ep.erty;~-=··--~ar._:_/j.~i-_f!J>l.T~e. · Pl;ii!ippines . .:receded ·10 ··the
b. '·f!.ousing·; .· .. · : · i ('1....., \ ·. "'~~ · '!;"a f ro9,on Jul?<-~.11981.:(United Nattors TieaJy
c... : Wage-earning ~J:lplorment;\\· · ~\ ~<·. ~ 1-tr~_onv_{,.rj." · /J · · Ji . · .
jc(~W?Jllec1{b ._· . ·- . ii.'
d. Rigl;lt,of tisso?1.at1on;\.· \, .. ~~~ ."'-'il ·:¥~\'}"' ·. . ,f . . . ,Y. .. : . ·• ·.• .' . . : . :. . ., I
e... biberat professions; an~, . ~~~ ·.. '~dtl(.REF~EEqtN.VENTION _ does· NOT l1pply
f. , .Freepom.of.MoYer:nent. ~ . . . : Sr-..rr·... 11,rc;?tEQP-.c~r- !' . . . . . . . . ...
' · - · . . ·.. : . . ·. · · . . .. , · . · ·:,, -,.,, '---- ~~l'l ·,¥.-'~1'9fln&);e:,c.i(~1ngprotectiori and.ass[stanc.e fr.9m
3.'· To .be issued !dentit_y papers ..'fn11-~f:leitQe!Ji.t~-='°~l::lr-fii,. e\ccept .. 'from\·: ·United Natlor:il? .. Hi~h
. w~en .. he · do~s .. noJ . possess· .a~'v~J!9.U~_vel .. 1\/JJ] /,\~~i~oner·.(C?~~~fugees. (U~H._CR);· · . ·.
. ·· .. _document ; :··.... · . · , .. · ·· .. ~~ ...,,,- 1. ~....;;,eersol).s:Jiavin~ n~h~_-and'<:>P)fgatJon~ attac.~~d · .. ·
4. Not ·tq be e)(peJ.le({ ·except on the· gr.oun~s o~ . · . to Posse.ssiori of nationality in th.e·cou·ntry which·
· naiional s'ecurity o~_:puq_lic.orde~·(c~s~~)..· ,. · _ . . '. . ttrey have tak'en ·residence; .~·· . · ·. . . ·· .
· , · · .. 3 .. · Perso'ns who:· · . · · .: . ·· .
Treatment of Stateless ln'dlvloual · . . . , a.. ·£ommitted crimes . a.gilin~~ . peace,. 'Wa_r
·1riternationa'1, conventions· Ilk~ CR:!:;SP. an~ ·cRs· . ... . c·rime, or.crimes against hu~anity; - · .
. . provide· that itateless indiv!du~ls c,1re to· be treated . ·. . b. · · ~ommitted · ·ser\O!JS· non~poiitical ·-.crin:ie
mo're. or less like the 'subJects of a ·foreign state. ·outside the'country' of resi'"dence.prior..to their
. . ·: . . . :·. . . ·:· . : ; . . . . ·. . . . . . . .· admission' in it· . _: - .. ·. ·.· . .. .. . . ..
: 'Measures' to ..be.Taken to Prevent itatel~sso~ss: .. C, . Guiity, .'of ~cttgontra·ry. to. P.Urposes. and.
1. : A contracting state shall grant its.nationality,·to a ·.· · principles · .of' ·the.·. ,UN . : .(REFUGEE.·
in
· perspn 66m' its territory who WO':,Jld otherwjse . . CONVENTION;- Art.: '1(D, E, . F); DOJ C_N ...
l?'e.i;;tatefess'{CRS,.. Ai:t. 1); and.·. · ·· ·• · . · 058~.12i Sec:."',10)..... .;\ · ·
·. 2, .A cbntra6tirig state sh.all· 9!~n~· ifs n.atie>_nality to a
·. . -~erson, not bo~n in tt:ie.ter~itoiy·of a·con~cting
state, who would otherwise be .s'tateless, .if tl:)e
·nationality of'one.o_this parents at the time .ofth~.
person'.~- bi~ wa~ that c,,f.th~! State ·(CRS, lirl.
.. 4). •.. · . ,' . .· . . .. · .

·37 4 '1 ·2919 SAN 'BEOA CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATIONS

~ ~Ama-.aiJ111S1m111.a=!lllmm:1mmm:imm111m1 .. am1111m111111 .. mm1a1mr::111111mn~~~51=111:m~:za--=•rwSlml·llll!llES:m=.;.;;a'.l~~BRI

·PUBLIC tN·TERN·ATIO.NAL LAW.

SAN BEOA LAr;CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS -ME.MORYAtD·:w,9. .
as•saB&WStw+iM 34 GOIS±IMW ±HMS i&ilM MWIWIH&li . t&M Rd& WUQ,:
·..
":;_ Principle ot.Non-Retoulement : · · Access to C~urts.(Art. _16);° · .
e.
:.·l'~.~.
·. In. a~dition to 'not r1;1turning the refugee to his own . ·· f ..W~g~-eamin·g employm:nr(Art. 1_7);
state, he must riot be-sent to a third state if.his life or ·g. Self-employment(M. 1o);
? freedom would there be threatened.on account of his .. h.· To.practice liberal profession (Art.19);
~:.:. race: r.eugion, nationality, rnembershlp ofa particular . i. H.o'usirlg (Art." 21 }; . .' . . .: ·
~-· social group or political. opinion: This · princlple · ), Educatjon other than elementary· .(Art.

·, .
f.'. · applies when there is prima jacie claim .to refuqee 22(2));°. ·.: · ' .·. · ·. ·
! ; . status.(REFUGEECONVEN!ION,ArC33,· pi;ir. .(1)):- 4. Administrative Assistance :{Art. 25);
f . of
5. · Freedom movement (Art. ?6); .. · .
Exception: ·· The. prohibition on non-retoutement 6: . To be 1ssued traveldocuments (Art: ·2.8(1 ));

I ~
},
· •
,f. .
does not 'apply.when:

or .
.
1. · ·There are..reasonable ·grounds for reqardlnpthe ... ·
· refugee as adanqer to the· security of thestate: .
. . . .
(f 2. .l:iaving been convicted of a partlcularty-serlous
.
7. ·. Bil permitted to transfertheir assets .(Art. 30(1 ));
8. · Sympathetic considerations as . regards the
following: ·. ·· . · · · ·. · .". ·
a, ·E.x~ens,on · of b~nefiti/ slrnnar ~- to· 'death
. 'beneflts or socialsecurity (Art.-24(4)); · .

.
~.' .crlme.iconstltutes a .danger to the community of, ~- l~~uance -of travel dqc1,1rnents_··_19·rel(.!gees

II
.the state (REFUGEE CONVE/IITJON, Art 33; · .: who are unabl_e fo obtain a travel·do~urrient
'. · · f?ar. ·(2)) . . ' . . from the country of their lawf:ul residence.
. .. : ,. · · . • . ·. . · . ·: (Art·. 28( 1 )); · · · · · · · ··. ·. · .·
NotJ:t:.· The' app)ication 'ot 'the exceptions does· riot....d~ c. Permlssion to· transfer assets necessary for
~i~· · .entall .the loss ·of. refugee_ st_atus (KAff!ER~f# ·,/\f . '. · · tl<l.eir _r.e~ettl_eJY\~~t in ·a11other ·cou_ntry (Art.
~~ SIBYLLE, The Interface Between Extra.dit,on. ii,~t!{(;·\ · 30(2)); . · · - · . . ·
ff .. Asylum· (200~). p. 233-239), . · ·. ' J\:1f;;.,,.)·~:~
9: ·· 'ro n_otbe expelJed (Art. and. 32 33) · · .
f : ·. .· : .: .· · · : ).;
{;.;f.f1~.,.....:,.,.,. Exc~pt~~pn_groun_ds_ o_f·nati~~al security a~d
-; · Rights of ~11 Apphcan(for·.Refugee St~tus)9-·th~/ ?fi'J.~~~)~~IIC?Jr<!rr, -pursuant to.a dec1s1on .re.ach~d with
\.t Philippines; . . . . .. \J.1 H..,,:5~ ·i1 . :
aue'·prcicess of.law; and ·. . . . .
\· 1 :· :Righf to'·legal_ c9ynsel;_ . . :-· ((?'. . )~} _to. To nof ,~fi\Pen~li.zed·for _iU~gal entry until their_·
t 2. : To have. : tf:ie servi_ces:.of an·· yp~rnrefe[,_;lt~t\ · · . · .sta~s j}.tt{l~co.ufltryJs regula.ri~~d or they. opt~jn
"'... nec~ss:3r:y,_ ~t ~II: stages of' t!}~:5-efu~~tus .. _,.t · ·r
~dm1~~1oij mlo -:tn?t~er country (Art. 31).. .
'ft. .
dete.rm1~at1qn.- and for ~h.,.e_(cparpos~Js:~.ovth~ · ... k'i\ . .., . //..
R ·.. \ .: . · .. . . . · . .. ... ·
l .
r;;;i~;f~~oJth~-~:tten~f~~~~~~~i·fo~:~~ ·1:!1' :~~;i~itr:~p;_n
}···· , 3. He s,hall r:iot be denied. acc~~.S·t_..l:)';1J:111;U/':IHG~ :. V~.1 . 1 .. Thet;.Et~fils!~f-r<=:co9n1tionshall au~omat19ally
o( .. ~etJJgef Status.,1~-th?
I
I.
1.·
/,;_ . · · (DOJ C;N: 058!'14,Sec.10).'Zi~~~\ · -;/ ('°$ ..
inure !o the_ ~cc9i!Jpa~yirig FamiJ,:_ ¥em~.ers;· ..
)t; .· . · . · . ~ ;,·. · r· · · · lt-:-::·:;~~ Refugees afld_:stat~less p~rsons mcl~dmg_~heir
:.). .. . · · · · . ., · .:,: . . . .. : \';;•·uO..V · · · ·· j,t:{1-':,J-:'ii';ff:.~!Jl..)JY. Members _h_av.ethe .r:igh_t to_ residence;
::, . . Jti~t:,ts of a R.ef11gee:(REFUGEE C.ON.Y.E~TIO!f.pi:---.~'IL.2,~;i;R.ey~';i}~- 11: entitled tcf t~e app~91:mate,visa,s.and
~~-; . .'1.· .· N9h-.· discrimination· of .ap,p~i:c,at\o.riW?r·rff1:19ee. · · s.ucti-other _imrnig~atipn.docum?hts_app.~rtenant .
&, ·st~tp_sJ.-based ·?~ ·'race,_ r:ehg1on·!':or-~f8~!1;rypf, .· tf:iereto as. ~ay b_e provided by·1f!)m1gratioi:i 1ay.,s ·
·{,.· on~m (Art. 3k". :.. ·. · ·· . . . :- . . · .- }mq,re_g1:1la_t1ons;.and · · .. . ._. . .
J · 2. To be tteated similar to nationals·with ~especfto 4.. ·~They.·.may enjoy. arid· exercise s_ucli. rights·.and··
w. the fo11owin9: .- : · . · ·. · · . privileges acctirded, oy . the_· ·19s1- . ~etug_ee
· a:. ·Rightto .Religion (Art.. ~);~ ._ . · · .... · 9onvention and. 1967-Ref!-)gee'.Prot<:>eol-subj~ct· · .
·;_ ·.· · b. · Rati9ni_ng system (when ·supplies a.re short) · · · · .. · to Philipp_ine _laws. and regulations (QOJ Circ. ·
;:-."" (Art, 20); ·. · : , · . · .: .. - . . ~ No. ·osB-1~, Sec. 15). · . .-· .: ; .
,.. C. .E;lementary ~ducatiOfl (Aft..22(1)); · · · - ·· · · . ·
'd,. Puqlic .ReJie((ArL23); . . _' . -~f
. .. , ob_iig~tf.c:ms ;Ref~gees.tQ. the c.~·untry·wtter.~
. e. · ··1,.abo1,1r L~gisJatic1n·and Social· S~curify (Art.~· . . they·Fihd Themselve~·.'. . · ..:.. . .. ·.· ·. ·.• , · ·.
· · . · · -24.(1)); ·• , · · _· Every refugee h.as .cJuties-.tq the country In which he
· f.. . Fiscal qiarges (Art. 29); fil)a$· himself, which ·reqtfire·· in ·p,articular ttia·t t,'e
3. :. To be.accordecl the :,ame treatme~t as ~'n alien.: ccinforry,i; to 'its :laws and regul!;!tlons as 'welkas·to. ·
.odor~ign rlationai with res·p~t t0 the ~ollowii:ig: ·. · · measures tak~n fodhe maintenance of public order:
a. · To have his p.ersonal status ·resp~cted (Art. · (~EFUG_EE90NVi=NTION,. Art. :2) · ·
12); ... .
b. To abquire . movable -an~· ":irrrrnovab.le 'cautio jud1catum.so1v1. · .
prciperty (Art. 1"3);. . . . · Security ·deposit. payable·_._by ~- foreign plaintiff'fot
c. Prot~cticinqf industtial property~!lQ r!ghts 11'.l taking c6.urt .action ag;:ii~st a naiionat Qf the· State
literacy; artistic;;, arid : sciefltific yvorks (Art . .. (SARMIENTO, sµpra at 243)., . ." . '·. -
. . •.14): ··. ~·. . . . : '. · .
d. Right of Ass()clation·(Art.'15);· ..

2019
..
SAN SEDA
. : CENTRALIZED
.
BAROPERATIONS
. '1.'3. 75
 p ff &ft a, >4Wist#"¥ ai&a-- Ni% kft!E M#i 9 ii I I iMQIHMiFS a

·p.LJ BLI.C- lN-TE·RNATION.AL. LAW·

. •. SAN,BEDALAW CENTRALIZED.BAROPE'.RATIONS- MEMORYAID :!019_ . . . .. . ·
M!iCtiAlfMihffiWNSiMt e SMMMfifii"'"i:$'-GQC&SftNfP
F ·''"·'*'?:SS¥11EiMWKi:!tiii 1i:dP#AS&,ffi~iMl,WM&&'Z\1.

I. .TREATME.NT OF ALIENS.
··
·
' · ·
·
· ·. : ·
. . ·.1 2.. The State has the-right to expel aliens from its
territory \hrough; ·: .. · ,.
a. Deportation . - expulsion- of an .. alien
. considered undesirable by 'local" 'state,
· Ali~ns' . . . . .:. .. . usually bJt notnecessarily to hi$ own state
ln.relatton to a State, art atlenls any person who ls (Id.); or." ", · .·. ·. · ·
. not one of its nationals (AUST, sup{'fl-at-1:8.1)-. b. Reconductlorr. - · forcible . conveying of
· .· . · · . ·. ·. aliens back .to their home state. without a.ny ·
Standards on the Treatment of Ali1,ms: · formalities (id). The right of the President to .
f , -lnternational . Minilnu·m Standard.' - · the .recot1duct. is based on tl;i'e Ja~f'thal-~Sil')ce·
developed states .. of the'. W~st have: a·rgued · aliens' are. not. part ot .the .natlon, . their ..
historically that . there exists a11 internatlonal . . . admission into .the territory · is a matter of
·,. minimum Standard· fcir the 'protection Of foreig'rr.. . . p.ure p.erro·i~s-ionand simple to,ler_al'I¢~ Y>'.hich
. . nationals. that. must be uph~id irrespective of ·creates no 'obligation'. on the part of . the
... how the ·s.tate'.treafs.its owri .natlonals .. (SHAW, . go\ier'!m.eni .. to'/ permit them.' ·.to.' .stay·.
s4p(.~ at.8~1); .. _. ·. ·. _ ·: ·. , .- ·· . . '.' (SARMIEN.TO;,.~upty1 at-1-34):·~rJ~., .' ' :
2. ·National Treafmerit (Equality.of Treatment)-·· 3; Tbsalien must accept t1_1e·institutions ofStateas
"rhe stateneeds to treat the alien as ft does its . he finds them'·(NAChlURA. supra et 6,92),' .:
own· nationals·: - It ;,.;as. inten.de~ as a shield ·--~ .. · . · . . . . ,
· aQa[n~t.~~terpa1 .inte~er~n~e._(fd.);: · ;;. ,.,.i-;~1 J.· - -~~e~e~po_nsibility_ for· improper Treatmerit 'of ·
3: Calvo 9oc:trn~e·-A.s.!ate .. 1~ 1w_t r9.§po_i:i~1~lt for L :i'U·~no/' ~~~- . · ·. .· . \ . . .: , .: ,. · ·
losses incurred by aliens m t1ry:i.e:;'.o~--~1vfW~--=~1:.!;i~ 1,.State,...J.l'!~-1'. be.. held ltable '.or_ mJur,1es__ and
l
(~ARM/f=NTO, supra at-83J::,Wf . ~ :y"P" . . · .. ··-c1am)g-;l.t51:l~Jai~~-by.the,ali~nwh1~e ·m th7 lerntory .
4. Calvo·:clause -. preventi;; appe~ls .PY,l~E;!:l~;.Jo,,...~""""'of..th~stal~'P.11:>Vldr~ that: · . - . . .· . ,.
I

' - .. their. home. . .;,,

at 85). ;
: .·
"OVernmer.i(~'

. :. . . .'Jjlf;·.
·. . J ~,, ·-:
~Jor;:fdinJoryiat~'
. . ,(]· -;,:t"" ~· 'i
. intervention in betialf of tijei :t'E>-9~1.,;t: rr·
tf , .. ·' f .·
,,·.
.. 1,,,
.h.ts (/,_ ;;

,--.-.. --::-"".
.$ 1. (-~\
"'~:
~
, .. ..L. Thci1act"~r:.0&i'1~~on'constitutes an international .
1w· "
Lt!.>.. delin~uen);;Y.: .. ·'\
...- f""'· ,,

-impuJa~le to,fti.~~c\le:,.. .. . · _
It i~ f!)ulTd. 'IJ ·.?.e>n.tr~ctsAet~e~·:a!lfns~~d-:?; . L~-""..it'!;;i.. · Ji>t~ect l~mPl,Jfa~ility . :,. ::,v.fier-~. 'the ...
'
· ·
. :. '
2. ''The aac~ 6~~<>jlt~sJ.on is-.'directly Cir. indfrectly .
' : . . .·. ' ... · ...

. - . . · _..
I

. States, an~ name\y, 111 ~on~.(ron ~gr~emerih~:ru. -,.j)':.)- _ fntemati11)al-:d~\!nq!,J~f)Ci ~as_ com·mitt~d:b.y '
It d~a!s-w1,th· ..sf_;ttleme11t~:e('cl!~Pl;l~~S:-l1~~1We~~~~~- • . }'~ripr~govefry:rwntoffi~1als.or org_ans ~1ke·
.: .aliens·and State_s-.~t _req\'.ll~~~at a.1~(3~~,t?.t:n.m1~-1 • 1gii)>',/~Jt
~-°'."f .Jb~ thieY .ef.~ti3.f,e ·9r the nation~l legislatµre,
t_hein.selves,.~y the1r_.ve~~,2~~r,a~·Y.,il~li~'\.~!ale~\ ·
., . not.to.~e~!< d1plo_ll_lati.<?_ _Pr?,tectl~n,'.{fqmte}{:l!~i~.:~ , ~/~~ ay glt be efJ~~tiv~lY.preventE'ld or..r~yerse1
fulitY./~il!·al,t~bh_,mt-nedfately-a~. th~lr ac,:;ts ·
I
1·
. of .. wh,ch tJieY. ._are .na,t1~~a1~.-··asv~~a1~l~e~/~"' und,e'Hhec~st1fut1on or, laws of-the_stat~,- ...
Gof.1t~~tln9..,State, Vv'f'.11cl'i -~J!~9~-~ly ·c'aij~ed)th~~~ ,, h9) .19-airec( 1rnputability-: where tt'i_Efo.ffe~se _is I!
, d.amage .. T~e cl~-~s~.· ~-~~re'.~\e . amo!).nJi':q-f~:~~;coi'Dmitt~d'infet'lbr .by' g9vernn:i.e11t 9ff!c1al~ or, i
. . . W~ive~ of:·,d1~lom~ti9 'Pf'?tf:_Cbo~·~!?Y.@1fifcii,_~·~ ·,J'f~.Y b~a'te i_n~h,idaa(s.,,,tl;J~~ta~e. ~ilf b~ J:ie~d ..
. . 5).. .
. . ·
,. · ·.i: ~ · .. '
·. · ·,·. .
'-. .VJ . ·
°:''."<;,,.. •
lll. ~ t,,i''t-~:}l~l:e o~LY.:if,.by.r.~as.on:ot·,t~:ind_1ffere,ncei m ..
lV~~preventll'.l9· or. pun1s\11ng It,. IL· can· be .
:,The.9ei:1,er;:ilte~o~.oft_he-Calvo _cra.u~~·.1~.11}at.t~~.,-..·:--, ·-eonsidered to have·conn~ved. in effecting its:- ·
- · '·alieA ..agrees that.any disput~·tl:iat m191:'lt a_f1s~-out·. · · · · · · ·. ·· · · ..:. ·. : · .. -
. ·. of the cqntracf is'.to'be' decJ.ded by .th~ n_~tibnal 3; . Th~~:-.T:.:~~;~;~C:il')jl.i(y.·:t?.:1he, clail'r_lanf ·.state .'.
'· .Col,!rts.in-accorda'n·ce with thi3'nationatlawarid is - ~ .:.'·..becauseioi damage. to· ,ts national ..(NA9'HUR,A, · .
. hoMo ~ive .ris~ tp a~y interria~iohal:rec,farriatiori . supra _at. B92).. . . . · · , ,. ·., ·
· (FENWICK, ·supr~ at .292).- ... ,'. : . .' · .
: . ,, . :. ~ . '. . . . .
. T-his':.~as rejected 'in Noith A.[TJerlc.a.n .Dredging: Conditions .fo,- ·. Enforce~ent . pf. - State-
Responsib.lllty. · · .· ·.: -· ·:.. . . . · : ·.'.· ..... ·. ; : ..·.. -·
. . Company Clqim ',{·1'926)' qy·"th1;1 Mei<ico-Uni!ed
·... Stares General ·c1aim·s Commission.The right.to 1. tlie .jnjureif~ubje_ct.must. fir~t exl:),aust all local
: .· seek,' redress. is-_' a·· ·sovereign ··prerogative 'Of ·a ren,Yei:iles; and.' . : . . . .. : . . '
· 2_:-.-·He ·must. re~o·rt · to. dip!omatic. .prot'ection. (Id:" at · ..
·-.. . state ancJ..a· pri~at~ ·.individual· 'has· ·.rio'. right .to
. ,waive it·(BERNAS, sup;a· 1;1.t 246),;· · : ;' . 693::9_9.iV- . ·. . I ' . • : . .- - -: : . . .. .
. . :· .. : --i'' . . . . ·.. . . ..,
,Exceptlon.s':. . :. .
-Rules· on the Treatmel'!t of.Allens:' . :. ·
· 1 .. Flowing. fro'm- its right ·to .existence.-_and _as." an7 · · 1 .. · Thar~. are n.o rerneq!es.to ~xh'~ust (the law~ ·are
. . ' . intrinsically 'defective);. . ; -. . .. . ..
.'. : attribute of sov~reig°'fy,, .no·:. State is under
· obl.igatiofl to... admit · allen.s, ·. "fhe· State ... c.an . 2. The courts·are-corrupt;. ·. .: · ..
· · deter.mine in. what· cas.es . and · u.(lder. ·.Whl::lt. . -. 3'. . There is rio·.aciequatemi:.-chJ!'!ei'y~ and.: . .
. conditions . it: rnay admit .. aljens · (NACff LJ_RA,' 4. ·, It involves ac:1$ of states not ·subject.to judicial
!$Upra at 692);
. - . review (id.) ·. . . .. :/ :--:.··. . ..

376 l . 2019 SAN .SEDA CENTRALIZED

. . ... BAR. OPERATIONS·
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receipt . .of the . request for extradttron.

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Admm,strat,v._e Region V. 0/alia, Jr., supre}.

Extraditl?n . . . . Alms or Purpose~_of Extradition: .

The removal of an accused from the requested state 1. Criminal prosecutlon>- lnstltuted by authorities .
witli tlie -object 'of placing him at the disposal of · of the requestinq ~tate or gove,:nment ct,arging
foraig.n authorities to enable.the requestlnqstate. or · the accused with an offense:·and . . · . ·
governl'l'.lent to hold him iri connection · with any .2. Execution of a· prison aentance=- imposed by
criminal investlqatlen directed against him or 1he a court of the reqµesting State pr govwnmerit,
execution of a penalty imposed on him Linder the · with such. duration · ,<;1s • that ..stipulated '. ii, the
penal. oricriminal law.·of' the requesting state· OF relevant- extradition treaty or-convention, to· be
government · (P.O. No. 1069; ottierWise. known as served·in the [urlsdlctlon of and as a.punlshment
· . .' PhifipiJi(leExtraditionLif!w, ~rl.-'2(a)J. · foran.offense comrnlttedby the.accused within
of'
trie territorial jur{sc;!iction the requesting'State
or government.(PD ,-106f), Sec. 3). · ·
· El~ments. fcir the Exer.;ise of Extradition (SRO): ·
· . 1 .. · Acts of §oyereignfy on the ·par.t 9f two States; .
2. ·. A B·~quest !'iy one sia'te to:another State for,the

i
I
J;
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,1-
!

by · extradition

.~ . .. . .
· Authority to Extradite .: . ·.,, ·. · · · .
. ·. A ·fogitive :fro~. jus'tice.:may· be !3~tradlted.6nry upon
.·-. the ,al.!lhoricy-.. of. arr extraditipi,..treaty· between the
For .the b~nem=·,~( the Order'pf a' State ac'!°ing
: . r~qu.esting and·r.eques.te.d'states•(/d.): .. ·. ' .':.
.•... 're!lLiesting g,tat(:i,', " :. > on . lts. own .. and -.
.\I_ . . . · · . .. accordJri9.. to. Its law, . 'Nq~:. · A. Sta.te .:m·ay :.volunt~er to- .. extradite an
. , - interest, an9 'processes.· in9ividual. with?ut thei. existen~e of .a tre.aty but is ·
(SVARE?-,· supreet 1226):. ·. .obliged ·o'nly. ·by thi:i. terms =of a ·trea.ty':. In practke, .
. 'ther,ef()re;. the·. re~ur.n of ·Criminals is. sec'u(ed by ·
·ch·ar.a,~terlstics ot'Ex.~raditloi1·::. . me;:in5:. of extradition ·agreements. between ·states
L ·11 entails.a deprivation of libertyon-the part of-the : ·(SARMIENTO, .$tlpra ~t i33).~ .. · . . . . . ·
. . . ·. .
'. · · potential extraditee: and ·: · . · · ·
4 .. The meansemployed to attainjhe purpose.of Pers~ns· $.L!bJecttp Extraditjon· : . · . . . . .
extradltlonjs .also ~the. machinery. of criminal .. 1~~e. c~arg~'d or. c·onvi9ted_ of offe~s"es:Jha.t·are .
· Iaw". There m.~Y.. be· lrnmediate .· arrest and. extraditable under.the t~rms. of.the extratjitiqn treaty
'temporary .deleritlon .of ',tl'ie accused jf.. that wjlf . betw~.en.the reg~est_lng States wher~'\he crim.e·V(clS
. bestserve ~hifint~~est··of·justic~.and, 'in- case.or .. . committe9 an(;! .the .r.~quested State· where the
urqency, the requesting' state· may ask fat .the : :person·r~queste<!.,tc>be. extradited.has ~ought refuge
provisional arrest of the accused pending.· the (~ARM!Efl/TO, supra a} 132). . . .

201~·5AN· BEOA CENTRALIZED·8AA OPERATIONS 3TI

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PU-BLI-
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Any parson- may· be· extradited, whether he be a .Exceptlon to th·~ Excepti"on as regards.
nationaf, of the requ.esting state, of ·the· state qt.· Political Offenses:
refuge, or of another·state (CRUZ, supra at 203).:. Atta'ntat clause
It provides; th~t the assasslnation, murder,
Offenses Subject to Extradition: .: attempt .on the life 'ot, pr other 'willful crimes·
1. List-Type Extra~itiori Treaty_-fhosa which are · . against the 'person of the Head· of the State or
specifically listed in the extradltior; treaty to be . Head of Government. of .elther of the State
extraditable;.and: · · Parties or of a _member of. his family shall not qe: ·
2. · Dual/Double ·Criminality·. ciause · (Non;Lisf reqarded .as political crimes (SARMIENTO,··
T~pe· Extra~ition_ t'tea~) - ·_ihpse' '~ich ~re supra at 142). · . .. .• .
defined 'and punished · ~s- crimes under the laws · · · · 1
qf. both ·the .·requesting and. requested . States. 7.. 'Prohibitlon . on. discrimination - · Extradition
Usually, the dual crimiriality clauses· prescribea may not.be :"gr:anted:if-: it. would be subjeci tf)e·
. mlnlmurn prison·term "usually"of ~t least one.year . . . : fugitive .. to . prosecutions based . on -. race,
.uocer the· laws _of.· both: Stale. ·_Pa.rti.es tor an- · .. ri,ationality,. or political: _opinion (SARMIENTO,
'offense tobe extraditable'.(CRUZ, supra at 138- ·, . eupr« a_t 140);.13nd . · . · · ·
fa9). . . -, · _ : ' . . . · - · 8. Lack of probable cause ctause.s- The-request·
. ., ·, . : .for extradltlon.must include sllfficientpriniafacie .
·Note: The rule otdoubte criminality·.aoes.not,requf!:e.=--..c:.:==~~--·evidence of ,guilt attributable to- the person
that ttie act must ~e ·punis.~abl~ under. ~~~::;:Jaws":of ;( 'J' . :r/:-::fe-q.q~stedto.be extradited (SARMIENTO, supra ·
both ·:~h.e_.Contract1~g-Part.1e~ ~t.Jhe-}.~1me ~~1_ts_ t__. J..\/atJ14j~~ . ,_ . · . . ·
commission. It . simply reqµ1res/t~~)t~· ·~..,..=u:,ri;,,=-~ .!/.. · 1;f·"-~. · ··
extraditable, ·the act must be p'ur)ts6a,bl~d..9ef''the· · F~A.9lt~l~tfa~·ofE)(tr.aditlon_:
laws of both Confractinl:i Partjes~f')~EPti~.,,.-~f="7.==:1':"~~.~~tr"a(ti"(l:On~ i~,t,.a major instrument fpr the
'f
· ·
making the· request for- e'f<trapiM_~:o{¥-R'1£NTQfi
supra at-_14.0):: . ·.
·,
{ '".//
· fl ·
.L . 1f
I· ·
*·-A -..If" s1,1'Ppre\si9r{_}<>fi,-crime, with' _'an important
-Pr:<;1cfc?l-~f~~ctJha.{crimlnals shout~ ~e resto~ed.
.,,.,C:r2 ....i;to th~ Juns~1¢.tto9.t>f. the Jocus del!ct1 comm1s_s1
' Th~. Concep~· ~(: ex-post factj fr~S'-jp limiteff'"90'y~'·1r..
penal and criminal statute~ tfalaf(eJ:tJhe_s~bst~?- j t, :.,,.-"l!fie:·~place \o~QJJ~_~\Ccimmi_!>sipnof the ·cr(me) .
_~:]15comiet~ht_1ftry_.-~~,d· purnst:i them_ :50 that the
: rights of the accusea. An _ex!ra_.2.1i0A~e_atyJ;\ f'!e_itt;ie.~:Jirffi~ n.!JITJ_b~r of cwmi~11.s;seeking. r~fyge ·abro~d will
a pie'ce · of - crj_minal · leg!~!atioo.i~~nor(.ai(lt,rimina2:._-e:::_ · ~-~~ed.k . · J . . · . ..
procedural statute. · It me1e)y,--:Rtoyid~-~j{~:-t= ~- ,~--:---1p,t-~~qu~sti~tf ff State .will· accord · due-
·-extraditipf)- of persons warite~\fcfr-1ii'esec;·f~~. ~/~~')ls t!f~_f!lea~cused. At:' extradition tre"aty
offense or a ,cri!'7'e _which o{!!fnse·\r c. ~, • • ..;e,,b~~f.PPPOJ>esthaJfboth parties t)av~, examined ·
. already comn:1~ecf'or ?OnSU!TI~ted at~re.t1:mr.- e"'-\;~__.~J'.'l~-that'f5o_t~_:a~fept and.trust eiach other's leg~I.
· tr~aty was rat1f1e~ (Wright y.-Co1:1(!_. (?f Ap~alsf:..~~N·1,y:\.t.,_§ys_~pfan.d JUd_,~ial_proce_ss... . ·. . _ .
No._ 11321·3, Au_gu-st 15, .1994). '\:; · · ·-?~'""- . ~!---3~1)l'e pre.,;~e~ilig~ are sm gen_erJs.They are-not ·
· · ·. ·· < ··. ·. · . : .~ <_9n~""~~{!~\~t-!,rjffu!ur~wh!ch.wjJI _calJ·intoop~ration all,
·Fundam.e_ntal Pnnc1pl~s: ~~ ~I J. . 1i., if. I\ yttl.~n}]J:1t.s9f an -~cqus~d as guaral)teed by tlJe
·1.. ·_It is. sui generis, It is'neither a crimif!al't10'9ivil.· fV..\Lrl.-1.,liW';6:of Rights. They . dp- .nor. in~h,ide. the.
· in-·nature. (Gov~inmentof:Hong K_ong:§pecillf'f·~~~ _dete_rmin·ation·of. the guilt or inm:ic,:ence. ~f the
· Adm!niStratiV.ffRegion_v~· O!alia;: Jr.;.·.·'su'pJJJ).; - . · · .. ~~tts~~t- ,. .. · ... · ; . · · -~ ·
·~. IJ is ~ased.upon}materaqreaty l~w_arl'ddo~s -4<·_ Campi.lancesl:i.a_l_l '?! in Qoog faith.· .,. · .
n0t·- exist-_ ·as:·. an .. Qbligatlon _upon.. states· in - .· ... _ 5 .. Tliere Is an underfymg rlsk_offlight. Persons_
customary ·1.aw.: A fugitive .from .'just,c~· may be tf}' be e?<t~qitea: are-·presumed to: be fl!gtit fis~
.. extradit~d ::only upc)h a4thority of.an -~xtradition (USA.. y. ·Jud_ge Purganan,. GiR.. Ii.Jo." 148571,
treaty between the requesting and·ther\;iquested . September ·24; 2002;'· $ARMIENto, supra af
State·; . : : . . . , ; . ·: · · · . · . · . · ·· 1_44-145)".; . · , ·· · · ·
~ .. · Q.oubl.e.criininality - tl:Je: crim~ 1nvolve<fsl_lould ·
a
. :b_e' crime in both '.states CO!")_cerrfed.. · _. . : . . : . ENTITLEMENT_:T·oBAIL .
4. Pri"!cipl~ Qf ~peci1=1lty·"".:a 'j:ier~.9n ~sur.r~~_dered· - - The "Philippine~-' should· s~e· to· it ti,at -the- right ·to
m.aY- be tried _and punished qnly,fonhe offe.".lse · .liberty of·ev~fry.individual i~- not friipairedi Tt:ie right
for . which. extr~dition. ha.d been _sought . and'. . .: ·of .a prospe,ctive:·extra_ditee to. apply_ for· bail ii:i the.
granted (SHAW..supra at 686); ·· ._ . · . ·. · · -Philippines' mLisfbe viewed in light-of. tl:Je, various .
. s:. Differences in Illig.al system "cari'be an obstacle" . tr.eaty . ooiigations of . the· Philippfn,es . concerning.
to interp"retation ot.whaf.thei crime is. (BERNAS, respecHor the pr'qmdtion and protec~io'n of human·
supra,a_t 174); . . . _ . . . . .. . · . rights. Under these treaties, the prei_umptio.nlies in
· · 6.. ~eligious and ·political ...Qfferise.$ are· not. ·_ - "favor of human liberty (Government of Hbng Kong
.extraditable (ld:K' as ·well- as. _political .anc;1 · . Special Administrative"'!~egic:m~.-0/alia, Jr., supra).
· military offenses (SARMIENTO, supra at_ 141); -' · · · · · · ·

378. .
1 201s·.s'AN s·EDA. CENTRALIZED
. .. -
.BAR OPERATIONS:
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 P·u:BLIC ·i.NTE,RNATIONAL.·LAW
SAN BEDA I.AW ~ENTRALIZED.8:AR OPERATIOM!i .: MEMORY·AJD 2019.
Wi&MWI~ :&M51' Ni o&M MFZ& +MfAd'Wf$klM#d£i&kAW A S,§AM

"It may grant bail to a possible extradite only· upon a than pursuant- to a valid extradition (SARMiENTO,
clear and convincing s_howing: . . . supra at.136) .. ··
,.,f 1. · Tt)at he will not ·b~ a flight risk· or danger to 'the
community; and · Asylum . .
7. · That there 'exist special, humanltariarr- and . When. a· State allows an alien to enter·and rerriain·in
.·compelling circumstances (Government of Hong .. its:territory even.if his own State objects, Ali~msliave
Kong SpecialAdministrativeRegion v. Olalia, Jr. · · no right of asylum; it is merely· the right o(the State
ai
cited Q)I BERNAS,supr{J 190) .. .- . ·... . · to grant \t. The concept is wlder. than -refl,!gee status
in tha_t it can be g'rantedwhen the_p~n~on has no fear
Rig'hts ot a Person Arrested and Detained in of persecution (AUST, ~upra at.187). .
Another State; (RIG) ... . .
1 = Right to have his ;Bequest .complle_dwith- bythe Species c;>f.A~lum:-: . . . . ..
· ·. teceiying· St~te to so inform the consularpost of 1.. Territorial -:- protectiorr-whlch a
State offers 'to
. his. condition; . .. . :.. . . . . ' . : . ari individual 'within- its territory or in
another
· 2. ·. Right to ·b,f Informed by-. the .competent relevant territory 'who. ·seek 'such protectlon;
.: : authoritie~ 'of the. receivlnq State ·:Wit~out- delay · asylum. provided by a State to indlvlduafs In -its· · ·
. his rights ·as.mentioned·abov.e; arid · · -· ·. 'terntorv (EPI!- (2009),'supra ei ·1-2);and ·.
3 .. Right to have ),is ~ommuriiqation.addressed to· 2. Exterrifo~_ial. or Diplomau~· - protection from
. ·the ·consular·. post. forwarded 'by the ·rnoolving' persecution Js' sought within 'the persecutlnq
· State,.accordingly·(VCCR, Art:..~6(1)). · .. · ;!':"\ .. · a
State, with diplomatic rnlssionprovidirg; legc1I
· : ·: : . • . : . ·· · · · · . . : .· · ;1,1!';x):{ · or· at least physical protection and not in the
The lnternatlonal Court of Justice- has determjne<t,k;::-:, State of refuqe; asylum in "extensions" of a
that Artir;;le 3.6 (1) ot the yccR creates i~divi~~~r;: =·,,,\ . State's -territory .- mainly In tt:le premlses, of an
right:for the d.e.tain.~d_,person:ih -additionto the rig.Ji\~,.·,=-,::.:·v.:--:"--...~rnl;>asf-~·{!ra legation, or in forei.gn publlc ships
accordedthesendlnq States (La _Grand.(Germ.a}YV.,;; ,[t,1~:::..:.~.':.Jff_f;Jh,/f!:'.Pla at 2 & ?4; SUAREZ,supra at 1224).
United:Sta(es),Jqdgment,ICJ.'1.eporls 2JJQJ$.49.7).';" f., · · ·~~--~:.~?\ · . .· · ·. · · ·.
. ·. . : . · . . · . . . ._ .: . . . (°~("' . /\:-tJ · No_te: Ge.f}rft~}IY;· diplomatic asyl~°: :ca Mot · be
lrregul~r Rend1tl~>1J . · .. _.. :).:;'.:,/\ t'?
.~ j.,,.- i;f . gran!ed ex_!1eet n:iember~ of the :off1cr~I ~r: P~,f$Omil
·A practice.of.some.States that 1s bor;r.E}.'.pfJfr-q_atra~1on l.:) ho_µseholq/ of 'i-~1plo!7lat1c··· repres~ntahve$'~--- On
. ca~secl f:iy-th~ unWiJlihgneiis·of~~ntrydj;,9mwhiqJ__ . ti} hur:nanifajiari~grb~Qds, howe>1er,. refuge. _may _b~
a· \lalid extra.difiori ·request. ha{;p:~eo o:t'iiQ~ to earry"'> li,;. granteq#,to f~gitiv~~ ·whose .'lives are ·-in imminent
out its international o~!igatiqn~;(~ARMJ~.!ffQ,·sne_~~ - ·
at. :35). Exc;1rnp_les are when1 \!~~
!:·'.~ . dang~~°t'rfl?.'i;Frfi~~-gJ§f,erice.
bui onl(c!~ring the period
).I.A}!1d.;·st.ate.~ . l;'.;t -~hen a·ctiv..~~Q..~~ger persists (NACHURA s_upra at
retr!ey~~ )~hn ~urratt from EgyPFS!:::Wfl!;J'~·-·ls-r-i;r/1 . ~if 697{ ... · · ·. · '

~
retneved~.1~hrr,ann·fro/)'l_A_rg~nti~a"~.~: -}J. ·
. . .. .. \,·-~:.Y . . ;) .
t~~i. . - .·..
.
t."? ..P"J-'"'~
it Varieties-of Irregular Rendition': .· 41.;r:: · · --:".~--;~'.....:-'.!.;."'~'-'·r,"!".:;.,"",·~--
......,.,.., ......
~ ----------------~--.
:f 1 .' Tr.ansnatiooaF' Forcible· Al;)d!Jdti'c;n --!iefne : INTERNATIONAL ..
r· -
~
. . · sqvereign _may simply kidnap the culpJ.if\1~~king
refuge '.in ·a· fQreigti land,· an action~ tl'.lat is
.:o. R.GA_ -~IZA ~IO~·-s · '·
.t: . inv~riable . ag~inst the. · ll;IW. · o~ the: foreign .
jorlsdiction. ·· , . ·. · ·. · ·
2, .lrifQr'mal. S1,.1rrender/Disgu_lsed Extradition - , . .
Dep_ortation·used ~o achi.evEte~tradition;witho.ut .
inte~~ti~n~I Organizations· .. ..
· process,. the.' foreign· jur:isdictiQrt. ·:may ·s·imply ,··,
They rnay.'be_ describ_ed as·l~gal entities cr~~ted by
. gr.an_t' ,permi~_siori cir .. silently ·:a_cce~e >'to. the . .
gro'ups of states .aad (unctloni·ng u.nder int~rnatlorial
r!'=?(l!Je$ting State's deJ'!land for- the. surreri<:!er _of·
law to achie~e· purposes defined in' their c.onsJitutions
th~ fugit!ve o_r ft may- a_ffirmatively _i'no.ve.to der>9r.t ·
(GARDINER, su,p,:a· a(-406).° Th_i$ !~fers ·to'pul;>lic or .
· "or expel_.hiirror her: ·. · ·.. · ··. ·' ·. . . ·.
inter-govenJmehtal · or9anizatfons, in cor:,trast to '
· 3. L1,1r.es ..:.·Tricl<~d !)y subter_t:u_g~.or qeception, _the
pri_vate or non-goyernr'n~ntal·organizations. 'They are. .
ft.igitive:may·be lured-from an extr.aoition refuge typically: .. . . · · · . ··
'to"'·.the. :territory .of 'the·-. ·pursuing· ~tate,
internatronal . water~, _or:, . to anotl)er .. country
1. institutions estab(ished by a. trea~y;
2: Composed of memb_ers 'that .. are·.. stat~s or
.. permittin~j' extrad.itiori to the :pursuing .. State : · intEfrna'tio.lial~rgan)zations;· . .
·(SARMlfNT9,'supt.aat .11~_~11~)~ ·: · .. ·· 3. Regul.atE1d by International Law; and . . .
4. ·Endqw~d· with a. legal personality .and ·thus ·
J:<ifr~Frisbie-Doctrine . . generally can engage In contr.acts arid c·~n sue
Crimin~I .defendarits·-may _be·. tried regardless ·.of ·· and be sued in national courti, subject to certain
wh.ettiertheir-pre~ence tie.tore the ~oµrt was. sepured .. . imni.unities (SARMIENTO,s_upra at ·-152). .
from .
out~ide
•' .
its territorial
. jurisdiction
. by means
.-. o.the'r·

2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I . 379

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1 IPUe'i:1c'~*'NTERNATio. N Al LAw*'.l:ISW-tEIAUarns 1

... SAf:J BEDA LAW. CENTRALIZED OAR OPERATIONS -MEMORY ':'ID 2~i9 · .

lndl.cia · of Peraonality: . 7 .. Non-intervention in. matters which : are

1 :: Capacity to· enter into relations with states and essentially v,'ithin the:domestic jurisdiction of any
other organizations and to conclude treafles with State (/JNCharler, A~-. 2). .. ·
1 • · them· and ·

0s
· 2 .. Statu that it has be~·n given .. under municipal Domestic. ·Jurisdiction Clause
law (SHAW, supra at 260.). . . As long as ·the matter· remains internal, the same
. I . •,
cannot bethe-:subject bf interventlonby the· UN: The
Supranationality · .· ., . . . . dispute· 'must be lnternationat in. character, not
··' An internatlonal' orqanlzatlon . with . supranatlonal domestic (UN Charter;Art.-'Z(7)). · ·
. . ... ·.
· powers is generally '!'egarde.d- as one. that ·has· the
. power to bind. Its member States by its· decisions.. .: · .. Exceptions:·
One k~y indicator of .suprarrationallty is the authority 1·. Wffere Internal conflict aggravates into a threat
. of .. the ..· orqanization : to · make· jts laws diri3ctly to or an actual 8reacr of lnternauonal peaceand
applicable and e)1forceo:1ble within the "territory of the · security; and , · · · · . · . ··
'member States· witliotit further execution by the 2':- Parties .voluntarily·-invoke and: 'submit to. the
natlortat
.
gove·rnr'D(mts-.(-SARM/ENTO~
. .· . . .. .
supra at-175). ·
. .
Jurisdiction of.the'.UN·for "the settlement of their
.dlspute.: . , · '· ·· · ·· ·

·,-.· -.--:. . -· :--U---.

--NITE.
. -D--.--.-.· .-.--.--.--,·---=-"'_UN Charter ·
N~ TI ONS·- . »-:: ~1J-.:,.~ 'fe~niG.~,.·a t"rear~'which "parties
<. _..: · '
must- respect
.· .

.· · · · · · : · ·. · . , · : _- ,;~ ~- . - ~-~J ~.Lq9erJ-"1h~~~octrine.of pacta sum setvende, It

. '. . : ·_- ·. · .'. / ..('"~- r:- ~..,.=~~g,~si~ts:,if ~1.~artiql~s besides the Preamble .and.
The United Nations (UN) is.;Jip-. int~~tlonal. . conch:iping:pr.9~JsL9ns... · i: .. -. .·· ·. .. ·
·. orqanizatlon.. created: ·.13t ··1h~.f/Sa11J )ran~s~ij'.:'~-,,,...""..;,
.: Conference held in-the: lJS ~roef A13J.il.2~ ,Jilne 2~3)- ....:[ ,~.rnen~en~qt,.f!tii~N~h~rt~r · . - .
,,,:~(?-,, -~
.. , . . ·. ,
:
1945. U.N. succeeded -~tie Le~g@·eV,fatiO!i)Sand Ji;f. ~:" .J~. Two~hird(~t3J lo~e. of. the ·m_embers of the
g·ovemeo.· by ._a_..~harter· thaf ,.e:amt;f mto force on _/,,}>:.,:,_.. ., Gen~ral:As-f{jbl-Yl1_ai1d;. . . ··
Oc_tober 2~; .1 ~45. Ct;irrently//t~lJ::e:~re1-93~™iffill5"~1r--z::--:-~atlffedin ~A9C9ff1fhce with . their respec~iye
States· of Ui.e-Vnited _N'at}ot1sef1:1niff:J{INati<?iis): ~1i"":"~ Uil ~~consiitution<\I Yproce~?es. by. t:,.vo~thirds, (2/a) ;of
. . . . ·- · · ~ _:;,-.-,.,{.Y· . \ . _f;~ iTiT!"""I ·:..i thefoernber:tof•tti'!~nitedNations, ir;icluding all
Principal ~urposes 6f U.~ :~(M°D~~). ~-::].\ .. '~1-~ per: , ~t ."merotfe,~s c;>f the ~e~urity Co1,1ncil ·
1', , Maintaih;i_nternationalpea-~e,,.a'np.$e~-
.,~.,.; i. af.iCv!:
. . .-,;;-~~ , _ ··-:-(Q
-~-I I --2· ~£'fi1i,t..el.{
•• l4-r-fr-' "1Q8J.. .' ·- . · · .,· . ·, .
· di · · ,,
, 2_ ·:Q.evel6p·f:ren yrelationsi mong-nat1 n~~- -~-
· 3.· ·.Ac!:iieve ilifern~tional coo~1::ratior\and ~P:~,,.x,
cl ' . - ~~i~
t1 .fl ,,. 11;::;7
~f:.-..11..
"'\;¥.,
., . ·.. ·· ·
~~No l:'1,gene1,;-l(1confe ence c_alled~y a majority vote
·. · ·.
4_. . §e':ter- !or. harrnoni~ng. a'tJions_o~ natiOr.\j~.Qr "'-- "A'~e&~erijl..:~sse~~I:anc'fany. hine (9) members. of ·.
. ~tta._inme_nt;'?f!h,es~ _co_m5:1on~oals.(b~:~~~tnSeG,yi!tryCounc1I· ~ ~ay. - _pr.opose : amendi:ne.nts
Art. 1). ·_; · . \<.-. J ,.,:~~~~\yl!'J~·~W~);, ,rq~edu~e-(\JNCh_~_rter,:Art. 10,9).
· 't' '< (tt, ·,; ""'"----=.-::.~~ 4\ '\,. J: i"r · . · . ·
'· -. · . ·' ·..
.'~'lmd~,n~nta:! Prltic;fples of ~N: ·. · .,:
.· . :--
" J _. .. l..,f 1~°E:M~ia~~f(re. ·. ·.: · · ·· . . ·· . · . .
1 .. _Prmc1ple-·_of "the ··sover~1g1;1-· ~.quality -_o~,a[t its· tv·;_{,gti~J:f.ie~t,~ns of_Me~ber-St~.t~s: {SPAC) .·
<.
.· • . members· · ·· · · ··, , · · -· ·. · · ·· ' · · --~"""'-'="7-f.""' Must be a State;.. . , . · .· · ·· .
. · · . 2. 'Fultilir:n~nt of ·the -qb!igations ,;1S-s.yme.d:by. tt:iem · ·2'.· . Must be. p·~ce ioving;. , .
_· ." ;_in go6d"f.i11tfdn.~oc::ord~nce '!'Jilh the Charter;: ·:. . 3 .. Mu~t -·Accept·· :QbJigati_ons_: of.· me'mber~st~tes
' _3, Settlemerit of:infern.atiQnc;il disputes by.peac~ful' · ·_·.:_. eontairi~d 'iri"the·_charter;.a.nd ·: '.,· : · .. · · ·
:·· · . · . m,e~nS; ; ... .- · · , ' ... :· ~· .. ·.: · · ·. · · ·... _ · ·: : · . . .-. 4: : M~S.t·. be ·:able ·~n¢ !~Willing, .to -Qa·rry oui. sucb · .
. . . . .. . 4. . f{efr_ain:in: t!ieir int~rnational .rl;llatlonS' Jrorn .the ·. . · ,obligation (UN .Ch~rtef, Art_.. 4; par.,(1 )).": : . . • ·
.' . threat or . use· of. •force against. the ·territorial . . . . .. ' . .. . .
,. . ·.: .fntegr_ity ·or ..poli_tica!_.fndepend~r:,~e:of any.s.tf;lt~. Adir:iti;;_slon:· . . . . .. _. .
. _or in anyi m~ni:ier-incolisisteri~ with t_he.purpos~s 1 .. · Two-thirds .(2/3) of- those. present .an_d .\'.oting in
· · ."ofthe t::JN; ·, . . ., • .' · ·. ."."'-. : ." · / · ... . . · · GN and ·· ·.' · . ' . .· , ·
·. 5". . Give.tl:ie u·nitecf Natioris "every assistance in any .... Up~I') fa~qr:able rec"o_ni~-endati~n-of-at i"~ast 'nine .
action- it 1akes.·in accordance- with .the· Chart.er, · {9). members :of.· ·s~curity.. Council incl_uoing ·.
_and to , refrain from:: giYir'i_g··a~sistanc~ · to" :any,_ . ·. ·. per.manent members (UN G_h~rter,.Art. 4(?)'and." .
$fate againsfwhich·the \Jn,ted.. Natftins'is taking 18(2)). .· . . · '
:prevl;lntiv.e or enforcemenfaction; . . . . .·.. . · .... -
6. The Organization shall insur_e· that stat~s Which : Suspensi<>JJ .
· are not m~mbers · of .the UN shall act · in M.ember State may be s.usperided by the G·eiieral
aecordan"c;.e wiih the·se principles so fiir as may Ass~nibly on''two-thirds. (2/3) vo1E;)' ofthose pres~ht
b"e : nec.essary . for . ttie. · majn"te.riance of. . ·and Voting i_li the GA, upo_n recornm.endation_.9f the .
internatio·nal
. .
pe"ace and ·security; . ...
· ·

3go j· 2019 SAN BEDA-CEt<lTRALIZED ~AR OPERATIO"'S

 ii kMBM&izzm &ffi IW~ J #U+& S Mi&rolClit
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J.!r.'_::_.:::i_... ~.~

.·. ·PUBLIC. IN:T.ERN.ATIONAL LAW . : {~i~1,·

. SAN BWA. !..AW. CENTRA_L!ZED BAR"OPERAT/Of/S'- McMOR.YAID 2019 .. ·1
· t)'fflUiWiti™.f.U'ISfi4'W3M wwu;a:173ies1•s#eaance t we1sutit.,*1wma1411d@.xtA.JN;59,e~.su:W·R1u,s@at01r..r;~~
.~ .~ .
Security Council. 5'.Jspension may be lifted· by the . : . the Economic . and Social Council. (UN
latter (UN Charter, Ari. 5 in relation to 18(2)). _ Charler,'.Arts. 10-17).

Effects of suspension: Rules· on Voting; .

1. · Prevented from participating in meetings of the· a.. Each member of. the General. Assembly
GA- . . . shall have one vote;
2. Pi:e~!3nted from being elected to or conti~uirig to b. However, a .member-whlch .is in arrears in
. Trusteeship
0
serve in the· SC, Economic·and Social Council or- the· payment of its "financial contributions to
Council; and ·, . . . the- Orqanizations shall have no 'vote if the· ·
·3_ . Nationals of suspended member may continue amount of its arrearsls equal· toor .exceeds ·
.. servinq . the secretariat and. ICJ • as- ·they are the amount of ·the, contributions due· from it
{~ .•regarded as lnternatlonal officials ·. or . clvll for the preceding two (2) full years; .
t- 'servants.actlnq for the organization itself {ki.}. c. .But,· the: General Assembly may, permit
•t · .. such member.to.vote if.it.is-·satisfied that
} · .: Exp.ulsioo ofMeinber:s .. · failureto pay is due to conditlons beyond t.h~
-.:-~_:_'.·_·_·· To .prcvlde .for· a· stronqer.: penalty . than mere coritrotofthemernber: . ·
.i suspension; members may beexpelled if:. ·· .. · d •. Decisions. on 'Important questions· shall be.
'"" ~ ·:. They persistently violated principles; . . . made py a two-thirds (2/.3)· majorlty of the
i, - 2. By the vote of two-thirds (2/:3) of those present · members . present. and voting, while
-~;··.·-~·:,:.,.~:.;::_,_::•· and vo"ting In the ..GA;~and · . : · -. · · .,(:).. -decisions on other questions shall be made
·: 3. 'Upon recommendation ofthe Security Coul'Jgir.~;.>;i.i·· · by a majority ofthe members present and ·
. ·. by a qualified majority vote (UN Charter, A1f_. 6//,.,",_\ voting '(UNC~t3rl(;J~, Art. 18-1-9). '

ij·. . ·. and.18_(~Jr :_ . : .- . ; '. · :_: . • _' . ;.'.

W1thdrawa.l of Mem~ers. '.. . . . :
:\JiI: ~E:L . ,-;: l~~ort~~ . Qu'.est;o~s _th.~t. Require Two~.
: . .. · ·. ~r- \;,i .).;._,:~0"·~!!'~.$::t21~).Majority _Vot~ of·the Memllers:
No prpv_isJon on withdrawal ir.:om membersJfift>· w,as<» f { . .a~-".""Re·eqmmend_ations with: respect to· the
in~luded ln.the Charter: Ho~eyer.--a.~f~~~r-J'nigl}t._{L)i _: .' rn~ti"t,i§~ance .of .international peace ancl
· w,thdra~ : fr.01:1. · . the. .~mte~ ... Naf.1B!1?i.. U_iJdJP''~!~ seii~t~\ - . . • . .
"exceptii:>nal. cir.cu_mstances:·sucj,Jl$!'.·'.Fl~J.;.:./ . _ !;) . . b... EJ,ectiori\',<?fnon-permanen.t. members .ofthe .. , ·
1". MembE:lrs' rjght_s_a~d oblig~~ns as '$,tlebDwere,: r.} · ~~cuJrty~,otJnc;il; . · .· · · . · .· . . · ·
· . chang¢d"by a chartei:_am~6~tl}en_t.i.f.l?~{!_ic;li it hail''-. } ··i. c; _jl_e~~(on-~m.embe_rsof: the Economic: and·
not. co?_curred . .or, which 1\:~fj_ri:IS>:1t~Jf.J!Ja.b~? . ·.·
acc_ept, and . . .· _ .. ?-;; ,;''.'\ . ~_.{) . , J
f!}J . :": ~-_§9.~~~9}'.~~f; . ..
. d_. . ~t~~!Jt.i.of members of the -.Trusteeship
· 2. · Amenqment cjuly· accepted ~!~,,.JJec,esscl# .. . i, ~ Couqc1I; .· . , . . .
majority either in · .tJ;ie ., GA.:"_Qr;\:\o -~ "\g,erieral- · \t\.-. . :..:-= e-:: . Ad~_nissioil of ne....., mem~ers to the United
_conference i~ riot ratified (F~N_W{<f/f-J:si/,pr~at., f •-it:t:il-rr;-ij'Jc!tioris; · . ·. .. .
· 180). · · · -.11 ·i' . · ;4_;:.....,,.~1::~~f.::---:Su~pensio~of the· right~ and privilege~ of
; \",~t ·,- .(,r\fl · .· .. :· membership; . . . :· : :. . _..
· .Principal Org~ns' of the . United1~\~~t((?ns: . .g, Expulsion ofmemb~rs; · .. :. ~- ...
}:,:. · (G$S,E;TI),· ·.·.,. '..:-_·... :- . . . .. -_,, , .:h; Questions relating to the operatio11 of th!:l
.~.·,
.._:·. · 1 ... ·, Gerieral· Assembly :..:.. cerit_ral. org'ar:, w.her~ all J~usteeship system; an~ . . . ·.

~zl ·. . . members . <Jr!:l . repres.ente.d,. The .. J3enerar·

N_;sem,biy_ i,s ·not- i,r legislative "body;" it can only
recpmmend (UN Ch_arle.r,-Art 9 an_c(-1t~).·
: i. ..Blidg!':ltary·.ques.tions (1,JN. C./Jartw,. Art. 18
. (2)). .

2. §ec;:urity ·.council,:-:- orgi~ r~~po~sible' for th~

~/;..
L
. Fu~cti~.~~ of
.QE) .
the· G.en~ral Aisembly: (SBC-.
. . . .
• r1jain~enance·of peace and ~ec"uri~y;.,underta~es.
preve·ntive ·and enforcerpent : ac_tforis (IJN ·
: a. ~upervlsory. - . receivei,," and ~onsid~.rs _Cbarter!~Art.: 24). · · ·
· . ': repc;>rts .from other organs q{ _the 'United
. : · .·Natioh~- ...··.:. · ;_- . · . .· ..... : · ~-(?~b~,:ship: : ·. · . . . . . · . .- · · .
· b.' · ~udgetary -:- coritrols the finances· of ...,the . · ·a. Permanent Members:"{CUR.FU) .
... United. Nations. . . . . -~- . . ..-_ -· 'Qhina,. !!riitec(Kingdom, ,Bussia, . .Erance,"
c,.: .QonstitueriL--p.articiP.at~s in Jhe amendment · and United·Sfates of Am.er.ica . .
. of the.UN Charter: . . . J .. : · b, N_6ii::f,erm.~i:ie.nt M_emb~rs - : ele~te~ for
. : d.: ·. .Q.eliberative .... · . discCJsses ' .. pril")¢iples. · two-year lerms by 1f1~. General Assembly·
regarc:!i.ng.. maintena'nc~ ..of international' (UN Charter, An. 23; citfJdby SAR/v11EN!O,.
\ . ~ac;:e and se.c;:urity. : . ·. .· . .. ' · svpra at:186). - ··
· · e. . Elective ·.... elects non-permanent members ·
of the Sec1.1rity Council: Sollie members of ·.
the ·Trusteeship Councii"and affmein.~is of·

.... . 2019 SAN aEDA'Cl:;NTRALIZEDBARO PERATIONS 381

. .',·,
 PU.BLIC l·NTERNATIONA:L LAW
SAN BE'DA LAW CENTRALIZ£DBAR .OPERATION~- MEMO~Y'A/D 201~
~...,- PA es M " 4 Wiis?
. •, u'•HEWS
. A
Functions· and: powers ·of· .the s·ecurity Double Veto
Council: . . . ·A permanent member can also exercise ··a
. a. To· .maintain· international. peace.: -and . double veto by means of whlcl) it. can
security in accordance wi'tlHhe principles ··· disapprove ariy proposal to consider-a question·
· .. and. purposes. of the· UN; · . . . . merely. procedural and. thereafter vote against
b. To investigate. any disputeor situation which · 'the. question itself. on. the- merits. S"lg!1ificantly, .
might lead fo mternatlonal frlctlon:' · r, · · · -the: abstention or absence of' ;:iriy permanent
., . c .. ~ To. recommend methods of adjusting such · member in connection with a. voting, on 'a nort- ·
-disputea orthe terrnsof settlement; . procedural question ls not: considered a .'veto·
d. To formulate 'plaris for the establishment of .(SARMIENTO, supra at .190), andthe proposal ·
a system to regi:Jla~e armarnents: .·· . . ., is deemed adopted if approved by atleast nine
e. To determine the exlstence'of a threat to.the- . (9) members ofthe Sec;urity .Cou11cll;..'inclliding
peace '.or .act pf .,aggre~sio11 and to · ... ·. therestoftheperrnanent rnembers. ·
recommend whatactlon should be taken;· · ·. . . . . . . . .
f. To call .on Mem~c$. to ·apply economic. . ... · Note:.The dou.b,le veto is noIonqer in practice:
. sanctions .and pther,measures'not 'Involving . . . The presidentof the. Council· could rule that· the
.· : t~e. use .of 'tor~··· to ·prevent-. or .stop ·· .. procedural ornon-procedural question is ltsett .'
aggression·; ·. . · :· · .. · · . · · procedural" and. hot subject to veto: presldentls] ·
g.. To ~ke military action agc)in'$t.an aggres~gt~~ rulings·i,:i this regard are final unless reversed by
.. h: To recommend the ~dmission~.9fYl'i-e~ ifj
Jfi:1~~es;wi\li'.no·s.t;;ite:ha.v.\ng .avetopower
·. i. . ~:.::ee:C~~e'the_;r~stee~~ip' tti'~ans~hhe;l.~~
·. ''. ·uN in "strategic ~reas";.an~ '\) /,??.--, :··
1· 1 ! . ;~-- . . . . ·,:. . . , .
· . 3. · ~e,cr.~iarliit:.'\:,compo.sed of . the· :secretary-
:-, : . . .
j, To n~~.omme.ndtothe G~ral~~e ..jt1JY,tl>le~T~·~~-n~ral\°tihcf s,u~·st;;iff as the Orga,:iiza!ion may.
· · appomtm~nt of.the ·s~p~l~r:y-~en~:rala,:iq~ .'.lr ~w reqqirii'\!~§e~eta.ry-Gene.ral, appomted. by
. together· wit~ the '!,~sembl}.fto ~lect tt&' :.6~ ·.e\~ t~e. \ G~n~ral .\ Assembly l.lpor:i··. ·t~e
judge's of the·lnternl'tjonal-~ourt Jt,1stice ,. 1·f.. :·recormeti~~c(ri}d{lhe Security Council, is the
·(SARMIENTO, sup( af:J.:87[). · : . : ~ . ~1i1efj -adrniili~fratiye. or.gan-. of the · ·~ {UN
. .· ' '. . ·. . . . . .,,,;...._'I[;',·.. . ~!;.~~1. ~-.f._,<Ch_aq~r, ·~rt:~9~-1 . · .· .· · .. .'· ·.. ~' ·· · ·
VOTING PRqcEDU.R~ ,.9.d .. . , , h-f~!.'-"' :J. .
·:J'l':'j ..Jt . · .. ·
.-Ya,ta· Formula: ·_ ·.t~<(· .. a·t~. ; - .~~S Th{,j: ~e~a,il>,0Ge~iral's;term is fixed at five (5)
. it anows:(?oµble ".'e~o.. ~-~~~r.~-.~·;?e~.pi~~fi<lve~ j'·..t~2- . y~li :s,.~Gbi9,ct~~eaa1ection. - . . . . : . ·
·~{?. ···4' .. · · .. · . ·. ·. ·
one·(1) vote but 91st1nct10{' 1s· rrl~~·bel~~l:\,th~~· ~,1~
~ig 5 (P!3fm~n.erit, ·me:~ber) ~Rd;. !!\_~ti~")~ ~A. r
.''7~a~~ior,1.(
permane.nt men:ber~ ..m.~e.resolall_a9'~~~zAcJ.f~is'.~~i§(admmistr.atiYe c,:,ffic~r in ~11 ·.
1/
of t'1~/secr~ta.!Y-Gener.a'1:. . .

, su~stant1ve· qu~&bons, .1 ~ ~SC'lEt\\'Y\.?-, ~etmg·s9fthe G~i:ieral As_sembly, Setunt,Y

, · . · .,. : ··. ·. ' . . . .}.''°''-;.- ~c.d~A~ilyEc-on_omic and Social'Council, and ·
a: ,. Pr:oced~rc!.1 rn~tter~. -:. to. b.e.~~r~by_-!'1e~~ ~ · 0-~~~~ship Cou~cil; :.· .. · .' ·· .. , _ · . . ...
·affirm~bve .vq!e:.~f .. ahy .. n.!n~ '(§):~c1.v~~~ l\,;~)~~:\.\g!:lef.'orm·suc!t' '.ot_her. ~nct1ons. as. ~re .
. .mem~er~~ .· (~e·(·: ·.:..qu_es~t~n.s. · ,rega~~·~ntfUSled.:to;h1m,by.th~ organ~ ·of the. UN; .
or{1antzat1on. ·ahc[_: ..m~etmgs, .. Qf SC,. c.· 'Mak,e ·a.n. annual. report' to· ·.Jhe General. · .
. . f:Slablishf!1eh( of.· sul:!,sid~a_rY,. orga,:,s, a_nd ··. ·: '. f.sser.nbly'on the w.ork 9f..the O'rga,ri!zati9n; ·
. partlctpatu;m.of state ,parties- to. fJ d1$pute.Tn · and ·. . ·.· · · · · · · · · · ' · ·.. ·. : : . · · '·
....... the discussions''of.'ihe·orga.n); ' . . d·... ·sring' to th~_l,!tterition ofth'.e S~ecurify Cot..mci.i .
. b. Non-proc.edural matt~rs · - requires th_e arw· matter .. which . in 'his. ··opinion may.. ·..
. concurrence '.. of .. 'also' at least . ~itie : (9) ihreate'n"·the . maintenance: of ·-international
.ine'rntiers.·b.ut in'cluqinir the·c9ni;:urr-ingyote~ peace· aAd secu~ity ·(i.JfJ' Charter," Arts.· 98-·
. of· all. perirlarwn.f members· (f..e,,,. <,natters·· 99).' ·. · :~ ·: · ·. · · . · . · · · ··. · · . ·
.' · r_equiring · s.c · under it!:!.: respon~ibifily :df · . . .... · · ·· · · ·
: · maintaining· or: restoring.:'.world·· 'pef;lce, to . Rights.- . · ahd. ,.. re.sponsibll!ties . o"f the
· invoke rnea.s.utes o'ienlorcem~nt -a'nd unlik~ .. ·' secretarl'at: .. : : :" . :" .. . · . : . . .. · ·. ·
· '":In- GA;' characieriia'tion· ·or
a qoe~ti.on is· · · . a, When .acting in. h!s. capacity, Jhe s·ecretary-
··coniidered' ;non- prcx;iaurai ... .'in·.·· sc)'· General· ·is· entitled :to· ,fti·n diplornatlc
(NA<;HURA, supraat.854);. ·:· · . . . imrriui:,ities ·and p'rivileges; which only ,the . ·
·~ · Se<illritY.. Coont.i~· · maY . . Waive {1946.
·· . : Note: ·No r'Tlem'ber-, ~rrna11ent or: '.not, i~"a'i°loi.,v.~d . Cdrivention.: on itie. ·.. Privileges (Jnd ·
:tc;,. ·~~te qn questions . conqe~ing :· the p~cific. Immunities oi the United Nations, Ads. ·19- ·
~ettlemeri\ofadi$putetowhich.lt"ls:·a·party(UN. 20J;-: · ·· :', . .· .. ·_.. , . ·.
Charter, Arts, 27(3)). · · · ·

.'
~82 I 2019 SAN B.EDA CENT.RALl2ED BAR OPERAT)Q!'JS ·
 HM Fl • ... ,, ·.;

... ·pu.BLIC INTERN-AT.10.NAL LAW

. . SAN BEDA LAW CENT'Y)LIZEDBAR o'PERATIONS-_MEfY19RY-AID2oi9 . . . . .. .. ;· •,.
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b, . The secretary Gene.ra·! and rriernbers-of his 6 ... 'Internationat -Court of Ju.stice (ICJ) - principal
staff are International Officers ·solely judicial organ or ·UN;. ·governed · by the )CJ
· responsible .to the, Organization, . 'and ·are. Statute (UN Charter,_Art. 92; /CJ Statute, Al't .. 1)..
'prohibited from ··seeking o.r · receiving·
instructions from any government.· Or ,Functi6n· .
..... euthorttyextemal to'the,UN; and Th_e primary function ls to decide· lriternational
'c:..:,They shall refrain from any action which legal disputes submitted to it by States,. in
·· might' reflect · on their · · position : · as .' accordance.·. with : Internatlonal . · Law
lnterhatlonal Qffici9!S responsible only.to the . (SARMIENT(?, supfa at 193); .:
Orqanlzatiori (!JN Charter; Ar.f.' 100). ·
. Memt>ership (/CJ Sfatute): ..
4.. ·'. g~oriomic and Social Cou~cil (E~C) :-- s·erves . 1, The·. court. shall • conslst of fifteen . (15)
.. · - as the centr~I forum fcsr. discussing ,ntematic;mal ... members,"no' -two : (2) of whom may. be
•· .·• ·economic and sociai'issue·s;and for formulating · , .. natlonalsof the·same sfate (A_rt.. 3); ·. .
~ .' poficy recommendations- address'e'.d to ·Member 2. Themembers shall-be elected by absolute
·states . ~nd .
the
. . -
l--)nited Nati9ns
.. system.
. .. majority vote in both· the General Assembly
·.· . . and. · the . Security Council . voting
·~·- . F.unction . of .. ttie · Economic. and· Social .. . slmultaneoustybut separately (Ai:t 10);.
· · Co_uncil: · . . -, .- . : 3: Members of ttie· Court have a term of nine·
a. Make or initiate studies and .reports with .n-. · (9) years, and may be- re-elected (Art. '13);
' respect to international economic, socj~l.G/5_;{ 4, The quallflcatlons are'"as.follows; .
. cultural,' educatton,': health, · and relf,itij~t,~,,;.\ .. a. Independent judges; .
matters and ma~~ recommendations M!itJ:F 'i. t.;_f-~ ·b .. Elected regardless· of their nationality;
. respect to 'any such matters .to· the Gen~}.al~ ~ ,, ,~1.,__.;.___ c. C),f high_ moral character; · .
. .Assembly, tofhe · Members of the y.9ite~'. :\y;i.~:...!'.~:/''"':-7:,9<·f'f:'Qs.ses_ses.tre ·qualifications required in-
. · . ~ations1 and to., the ·specialize,9,- ~gencies ~U -rr- :"'Ll.:..:.....,.J.1ftfir. : respective ; . C<;>Ontries. . Jor
. concerned: · · : <";;./, . .' ·: ~~:l,r.:rH · . ·· o,. l.f\P,Romu::ient · to. their highest judicial
b. · Make recommendations for -tQ~Jrpose~f,...- it 40~1¢~s; or . . . ·
.promoting.·r;~i;iped-.for,. and_,.~.SefYa.nce o'., · . -~~ . le;._'f !fe.\juri's. ?o.nsults.. of reco_gr:i.ized ..
. h~l~i:\h. rlghtsam;l_fun,d~_mf'n!~Ifre~·e~~s {OL ~-~;\ . · /I· dbn:ip{~tence.m mtemat1ona1·1aw (Art. 2);
an;· . . ·. ;,:;~"1- ·
_· !S3>,~.:. . :, ~'.'\ · t:i : ·. s·.• -~- · n?e~_e:~?.tf~:. a ty,embe~.of-the-C?_ijrj m~y .
c,: P_reparadraft.conV.el'lt!pps fo~,STJfiiijiss10~~~ ,ft~ .. : 'Z~f~ ~;i~t<:a~;~gent,:couni>el,. or advocate m
· ·: lhe ·GeJ~eral · Assembl~i:wit1:t:i~ip·ect#1fl' lf!..;f._ . . "ilkiY.:!.ll!SfEr..{,Arl.1.'7)•. · · •
·. tTlalters falling within its ·co(l'Te§tenq~;an.d/ !~"} · ., . · .· .
d. · ·~all, in accordancewith the'(l.Jl~s.pr~~fribed . ~!11.- ..:...--Jl!'tisdictlon OJ"!. .C.C?n.tentrousCas~s · . ·
'.· br the UnJted N.!3tions·, \rnt~toation,a!.,_,.l:;,.~1::.:~!~:Jd:it~ juris~ictlon on c~ses. which the. parties,
confer,ences_ on mat.tars fal!fi'g. wip,!,nt1'!fs---""~-:..i....whet~~r P?rlY to .the Statute- qr riot, refer to it and
compet.en~e:(UNCharjer, Atf. ·6il·. /x\!. . . · all,m~.e~s sp~cia11y_ provi~ed. for:in the l:)N ·
·5. Iru.s~e·~ship ' Council· · - · 9rga_ ;~·.tl:iat.- · is. · · Gt,arter or in treaties a.nd ·conventions in force .
. -:-1espo11_s1ble . for· ad~inistering .. :t'nisT~ship· The. l~{_orily h~s·_Jurisdictioli ,on ·contentious·.
'territories·. that · are ··not ... yet selt~govetning · . . cases where·ooly States are parties thereto and ·
($ARMIENT:O;supra·at 191 );-'. ; .. ·. · · . _. · . the,r con sen~ is needed . (lC/ _StaMe, Arts. 34 -. ·
. . ._ . ·. -3.6).. N.othifl9. 'in the 1.,JN·_Charter ·prevents UN
'It is·.author-ized to.e.xamin'e and·dis.c;:u~s reports' . Member States.from entrusting thefsolution of'
.. from ~h:e· Adminisforing· Authbrity;.i)Q political, .. their. c:tifferences fo. other.·trib.urials~by virtue of
economic, soc.la!', and educational advancement .. agreem~nts·_already in. existence 'or which may .
; '·o.f · .the ·peopl~s: of ·Tr1fst territories·· and,. ·in.. be-ccinch;ided·_1nt~e:future_.(Uf\lCharter; Art. 95).
c-onsultatior'I with the Adminislering Authority, )o
.. examin~ p~tltipm~ fron:i: arid,undertake peri:ci>9ic Opfiorial Jut'isdictron Ciause ·.. . . .
· and, 'ot~er sp·ecial missio.ns to 'rr.ust Terri.torie13 The States'Parffes to·the PresentS.tatute mayat·
(UN Charter; Aif. 88}.
> •
. ·. . ·~ny time .deqlare . t.l')at . they recognize . ~s .
compulsorx.: ipso facto · and ·: without · special __
· .Tbe , . TrClsteesh!P. · · Council . suspend~d : It~. : ~greement,. · iri· relation to .. .any, other state
· op.erations on N~v.emb~r.1, 1Q94i a· niontti, aft.er acc~pting·the same: obligation, t.he,jurisdiction _of
the indepenc;fehce of Palau, the la'st remaining :the Court.in aft legal'disputes concerning: .·.
. UN · trust territory {Unilf!.d Nations.:· Retrleved .a. The ii'it~rp(etation of tr13~ly; . . · · ·
from}1ttp.www.an.org)., . b-. Any .question of international law; .
,., ·c. The ·existence of fact wliich·,' if estaqli_shed,
··!l"·
would constitute a breach of in't~rnational
'i;-: obligali.on; · ··

. 2019 SAN SEDA .CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I ~83

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PUB·LIC:. I.NT.E·RNAT·ION.Al L·Aw

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d .. The nature or extent of the reparation to be

. inade for .the breach of im. 'international .
obligaUon (]CJ Statu.fe, Art. 36(2)). · · ·: .·· -
- I . ·...
.
i
..
.
ASEAN

Ways ~y·which $tat~ giyes its: c·oosent:. · Th~ Association ·' ..of .' Southeast Asian . Nations·
. a. Consent ~nte flo~· .,_. throuqh treatles and · (ASEAN) was .establisheo on August 8, 1967 in
. · conventions 'whereby a. state ag~eed· to· Bangkok ·by the five original member countries:
· subrmt to the-jurisdiction of. the .ICJ. as· to ~II . · ·. (STIMP) · .. · ..
· .: rnattera specially provided for in treaties-and .1 .. ·. · §ingap9_re;
convenflons in· force of-..yhich· if is aparty . · 2 ... Ihailand;
(/CJ Stetute, Art. 36(1))~. : · 3. '[ndonesla;
b. C()nsen(A'nte Hc:>q/Optio,nal'Jurisdlctibn 4. · Malaysia;. and.
·Clause. - · by· accepting '. compulsory. ··s. P_hilippines.
. juds.~iction of the ICJ by ~- g~qlaration·. (Id:
Art. 36(2)); ·. ,·: ·. ·· · · ·_. : · · · T:he other m~mber'coun.tr.ies are;.(BV[MC)
· · .. c. Consent Ad Hoc-« by· special:agr'eem!;}ntor . · . 1. . J;!n:in~i Darussalam; .. ·
· unilateral·.:application .whereby .the :$t~tes · . : 2. ~ietnam.;: · ·
Parties to. a dlspute Jointly submit.the case 3. · .bao•i;;.:Peop.le's Democratic Republic;
r : · to .the ICJ. o'r where!t~e'.Applicar-it State 1:1.?.!~:::=- ... ~-;- . .MYanrnar; .' . · .
. ·.acc~pte~· the jurisdiction· QY.· ·<! ;~9ilafefalJf. ~f ·. ·B._-~ -•§:ao;ig_oqia. 7 . · . .'.
. application fol!c:,Vl!ed by. a s~P.91'ate · ~t oP)(_). L\. '_;¥· ~~~- . . .: . · :· ,
consent-by the.other party;: ~fi.'d.~ ~--=·-~.J·rri~ry.pbJe~.~v~s of AS_EAN: ... . . .
d. Consent · Post . //'·,H9-cf!J:.orum .. 1. ~Q~ at"cel~r~te the. , economic . growth, social'
Prorogati.tm/P,roro,g_at~t~!Ex\~g.e-a . .,..,.,.""'.''~·-r:""..,,R~Og1~~i'antl ~J.tura.ldevelopment in the region; ·
. J urisc!iction.- the cor.i,efe@;o~l~e/~E2fe'F)da% f. <f,f' T.o,ro~ e., ~i~n.al -peace:and ~tability; .. .
S_ta~e.· · is_ given afterJtthe'~riJJ1atio~. of th'.e . ~~ . .o.l.\. T~ . ~rom~,ef _actiYf ~ollaboratio,:i. and·· m:utual . :.
. · proceed1r1gs (SARM/f=..NT(?, ;,~upra .~t.18q). /~ · ..ass,itancew~·~tl~rs of common- interest;
·. ·
. lnterve_ntion,.
,· · ·· ·17? "
1 .4':~ r. · \. .f:""'.'!"".". ·
~J..r·~-?\.ru~ -~~:--::-·i-~-prpvide ~s~~?.t~nfeto each other;
~.Jl"-0·~1,abora;\em~~effec~v.ely;_. . ·.· · ...
.·.

A state which ii;;. not·

.. subryiit a req~~st tq i_nte.~ri~...s~ot.ita#1~~risi'd~~~~7:_~!.~?
. that lt has an 1.nterElst o_f~.e.g~,l'"~\ture:~~p rpay!B.\ j· ! r~
r~~t~im
rty,.-fo'la .diS)?~le ~- !ili~'t.1To.i:fromote $_eutn!IE'8stAsian·studjes; and·
~I?$~· /,an(! ~f,ln~ficial . cooper~tion
"'! &-'?X)s~pgo-<mtE:m.at1on~I and .. reg_1onal .·
.:

· · . be. affected by _the d~c1s,:001.onttfca~~Ats.t1a1~

· , be upory _the ICJ to deci~e~\on·tht~-.reqlil~l"{,
·cl~~,.s,>r. ®i¥atioJis w1thJ.su:n,1ar aims. and ·purposes,
~ · · ' "~/ ...~g,7expl~re.alt; ·avenues · for · even · closer
:.Statute; Arf.. 62)- · , : : ~- · · .· '\; ..'.;. :'-.. ./.~c96per9,tk!_namfng. themsel.ves· (19.67. ASE;AN
... . : ·.· .. · .. . . . '.· .. "%.., .. -;_sr~\~D.ec_[alation, ··sec.and' [hereinafter .Bangkok
Advis~ry Proceedi'!'.lijS_..:.. are\z1ten59~9.~telh~~cfarat~o]~?· . ·. . , ·. .· ..
. . ·five_.organs of.th~ 'unit~d, ~ationst~A~.Gpnq6~<-~ 1.-\'~/\, ~;f. '. , . . · . · · . .:
specialiZ~d agencies of.ttie Unite~J,N~tfo'~{;-. · l.._v·,r i~u:~~me!).ta'IPr!nciples C?f ASEAN·: . · . · .
. ,a. The · G~nerar. ·.Assernl;>ly. an9_·~_e,cprJty .l' l.t1liJ}.il1:;1t~I f.espeef .. for .. : the indep.(;lndence,
Cour.icil. may request ·adviSO!Y oplnions~~...;:::.:.="""':sovereigrity,.equality, territorial integrity . and
"any. le_ga/·q.uestion''.. Other Uh)ted ·N~tlons . .. national ider:i.tity of-all natiOf!S;, . .. ' .
-org'ims :and spe'Cialized agen<;:ies which :2. · ihe .right.' of every Siate· to lead its national
.: have ·been : authoJized.· t_O.. ~Eiek .. ·,advJs.ory· . ~x'i5tenc~. ·free, ··from, "eXtert-Jal .. inlerference:--
opi~ions: Gafl Only.· .00 · S9 Wilh ~est:,e,Ct lo' ~ul;_>_yeFSion .or coercion; . ... ·-: . . · ·.. . .
. "iegal questions ·arising within' the s.cop.e.of 3 ..' , N.on~in~erfe.reoce lri ttie internal aff~irs of one·..
their activiti.es.~; .... '. . . ... : ·: . : . . . . ' : - ;.' another;'. ~- . ': . • . : .. .
b. It .is· of ·t~e· e~s·ence:.of such opinions ttfaJ, . 4: . s·etUe.mtint 6f. differei:i.ces. or ·qisputes .. by
they ,- are.- · a.dvisory,· .. unlike ·the .. Court's.. . peaceiul m·earis; · ·, · : . · · · . · . ·
judgments,'tl:J.ey· have· no·biriding··effed;·. ·: . or
: ~- - Re.nun9iation· of th~ threat l.lSe.·of fbrc.ei anc,I.
c. T~e · . reques.tlng. · · org_an, ···. agen9y'. or . 6. E:ttecti_Ye . coop·eratiort .: · amol)g. themselves
. ' · organization.'rem·ains 'fre.e· to· gi.ve· effect. tq· · . (Tr;eaty. of Amity and -<:;qop_eratio(I in,Soufheast
. ·~the opinion·, or notto··~q so; · . ·. ·.. : . ·. _ · : ii:sia, Art:. 2:ihereinafter SEA·A.m/ty]). · : . 1 '
. d. However,... .certain .inst,:umenis: and · ·
)eg~lafions Cpn pi:j:ri(id,eb~fo~eh~nd that. a_n.'' : .. Three· Pili~·rs qf.'ASE;Al•..f: : . . .· ..
advisory·opiri:ion by the. Court ~tiall h·ave,a · .. ·1.·. ASEAN. Polith,al·Security Community .:e- i3im'
:.bindln9. f°.rce. (IC.l~t~tute, (ids. ~5-68). . . to .ensure.: that co(Jntries ;1n ·the region live at·.
.. peace ~i~h ·one anpther·and: with the world ir_, a
ju:,t, democ:ratic at'ld harmonipu·s. environment; •

.....
384 I 201.9 .SAN B~A CENT_RAliZEDBAR.OPERATIONS
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. PU-BL1.c: l'NTERNATIO-NAL .LAW . 1f:}J1:k

@t'llttilili6iliu4·.sos' ~- .~, ..
2. ASEAN Econo~ic Community -. se~ks to
establish ·a highly integrated and cohesive
etonol'Tiy, a; ' ~pmpetitive, innovative, and
dyr,i~_rnic A.SEAN, ·enhahc99 .connectivity and
sectoral cooperation,. a resilient, inclusive and
peop,le0orfented, peoplj:l-centered ASEA~. and
a global'ASEAN;.and · ... · · .
3:· :ASE;AN Socio-Cultural Corjtmunlty- seeks'.to.
forgE! a, common identity· and build a·caring 'l;lnd
sharing society .which is inclusive' ancj where the
well-being;Jivelihoog, andwe.lfare of the peoples
are. enhanced (Association of Southeast Asian
Nations·Overvfew,
,.
·June 2013).'
'
·" .... ··.:..·-.
;:%;:=.=.~~~::::::w~:~z:~:~:~.c==bbtt"')~lll.'~~~. , ~
internatlonal ·stage and .s~rves as the guardian'
of the treaties; an<;! . · . .
3. European Parliii'ment ...: ·decides. EU law and·
budget together-with the ~~:iuncil of Ministers-;'
supervise·s all . · ..EU'$ ·work. democrafically
(EUrop~an Union).
·Econqmic and Monetary Union (the Euro)
. It is the single currency ·of the European Union.
Through its use, there' is no ftu'ctualion. rl~k and
.foreign, el(ch'ange co~t. there are ·mor~ choices ~nd
stal:;>le prices for con~ume~s. and there. is a·:~f~ser
· . economic cooperalior_i._be.tlr_'leen.EU countries (Id.).·
· Acquis communeuteire .
This phrase.tor 'ecquis' for shortj.only means what
.

..
Eu:il'OPEAN. UNlON :
'
. .
.... ' '
,
I '
the European.Community/Unlcn hasachlevedand
built.upon. 'An applicant for membership therefore
has to accept the· ecquis, subject· only. to those- .
. The European Union (EU). alms 'at..-estabHshing a·, /-:-:-i ' detailed rnodlficationa ' that are' acceptable to the
. sinqle- uhified market with· common external •ta9.ffs/}t existing members and i_n'.clud~d i~ ttie accession
. 'and 'the- elimination .of tariff;i' arid ,Q_uotas, a~,q ,,it;/.. '.~;?\. treaty (AUST,.$Upraat 444). ·
promotes free ·movement· ·or: cap1ta_l· .and l~,9~.( ,. ~;;,-1 . · . · . · .· . · . .
(SHAW, supra at 1288). ltcurreritly.;has 28 memJj)~r·· .'.. ; Charter.offundam.ental Rights of the Umon·
countries with Croatla accedin~ on July 1; 2~:p' L;' :fi ·,..:;......,,.~lr,~gs-;..,tC?.9.et\,er· in ·a. single· document ·the .
. :. :' · :_ ·· .: ·>. . : .: .... ,,,/. v' 1·! fimdamentafr(ghts·iorotecte<;Hri the EU. The (;harter
Membership:··, '. . . . .. .. '. (!i'~,.,Y . ,;11. .J ! . contains rigt\f~t3nd freedoms under si~ titles: .
1, Candidates must meet.key,criterial~!:'I\C.Gessioh.,.....-h.\ ·1 ... Dignitf 1•• '?. · · · · .·
(CopeJhanen·criferi·a)·· ["'-·-··~/ ,;_. · i'
·.· ,,i•t. t-··~,,,.. .. ,J. , 2 . · Freedom ,;,\· ·.: · . ." · · ·. · · ·
. • ~ •• • •

. b. -sfable·den:,_ocr:-acy_.and:@? of ~~ano ,.. ~.~

~("It_.>

· · a·,·. free-market economy; .,,.<;>"' ' i/"'-. :;' · . •"i:\ .. 3: Equa1ity;

l:•;i
. . . P· · acceptance-of all. E~..i~glslat10,0iji;ictuq1rg C1l 5. .G1~1.f.-~A~!·:'1\al)tsf~nd ' . : '.
<

1. ,

'\\
4. '· ·S?li~_r!Yu __:_·..:\ · ., . :.
· .

, · · · the·euro;: · . '4~ ..... ; r'..!::::'.:,5:".,. ·. -~} · uJ · 6. ·JusticEitl~o.i;,ean Commission).

2; ·. Subin!Ssion· ot:membership "appn~.··:ot'}e _f~f · , . ·. .
.,· .. ,counctl;· .. · . : · . .. . . · : \f·. Y./t' · J:.{ . ..-:.0.P,.~-outs .· .. , .: .
. 3, ·A$!3ess·m.en~ of:_the.:_applica!°'f abilit~~~et !he,.....i{J;\if:~~~e:~~~(;}~;me'ans Of'. ensuri~~ .. that_ whe~ ,;i ~iven
'. · Copenhage_ri,cntena; ·, . . . : <iii "· . ,.;i11~-~·-...,..i_~o1:1At1¥-d'oes not wish·, .to_ · Join ·_the (?thers m ·. a
. 4: ··,.If. thlj . Commi:5sion's· .6P.jnion- is ~P9sitiv~\:,.the . pa·rtii:;µlar .. field ·of E.U policy, . it ·9an opt out, t)'lus
. Coundr must thi:ln: .agree - ·upon .. a"~eg6(iating avoiding an .overall-sfaletriate (EUR.-Lex, Surri'maries
. mandate;· · :..· .
·, 5.. "fh'rriughout-the ·negcitiatfons, 'the ·commi_sslon
.·. . :.. :~< . ·. . . of EU Legisiatior.,)
. ..
. .. .

, · .. m~;mitors thfici::a.ndidate's 'progr$ss;.and ·; . E;x:amples of opt-outs; .. _·: . • .

6 ... -One~·: neg6Uations··. are· ._q6ne, ·/Treaty ·of
· Acces'!;ionis·drafled.to be sigh'ed.by·.all'rriember
. stqte$;· .EU · institutions; .' and ·.the·· candidate
. ·:· .cou.nfry-(Evr.~pea,:, U.ni(?n); · ··
Three. P}llars ot'th~ EU:.
1. ·. Eurqpean: C.ofrimunitie!!; ·. · . :.. · . ·.
2. Ce>mm.cin Foreign abd Security.Policy; anc:f
. 3.. ·Police·· a'nd Judidaf Cooperatinh ·1n Criminal
· .. Mc;1tters ·(AUST,·sUp(a8t·432). . · /·. ·
. •'
Institutions ofth.e E_U;.' · ::
1 .. :·eufopean Cou·nciJ <\Ind. C'oU'n(?ilof Mlnis.tets-
VQiee.'of..the~Memb.er States;· de.cides EU' laws·
and, bµdget together with Parliament; manages
the corriir,on foceigr'l:and secur:jty policy;· .. · . ·
2. Elf Commi~shm ·...:. ex~cutive organ which
proposes new legi;;lalion, represents. EU on the
1- · Schengen Agreement- _lrerand·ar:rd tl:le United·
,'.Kingdo~;. · · . :' :, : , .
2. · Econor:nio and Monetary Union - Denmark and
·· · the Unit~d Kingdom;.· . · ·· ·.
. 3: 'Defense __:·Dei:imark; . . .
.4.' EU Charter of Fundamenta.1 Righls-'P.olano and ··
· .: . · the United Kingdom·; and.:·: . · . .
·s.· Area· of Freedorn,. Sec.urity, ·and. Justice. :...
:: . D~nmark, Ireland, anif the_ l,Jnited Kingd9m_· (id). : :
· Coort·of Justi~e.·of.th~ E~r~P.~~~ ~nion .
. ·:· rnterprets EU ·1aw· to· make ·sure i(is··applie~ 'in the
satne way in,. all EU count~ies', and settles legal
dlsputei,.-between· natlcii:,al gov~rnmehts an'd EU
institutions: It can also, in certain·circ'l,unstances, be
used by ·individuals, 'companies· or organizations to
.fake actioh againsr'-an EU institution, if·they feel ii
has somehow infr.iriged 'th_eir rights (Id.).'

.\' 20\9 SAN BEDA C~NTRALIZED BAR OP~RATIONS I 3!35

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.. ~~IQ·±K3iii~ PUBLIC I.NTER·N.A Tl 0.NAL .{~A\J\(

. . . SAN_ BEDA LAW CENT{IALIZW BAR OPEnATl(?NS -MEMORY.AID 2019
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Bod_ies. of,tl'!e C~urt of J us.tice: . - , . · and: not at a later date. ·This aspect of the. ·
· 1. . Court of Justice - deal;:; with requests for . .· pr)ndple is: pre_dicated upon pr.esumption a· ·or:.
• preliminary rulings ·from nationa.l courts, certain and need for, stability. However, it is to be noted
· a"ctions for·;:i.nnulment and appeals;· · that while· the creation o( particular rights was-
2. ·General Court - rules on actions for.annulment depenC,ent upon the ·international law. of the·
brought by'ind_ividuals, companies, and in some time;" ti:,e continued· existerice "of such rights
.Ca$e~. EU govemrnents; and . tjepend -upon. the ·e'(olving ,conditions of · a
~: . ·civil Service Tribunal , .,.. rules· on disput.es developing .legal.system, although this,stririgent .
between the EU,. and its staff r1d.). · .. · test would not ge .utilized in the·case of t~rrito~ies
with an· lestablished. order of tlilngs' (SHAW,
supraat 5~8).. . . . , . . . . .. . .
. . .
·TEllRITOR.Y· p. . ':,. \ .
4 .. Criti~al pate RLJle · . , .. .:
It is the" tjate by Which.the· rights of. the parties to · ·
aJerrif<;>riaFdisputs l)f!Ve se crystalliz~ tl)at wh.at ·
Defin~_ct·. ·_by. ' giogr~pt:,ical · . areas ·. separated : . by . they· {lo·· afterwarcfs does not affect 'the ·regal
· borderflnes from other .areas, 'and .. united under a · ·
.. : comrnon lega( system./lt includes the ·air space ..
po_sition (A(!_~T;}upra_ _35). ·at
above the Jandjalthouqh there js noaqreernent ori==--=--·5.. Hinterland-Doctr.ine · .
-th.e preclseupperIlrntt) and the-earth. ben,~(ln 1u:··:'":;:-'"':"':r-b~Stat~_that
. discovers andoccupies thecoast
theory, reachinqJo the center. of -the ~Jdoe.. ,~~~ISO 1- I\Jrnall#J~'?have ar excluslve. right to occupy the.
includes up.· to twelve. miles of. th»'«~r,i'{to{iefs~='"''''''--::...~""., b,(fitejlap~,e., th(;} in/anp regipn lying behind.a
adjacent _t() the coa:5t (MALANJ:Zl,J/x_'~~!iF_~f,:7-5}_. · · ,:,.'jJo.rJJ~Al}M15:~TO,s_upraat 102), . . · .
The· national territory i;:omprl~(is '~t~t
i?"Pfi1lmi;ime··-?~~6~~e.cfor~~rlnc1ple . .: · ·
archipelaqo, w.itli '.all . the . ~t<!~~)'~d .fw!'lt~r~- ~P.~~.nci'.ite;utti1p making il~Jm~· ~n froze~ sea
embrac~d.t~_erein,.and all oti,~~.territ~es_o¥er~~19R' 41
·i,~ 'W:'" .
lt~ of '.'1ie !err.ilq_rY'?f,remote gr9.up of 1sla~dsm-the.
the· _P~11i_pp1~e~. has _sove~fignty :for _JU~/s~:~~'.~~.i:\~--~.:~~or A)\!("'}~ $._e?tors. In P?lar-regions,
~ons1~tmg_ of.1ts·t~rr~stnal; fllj!,1!~9m1aenal d'~[!·r~1-~J'... lffl! . : lias. teen mf\11~..9, l!nes of lo~g1t\_Jde·.c9nve~g1_ng
v=
mcl~1d1no · !ts te.rntnrtRI ~0.r1, lfiP."'se_~ed;.th~ ~uos.~1;7--;11.~t:-:._""'.'"~it_the P9le~i,t~ prq&ce · a· sect_or of' soverelqntv
th_~ insular s~e.lves, and·oth~r ~~~'-': a~ne ~r~~s. Tb~%u; r~ (Id.)}· ~ l-..:.~] fl., · · . . . · · :. . . . ·
.. waters around; between; an~ 'C:<¥,1.Q . cti~,g~~~~l_ands;:;::;,.... ~j . -f}Iff;j) J/ ·. · 1} . .·· . . · ,·
·_.of the ·archipelago, regard le'~} of.-tt\eir ·lire dU:i~·~,,-pc~.i:~~ oWAp~dijenance· · · . .
.~ime(lsions, fortn. parf of.the{11'lt1r~~t-wJt :r.~~fhe~ ]~@'.,;~.)yrrltotyof- a~{?ta~e·. py _definition arid ·legal
Philippines (CONST. A,:t. !). · \'- . ·. \ ~~'\.:."""- l.k-CJ _;;;2l.~~i~ti9P.'··incl1,.1~b~s ·.a .territori_a_l sea :af)d the
• . · · : • '· . ·\., ~1•..
1 ,js
~··;~ ·v:~aJ"'r'spas.¥above land-terrftC?.fY.and its·t~rritorial
· ··CONC~e:rs ~ELATIN~ TO 'T_E~RITOR' ·S(;J-~t"!,s.e~:f1Th~posefession of th!s territor_y is-.. not
1 .. _Dehmltat1on . · , . . ·. ,>;:~ .· ;'",;.::,~~- .. ·.......,~l':~~p~o~. ~<;>t,4tependent- _upon·. t~~ _will ,of: the
. -The process of determm1ng:ihe:1'aQ_d:6.~p.r1tI9'fe:.,....,.""=~~qt~fe.. -_~1;1r ·. com_pul.~_ory.. (Fisheries . Case, .
bou~daries !=Jf a,.Sf_~te,. ·_incluc;ling~:t~:tg_f~ny 1\/f·b . 7!!.JJ.cJglJY.)fjtof Dece~bf!r 18, 1_9_!5.1.:./~Repo[fs ..
c~>nt~n-en~~~- shelf . or excl.usive .. ec_onpm1~~~~· · 1-, !..t. "';.;,),9.5.:f;. p.__ 116) {!1erelna/t_er·unite_d .K_mgdom v....
and is ge.nerally done by means of g~ograph1eaf''=.:=..,,~·.-_Noryvay}, · · · ·. · . . . · .
coordinates · of ·1atituqe ·1;1nd · 10ngitud~, . The · : . . . .
·:·. "<letermiria\_ion may.be em.tiqcji~d in a .tr,eaty or I[) 8: D~tne o.f R~_ve'rsion ~. . . . . .
.. · the ju9gment qf an interriat\o~al court or .trib.unal '.·When a·:trarisfer ·of sovtireignty OG<;Urs.\md the
(AUST,'"s,upra: at 288). · · · ·. · .. · .. successor ii?'~ienerally_re.cogil~ed·as recove:ring
·• ·, ~ pr~viqus s~ate bf lridependerice;the successor .
. .2. .. Demarcat.i9n · . . . . . . . . . would ··not ·be: qound .by terrftorlal grants. qt·
The. fur:ther process. c1ii~ -~epar-ate pro.ceo~re. of. re~ognitioo Of territorial:cflanges·l,)y the previou~-
. m~tkif.ig · .a _"lirie of deli.mitc;ition. ·with physical hold_~·r_.(BR<JWNLiE, supra at. 671). '
'' .
objects .such as :concret_e. posts; ~tone :cairns;
·· .. etc. -In: practice, derr1ar6ation :ofteri involves . ·: . MdO~~--: · ~-~ : . ~ca~-iRING.. · . ~-N~ . ~9$iNG
. .some degree-Of d~li1T1itatior:l, singe .a .line on JI ·. ·.TERRITORY'·
. . . . · .· c' .. . · ;··· .
. map m~y look ·r;atherdiffere"ntcm the. gro.t.ij,d, and .
s~nsible· adjustments m:;iy need·-fo·be m.ade (Id.· Modes-of.Acquiring' T·~rrltory:·(CDPAS)-
· a{34).. : ·. . . ·.: . · . : . · . · · ·: :. 1.· .g_e·ssfon(By Treaty)·.·. ·: ·. , .. · . ·,, .:· ·
· · Territory is transf~rr~d from or.ie ~tatEfto-another
3. · 1nter~tempora1Rule • by .. ag.reernent . between. th.em, .i.e.; sale,
In .a· dispute, the .claim or situation In qu.estion: don~tidn,. ·. parterlexcf!ange ·arid· testam.<it?tary .
has to be exarriln.ed.·a·ccording-to tl:le conditions d~sposition(AUST,-$Upra.ft.:J7): ·
anct rules in ·existence·~t·_the time it was. made .

386 · 1 :201~ SA N·BEDA CENTRALIZED..8.A;FfOPERATIONS

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PUE3L.ICJNTE.RNATIONAL
SAN BEQ~·LAW CENTRALIZEO,BAROPERATIONS - MEMORY AID 2019
S&WOM 21I NEEMW i&StPWMWii&A
LAW .
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2: Qiscovery .and occupation· : is the formal .act of annexation that completes
t This is the original mode by which territory not .. acqui~ition (SHAW, supta at 5CiO).
il belonging to any state (terra · nu/lius) is placed . .
t.·i
[
under the sovereignty of the discovering state
(AUST, supra ar3.6),.
Note: This .mode of acquisition. Is no longer .
recogrliied . in as much as ·the. UN Charter . ·
prohibits.resort to threat·or ~se oHorce·agalnst'

rf.:·
~
:The land neednot.be uninhabited, provided that· ..
it can· be established that. the natives are .not .
sufficiently civilized. and . can be .consldered
the territorial. Integrity or ·political independence
of any St.ate (UI\I.GA 3314, Art.~. par. (3)).

I
. possessing not. r.ig.hts of. soverelqnty but only ..
f.
· Modes ..of Acquiring Territory v. Modes of
' rights of ha.bitation:_ · · ' .'. ·. . .. :Losing Territory · ·. '.. . : ·. · ·

:. Requtsites: ..
~· a. : The ·intention. or will 'to . act as sovereign
' · ... ·.(animus occuoendinena . . .

r·f
~·

1~:';
· •·
·
b. Some actual exercise or,.display of authority
(legal Status. · of ··Ea~tern .. Greenland.
· (Den'!'ark :v, :Norway), 1933 P.Q./.J: (ser.
1. · Cession;. ·· . · .· ·
·. 2·.' Qiscovery.and. .
·· . Occupation: .
( fr~sqrfptidn; . ·
. 2. -e·rosion;
· ;3: · ~ession; and·. ·:
·

.A/~) No. 53.(Apr.· 5)) . · · a · Prescription; . 4. Qereli¢tion, or other..

, ··
l
.· ~ ·. .4: Accretion; and natural oau~e~ .
\:; Inchoate Title o.f Discovery . .. :,,;/~:'/i~ ·. · 5 -". ~onq1.1e~t and:
t• This d~ctri~e .means. :that slnce an effe9tif:,u.f·\\· : ·. -§l!bjugl,!tio.n: ·
f qccupa.t1on is .usµally a ~radual process, ·.~~r;Q,~:''/;,·111.___-'----~~--'-'--....._--'-------~-'
Lt- weight. must b,e given to. 111er~ discovery, an9i Js:';., ~-:i.-l..~-,..,.._,.
reQa.rded.as giving Inchoate 'ti~le -a tern_p,9fa~ ': i"r.t;.t.~i :, ~,:,,--(::11-', ..
""-
~- · right to exclude. other St_?tes until th~:-~~overer.~...,- I ...• , ............ ....._........
....u..:
...
• ""·_.....,,.:\...__.·
--._ ........-_--- .. -.-.. -.-.--- ....,- .. _
/1- · .h~s h~d a reason_E!bfetime within ~l).icl\ to mak~'.J---:J1 ·· . ~ •.AND SPACK LA '\V.
t . ', effective occupation, m sort of, apl19Q .f-0occ.ugy,...~ rt . .. ·· f,,' ':, . · ·. . · ·.
t
f, ·
whiSh o:ther.· ·stat.e's. must .tE:S.P~:~r~-w11i~rjt:.l'asfs. !,} . :
fBRIERL-Y, supra at .154), ;.,.,.;-;:;"'· ~ff•..Z--' . ;.. . · ti.\ .
. }. . u: :} . . . . . . . ·.. . · .- . . : .
1944 Chicag~.G~nvertUQn on fot~rnat,onal Civil
~-:.· · · , . · . /t.;;,,, ·
_'fa.")-......,. . ·: < ~ ~i\\ A','.iatlo,f.:(CHJCAGp CONVEN.TION). _ :.
.. 3. ·. ·frescrip~i.o,:i . . . <.;;y/··. ~i): . ~ · . ffrj . Th~ 'tr1?Jf~~~o/l~~t,~lis~ed(he· lntema~o1;1a1 Civil
t* · T!Je .cor)llnuqu:>· and·.urnn.~e!(:UPt~~H~)1ess~~·. !•,;';/ A:v1~tlon~~an,1~at1on•. the rules of·. air~paee;
?ver.a l?ng penod. of time! Jusr:-~~o:·c1:y1!l~w. ~ · t,.~ · ~1rplane, reg1~t.rat10~: an.a ,..safe.ty•. an.d.:det~!ls ·t!Je.
t · mternat19na!. law,: howeve~. ther:~',1.s. n<fNte._
of k-·~,.n9l;lls.of th.e .s.1~natones.•.n. relation t,0.a1r .t~avet. The
,•!: ·. . thlJmb as. to. the length of tim~;>r.neeo~d for .,,,tJi':.~~tmoontwas signed in Chicago,. Illinois, and went
acquisiti'ori of· ~erritory . thro.ughrjpresc.r]~W9n.:·· .. ..1,1t:...i~ib.:'for~n :April· ·4,_ 1947 (SARMIEN:7'0,· sup,ra c:1t ..
t: . .
,;.
. .... (.A.US.T;.supta at 37). . . : ··
.. ·- . . ,
·,if.·
IA!.· ·
~ 1,J
394-J9.5).
. .
·. , .. · . . ·. .. ..
. . ·•
. .
~·. . .. Do~trine oflmm~~orf~I:P~ci~criptio..f~ . . . . ·. . lnte_rr,i·a~iQfl~I .Civil Avi~ti'o11 Organizat!~n· . . ..
(1 i·.·. . · Lqng.· and uninterrupted.. possession·· by .. one . A .UN speciall~e.d·. agency' ·with ·h.e'adquarters. in
.., . . nation excludes. the·.c,aim of·.every,·otherc. The. Mpntreal, Cana!'.Ja:. Its general..purposeJs th.e.p.lanning .
f. . perioc.J of_time ca11n.o't be fixed i.n put?lic la\v·~s·it. . - .and developme.nfqfin.terna~ibn~Iair oavfgalion.. Jt has·.
~~ . cc:injn private law;' ~t must depend·.up~!):Varying:- ·: .· .. wid~...... an.d.. _comprehen·sive · regulatbry. ·functions,
,;..·· · and. \tarlable · ~ir~umst~.nces {Gehtihf.'·,·Qase, · especially .with.'· regard .. ~o ·t.t1e· Sqfety.·of .ajrc.raft,'
Reports of lntemationa/.Arbitriflf.A.w.ards· (1903); although th~ir: il'l')plementatiqn ts for national· aviati9n ·
[
p. 558). • · · c:1uth9rities -(AVS-"f, sup~ at 3.1~). ··
f;.··

I
4. Accretion·· · . ·. - ·. . · Aircia'ft · · · . .. .
::._.. ·..... ~. sase9 o~·
a_7cess;~· cedit princii,~11 ~d1~ti~r.: ·(an: Any mac)iine fhat :can .derive · ~yppqrt ..;n the:
,; . . to. tl)e pnnc,p!e. thing~ bec.or:nei;. parl of"lt), .this . atmosphere frq,n:i me .reaction.s of. the. air. other than
,: · .. , ..des.cribs$ the geogra'phi~I- proc~S$·' by which the ·reactions Of tl;le air: .against .th.e·earth~s ~Ur:ff1Ce
~· _ new larid ·is formed and ·becomes·atfached .to (CHICAGO .COiyVENTION,; Annex. 7). .It: therefore
1- ·. ' . existing larid {SHAW, -supra.at 498). · · includes balloo.ris. didgibles ('airships) and'gliders,:but ·
. . . ·- . not tlo\lerCraft, rockets. missile~ ·dr·o~biiirlg Sat~Ultes
5. ·SubJugatio.n
- . ... . I .
· ·. . (AUST; supra at 320). . . .
.l"faving,b,een .pr~viously conquered or. occupied
· in the course of war .of the e.nemy; is. formally .
annexed to it at.thEfend of the war. Conquest. ..
[:.
~·. . alonag~ves rise.only t.o.an inchoate right. slnce ..it .

I
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. . : 2019 SAN SEDA CEhff.RAL!ZEDBAR OPERATIONS· 1 387
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 .., aaw8'M11 sts+s4wo AElhstM_ AMAN

·.PUBLIC 1-NT.E.RNATIO-NAL LAVV'.

. S/\N BE:DA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATJONS~ MEMORYAID 2q19'
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Kinds ofAlrcraft: ._. ··: or exercises 'control of; that:aircraft,. or attempts to

1. State alrcraft - aircraft used i'r, milit~ry; customs, . . perform any such ad (1970 H~gae Conventiontor the
. and .poltce services: aircraft owned or. leased by . · Suppression df Unlawful Seizure of.Aircraft;· Art.1
.agencies ofthe State;' need .speclal authorization [hereinafter HIJACKl('IG CONV[;NTIONJ). . .
. ·. ·... . .. .
'(diplomatic clearance) to fly tn-theatrspace.
?- · · Civil alrcraft e-allalrcraft otherthan-State 'aircratt -Sabotage. . .
(CHiCAGO CONVENTION, .. Arl. 3). . ·sabotage covers' other actsthat place the safety of an
. aircraft in jeopardy. It is committed b'y any· person who
Kinds of Airspace: . unlawfully . and. ·intentionally commits any of the
· 1. National Alrspace ....:. Ever.y. St.ate has· complete fo.ltowing acts ·which render-an aircraft' Incapable. ot
and · exclusive .· sover:ei'gnty -over 'the airspace·· flight or are·likely to endanper thesafety ofan aircraft
. 'above its territory which ar.e th~ I.and areas. and in flight: .. · · · : ·.· ·. · '
territorial .: water's . adjacent · -thereto • (CHICAG,.O .1 . ·P.erfosming an-act' of viol ence against- a person 01,1
_ CONVENT.ibN,Arf.':'2). . · · · ......... ·. , ~· · .. · ·. · board.an aircraft in fl,ighf; · ' · . ·
2. · lii'ternational Ai.rspac;e.:..: The airspace thatis not 2. : Destroying· a·n·· aircraft in· -servlce or · causing
a
above' Stat!3's-territ~ry,. including its·:ter-ritori~I 'darnaqe.to such-an alrcratt; :· :··. .t , ••• , •
sea, is .ocerr to ·the ·aircri:lft of 1:1.II· states (AUST, : . 3. .Pli,1cing or causing to. beptaced on .an aircraft in
supra 1;1t 321).. . ·.· · :. . servlcaa. device or substance-which is· likely.to
; :. . .
Type~ of _Air Seryices:_ _ .
.. .
-, .
.· .
· -~ .11 J
. · ~-~.:.:,~- destroy that aircraft; ·• · . · · · ·· · · ··,. ' ' · . ,

'1. '-Sc!Jedule~ air services "'. ~omm~~d~:i.s~~ces · j '1- f T.f~Tfe)'i~ with theiF' operali0n1,and' .
i; .~str:_oyin_g·oi-damaging air navigatiqn facilities a·,
·
·, "9pen ·to. the pub(ic and operati~':t0~1:).u.J5,.~'°'.::.==g_;tQfmi!r,41il1~ting !n'fonn~ion-whit!' h~ ~now~to be
.s_c::hedule (tirnetab_le). · . .. ./.;(. ~~.,:,"'·· . . · ·. . 'Tat~_{tn'e~E}b~~ndangermg·thesafety of an a1rc~aft
2. .Non-schedul~<i- ai,r · servi~i;'. ~~.I ·th~__.,..res"t.F1F.:"'~~g~t·ee · N'T.~EAL CONVENTION, Art: _1). ·

.
. predominantly charter fligl)Js;.{(~,Jl- - tr.
· .. : · · ·. · · · · /I "V/ : f
:oJ '--".f'
Il- ~ .
w ·:· ·:\ ,~ v.<1:f). \· . · · ·· : . · · ·
,P.ifil.' aircr~ft i~\'o/isi~e(~:to~e "in fligl'\t". at- any time
·

Five:'Air F~ee_do_n:is:· ·. . ff~.._ f f. _g .. ·-·_.,:_if:.~~!:~!']__ rn~m«~JWJilo

thl:!j'
.:t .. - Qver.tl.1ght- ttie pnv1leg! fq;tiy ~cross if.s lemt~ry~.'f. crostfcf"'~lowing;ei!D.tl~r~att<:>n until, t~e ·moment. w~en
~I! _its ~ext~rnal· cl9ors are

·. ·. witl!q_ut-landing. -. · , Y~} . \: '1~>-0 . 1 ·• ~W:§'uc1door i~\8pene1~ f<?r dis_embarkati<;>r:,: ln case

2:. Non-tra~c,·1a11ding -:-. the·.,ptiR,il~9.e t~f~and~~.fl'TT.i'~t..af9rce,c1 l~ndJ{jr,.th}uflight ·sl:lall be: de~med tc
;.... non-traffic.purposes•. a~~~ .'.a~- _"§ ~continuMwJil th~ co.m'~t~nt;atithor.ities take. over the
3:. .Putllng :d~wn tr~ffic .:.. .t~~··
wt1tega~~it{PT~.·. I ~\es~dJ,-lbfu);,· · f9 'J--t~~ ~rcraft :an~: ,for p'erson.s and
... passengers;·.mail a.nd '¢.}ii:~o_. t~ken.~ ''2~,th~jl} .-.X.S\A~i(~ , n bo r~ (Pf{J.AQKJNG .CONVENT!pN;'Art_.
.. t~rr:(\ocy. of th~ St~.e ~~os\ 11atl0~~lit~... · mi~~"?.1 "'). ~ .. · . ": · ./ · · :. · · · ·: · . · ... : . ·.. · ...
possesses. . · -~ · ~~".:· ' ~~~~ · 7 ". · · · ·. · ~ · · ·· · ·
4. ·Picking·:.op tra:ffic...,:. t"t:i~ 'llrivlleg~l'Q_·t~~-...!-:.,,~w.·sp~e:· · · / · · .... · .. ,· ,·' ·.. .. ·
pas_sengers, mail ao·o .carl:J~?es~in~c:Nf.-Q[..;..,_tW'e(t1..,__.,, ~e~r&t~ji_\,.l~1'be~~nd the air:?~ace of th~ Earth.
t~rr1tory _of ttie State Whqse nalio~tf~-~r.~raft:"'=="""''B§.f.~~~1',e_w.1t. b.egms, the.re . ,s,.'.no · umversall}
__po~ses's~s:. . . . .' . · : . ·. ,,~X-._VI .· .1L;! .ia[~t~1 reference poLn~.. Hpwever seve~al _definition
: ··s. _lntemat1o·n~l;~aff!c ~.:t~e.pnv1lege Jo~~ o.n lV~lii~Y.!,lJ)e~suppo'r.tedoyer.the ye;;i~s: · . -: . :
-p·a~s~ngers; ·mail· and·-·.i:::.argo ·aestined ·.rot1ffie~=-f.·~ Lir:nit ofthe'almosp_here; · ·. , ' · .
.. ·. ·. te.~,ritory_of, :,:1riy· other.;cor:,tr'actin~-stc1'te ,.a11d;the . 2. · · Limi~'O_f afr'_fltght:· ·'.·.. . · : : . · .. ... : . . ·: • ·
.p.rivileg.e to put crown p~ssengers,.rnail arid cargo . 3.· · Point at Wh)cl:i· atmosphe@·wifl..no longer·s·u.stain
. ~nii.n~ffrom;anysu~h:(~r-~it_o(Y-(f.944(ntematfoha{· .. ·:. hi:im.ari)ife;. · :. ·.·. .. . · .. ·:·· · . · ·· :. · .. . :- ·
. , .. ·,. · A,r ... Transport _Agre,emenf,. ·~rt; ... 1, ,-.. Sec.· . 1 . 4,: Lo.west,eolntat ~h1ph satellite carrort>,t; : -,
[bere/r:iafler TRANS,POR-T.1~:GR,EEfv(EN7]).· ·,.. · ·5. Point ·.atJ -which · -~entr.ifi.Jgal · forC:es replace
' . . . . . . .. ,. ' . . aerodynamic forces; . . ·: .' . .· ": .
Nationality of. Aircrafts. .. · · . ... ·· ' · . 6.. Li~it. of _s1~~e·_s·effec_tlve :c<:>~ttol.'ov~'rits. a\rspace;
:·. Aircfafts.f.lavethe natlon'ality-:oftheState in whr~h..they 7.. ·It l$ ..the.c1,1rrent· orbital m1rnmu.m (SARMIBIT.0,
· ·are. registe'retf:anc;J ·they shall :bear')fS''approptiate ' : '.. · .su~ra at ~99):: .. · ·.. ·. ·_.:·. '.· :: ,: .. · .... · =-·. .'·. ·. \ ·
nationallly ·,;l'nd. registration mar~s. .wf.ien they engage . . '· . . . . - . ,'
. · -'in iriternaticjrlat.c;1ir m~vig.fitiOn. An ~rcraft. cgnnoU'>e.... . · :Tt,e:'outer' ·space,: io~ludfng Jhe 'moon and··othe1
· · valid_ly. · registered in· -mo.re.: than :on.e ~-State; but its . . ·,: celestial' bodies,. · is:. not . s4bject ··: to "li!:ltion_al
.. j-egisfratio.n·. may· . Qe· changed Jrom one State to· ... appropriation by.claim · of sbvereignty; by means i::>1
. another (CHIGAGO:CONVENfl0N/,A,:fs .. 17; ·18, ·20).: . · use or o~copation, or'by any other means:(Treaty or.
' ·. · · < · ' · · Prinqip(es ~o.verninp ..the Activities· of 'Sta~es h-_the
:Hijacking· · . .. .f?xploration ·an.d :U~e of O_uter 'Space; .in'c/adin'g the
'Hijacki11g is committed. by any person. who on board . · Moon ~nd Other Cefestia/'Bodies; Art .. 2 [heceinafte1
· . ari .aircraft fn flight ·shall unlawfully by force or threat Outer Space."Tr,eaty])'. . . ·
ther~of; or:~y ~ny ot~er fonn of intirnftiation, seizes; .

388 J. 2019. SAN BEDA CEl'!JTAALIZEDBAR OP.ERATIONS

.-:-·.
 r:K
~{: &ArMV · ww • ~·- 1 5 ( i ·
PUBLi.C: l-N.TE.RN·ATIONAL.LAW
fll H1tu1wmt: ee --~·
-ef~;.\.:.
. .· SAN BEIJA LAW CfNTRAttZED BAR OPEAATIONS.- MEMO~Y. AID 2019 n ;::{
('. c!iiF . I & Bi@ M41AiirflXtiiNPH5Mf9MtWi!UA
P IAii#t.YPWMt:tldiiSWMIK
&if SflbM'F:SSCMfJSI!, Mtol ;was¥! -,._'J/Jmf!IJ'i'f£-;:''i'i':,~
':" . .. . .
f{.', Explprc1tlon and Use . · . . Codificaticms:
·:.-: Tt:ie exploration anduse of outer space, including the· 1. The Hagu_e Conference for the Cqdification of
..(. -rnoori and other celestialbodtes.ishalthaoarrled out lnter.natjonal Lay,(·[1930]; . : · .·
::;... : for: the beneflt and in the interests .of all countries, .z ·The.FirsfUnited Natior'is Conference on the Law
,:i . irrespecfr~e of their. degre~ of eco~omic or scient.ific of the S~a [1958] ·(UNCLO~·I); . ·
Jl.. · development, and shall be !he province of all mankind. 3. The Second United Nations Conference on the ·
']° (Ou.tarSpee« Treaty; Art· 1), . .. . f ta~ of the ,Sea [1960] (UNGl:OS II); and .
'; ... ...
•\
., 4.: The Third United .Nations Con°ference on the
'i ·,· Pro.hibi°tlO!\,Of Use .for
Milita·ry A~plic~ti~n . Law·_of the Sea [1973-1:982] (UNCLOS Ill) .
.J1_:::, The m_ooii · and ?_t_h.er·celestial b~dies· shall be, u~ed ·
q: exclusively tor peaceful operation. The .fotlowinq (See A,:mex,:4 at..th,e°last.page of.this s~bject for the
.{ rriiliiaiy applications.are protiibi.ted: . .. . . .Jttus.tr.ation of UNCLOS·llt.).. ·
.;r 1. Placing. in orbit around the' earth any objects
;j: carrying nLJ9Jear weapons or -any other kinds 6f . Baselines
t . weapons 'of mass destruction~" ·, . ·. ·, A .baseline isthe ·line·. from which-the outer limits ot
. . 2. · _ lnsta!iing suclr we~pons on cetestlat bodies; • . , marine spaces under. the- national jurisdiction of .the ·
· 3 -. St.~tion such Weapq·ns'in outer space in· any other coastal ..State are measured. It is, also. the line .
. manner· .. . . . .. i' c;lislingu.ishing internal waters from the territorial sea
I>{. . 4 .. · ~itabli~hm.eritpf military bases; installations and (Id: at .'43). . . . .

r-
~\.. . fortifications; . .. . .
5 .. ·1'.esting·of.a.ny_typ:e·of:_weaP.Ons; and ". :.
. . . ·'')
::V;,7/t · .
A vital feature of marltlmeIaw is the baseline. or the
·; , ._·6,. ·c:;o_nduct· ~f · military maneuvers · (Outer ~.f!a,.q(!.-;,: ~ \. _line fr9m:w_h_ic~ the br~~d_thof the territorial .sea .and
.

· Treaty, A~ .. .4). .• . . . -t.~r~{·.,,, •.

~,·j: other mantu;ne, ~ones. is ~easured. There are
· . . . · · ' . . . · \ 1 /'' •. ·, •• ;/.'..,_~noJrnal ·b<;!s~J!nes" for most coast~I. states and
Jurisdictipn . .: : .. : . ·. . . • >.l'.t?w:::.::::.~_l,{~~~A~f:}~ ,.9ifferent• categ~ry ·Of s!ates (i.e.,
A state on Whose registry an obJect. launof.led into.., '1 arch1pelag1G"s,tates). The normal baseline 1s '!thefow-
ouler sp~ce is carrie·? sh~II retain f~f{s_d°§tion ·~[14 ,)
J. ·water line a,!P~·~ .the coa~t as marked on l~rge-scale . :
control over ~uch ·obJect, and oyer ;'3!).W.Pers?n~I:-)~. charts ·<?.ffi,c,;(~ily~recogntzed by fhe ~oastai_ s~ate"

(Outer Space·
. ·
. ••
. ~
rreaty, Art. ·.,
8). ;;."'·
a·./
the(e.of; w_h_ile. in ou!er. space. or o!:>'.~eej~5.Jiaf'body -r. ~ (1,JN.CLOf}Aft. 5),1 :
.r' • "\•\"<-~
;<, ·· ,y:,.:. ·...
!.[ ~
·. . ' ~--:~
: ~ r : Types of Ba~elln~s:-
~·:.. . .•
· .. f(/I .. \!: .
,· ·

·. ..
.
ll ~ :
.
· · · ·.
.. · .
· · .
· Liabii'ity . ·.-. .· :_. : , · · ... · · ~ .. y? -d1~~· ~c~~ {!.\ i ·.. Ni>'rtn'are~liJ1~ · - .. . · · ·.
· The State which· launqhes or all~oiiz~~rt};le-lsiunollin'.g -1~ { ·
The!i:iM4i1!.t$~'1selfneis tl'ie -iow~_water'lir.ie along
of_ obj~ct;: o.r fn;,m: wttos.e t~ri~ly-tl'iet9,bJect .l,,s · ,·~V · .
·the. -coa~t· · a·s ma_r_ked on. large-scal_e charts·
~ai:mched_.shall be. liable for dam~_g~)hi,sucH!,C)bjecfor .;'1~--:,.:-,:,.
1pffici.ally· recogr:iized · ·by : the :~o~stal: State
its .cqtnponentparts '(Outer Space . .Tref),ly...:~.r.t! 7).' .. ·. Jt:.1,1}-c! • .;,fl:lfYCL,.OS Ill, Art. 5}. · ·: · ,.
. ·, .. ·. . . .· ... ~:·;:::-( P.l~vr.':ul<i~ ~,.....,.,,.,:.i . . .. . .
. ·,· . .: . -:. : . . . . :.· · , ·.·, . :r ·:·:A~(~·:·-,. . · 2. ·. Str~ig!Jt Baselh:ie.. ·
. ·,. . . LAW
. . .. . . . .. ""'-'' ,.. ,.
OF ~"t°HE.-8EA ~$:iJ.
·1
··.... :· .
..
. ;· : .. · . . . .'· . . ·:. .- . - ~"'"""-~=
·.i .. The-~y~fi.riternati~~~I rul~s-that:binds Stat~s a_;tj
,.. . other !;ubjects onnternational )a'!Y in· ~heir maritii:li~ ...
•,~.:_;~'...
affairs,· its . fun.ctions :~.re the.. sp;:itral distr.ibution·· of
· n"'tional j_urisdicfiOR .. an·d ·ensur~( .int_e.rnatiQhal.. lo (TAfJAKA,. sup/a.'a( 46).·
,i cooperation.· _;.between .· Stat~s. (TA.(VAKA, · Jhe
\'._-: . ln.tem;Hf_q[i_at Law: · of tbe ·: Sea. · (2012); · p .. · J-4, A s:yst~~ ..of. straight ·1ines joining· specifieq or
f. · : . fh.i?..~iJiaft~i:.TA(\/AKAJ); ·· .. . . . . . ·· discrete points 9n the low-water line ("straight
~ ~ . baseline tu.ming poinfs".) which m_ay_ p'e. u.s~d
f. . ·.~ovpmjng'Pri,n~ip_les, . .. . , Ofl)Y in localities· where the ~1Jastline is. deeply
f .. •. ·1>. Principl~ pf.·fte.ec,fom -:-- ai['ns .. to:.•ensur~ the . indented :and out into, ·o~ if there. is a· fringe of
· freedomtii va'rious'use~ of the ·o·ceans; . · . islands along the ~cast in. its immediate viciniW.
; ..
2. ·. Prfn(:iple of Sovereignty·- seeks· to safeguard ... : . ·. Under the straight baseline' system·, baselines
the 'interests of coastal States; and · · . ~~e drawn acfrJSS water:, not · along- the COa~t
"3.. Principle... of the . Commqn .. H~1ritage of. · (United:Nati~ns Divis.(ofJ for -Ocean Affairsand
Mankind ·- :seeks to promote the common . · (he . Law of· the· Sea, · the Law of · the Sea:
interest ·. of' ali pe.opl~ . in . prf;)sent' and: future Baseiin~s: An Examination of ihe #eievant
.'~e-neratlons·(T~NA~, supra at 16-19);. Provisions.of the Unites Natian·s Convent1on on
the.' Lawof!he Se_a, (1989), p.51). ·

. 2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS I 389

 • Fi
• lilld

·PU.B.L.IC INTE.RNATIONAL LAW.

SAN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR.OPERAT/ONS - ME:MQRY~ID 2019
S&EAI'. &MNSf [ Atid ¥ istEijiitflcWIIMh IMihifiAFl&WMPktc ¥1 5 IE e+CM~rm:aa

Criteria for Drawing Straight aaselin~s: Restrictions µn Maximum Length

a. It must not clepart to any appreciable' extent . o·f BaselJne·of Bays
from the general direcfion of the coast; · ..
b. . Certain sea · areas lyjng ·y.ithfn these lines
. are . sufficiently closely ·linked. to . the land •
· domafn to be . subject to · the reqlme of·
international watersrand · ....
c ... Certain ·econo.mic interests pecullar .to· a·
· · region, 'the· r~a.iity and 'importance of which ·
.. . are ctearlyevidenced by .long use; should be .: 1. s 24 nautical miles .. A clol:!i,:ig lirie · may · be
taken into consi·deration.(UNCLOS Ill, Art. ·7; · drawn between the two
Anglo-Norwegian·. ·· . Fisheries . · :(United . · low-water marks, ·
'Kingdom v. Norway),· ICJ; January_ 1~,.
_19$1). .,'. .. . .. . ·. . . ·. · -. .> 2~ nautlcalmiles : A'st~alght'bas~line ol 24
Th~ rules:'·n·o_·
vernin_g· strainht baselines ·are· so. · · ,. · nautical' · · rnues ., sh~.11 · be.
~ ., . drawn' wlthln the bay· in
abstract that· Jh~ application of: tf:le ·ru!e$ · ~o·. . · · such a manner .as to
pa~i'cl!lal' coasts is. to· a large'.e.xten~· subject·to . . . enclose the maximum .
the · discretion · ot. coastal :5tates.. '~~==,=:,,,,.~..,,. . . · . · area of water . that is
-, consequence, _there are. many m.~fan;t:,s.';'.Wfien.
· cqp_stal States_draw straight b.as~~e(too1fteelr· !.\
·rij· ;:,· ,."=f: :-~;,'. .
'\, .
posslblawithln a line of
that length .
. (TANAKA,supra at 49). . 1;,· Z~ · r:;_~.,., ="""'-:-,·,·.. : ~· t . ' ~-., . . .
. . . lz--- V;d-""'. · ·. ..
(UNG~. /~~!0, pers. 4-5) ' ..
E~ample~: Burma's '?22 ..:¥1J'liJel1¢~g" ~lg_h:t""."':~3',;""~ .,._·<(':~>- 't,,( . ..' .
basellne;" V,ietnam's 1.~$5mil~ lopg :··1i~.~ .. 9t
-~p.te,"'nhe't.~~t9-9~J~.f do n.otapply on historlc bays.
-between Bay-Gan Islet ~d He.J1,7'1iai·1s1et; an3 _ .ti'/\\. .,€'[ANA~, sae,'rffa( 57~. · · ·
.. _ Vletnam's 161.8-mi!e Ion~ line hjtwee Hon Hai
·.· . ·l~l~t .~::~- Hon Doi ·'.stet. f..ZI·.·
~~vl.r·
. .·
. \ ~fil:-~
;f)' .\ . . .
~rr:m~lrt,~-:\_~?~!'
(
i.~ lnte~·nal wa_ters.
3. .C!i?slrig Lines Acros.~
- Bays· .. ·.
'·
· \ . _-4
.,;. ff\!<
Mout~·
~,2~\
,?
a~~. . .;
. · :·. __S:-...:.,:;Y .,..;___,11
· · 1.~\l I r,~"11 .,f ?r'.J.
· ·.. F5 .
,01:.·
. _.Rivei_s - if!':! ri"'.er flo'v.,~:. l~eus,:l~tot ~>~~th~ .fintemal,WD!CfS ~~«4;°"
· bas~llr.:i~ s.hall ~ea s~~a1~.h~me act.f>ss1n'~~~: ·. . . ·~~ ··/ !lf~e Ba
of !he n~er ~etween pomt.s;~ ~~~ 10~-wa,t ·-1~~~7 .;,/f'.
.of .1!:3 ba~ks (UN.~!-OS_ m:.·~- ~- · =\~5'JE~~r./:.~;.,, .
Bays_· - -· well;mar.!<ed · 1i'.lden~u4'Q~h~si:l~~(\.,~-#".
'penetration is iti such proportion t~tl~~ of. }.'J.r I}.~~
i.ts mouth.a~ to contain land;locked watia(~!ld '.!.Vl.1'.=-',.,.-;,,,,.P" .' ·.
~J!i
. ... 20Nautica).· ·
,~:r :·.
constitute more than a mere curvature of tne~_,..,,..,,. · Low-Water · Miles- LowWaf~r
. ;.coast (I.JNCLOS Ill~ Art: 10(2)).' ~ .Sea. . M.l!l'~ : ·Maik ·

.-· Cu_st~~a~yiaw·.has ~111~ed)h~·coasta! ·~t.ate.t~ .. · (Ef'PS, s.upra·_at.35.1).. . ..

.·. c;lraw ·a.closing lin~ across the e·ntran~e .of~ ~ay; . : . · . h,. . · ·... · · .· ·.' .. I · . · ... .
wh.ere the ·lari,dward waters fron:i tf)e closing lln~. · · :. 'Map: of Bay_W :· ere On!Y ,::,at1 ~re :hternal W_aters.:
h,~ve ~ecome in.tern.al wat'er~:.(TANAKA; supra-·
.: af 53;. GIDEL; Le: Oroit InternationalPublic iJe· Ja
Mt:Ji (1981)/p.'· 537-538).. . ·. : : . ·....
.
.. . . . • • • : • • _•• t •

..Land

.. •'

~--...,_·. 30Nautical M'Ii,e~

\.
Sea·
(Id.' at 352}

. 3~0 2q19 SAN BEDA CEN.TRALIZ-ED BAA OPERATIONS·

 ·PU·B.L~·c", N·-rERNA r1·0NA.L
· SAN BEDA LAW CEN.TRAVZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019 . . ' .(
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4. Archipelaqlebaseline
. . .. ,. An archipelagic State· may .draw straight
archlpelaqic baselines joining 'the outermost ·
ARCHlr.ELAGIC STATES islands and drying reefs of the archipelago
An · archipefagic state is a State constituted (UNCLOS Ill, Art. 47, par.·(1)). .
wholly by one or' more archipelagos and .' ma~
. include other islands (UNCLQS:Ill, Art. 4q, pa/
.
Conditions · for Drawing Ar.chlp'elagic· .
·.(a)). . . Baselines: .
r .. _. · a.· The· archipelaqlc wafers mus, include main
~Archif?elago.' .. .. 'islands, and. the ratio'of the area ofthe water
': A group of islands, including parts of Islands, to the area of the land, inciuding atolls, is
. interconnectlrig . waters.' . an'd ..other , natural between 1 to 1 and 9 to· 1 ;.
· 'features· which. are'.so closely . interrelated that b. The length of the baselines shall not exceed
.. such lslands, waters and other natural features 100 nautical miles (nmJ;·nowever, .up to 3%· ·
form.. an lntrlnslc g~cigraphical,. economic-. and . .
political' entity . or. which historically· have been . of the total number -of baselines -encloslnq
· regarded as such (UNCLOS II/; An. 46, par. (b)).. any archipelago may exceed' that length, up ..
. .. . .. . . . . . to a rnaxlmum lenqth of 125 nm; ·.
Requ'fsitesof an' Archipe.a'go . . c. The . dr~wing' of. the baselines shall not :
A !:froup of .lslands 'constltutes ·an archipelago depart· to any appreciable 'extent from ·the •.
. . when it meets the· following criteria (G-HIC}: ·general co~fi~uration ofthe: archlRelago;. :
. a. Existence'·of a Qmup of islands: ·.. ,. r'i1· d. The b~~e!mes .!?hal_~ .not _be· dra:,vn ·to and
· b. · . .tU~torici3l practice: . .. . J;'.: '. ?.;,f ,.\,
.· from lo.w-J1de el~vat1on~ ••:t.!1less l1~hth~uses
c: . Existence· of _an [ntrinslc geograph/c.~JJ,.(,;;1 f '\ or sirnilar installations which are
. .economtc and political entity; and . _ \'j'·'f,; .• ,.,.J . . . pe~ma11~ntly .ab.ave· ~ea level. have. b~en
d. ~ompactness or adjacency of isla·nos; ,.. ·:, .. , ~'.,--....., ?u'.~f,~~ them or where a low-lid~ elevanon
v-~:.. ..
·:··
(TANAKA supra at 109):
, . ·. . , : . .
.Kinds_ of Archli,ela~o: ·
.·
. . /4>· . ;..,.
(..,(.,.
~r .
.;:}/ \_,........

·. /'~, .
.,_;~•L·'>_-lS:?.,lll:li3ted·wholly or partly at a d1stal')Ce not
--·exe'?~i.ng the_ br_ea1th_of the_.t~rrit9rial sea
froref/tWneare~ IS(~nd, . : . . .
a.·.: C_o~stal -:-·.a· Qr-?_·up of. islc;ir:i?$f:sf~-':!~ §.oJ-"ll.. e. !h"~¥l?'le.m of tia~ehnes st,all rot.be appl~ed.·.
. clos~ to·. a ··,:n~mra~d tl:t~,trJh~.~,J~~f l:>e H i~J>ufh-. ~.~in.ner.a~:to cut~off fr?m the high
: • csms1~ered ~ parrther~9'/,:formmg·more o~ t"\ . · . 7ea.sJ~r ~e exclu.s,ve. ecqrom,c zone.. the
: . ·. · . Tes~ .~n· oyter .coas~fQ~;?1!_o_r.r-f})f.Nc~it is . e;l ,..,..,i.~~.t~~1al.~~~ _ ~f anoth_er Sta~e; . . . . . · !.
.· · . l]at.ural to measure tH~i_t;marg1.n<;1b~~.s~ ..... · !.:,..:! f"~l.fr,~,;:P~rt:;~~J~e ar?h1p.el~glc.. ~aters .of .. an I

· · NoMegian · Skjcergar.d,\c.pasts-:;bfi·ffnlanq;) r,. ,1 · .ar:C.h!P.~l;ilgjc$tate hes betwe~n two pa~s. of

. Svied,en,. ~lask8/a(l,d, Ca.na1ta};i'.arm:~:\·· . jt
.· .. . • , . . . • . . _. : ~ ~ ,· ,).. !1
.fir
.• F·\-:r,~-:;
an:i'1:l'l'!edi.ately.adjacent n~ighbp.ring_ ~ta~e,.
~x1,s.tmQ ·. nght~ :-arrd. ·all. o·ther ·l.eg1t1rT1ate
. b; Outlymg or Mid-Ocean- a.·grg~p~gf.Jslands · )·~:·~.1~- .,-, .. -:;.~ 1n.terests· . wh,ch · the latter State has·
situ~ted i_n the _oi::e.a.nat ;.uch'{ljsfan~Ar¥1::z:'.e:'..:~-'..~~~~aa.itiona.l!Y exercised. in.sue~ waters .a1'1~ all
the·coasts of firm l~nd ~s Jo oe.r<:_om:i'~·~~d · .. ,... ~1ghts · stipulated PY:· agre.ement. bet\'1/~en
as · an ··,·independent- whole··.\a:th'eft~ than , those . States:. shall .. continue and be
. 'formi~g-.p~rF·of, .. Of- outer .,coastlfn'°er&-,;the: ."resP.ected;' . . ..
rt~~ . :
..
· mainland·: · (e.g:, ~ the · P.nilip'pines, .. FiR,
..· · Gafapqgos; Hawaiian ·Islands,· lndqnesia,'
.g. For the..purpose of .computing the ratio of . ·
: water to.land·under paragra.pli i, land,area:s·
_ Japan, ·,·and:. the· Svalbard· archipelago} ·. - · ·, IT!a.Y inch..ide .waters. lyi,:ig ..withi~ .the. fri.nging
(Oce[=!n ,$.fate: ArchipelagfcRegirr,e~· in·.the · . ··reefs· of islands and atol(s, inc{udirJgthat part.
· · Law of the Bea, (1995),. pp.. 15 & 22), · ,. · : · -of. a st~ep~sid~d oc'e1:1nic plate~u wf.llyh _is·
. ... · .. · · enclosed or. nearly enclc:ised by a· chain ·of
·. -Straight .. Archipejagic
. . Baselln'es
.· limestone ·islands and. d.cyii:ig r~.efs lying on .
thE! perimeter of thE;l. plateau; .
. h. Th.e baselines shall ~:·shown·on char.ts.of a ..
scal.e(s). adequ~t~ . for as.certa.i.ning. 'tl')Eiir
position. Altetpativeiy,. llsts· of geograp~ical·. ·
. ·coordinates'· of · .points, specifying . 'the
· geodE!tiC.datum,·niay be submi,lted; and. . .
i. The ~tate st,~11 give .d.ue public;ity tq such ·
.chart~ or list Qf geograr.h'ical ·.coordiniltes·
and shall <:lepqsit a-copy.of each $l!Ch chart.
or · list'· with tne · UN · Se,cretary-General
(UNCLOS Ill, Art. 47): . . . ·.

(Id. at 110) ·

2019 SAN BEDA'CENTRALIZED BAR OP!;RATIONS I 391

 ii N&wm:::::11 .

. The Philippine Ar~hlpelagi~ Baseline Obligations of a·n Ar~·hipela·gi_c·St~te urider'th~

UNCLOS: · · . · · ·.-.
~.g.rit_;.~;EEZ'. . ·:.tJ:·~?" -·, 1. Respect the· tradltlonal fishing' rights of ttiird
::,:~· ;. : .... .-~ccftrp'j;,l'~g1£:::a4s.'eUiM States; · · · · · : ·. : .: , ·
'.•· ·:~ . '_,,;r.,. .-t-J3.,~j:;'""'. . . ;.,;,... : =. · 2... Respectexistinqrnarinecabtes: .
· · · ·· ~, .,;,._.r1.,,,.,,._..;f:'tt' · .$:tJ;1.· :::-~·'-, . 3. If a part of the archipelaqic waters lies between
:: ··~ · _;':: . v.,x · · ·t two. .parts of '. an. . itn.mediateJy· . -aojacent
. - · /Y-' , .,. .. . l . . n.ei~~~orin.~ State, .._existing· rights and all other
·. · .i · , 'if}f·'.: · · ·t . · · le!;!1ll(:Tla~": interests· whJFh .:he n_ei1;1.hboring·$late
- '.:.:. · .. ·~ ":·~?"i1/: . . l"I· .~as .tr~d1~1onall_yexe.rcts~d 1.n s1:19h watersand all
~· ,..,... it ;~!~.·'11'~'· · :. ~- . · nghts stipulated· by agreement between· the
· .. : ·· · .:. '\: . .. , '. ;t~?!{r;,· ~ ... · .~~-\; ·. archlpelaqlc State. and the 11eighboring . State
,,._, ... ,. ,_ .. :yt ;: Y-}'1}&.,~}-~ ·· i~;,,, . . . .· · · ., ~- ·shall,.co.ntinu~.and ~~ re~pep~ed_;.~nd: . ·
. ...,,~·~W~"'~~I,·:•~·:;;::~~·t ·. . \!. · 4 .. , Prov!~eJhi;.-.ni;i-htof innoc~nt passage:a,nd that ot • _
,:?t-·;t~:,,~·,:·~· · ~..r,....\··_,,i;,f.{, . . 't · · . archjpelaqlcsea lanes'passaqe • .' ·. ·
-.1~;1·J.fA:-~~~: '·;)rt ,~:~i~~~·";::.~::
1
""·""'-:::;.r' ·~-.: ··. 'ft':r{_ st,..i1~{~ '·
lt~·~-1:~
.
!~\ .
·J .
. ;: . . .: . -. '·. r .. ', . i. .. . .
-Re~u1s1tes :for . the .. ~U:_>pen~!9") . .of Right of
.
~~{;-~~-'Ii· _ :~· .:.·,.;/:~''.r.~ l.,·. . · lnnoc.en~. Pa~sa_~e .. ·m- A~ch1p,~i_aglc ·wa_ters:
. . ,. ,~. . . - ... wr·· . >. .,,.=r,,,..,,,.,,.......::JfEWl"~) . ' . - .. . . .. . .
,1$1· · :';"l<l'":; · . · ....~·.,; .. ~;,,_. ''""''
·:=·~&~..
·!.>'~: . · 1i )·V J."(~J!.'.lS·l'take· laU, effect only :ijftei having been duly
,< : _. . ",..,.
... ,, .....
. ·-
0 -
' . · .·
~·r'<--· ·"'
. , ..Jli---~
· ·
" ~~"!')' .
.7 · ·;_ ,",,- -~=="'~
\l.·
"-·
$, c1:ifsq$p~risionis .!;_sseritial for the prote~tion ·.
'\ Pybli~l,ed
. -ti . "' ...,.,
.
. . .
· · ·
.
· · :-

(Maga/Iona. v. Er1J7ita, G.R. No. 1 a.f;-t,;z., flug,t1'.i'(16,_,,:_.~·K·~ · .

. . . . . · . . . · : _ ·.. · · . :o~i~r<ec~~i~ .
. 2011). . .. · · · ~f ~/)//r1•,."",.,,- · _ ':fr ~-3-;,,....S~s)3'tW~l'?A1s~~-adew,~hol!t d1scnrnmat1on;
. . . . .. -. J . r&v : / ~0,'_/~ :
~.y ~u~~n\(9¥l!!Pr)!,Y !emp?_rary;.~Md _ ef :
· Under, RA. No .. 9522, tf:i~f bas'ei'l~es 1.~ws are J!_l. ..5~. ~pe~1fy ~~ ar~~ of its· arch1pelagic waters ·
enac~ed .~Y UN<?LOS Ill St~t~J?~rti,E!s to lfnl\lL!<.:out ./,°l/f'!.___w_he_~!:l·innqc~~f.)i:!~~a~e stiall ript be,..~liowed.
spe_c1~e; baSepoin~~ al~ng WE;i~;.e.o#sts trqm ~~i~J
base!1nes·are·ctrawn;e1ther:5tra1~gor.cont~.ure~todt:;;._
(t!IV~(.O? ,~; ~.y(·pa(. (?)).
~f' · I}. . ·. , ·
r~
. . .
··.-.· . '
.
· J · ·. · · V. _
~~l,'Ve .as'-geographic starting i3Pji1t~to·m '1 ure frt~<iJfl.l7.WA11:cl!ipe1agjc S~~a1~ P;assage · · . ·
o.readth of the ma~itlme zon~s ·aria.\_ nli sh~!h?...;.;:--e:':'.T~e e~ . ~ !n. fficcordW],ce with_ U~<?LO,s· 111 of the
: . · :· · . · . : ~ (,() ·:. ~\'\ .tR . · w:-:9,9.f'.ns !'.,J}v.rg~tl?~tl~d o_:v~r.fhgbt'm.the .._normal
Saia· Jaw effe.ct1v.ely class1_fie'~ 1Ke K'~laya~)~<i!!1cffa .,.~9tely:)for ll\~ purpose .. of _.CQnt1nuous, .. K,sm1:~
. .Gro~p · '(KLG) and , the pc_~t_borougl(\.· s~~~~s ·
'-4Y~p~GJit~Us·..'t~d. un_op;stroc_ted tr~_sit· ~.etw~en one
~~-~n:ie(s)·_of ls.land ~~~si~fent_with ~fCL~~~r;t~·the_ ~.1§h sea;;oran _exclys1ve economic z~ne
. Wh1~~ manifests. the Ph1\1pp1_ne State's r~SP.~hs113~JEN1.'~~)3PO~~t. P~-~·2,f the' high. seas- o~ ,c;ln exclus1_ve·
obs~rv~r:ice · of 1t5:pacta _su{lt s~~ndafqblf9aQ~-~~~m1c.~p.:(klN~LO$.?ll;Art:53.: P,ar. (3)). .
.(Magal/ona.v .. Erm1~a~ svpra): ·. ·. '~-
. · ·. . . ·. . . . · . ·:· . -~
'~~a:·
if ~"='°=~···(\'\;j);·-<'~~: · '. . · .' .. · ·
.i_ · . _1\-,.ff J~-·-~E~~~WAT~~s.. ... .. . -- . ,. ·.
. :
. .
· Ai:ch1pelag1.c. Waters ~ . ·-. . · · · '-·~. · l. V .U.n~.§i~,::;~ters.whtc,I"! he Jandwar.d· of the baseline ·
.... The. wafers: 4ilritlo~e.d··by the. archipelagic .bas~line~~~a:-9',mfm whic'1tli.~ tei:rito1a1 SS'<} is m.ea_sur~·a·(UN.CLOS
.drawn in accordanc.e·with. Article·47 .regi,1rdless.of 11(,·Art,JJ,.par.·(1)) .. ltincTudes: .(WEJ..P2)
th~ir" · deptt.i' .··ot · 'distance from . the· coast. Art 1: . .' Waters enc!O~~q-by straignt-baselii:)es
archipeli!g.ic .State- ·ex~rcises territorial _i,o~ereignty 2._. ·..sstuarie~;· · . ·:· .. . ,. . .
OVE;r its ar\:~i'p_i;il_agic:.,'N_aters
·(l.)NG,LO'S.111, Ari: 49)_ . 3-. _bandward.watS_rs·frOr:n·!l)e.cto_sJ1J9:·line.O~.bars; ·.
They. do not:.~onsti~Ute internal w~te·rs, O'i'1' ratifying . . 4._ · ~a.rts.of.~hE: sea along tfle co.~st down. to the low~ ·
the .UNCLOS l!l.• ho.wevE!r,.. the·Ph11ipp1nes declar~d -: .. water mark_;-an~, ·. :. · ....... · · .· ...... , :·. ·' · .
that the· concept df arcl:iipelagic:w.aters is similar to··.-· 5. Eorts an~ ·harbors.· . ·
·1 the:concept.of.intefnal waters under .the Constitution ·. .. . -· .i ···: . . ·
of the-f;'hiltppines. '$or.rie States -Australia, Bela.us; Every ~oasta1: ~tate:.enjoys fl.JWsov~reignty ~var' its
Bulgaria, Czecho;,lovak.ia, Ukraine; tt,e USA and the · interrJ.al wat.ers (!ANAKA, .supra at 7?/ . : ·
: USS!:{ -'pr9tested'·lt'Je· Philippine declaration .. .Jt
app~ars that the dec;laration' is·"at variance with. the .
concept of- archjpelagid. y.iaters in t1:1e .UNCLOS. ·,
(TANAKA,.s·upra.at 1.fO). :_ . · ... · ·. ·. ,. :
~ . . .. ' .
. :..

. .· ...

. )
392 I'· 2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATiONS
 Ma~ of internal Waters (or its passengers) passing through·th!;? territorial
~ea.. · · ·

ExcEfpti_ons: ..
a .. The consequences of the crime extend. to
·. the.coastal state; . . . . . .
b. The crime disturbs the peace of the country
.' or the good order of the territorial sea: .
c. . The asslstance -of the local authoritles-has
been-requested by the master of the ship or
by a diplornatlc aqent.or consular officer of
the flag state: and · . · · ·
. d. · Such measures 'as are necessary· for "the
suppression of illicit traffic il':l oarcotic.druqs · .
. ·-qr:psychotropic substances (UNcL:os (II,
(EPPS,. supra at 350) . · Ad. 27) ...:' .

Doctrtnes.Reqardlnq 'eoun~ary Rivers·. . ... 2. Exercise of Civil .Jurisdlction

1. Ttialweg. boctr!ne .;, ·in .. ·1~e. absence-of an .: General rulerAs' a rule, a-coastal state cannot
', · · aqreernent betw'e~ii.· the riparian states, the ·"() . . exercise f?IVll,Jurisdictio'n over a foreign ship (c;>r
bo.u.l'ldary·line ·fs iaid on .the middle of the m~if,:i:.,:..;;_(
t .
Its· passenger~) passlnq throug~ the territorial
J~, · /-'.)'/''·'-'t-
~~-.
r.~ .. navlqable channel. . . . · . sea. However, there are exceptions (UNCLOS
.
2. · Mi~~I~ of the ~rid_g~ Doctrine -whe.re ther5)f; :<~
lit;" Art.. 2~).
!; ~ bridge.over a bouna~ry river,-.~e _boundary~1n,e:.1: .· :'.~-,,·~--~, · · :"?·,.
.,/· . 1s the middle or ~enta.r of the.bridqe (~AS,!j.URtl;;./ji,,~~5l:~><:C,~pi.i~?s; . . . .
supra at 664).. . · · ... -<('·';,/ . . .;-'· f{' . . a~~e.r\.: the sh!j:> .1t~elf·. h~~ . , as~ur:ri~d .
. ., .. . · . ·. . . : . . ((_. .,,.,;, . / \.. ._. · 1 · ·· .
obil~~llons . or · incurred hab1l~tles. in . the
Strait . · .. · · · · · · \·:\,/( ·. · j..-.-:-"f~.. · c9ltfrsk\of· its. voyage through. the ·coastal
· It i_s a :narro1.'(pa~sa~€?waycq~n~ctin_gjwo[(~·t..boai~s ·l·'.1-,. · . · slfi't_~fl'.\ · .. . . · . · :-: .. _ . ·· . . · . ·. ·
_ofwater. l!th.e.d1.stance b~lwe_e9,~~"1w?.(ZJ:dPp?s.1t~ r.;) b.·. If CIYJII ~o.ce~dings· a~~ co~n,,~n~ed_· or
. coasts_. ls: npt more. th~n.· s.1,x•r.lf?) n:i~~,. t~ey . ar~ .,4 . . koncl,~d~ct\againsta foreign ship 11}_ internal
considered. in.tetpah.i..aie~ _((d49'{i?-=--..7".J;,~ : ~"-> . f:·j .
\-::,~~~?J.'i~.~a~talstate_ ma.y-subsequently
. . . . · . ·. · . · "' ." ~/i{ . o?q · ;:j ' . ~le¥Y{-"~t1·:..~x~cut1~n- against, _or· arr7.st- -tit~
TERRITORIAL SEA .· . . . · :°':·,.~-:r,-;:;_.:,,-''{\ }( .. t.:'f. · · ·foreign ship ev~ri 1f 1~ has already left-intern.al
A rnarine·space .uhd.er th!3 ~erritoria[sove.reignty 'of Lt wtiters ·.'and · rea·ched th.a · territorial' sea
the co~st~I StatE:. up· to. a _limit not .excq~gtrJ!i/tw..e_lye _·_)··t:'J~J;J~·-;i}YNCL
. OS JI/,Art. 28~· . . ·.
(12) nautical miles mea_sured from~~as.elme~1:;1J~;.,,..,...i.:-...d:;,,u...:.:s~~i.':'.':l · . .. .
comprises the seabed·ana ·its subsoil/.,ffie ad(a~lml · · . Right'of lr:mocent Passa·ge ·. .· .
waters, a,nd its airspac_e (TANAKA., sup~~t ijf . · . It is._ttle righ_~- bf foreign mer:?hant ·ships_ (as distin_ct
. ·.. .. .. . ... · ·. . · . . .. ..· · .· ~ . from yvar-s~1ps)'-to pass: unhin.dered thrqugh the
Oblig·ation.sof a State p·ertainlng to Its T~rrftori~I . ter.r'ilorial sea ·of a co;:ist (SHAW, supra. a_f 5.70)..
S.ea: ·_. ,.. .· . · :·· ·. ·. · ... .·: · · .''. · .· : · ··
.. ~. · Protec;t.navigatlonal'.alds, ca pies, and plpeljnes; .'~f
. Ships .all s'tates, .c~~_stal,or land:...1ockep, ·inclu.ding
. 2.- Cons~r've·marine· Jivirfg'resocfrces·; · · . ,. .. _-;.foreign ~arships, ar.e eritHled to ,the rig_t:it of i~~oc~t
. 3.. Overa'il' environinen'tal:.proteclion-:and ·scientiftq passage through· the ·terr.itqrial' waters of-. a co_asta!. ·
research; - . ·. · · . · .· . · · ·. State.· St.i!:),:n~rine$ · are···likewise .entitled· 'b'ut while·.
4 · PF~venting·.th·e· irifringe·ment of cu_stqrns,· fls~_~. .'trave·rsing.'th~ te,r'ritorial-sea, · they..are· required to
immigration; and san!t~iy.laws; . . navigate on. the· surface arid . tp snow. :their flag
-. ~- Ensu.ring the safety ofni;lv1gatioh; and · · · .· (UNC.~OS, Arts._ 1-7-20). ·
6. Take. the .'neces,Miy.s\eps· t_o prevent passa~e ..
which is not i11.n6~e.M·(UN.CLOS l/1, Art~: 2();.25)~ .. Elements ·ot,lnh.oc'entP_a'ssage·;. . . . . . · ... · _.
. •• •• • i·· •• .• . • .••• •··•
1. . P.~ssa'ge -· traversing the 'territorial sea·.without
• .. ••

Rights .of a Sfate_Pert"'i~ing t6·i~:Terri_to~lai Sea.· . entering'· internal. -waters;- ·or. procee'ding to or
In general, a state enjo'ys full .lfo"'..er~ig~_rights _and · . :. from . internal·. waters;.. continuou·s· and
t Jurisdictional · control· over . its .. territorial sea. In : expeditious;· stopping or: anchoring may_ only
particular: . . take . p'iace :fo'sofar as they are incidental t~
'·ordinary. navigation or, .are r.endered rjecessary
1·: :. Exercise ·oi Crlininal Jurisdiction· . by force {!iajeure ~r distres's. for th~ pu~ose .of
General· r.ule: As a rule, .a :coastal state ca·nnot ·. rendering assis_tance to ·. persons, · ships or·
. exercise· c.riminal jU_r'~dlction, on a foreign 'ship· . airc;raft in ..~anger.'or distress; alid ·

2019 SAN BEDACENTRALIZED.'BAR OPERATIONS. I 393

 PUBLIC INTER.NA·Tl'ONAL
. SAN BEDA.!:AW.CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS.:.. MEMORYA/0 2'019. ·
LAW
, . .1i1+1ssnn• NA t MfttE&¥681 § 14 l W-Wt fr QPIISFtftMi

2. ln'nocence ._ 'not prejudicial. to the peace, gooc! the high ~·eas or an excrusive economic· zoi:l'e .and
order .or SE!C~rity of the coa·stal State (UNCLOS . another P.art of the l'ligh seas or an . 'excl.usive .
Ill, Arts. '18-19). economic zone (UNCLOS, Arts .. 37, 38 (2)). · .
·'
Probibited' · 'Acts or. Act.iyities ·during:. lnnoc~nt · ' Right of Innocent Passage and Right of Transit
Passage: (f:WC3-PAl\!I-PF~D} . '-: . · P~s~age, Distinguished · : ·. ·
1. Thteat or. use offorcei . .. · .
2. · Exercise or practice with Weapon$ of any .kind;
3.· · Act ·alme(! at ~£ol1ecting : information . to· the . ·. ·
prejudice . of the· c!efens~ '<i security of.. the . _
coastal State· · · ... : . . ·. · · : · ·
-,. 4 .. Loi1~ing .. ·a, • .unloadlriq .. qt . ·~ny commodity,
. . . c,1,1rrel')cy·, ·~r~ person ..Qon~rary.. to the customs,
fiscal; ' immigration . or sanitary laws. and. .:
. regl,llaticirj"s of the· coastal State, · .' :.. . ·, · .
·s. Act aimed . a) inte.rfering with.· any,- systems 'of '
£6mml:inicatioi1; . . . : .· · , · .. . .
6: Act of frop~gand~ .airned: · at · affecti!lQ· the· :
.. qefense or· security of the coastal State;
.7; · L~1Jri9hing, l;:i11din£!;. o~ taking on boatsi,.1;~F'any
· . Aircraft; - : ·... .· . ·.· / ·i~ I
:r u· -:-~ .-~~~~
· . ~-~==-=·''''''""., M · ·. · · t b
, )ti~..-~,~:.,.
.. 1 · ...
de ~-~1 ~teraJly
,. .
.
.sµspe~d~_d_,
. .

: 8.. L~~nching, _randing, :Or_ta.kirig ..(W-f:'~~'at<:t

· ·, M1htaryd~v1ce·.

· ·
·

UNCLO.S ~ ··- ·. . : . l',{_;"I.:=

10. · fishi~g actlvltles; . ·:
· ~· .:y#--
· 9. Act ofwii'lful a~d serious follpBon·,~bhlf:i'fyJo,the.,,..,,.

lf ~
·~- !!'
r .
~j~~:
f . _. _ ~
1 -cf .Jr :,,1,. ",
. ·· ~~-IY .>.-.,'.\
_':;=~~~~~f\e
AP..PI~, ~· ~ \. .
· _ ', · ·

-~l~f.it:~~- Jran~it Passage .oo·es NOT ·

lP) . ]:{ ,a. .''fhe ,rr;,eha\,ahigh. s~as route oran FEZ

: · . . ,
.
.· . ·
·
.

-,' :
. . ·
·
·.

1 :i. CJmying. out of Besea.r~t.. or s~?.tey -·~ctivities;

r ;. . . . , .,~·· <~~ .: · !f.ute \\~~~9,u~~\, it,.' '!'-'hich. is · of ,similar
i
· and . · ..' . .. ·. 1, ·r,P ·. · ;?-----:
l1 ..,..Ji...Jf
·111m ---1".0nven'fer:ie-e·
"!i 'f. , .. ~11 · . . .·- ..
,·'
.. 12. ~r'ly <?~her activity·no~ h~jlitig,qi ire,_ct b~aririgtoo~j_i~I ;;--:4_:~,P."· lh.e. l?~~(tl:iS".f?,r?l~d by an island o.f a. i,tate l

. . p~ssage,(UNCLOS! ~itj~ 1.U2) .· · \. b~~~ iorpennp),~=1t~att and its i:n.ainl;rnd; . . ·.

"' . ·. '· . . . · . · · ! "·-:!.,..l, .r.l\ -~. ~.·.,fl,:~~~!"!J~·c.on~'icts p_a.rt.~f-the.high seas:or
Regu1,s1t~~·:_for the Su.sh.ep~ro,.~ .. o}(:J~i~·of~~~,-..n ./~1.t:L.if ~J}:t.~e te_mtom1lsea of. a third
lnnocent.Pa~sage in :rerrit~~ia1 Se~:-(PEWJSJ EJi· ,~','i:>-h ~~~te,· ;1- ·"1 if ' . . ·. · . · -· .
1:_ Sh~.n·.tals~ ~ffect only. a~er· haV-\9' ·b'e~~~ta ,-~~/,· ~ •. rne lj,gal .r.eg!te of.the.s~ratt i.s,governed by
. f.~blish~· . : . , ::· . · \ ... ·-~·· y~~,,.J..,~ "!'- ~ •.l0pg~.~tan91ng·treaty,'_(UNC/;._9S .f)/, Arts..
2. .~uch suspensio[! is.'!;_!>sent-i~lfor...thetQr_c;,t~~E-:~·:n-:\ h }ftl38, .atJ.<j/45).· . - .. : . : · ,. .
. of its security;· · · . .' .,. . , ~ . · t~,{!,;,}.':l):"'· "''""'P"" ·.;:,,. !' · : · . · ·. ·. ·· ·
3 .. · Su.spen$(C?n !s made Without d~e~~~~~~-~.ot~!\
{~- }91.fc.).. ab·ove, the ,;egil)'le of:innocent
... 4. .Susp~ns.1on ·~ only _!err.ipor~.~;a~~·· fJ.r : ··~ . ff J~J:!?~~i-~al,Ia.Pply. .. . . · :... : · · :
5. §pe.~1fy,the: ar~a.s. of 11:S. t.ernton.al se~\61...~\/u·l),.l-~/-··.· . .'. ·:. · · . . ·
· ;. inn:oc::ent passage:: :shall · ·f1C;lf .. f:fe. · allowea.-~~t~s b.orde.rn:rg.~tr-:i1ts· ..~ha.I! not ham.per. tra.ris.it
.. : · (UNCL,OS-1/l. Art .. 2.5(3)). · · • passag~ and shall ..give appropriate pv_blicity:'to.any
· .. ' ·· · · da~ger to ·n~vigation 9r ov~rf]jght'within.or.. over the
~6te;,,:nie. p~~yisi'on:. dqe~ . not J1stinguish .~twe;~n strait "3f "Yhich ltie· sfcit~ hc1;s:~nowte~ge. T~ere ·shall
. rnerc~c:!nt Ships ci~w~.rsJ1ip§(mearilng.. ~verr.WarshipS · · · .be .n~ ~~spe·n.si9n.0J ~ransjt p~~sage· (UNCLOs:
enjp.y th~·. T!Q~t, p.f .1.nnocent-.. pas.sage. through. .the /(~ ArJ, 44). ·. . :· : ··.. · ·' .'' . . . ' . :.' ·. . :
t~rritorial . sea.• ,As :oefiried in·. Article· 29 · of the
-UN¢Los·•. a wars.hip is Jla::ship·' beJongfr1g, Jo the··. Ob.ligations of :·~hips· ~nd. 'Ai.~~raft .in'Tra~slt
armed f~r.ces ofa.·stat-e·, bearing ~e:extenial·rn·ark$ . · .. Passag~ (UN~LOSi.A'rt. 39): ' . · · .
. :. .. . distingl!ishing su.c~ ~hips oHts ri~tionality,·urider·the . · · .' ....· ~. · Proce.ed w1thol!t delay through or. over the strait!
command of an office,:, duly -comfJ:Ji_ssioned by' the ... . 2. R1:;trairi_ from-any·tbreator 1.1se of fo'~c.e agains.t
govemmel}.tof_thE! .. state and .w.nose .'nar:oe appears... tJ,e· s.overeignty; .territorial ·i_ntegrity, ·or po'litical
in t~!!, appropria't~ sefyiqe.. Hst or -its equ.lva1¢nt,'and . . .- ' indep~.nd.~nfe.of,_st~fes bQ·rdering tf:l~ str.a\t,.qr in
manned by a _cr~w whic~ is under tne reg'ulari;:irmed · . any:9ther n:i~nnet in_.vi.olation of the principles of .
. for_c;esdiscipline.''. ; . . . . . . .. international law embodied,.in the 'charter oftbe''
· , · .,. . . . · l)nited Nations; . . . . . . .. . .
Right of T~~nslt' Passage ' . . -... ·3; . Refrain . froi,; ar:iy actjvit.ies' other th~ri those ·
T~~. e~etGise· of· the free~om ~of ·havigation ano - -. ·. incident to. tt:ieir'normai'mode's of continuous and
overflight solely for. thl;l plirpoi;;e of. continuous and . . exp~itious .·tr.a'nsit:unless render~d nec.essary
expeditious trar.isit of t'1e strait'betwe!:)n·o.ne part of. ; ~.by force n:iajeure
. or·by. distress; . •,. . .

--------~~----------- .. , ·----·
 eews.
P·U,BLl(· . INTERNATiONA .L .LAW.
SAN BEDA LAW Cf.NT_RALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS·~ME;MORY"AID2019 . . . . .~.;
'."',~
wl~=i~i;i , .. ·,
BG&iswee &@. .· HE es-,wa a t MSG& tNS\!f#5ffif3{ribSPSWS& e i4H&§t1t!;$:flSMit~LM!~ . ..'

· 4. · Ships · should 'comply With· generally ·accepted
international. ·regulatio()s; procedures,
practices for· safety" at. sea arid ·the prevention,
· reduction; and control of pollution from ships;
s. ' Aircraft must at .all times monitor the radio
frequency
. assigned . . by . the . competent
intemationally
designated air traffic control .
. . . authority or.the appropriate international _distr.E!SS.
. radio frequency; . .
q., Civilian: aircraft must observe the· Rules of- Air
established by, the Jnternational. Civi_l· Aviation
.. Organiza_tion;.state aircraft. must take all safety · .
. . measures and must at all times:operate with due
gq, · .·:,_r~gar,d for the.safety ofrravig;it[on.
200 nautical miles from "the baselines from which the
and breadth of the territo'rial sea is"measured where the
cute~ edge of the continental marin·e does not extend.
up to. that distance (UNCLOS Ill, Art. 76.(,1)). l,Jrilike
the EEZ, it exists fpso facto and ab fnitio'(TANAKA,
· supraat 142). ' ·
Continental Margin
. Tti°e . ''con'tinental . riiargiri compromises. 'the
submerged protonqation of . the landmass· of the ·
· coastal.Stateandconsistsof the seabed and subsoil
of the shelf,-,the stope and the rise. It does not include .
.the deep ocean :tloor'with its.oceanic- ridges or the
s1,.1b~oil thereof (UNCLOS-111'. Ait.J6(3)). · .

l < ·.·.·Exclus"1vE
s.EA". .
· EioN~MI~ZONE/PATRIMONIAL
.·
Rights·ofa Coastal State
. The. coastal 'state . exercises over tfie continental
The Exclusive Economic· Zone· (EE~) · is . ah area · sheltsovereiqn' "rights for.the purpose of exploring it
beyond and. 'adjacent .to "the territorial _sea,. ·not and -exptoltinq its 'natural resources '(UNcios Ill,
extendinq, beyond 200 nautical miles. from· the~/,.., Art. 77, par. (1)). The natural resour.ces referred to
baselihe: of the-territorial 's~.a (UNCLOS I/I, Arts.')35 )r)( · conslst of the mineral and other non-living resources
and- _5.7): The ~oastal State ·must _Cl?im_ Ui~_.zon,e;~1//.),,;,· .of'the s~abed and· !he subsoil together with liv(ng
order to: establish an EEZ (T:ANAKA supra at .127J:,;.,: .; ... J· . organisms belonging to · sedentary species .
• . . ' · • • •· • . . . • . · .
0 1
9!,
{:;\;I.: . .t~-W!J:.CXOS 1Art. 77;-par. (4)j ..
Rights; ·Junsd1ct101i, anc;t Duties. of the ·C9_9'st~f: ""!'~-~~.:;;.'.-'~~';,;;.--,,;,.;, .
StateIn the Exclusive Ecorio_r:n•cZon!4" .· · ~..::.,-'_ -( Exie"~(fed!-¢J~~$tal SJ,elf..
In the E;EZ,; the ~oastal state has: . ·. (),-·~... .l!-:J; J~!'~
·_This .refers <;:o~tm~n!al shelf that goEls beyond
!.t
1, Sovereign nghts for the purpos~:1?.t.E:.xplo~m.9-;~'..,_ the 200 n~~t1cahm1le hmt_t (TANAKA, supra at 125,
, exploitir:ig, conservfng,~nd ma~§l~.Jii~Jti~c3atura! (;;./. 13~, and J:41~.- ·, ..
. .resources, v.:~ether hv1ng_ ,9.!'ption-l,.tYIQ9;.::of.-th~, . tj·L · .f Ir· · ,\. · · .. .
wate~s superJacent .to ihe,.s_~abe,d~·apdof. the s:i ~n\ The co'a~tall{ Stat~- shall ma Ke payments, . and
·.seabed.arid its ·SU.·bsoil; a\q;w.''itf:lq:~g~.°riHo ·ol.Jil.er . ,1,·:,J .contfi~((ti_j5risr_fn;:Ri'n(f·rn're~fpect 'of the 01:(ploitatioh· cif
acti'litie~ for, the eco~om1~~~exp.lqili\(c;,r'i ~-~ .· .~:~ . _the ·nbh!n\rjijg:_:<r~squr<zs of the·. contin~~tal shelf
. · explor<;1tion of the zon_e; sucli~~.11;!t·pr,9,puct1~f:i. _1.;, b~~orid 2QO, n~ut1cal;mrle.s fr_o_m,the ba?elrnes fron:i
. · . ·of ~r:ie_fgr from tb_e wat~r.__curr~AJ_s ~·n_d :o/,lp_c!s;_ . · ~\~\Y.o.tCh th~ breadth_ of the. ter.rrtorral sea rs !l)easurea
2. Jurrs.d1ct1on ·. as -provided. m,- \~e.jf,releva.nt :.}""j,;:(!!)JV.~h.0§.JII, Art. 82(1)). . . · . · ·
provisicms .of u~ctps Ill with ·r~g~ato: L;c.c.tf}" -~~]4-,;,:~!:..A'.;J
· · a:.· . !he. est~bhshm~nt . and · use:,t/oJ · '1CT1f.i.c1al . Hl~H·.~E:A,S _: . . . • . .
. .,islands, mstallations,and :structu!~;,:~..~- · ..The·.hrgh seas ar.e all parts of the sea lhat.are·r:mt
b." · marine s~ientific rE;)s.earcti; · . : ""'f~· _: . within' an, EEZ, the t~rritorial sea·, interJ')al wate,rs·or
· c:: tlie protectioo and·· preserv?ltion of -the ·archipelagic:waters (UN.GLOS Ill, Art. 86). N.o state
t·
. '.· ·marine environment·;and .. ; .
. 3 .. Othenights and duties P,roVic!e.d for in UNCLOS
·. may subject _any.. P..€1rt of th~ ·high· seas·. to· its
sovereignty ·((.JNCLo·s Ill, Art. 89). · All states,
(. . : Iii (UNCLOS /If, Art.-56,.par. (1)), .· . · - . . . . _.including l~rtd~loc°ked stat~s. enjqy·the frE3etjoms of
,,, .· · . · · th_e· high ·seas. Tt:iey are not absolute bur must be
t;-,::;_: Not~: P.O. No, 15Q9 (J.tine 11, 1.978fest;,i_blished.the · exercised with due regard for .the interests ·of other
\ .. . ·t=.EZ:of the. Philippines.. ·· · · ·· states Jn: their exercise · ·cit- th..e same ·freedoms·
··i . (UNCLOS ///; Art: 87)-. . . ; . . .
,!- , .. T.he ·sovereign rights ir:i · the EEZ .,ar.e esser'}tially
( .. exclt.isiv.e .in 'me sense that- hQ' onE3 may undertake . Freedoms. of th~ .High S:e.as: (NQ$-.aRAF) ·.
t,;. th~se.actlvlties <;>r make·a:claim.to·the EEZ,. Without .-1~ Navigation;··.. .. . . · ·.
t ·. the express consent of the coastal:State (TANAKA, 2. ·. Q.vertlight (civilian an_d military· air.craft);
3. Lay §ubriiarine·catiles aad,pipelihe.s; ·
t·{.: · supra ..... at 127). · · ·
:4 .. Scientlfic Research; .
::'.· · .co"iiiTINErilTAi.. SHELF .. · · . . . . . s.; 'construct~ . Artificial Islands. and . · othe"r
'.Y . The".continental shelf .of"a cqastal $tate ~omprises installations permitted under lnternation~I: Law; .
{' :. . the ,seabed and subsoil <;>f_the sutimarine areas_ t~at . and ..
<: . :-·-· extend. beyond. its territorial sea throughout the 6. .Ei~hing. (U_NCLD_S Ill, Art 87) ..
h .. ·natural prolongation of its land territory to the o,uter .
l· edge _of the continental margin;· or to a distanc;El of
·'
,,'
,;·
"'!',',

't~ •

r 20~9 SAN BEDA CE;NTRALIZED BAR OPERA TibNS_ I . 395

 . \
· 'Mare Liberum Principle . . · Righ(of Hot Pursuit.. :
's.eafa incapable of occupation. Therefore, it musrbe Allow~;the COIT\petent ·autho.rities of the coastal State
free for 'everyone but· should belong- to 'none, ·The _ to pursue a feireign ship in. the high ·saas ~hen they
reasons why the"sea could not be occupied .are, to havE! good reas·on to .believe that !he ship has
wit: ... · · violated · th~ laws and regulations of that· St13t~
1. Its resources are irrexhaustible: . .'_(UNCLOS Ill, Art. 111(1)) ..
2: ,Physical occupation is impossible:
·3,. Demarcation bf boundaries. is. ir,npo55:,ible;, and . .Req~isites;'.(C,UTE,) . . .
4. · The .. oce~n · i_s .. so · immense that. conflicting 1. The pursuit must be Cornmenced . when. the
. resource use is impossible· (SARMIENTO, supra. foreign shlp- or 'one of~ts boats is within . the.
at 381...,388). . ·' · · .: . . internal waters.' the archipelaglc waters, tne
•...'· . territorial :sea' . or .. the contiguous .zone of. the .
. Duties of all States.relati~e to the High.Sea's;·.. pursuinq State;' ·. . . : .
. . ·1: . Duty to render assistance; ... ·. . . .' . '. .· . 2. The pursuit may only be continued outside .. the
.2: -Prohibltlon-ot the transport ofelaves; . territorial sea or the contiguous zone 'if_·the·
3. Duty'to cooperate-in the repression of piracy; 'pursuit was Y,ninterrupted; <
4. Duty tocooperate .in the suppression of-illicit . . 3.' ·The ·right·,ceases as -soon as the ship pursued
traffic in:. narcotic drugs· or' .psychotropic . : -enters.the.Territorlal sea of its own State orota
:, .substences; and . · · · . .' ··. . : . . · . . .' ~=·""'~=.... ._ third ~tate.; and · . . . . .
5.. Duty _to co.operate .in the ·,supp~e~~iefi"' of -.r -J· i\.: '::rhe...Qght may_be §xerc1sed only by-warships or
·unaµ~horized ~rpadc;asting from ~2~1iigh?:stas L . j\) r:F}JlitarJ,>,~cr~(to~ other. ship~ or aircraft clrarly
(lei -et 38~389). · .· . fi,f"-<(~) .r:-~--~,,,~-r.Qar~~d.,.an~dentlfiableas .b.emg on gove~nmenr ·.
- -. ·: · _ ·. . · '': · . · . . . · //. . y /'.C'"': .: . ·· · -~e~ce·~q~~tt:iorizeclto that effect (UNCLOS
.Junsd~c~1~rn . ovei: _Colhs!on · 9.a_!es(~1tf2_.J;I-19h-=£--.,"fl&4·~~;f,\ .. (\ . ,·_ · . ·. · . .
Seas .. ~. · ,f~ ~(!' I "")) it' "'S'f"' · \ ~ ,-.:>:t'..~ ~ . , . :. '
In the event of a collis(on· or_4any:'o.tver:.'iheident it .#fi~.' .rn:..the c~se 6\1he.·Sl I'm 'Alo.ne (29 AJIL 326; p,
navigation co_ncern\ng a. s~Tp on jlle hi~h seas;, ,·. ·. 1_295), ·<\jlthouQ.~f. (~ 1,pursuit- was· found· 19 be
involving th.~ penal or ~isci,P,.ltf}~i;, -'r~spo~fl~iff:.6'r4· . r:~~:ria~, -the]in1~LW~ the pursued ~ess?I was \Pf
the master or pf any other P,ersor;i ifn- the. se011~!9f·'r'. t.z,mi;1M tel be · mBt · Justified by . anything m' the ·
.the ship.,'):,enal and .administj-ati:f-~ij~risd,ictiJ.(lis·n&v~,,c,.,Jti:nvenpg.Q:nor9,y,-ai:iy,·P,,r_incipleof .lntematioriaM:aw

1,
limited to: .
The fla9 ~tate of th'"\""~
responsible· and
Olle~ ~ oe51,
. . : · . · -· . ~ <.~ ~: ..Qh···. · . ~.?(BE~!J,f.§/2.'§·upr:~al 131y.

·iv .....- ..~ ·,. :(~~-. -~ ~ itl;l~A'REA .

if' / £)1 jf"":<'"!p .
·j· · , .f
"· ·.
.
·
· ·
. . ·· '
·· · . ·
.·
2. 'The S!ate' ·o(, 'nationaH~r "?f.\\~e.. ·. ~ij::'ri' edB;':~.· .~~~.@~Ar.i "~?IS.c~o~ent~dest:_rit;>e'thesea·~q.~d
. (UNCLOSll!,Art.Q7J; :·\\ ·, '\._ : .. '-....·. ~,J,;,~ai:i'~~eanfl65>rand,ifssubsoll,tl'iat.1sno!'Parto.fthe
_· · · · - ·.· :. '\ · · ,. ·S('JEt"#<fqi;iJJ,Pe.ntil'f.stielf otfany state. In s1mpJe·'terms, the
Right of Visit ·. . · · . · j~_.: ... ~ ,;._j~~..)s-1h~)$e.Plseabed.It is important because
. . Right of· a. W?rship to board· a tcm~Jg~....~~;fl;Jaf<it,~-="'~rtsicg'lt'{!J.1.9,,strY.· iA· t~e Paclfi9 and· 1ndic1n Oceans}
enp~mn.t~rs· on . the high seas' ~t~er: t~ fia/.l.hip 1i· Iii' ~t~~ft;i~inerc1I nodules (lumps), r:nang!'mese in
entiUed_.to·.. co.mj:>Jet~ immunity;...,(i.e,,, cit~er""S.~~ .. I:Vl.fo~.qt.S:~~!heAre.a and _its resourc~s _are declared
wa~hips or ships l.!Sed· only on"go,;,emment non-;.~·;."D}TtheUNCL.O~ Ill to .be .the ~co_mmo·n heri.tage· of ·
.commercial. service);:. when there·, is rec!'SOnable . m.irikind". TheY. ;are ·th~refore ·ni;>t-:subj~);t· tq :any
ground for:Suspe~ti,:19:~hat:.··· · .·, ·. · ·.. _. .. · ·. ~ · ... .·. c!a~r:n.s- to, or· eX~rcise of,.. so,ver~iQnty ~r, s~ve·reign · ·
1. ·,:he sl'.lip·is·erjgag~cl in piracy; .. : · ·,. · . rights, although that does n9t·a.ffect the sfatus ofthe ·.
in
. 2 .. The·~.hip fs eng'aged the slave trade; , ., . i , . waters·(or Jhe airspace above t~em) th~t.lle over the
: · 3.' The · ··ship· .. i~ engaged - 'iii ···un~l!thqrized : ·. Area: .All .rights in·its''inii:,eral resource.s (including pil
:·' br.oai:lcasiing ;3nd 'the flag State ·of the wars.hip ':and gas) ,;1re· vested in mankind. a~· a whole,· ori
· has jurlss:liction under Article '10~; . . \'fhOse behalf thEf lnterh~f(onal S'eabed Authority
4. ~The.Ship is. w~thout.natiOriaHty·~ or. _ ·~ ·..
1••
· acts·. .-· ..;rne.. J;\uthor.ity·: ·organiZ~~ and·. ·c6fltrol~ . ,he.
· 5.. Tliou~rh .~y1n·9'.~Joreign·!lag~or r~fusi!lg.)o ~how . exploitaiiori ?f: th_e·.··.n:iiner.al· res9urces in the. Ar.ea ··
its flagi ··the ·::,hip,' Is;. in T(!}~lity, · of the· s-ame · .- '(AUST,_ supra·a( 311),:
natiorialiti( as the warship ··(UNCLOS. II/.;. Art,.· : · · : · · · · · ·
110(1))..... -: . . : . :· . ·. ·\ .. ,.,~· - · ·. ·. ...~~.:~t:;.ion~I.. Tri~!,inai···.f~r tlJ~ ·Law·: of)~e ~~a·
.. · If' :the ', stJspicions. -pro~e ·'· to' b~ unfounded: and . The lnt~rnational Trlbu'na,I.for the .Law 'of.. t!'le Sea·
·provided.that.the ship.boarded has··ndt.comrnitted ·'(ITLO~)'was crealed by the. UNCLOS. ~( .. has 21
. ·any. ac.t justifying them! 'it .shall bc(,compensated for . . judges.. elected by the member states with a,~ystem ·.·
· · : any loss or damage that may· have oeen sustained · in place to :eAsure· ·an equitable geographic batanc,e.
· ·.: (UNCLPS (//, Art. f1'0(3)). . '·- . ·, .,, : . · (EPPS;
. .... . . . . supra
. at. 1,25-1-2.6).
. . . . . ·.
· :. ·.

:'',

'396,_I 2019· 6:AN.. BEDA CENtRALiZED BAR OPERATIONS · .. \

 pu·B.L1c: l·N'TE.R·NATl'ONAL LAW.
.
.r.
SAN 8£DA LAW <;ENTRI\UZW BAR OPERATIONS - ME"'!ORY /\ID 2019

~} Persom(Who HaveAccess tothe.Tribunalt . and .accordingly shall · have no exclusive

i· ·.. 1. · StatesPartiesto the UNCLOS Ill; and . . economic ·zone or continental shelf (PCA Award,
t 2. Entitles other thanStates Parties, in any case: Section Vl(G)(5)(f)(644),'p. 259)'.
~. · a. .Expressly · provided for. in Part XI of the . .
. UNCLOS 111; or . . . · 3. The high-tide features at Gaver:i ·.Reef (North)
b. S,ub.mitted · . pursuant to. - any agreement and McKennan . Reef are . rocks that cannot
conterrinq [urlsdlction .onthe, Tribunal which sustain human ·habitation .or economic- 'lite of'
. is. accepted by all · parties to . that, case their · own · ·and ·accordingly · shall have. no
· (UN~LO~ Ill, "ANNE_XV.f,Art. 20). exclusive economic zone or continental shelf .
(PCA. l(l.ward,
. S~ction'Vl(C)(§)(f)(645),.
.·
o. 259). '
:'
Jurisdlctl(in
The jurjsdicti'Ol)·Of.the tribunal comprlses all disputes 4. · · Misctil~.f Reef: and Second Thomas Shoal are
arid.aoplications' submit~ed· to it in accordance With. . both low-tide ". elevations: that g'erierate . no
. th~.UNCLOS and· alt matters specifically providedfor marltime.zones of -their own [and]. that none .i:)f
. in.:al"!Y, other.apreernent which 'confersjurisdiction on the high-tide features in· the Spratiy' Islands are
the Tribunal (VNBLOS
.. •.
Ill, Annei VI,
... Art. ·21).. . 'capable of $ustainlng human habitation or an
economic life of their.own within the meaning of.
·Nati9h~lity of_V~ssels, ', . those. terms in Article 121(3') ofthe Convention.
Ships have the· natlonallty of -the : State. whose flag All of the hi!;jfi.,;tide .fea.tLires in tli~,'Sprally Islands
they ·'.3re entitled tp-.tir:}loV:-'ElVer, there must. exist _a- ,,-;:-1~, are therefore legally rocks for purposes of Article
9.enume ljnk · between ·lhe · ~ta\e -and the . S~JP.)/ ( 121 (3) and QO not generate· entitlements to an·
{UNC[,.OS,· Art, . 91):· a.therw1se, the. flag . q(~.!~?'.'... , . \.·,· · · exclusive ··econon'lic· zone -or continental' sheff.
': becomes: but· a mere "flag . of convenlence .. i., . :,\ · ; There is,' accordingly, no possible-entitlement by
· (SU~REZ, supra ?t 1303). Moreover,.a St.ate.~~~ r ~ ''L---=---....China lo:-any··maritime zone in the area of either
no.t confer. ltsnatlonality upon 9 ship triat is _alrfa.ctt·,.'/(.:-.-~~.:.::)~jl?ct:iif.C,e7f'or Second TIJoin~s Shoal· (PCA
~:, fl)'ing,the fl~g· ~fano.ther-·S~ate·.(UNCLO~-{_'!r::frt. 92): Y ti· Award;·-~~pt1on_vl(C)(5),(f)(646~,~-. 259). . . . ..
. . . . .· . . .,,.- ,. . A~. (1 (ftW· · .
t Gen'u.ine Link · . . ·: · ·. \\,/1' · . ;:: .:. .:!.\. 5. B~th. ~s§h1~f~~ef and. Sec'oni:l ThoCT1as.Shqal.
f .. ,Ther-: is·a. genuine _link ~etw~en c;t_}b!P(~.<:li~~$~a.te J ·. arl:: _ 1g.~Wd'\';Y.ithin..200 ..i:iaulical. ·m,les. 9f. the
\ ~.when th~ own~r.(s) 1~/are·nati,or:iaJi;.-of the.1J>tate~ th~ · j Ph1h~pmei5" c~ast on th.e island of PaJawao.and ·
f:. office~s·~r~ ni:i.ti~nals pf the-?ta§-. t~e=~~m.~ers o~· . ,··1 a~;J?..~,8t~J~'l\lri.area.. lhat is not overfappE:~ by' i

1;
'\ · . . .c.r~w... are'.{he nati,onals .of the ~!afef'<?~.l!Jf·~htP.'W~~.
t. ·
i}
~
built.in ·th.eSt.at.e'(SUAREZ,:sup}~~t
.. , .. · : . · . .
1:P-9i>?~, f"'..,).
,;t~--:,,s
;;!
\i·:1
·'1:. · . ·)·'/
. tn.~;,e!1J.lJ!~P:i.,ef1.~::'ge~~rated. by. any.. ·m9ri11me .
featt1f.e;,;~IJ)ed·by China.; (t fC?llows,there~?re'. .
t):1at; as between· the Ph1hpp1.nes and Chma,
Status..of,Fea~ures of.Rocks/lsl~nqs in'(h:~~Souf~·. J'.~-;-71Mischi~f Reef a·nd'Secqncl. Thom~s $~6alform
l
I
I,·
f China ·~ea CTh,e_'B?uth.Cbin~ Sea .'Ar~!!wJJ.on (Th~_>.:;:.' ,.;:;;:;pc1~:,;9~ .the .exclusi~e· ~?p~omic ·zone : and
Repub/Jc· of. P.h!/1pp1rres v. The Peqp14~;Repuq/16,pf.:..:.,L,,..--:-=~-~r:itlR_ental !?h~lf of the Ph1hppme~ (PCA. Award,
: .China, PCA Case No/,013~.19).'· .. '\h,jt./.; . ·, ·. .
~ection V~(C)J.5).(~.(647),_p-_!5.9).': . ·

1 .. ·. Scar:boroug'.~.SJ19~l<::ontairi~: ~ithin t~e-i~ning "N.in~-Dash ·. Lin~" ·and. 'China's claim· . In 'the.

of Article '121(1) of. 11:le '.Convention,· na.ttirally
'formed areas of land,: surrounded by wa.ter,
which ·ar~· above water"at.:higt, .. ~ide. ,However,.
ulider·Artjcle 121(3)..of the.Coiwe.rition, ttie-hign-
tide feature;; at Sc.arborol.lgh ·Shoal are rocks
..t,- : that cannot, ~ustain . human .. hab.itation. or
:r·· .. · ~e:oriomic 1ife~of 1beir own ancfciccordingly shall
f ..•.
l ... tla'{e.no·e~closive· e<;:onomi~. zonJ or continental
sl)elf .(PCA Award,· Sectipn Vl(C)(5)(f) (.643), p.
.259) .. · ... · .· ..
.{ . }~hn~on Re~f:.c~arte;~n.'Ree.f;, ·c;1·~d:Fie;y Cr.ass ..
.. Reef .contain,. within th.e · meanirig of Arti.cls·
. ·.. 12.1(1:) of tt:,e· c;onvention, naturany fprmed.~reas
. of land, surr.oul')ded by water; .which are above
.. water at .high tide. Ho',t,'ever;, fc:ir ·purposes . bf
Article t21{3)·of the Convention, the:high-tide
feat\Jres at.John.sorj . .Ree(, Cuarteron Reef, and ·
Fi~ry Cross· R~ef a·re rocks thai eanriot sustain
h.uman'habitation or ec'onomic·life of their own
m~ritime are~s· of tti'eSo.ufh China Sea. . . . . .
Tfie l)NCt.OS ·convention defines the sco·pe of .
·maritime.entitlements i·~ the South Ch.in·a Sea·; which
may. 'r:iot ext~nd beY.Or.Jd 'the limits frnp'osed-therein
. (PCA Award;··sectiori Y(F)(q/(2.7.7);.p. 116). Ol}iha'.s ·
claims.to hist<:>ric ·rigtits, or9ther sovereign-rights.'or.:
1urisdidioi1, with.resp~ct to. the maritime areas.of the .
South China S~a. enqompas§ied by the :reteyant p°art _
of the ·'nine~~ash .. ,iliie' .are. e.ontrary to· 'tiie··
-~ .. C~veri!Jon .and without.'lawfi,.11'.Eiffect·to· ttie' ex:t~nl
· 'that they .exceed the· ·geographie· and-·subs'tantive
. · limits. of China's. ma'ritlm~ entit!ements·;ur:ider the:
.Convention·. The · ~of'.)vention · superseded any
histqric rights Qr oth~r'soveteign, rights• or jurlsdjctior.r
In excess of'the. llmlt:=i-lmposed therein' '(PCAAward, ,
Seq(ion.V(F)(d) (278), p: _1,17)'. · · ·

2019 SAN BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

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. SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZED.BAR OPERATIONS - MEMQRYAID :Zo19
LAW. -, . .
S@IRkt·#IFd %¥ .. - . 5 . . A·d&. ~ :ist·@A #MPiS-iiftaM!i:MM£Wtt:lt4'¥f='9

4. EFTA Court of Justice; and .

iNTERNATIONAL ~OOES OF. 5. European Court · of ·Human Rights
. . .. . )
· .' (SARMIENTO,'supra at 205 to 218).
SETTt.INO O'ISPUTES 6.~ International Criminal Court (Rome·Statute)

Two Limitatio~s·on th~·Ju~isdi~tioi:, of.lCJ:

Disp'ute ... · · . · . · 1: · Only States may be.parties in contentious
It· is a . disagreement on . point· of law or fact, or a · cases before·the Court (JCJ Statute, Art 34); ·
conflict of le.gal view·s.. or· of interest/s between two · - . 2. The consentot.the States is needed-tor-the ·
'· in.ternational pers·ons. ·(Mavromma1is Palestine· ·· ·court to acquire Jurisdiction (l9J·statute;'Art.36)
Con·cfissio~s(Greee_'e v. U.K.), 1924 P:'C.1.J. (ser. B) ·
No. 3 (Aug 30)), . . The cfo~rt ca.nnot decide- ~uch. a dispul~ without the
· .consent of Albania·. But It.Is not contended by any
Parties to- any· dispute · shall first seek a. solution. . - Pa~y th~t ,Alt>an~has giv~n:~er ~pnsent'in t~is ~se
t!'lrough pacific or 'arrucable methods (UN_ Chetter, .· either: expressly· or by lmRIJcation. To adjudicate
. Art:-33): · · · · . upon · th'e . internatit>f\al · responsibility. of Albania
. . . . . without- her. consent 'would run counter to c! well-
.. Classes. cif lnternatlonal Disputes: . established principle of 'international law· embodied
1. Legal;-. if it .involves' justiciable righ_ts based on.:_ _ .Jo the Court's Statute.- narnely, that the Court can
· lawand fact; an~ . . ·... . . . ,_or.:.:P"~-,,:,u=--®1¥,'°~-ex,~~cise [urisdlctlon over a . State with its
2. Political:- if .~t. c_an~ot_- ?e ~ec!~.§l.if,,:·~¥: an l · . l;}..!1~eJ11 (p,;t~e of :Mone'fary Go/~ Removed· from
international arb1~r~I or J~J:)1c1al ln!:>!:l~l~t4,.ns~~JJ:le.~,.,.---:-- ..::!~6in_~~in h1!Y~ff:'reliminaiyQuestion),_Judqment of
rul~s o~ international._. law; ;~~m~p_1~ 4.als6' Jiihff<-tq;,,'1'.9641,ftJRf;potts 19541 p. 32).
. (COQUJ~ supra 55.6).
·
at ,~.,. ,::r
satisfaction of certain ·.,.sp~9a> ?fffer.e~J§.,_,.-'h-..="'=~

.'! ·"'""'l..J f_ l1
!{(.,s,"" m, ry} ·t:J.eg·oti!'
~~..f")
tio
.. , ':\-.
\~:i)'\ · . -. .
ft' .a~ . .1:Vbe '·di cus "bp uAdertaken 'by . the · parties
.
. . · ·. . . ·
. .

P.e,iceful/Am;cable . MetlJi!ds · Jo•

Disputes:·(MJN- T~ACE) ii J>:,~ tl ·. . . . - .. _ _.,{ . aun1e~1airn_s
(~~~Jinl, .AtJ-'.'":. th~msel es . b'i( f~ii~ respective cl,aims and
'¥!~.,j'\~w to their just and orderly
1 ... M~~i~tion; _ _ · ff f<~ if · a- ~~1 ,·, r-~~ifstml"'nts (C<J},Cl0f4i iupra at 559).
. 2. · J~d1c1al Settleme_nt; M .d, /! . · \ 'frL ~~-· · . . · · ~ ~""'l [ - ·
3. . N~gotiation; · · . -:t <~ r\ \\ . . ~~~.birties}~iwuti·over'c,ontinental·shelves are. ~nder
4. Ier.ider of Go~d offipes;\\ .. _ -~'-A .· ~~ ~-~ 1. . ~noBJ,rg·l9~J.{.to#.rflt~in1~b-negotjationswith a·v1ew to
5. B~sort to Regional Orga~1~2,t1!Jn~, . '~. · . ,g;i ]"' irfiy,lf.'.J.9.Qir-an.fa·gre~ent; and ~ot. merely. to go
6 .. ~r~itr.~ti~n;· · .. · · '\ · . \· · -~ . ~\a _"""(lf!!)'r.9![~i forri.'i'al proc ss of negot!at1on_a~. a. sort_ of .
· · 7. · ~onc1hat1on; an~ 't . ~ · ~-
· 1 · 1>rto1"s,6naiW5'r1.:. the' are u.nder an obh_~a!ron·so.to
8. !;nquiry (UN.Cha(ler. A,:.t. 39tf.1)).. ~· . . Sc1 -;:-~r'i.s.Oct:;ttli~mselVF,Sthat . the' -~~got1~.t1ons 'are
. · · . · . . · -~~ · · ~ ..., -~~.1:rrie'im.ingfu~~~hi~will.not.beth~ case w~e_n either,
Mediat_ion ·. . .· . . . . . ~~~ ..{ ()_;_~~~,,-.,.-"'.;-Elf~"'t~a_ti\j~~f~upon its own :position without
· It is a process of settlement o( a d1sput~-F.l~i-~a~en- "£\ If je~t~g{f:)l~Jj(l"g·any ._mqdification of it (North Sea.
by -a third State, a gro~p of. States-, an maiwg.1;1a1C an lV r...l'ct6htioenfal Shelf;·Judg{Jlent"./CJ Reports 1969, par. · .
.agency, . or. an. internati~ral: orgi:lnization:""'~he,~Sf{a)J:·.: · · · · .·
m~diator usually· offers (?Oncrete pr9po.sals for· . . ·. . . · : ... -:
settlemeht of. s.ub~tan.tive.tjuel?tions. !,h.e,offer for .. · . Tender. of Good Offices · · .
so]utlon.is no·: more.than .<!n ·advice, ~11~ under ·no . ·. a
Where third party,-'eittier alone or i~ collaboratibn
con_dlti,oo ?hall it oe .con~idered _i:IS b1n~111g on ,he. · : ·. · with _others;. -0ffer· to ·help· .in' the :settlem~nt pf a ·
·pa·rtfes (COQU!A, . .supra ?t 560).· . · · ·, · displ!te'.-_When·. the·'. qffer ff accepted~)hete is ·
. """--- · · · · ··. supposl3d to_ . b~ · an ~xe~pise · of ·go?d ' ?ffices .
Judicici.1· Settieinent · .·. · · . . . · . . · (COQUIA, suj::miat 561.):··.
sim'ilar to. ttie frature of-proce~dings·im_d·the bfncJi11g.
charaqter o(an arbilratiol") proceeding, tl1e _d_ispotes
Ar:bi.tratjon. . .. . . . .. . .
. . submittedi'for . adjudic.ation . are · legal,_ . rather ~tian The sci!utlori of..:a dispute.by _an·imp_artial third party.
poli!ica_t' (Id. 1;iJ 565) .. ·_-' · ·. · · . · · ·
. _ us.ually_a friblina·I created .by th.e pa~ie~,the~selves
. under .a ·charter: known· as-. a·. compr-om,s.· The ·
($ee ~is;ussion.. on· the·. (ntelnational. Court· of
ptcic'eedings ~re esse_ntiallyjudidal·and ttJe:aw_ardis, .
Justice.) ·:- . . · . . · _. ·_ .. ·-· · · .... · t:iy.j:>revious agreement, binding,'oil the_parties to·the .
dispute (Id. at 562).: ·. . . . . . .
Examples-of lnternati9nal Courts: · 1: . ·
1. -lnternat[onal Court of Jl!stice (See discus_sion·on
/CJ); _·.. . . . . . : .
·· 2 .. Court of Justice of.the·European Com·mun_ities;
3. B.enelux. Court'of J.ustice; ·

398 · I .2019 SAN .SEDA <:;ENTRALIZED BAR OP~RATIOf:\1$

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PU·BLIC·.INTERNAT.IONAL,LAW
-·
Cor:i.clllation
!MY

. .
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SAN BEDALAW cENrRALIZEOBAR OPERATIONS- MEiiioRYi,10 2019

Tl)e process of conciliation. inv9lv.es .'a .. third-party

investigation of the. basis of the disputi qnd ·the-
Mil . faiW!NiiiPMN MP S Msw;s1w . ti-i+w Mh&Pdif
·

to the Security Council, 'but may be taken· over

by the. General Assembly under conditions (Id.).

submission of a report embo·eJying .suggeslion·s for a · ·· s.t~ps in Settling Disputes under the Jurisdiction
· settlement: As such, it involves elements of both. . . of ~e·curity Council: ·· . .. . . ..
·inquiry ~nd mediatlo_n,. and in fact ·the process of . 1'. SecurityCouncilsha]! call on ttie parties.to settle
c<inc!liation· em.erged from treaties providing. for disputes by.. peaceful means:
perman~nt inquirycbmmissipns. Conciliation reports · 2. If they .are unable to settle their differences, the
are only proposals and · a~ such do. not· cpnstifote Security 'Council may recommend appropriate
binding decisions; Conciliation commissions have measures · co.ns1dering amicable measures
·similar functions -of investrgatinQ .th¢' dispute and . already adopted ·by the parties; ; .
. suggestin~· ternis;of ~ po.s_sibl.e-s~itlernent :(SHAW; .. 3. ·!.f · the. former fails; the Security Council may
supi:a at 1.02~). · · · recommend such 'actual terms· of settlernent,
a
this ls'inthe nature of. compulsory settlement;
E.ilqlliry ·· . .. . . . . and . . . . . '· . . ·
ltts the ascertainment o~pertinent facts and issues · . . . 4. When the terms are· still rejected b,Yth~ parties,
in a dispute. However, .the .find°ingl?. 'or the party the· Security Council· ls empowered to-take:
. · making ttie enqulry are -·no~,. conclusive : upon the <;1, Preventive action - does .not lnvolve ·the use
· disputinqstates but they nevertheless may exert· a . of. armed force; e.q., complete or· partial.
stron_g".·moral influen_cf·in the settlement pf t~e..:.-,;/~) . . . . . interruption of economic tel.ation~; and . .
conflict (COQUIA, supr? at 5.62)- . · · : · · . . _ft ,A?J( b. Enforcernent · action - ac.tip.n by 'air; .sea or
· '· · · ·· · · ·' (' · ····f ' · r land forces such- as _ demonstrations and
-t.tost'ile Meth~ds ~i Settlllig Disputes: (S~R) :','./::;t:~·)1,1· . blo~k~de.~ (lq. a.t 701).
1. ·Severance of dlplornatic.retatlorrs: · \J 1 · _.,::.,,·!,',:·--. . ~
~t;_f;
· 2. · ..fl~torsion--:- '.-etaliation where. acts cornpl~Qfd if.){2..._.. ,. _...~~;_--""!' ; ""~~-!"'0-:·!~~1_.
--~----------- _. ..
. · do not.c~.n~tlt\jte a.s 3 leg.al·wou_n.dofp~'ASe ~ut<.:.f f'.1 · --:-->2'....--,z\ . _ . - .. · .
. are ratber in the nature. of u:nfne?.~fy,·acJsdonet\7_::1 · · · IN1'E{l~.NATlQ.N:AL HUMAN .. ·
in pursuance ot: a legiU'!'afo · state..\jpt'~rest bjt:-"'lt - . '. ;! f 1 ·ii>·
y · , L ·· · · ·
in.d\(ecUy hurtfulto .other states;:.,~d.:. f;.t-;:_~ .·I•) . . · {. ·rt ~ GflTS .. AW- ..
3.· Bep~is~I;- unl.a~ul acts t.~~:il"oy.ohrstate·ip. .- ~~J . . . //. . u ~ . _ - .. .· .. -
retaliation for·reqrprocal u,;i!aw,tul aotS-<;>f ano.the~.· /.,A· · fl. · ,-fl · t· . . · · .. . .
state (NACHURA supra at,•/:OfJpi?h,;•, · ~, ;~.,J -H~rn.~~:,!'-!~,l)~~.-l~.">'•Jr.~pscends.state.bour:idanes by .
.. '· . .. ~ ., -:;:.) 'I . c--~f).' \A seek1_n91. ~l?i;O"~fln~~and uphold. those ngh!s held
Forms of Repris~ls: · .. · . -~~Ft:. )) . . kr ur:ii".ersa11y:oy.e~ery perso11 ~egc1rd.less of ~at(o~ality.
;
J .•
.
a. Freezing·tne assets of.!he~'r;iationais. of tne _. t::c l~.dea_ls.w1th th.e way:a St?tl: acts to.~ards md1~1.?uals.
c;>ther ·state· -:· . . . . . ''..e~ '_.;. ) . . .
..r ~~7~.f:'i~1.".'gro_up5., ·clnd.: 1n . P?r11Cl!Lar, '1t~ 'own ~tizeris
. b.: Embargo-·.-.· :the forcjble. <d~(~~ti~p;~-;_-:{.'::,~~t:(BP.f?§l&P,.(E!,at 182)_- . . : .' _· •
sequestration· of ·the vessel.~and(..,b.Iher.· ···Perspectives ~n Human Rights: · .
property of thE3 9ff~Jiclingstate:. :;:.,,'l'ij:,t1S·. ,· 1. Nat.-u.iaJ..J11stice- - -peop·_le are ;porn wiih certain
c. : Pacific blockade..... ttie intervention•of entry· "'
·. to·or exit·from the,iiorts·;ofthe offending state- in~Jie.nf!ble rights ~hat c,innot- qe. taken awa·y by
of . · means.: .: of :: commuhf~atiol"! - anq . the. State because they ·.are. tie_d: to ·011'e's.
p:ersonhood; . · .. ·. ' . . : ....
transportatioo; · -=:··. , .. . . . ·t·· L · f P. -r · · h · .. ht d b
· d. 'Non~intercourse .-: ·_suspension· . of all · · · · ega · .os,_ ,v,sm,- . ~man. ng s ar.e ma. e Y
inter.cours·e. with' the:; qffendlhg .. state, humans as a reflection of social ·noims that are .
'partlq_ularl.Y in . matte'rs . of frade. anti :thet1 codlfie~·and ,advanced b·y the State;·
. . . corrirnerce; 'and.· . ··. · _ · . . 3.. .Universalism - ,humqo .. rJghts reflect all ~he
, vaii¢us cultllres oMhe world; aod . .
e. ·. Boycott· i · ,;--T. cl ot~certed "th:sutshpensffion -d- of 4. .Cultl.\tal relativism· - human rights is a .product -
': commerc a .. r,e a ions. :..WI - e O en mg . on._he.qu!tural v'a!Uas lield ·by s.ome grou_j:)s- Of -
·state.;''Nltt:i par.tic.ular re.ferimc13 to'·a refusalfo.- ·
- · od. ( d) · ·p~~pl_e t<> the exclusion of ott,ers·(Jd.. at 179) .
. hase go . s I . ,·· . , ·
. P\J.fC ..
Role. of· .the: .U-~ited Nations ·i~ case .. of lnte~atic;ma1':sJ11 ot~ights: . ,
. Repr1s·a1s· . . · . . · ·· · . · 1.· . Universal D~claratiofrpf Humah Rights (UDHR);
.2, : lrit~rriati~nai ··coyenant. on:_.Civil .ar:i.d .Political'
.. In t~e event t_hat riorte~.of. t~e m~thods:'succe~d
Rights (ICCPR); and .
in settling the dispute, OF even if. they are not
emplpy.eqi: .the·.. org.anization· J')'lay be asked or 3. International Coveo·ant' on. Ecoriomic,. Social.-
and: Cultu_ral Rights (IC.ESCR).·
may decide. oh its own ·authority to -ta~~ a hand
. in .the settlernent, it beil')g. ·,principally- ~ddressed .

2019 SAN BEDA CENT-RALIZED BAR OPERATIONS I 399

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. · SAN BEDALAW CEN'TRAUZED.BAR OPERAT/QNS ', MEMORY AID 2019 · • . : ,
'\lit it ,e: .. 29 f . eaE il_R.YiMAE&MPilk-

. lnternati~nal l:f urnan Rights Law and All human beings are born free 'and equal in dignity·
. InternatlonafHumanltarlan
. Law, Distinguished
. and rights.. · They are endowed 'with reason ·and
conscience and should acttowardsone another in a
splrit:ofbrotheirhood (UQHR, Art. 1).· . ·
Everyone is.entltled to -all the rights andfreedoms
set forth in the Declaration, without distinction of any
kin~i; 'Such .as race, color, sex, language;. religion,
polltlcal or ·other oplnion; national or .soclat oriqin,
·:· · ptcperty, birth or.other status (l,JDHR, Att. ·2). -. ·.
. .. •; . . ., . . .. ... ·. :.

:: ..
400 .I· 2019 S~N BEDA ~ENTRALIZED BAR.OP.ERATIONS
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PUB·Lt°C fNTERNATIONA·L LAW

SAN BE~A LAVI CE_NTR'AUZED Bi4R OPERATION/; - MEMORY AIP.'2019 . . .
t+tiiMM &491&5NCWR"'7EM SffiMM}tCNAIHI&~ ··

c. · Rest and leisure; Non-Dero_gable Rights under IGCPR:

d: . ·§tandard of living adequate for the health . Rights which are not subject.' to limitation or
and well~being qf himself and of his family; suspension even in emergency situations (Art. 4(2)):.
e. Education; and ·.. · 1. Rigt:it to life (Art.' 6); · ·.. ·
f. Freely participate in. the £ultura1: life ·of the 2~ -·Prohibition on genocide.(Art. 6); . · .
community: to enjoy the arts anc to share in ·3_ Freedom from torture and other cruel, de-grading
sclentiflc advancement and-its benefits.' (or in.human.treatment of punishmenf (Art. 7);
4. .Freedorn frorri enslavement or servitude:(Art. B);
:1\_ Limitations in the Exercise of . Rights and 5. Protection from imprisonment for debt'(Art.. 11);
~ Freedoms·.under
. the-UDHR . .. 6. Freedom· from retroactive penal laws/ ex post
;k. In the .exercise of his rights· and freedoms; everyone .. facto.laws (Ar:t. .15); ·
[?- -~hair·. be subject . only-. to such limitations .as are 7. · Recognition ;;is a person-before, the 'law. (Art. 16);
t: . determined by.law. solely for the purpose of securing .. 8.. Freedom otthouqht, 'conscience, and ..religion
',f due (ecognition· and· respect for: the ·rights. and _·. (Art. 18). . .. · . . . :. . .
freedoms of. others . and 'of. r'n.eetilig the. just.
. requirements of. morality, public· order and- .{!le · Requirements-··for D_ero!j°ati<>n of Rights· which
general. welfare' in a democratic.society.(UDHR, Art. May·be Derogated under th~ ICCPR (POE-ID): ·
29,: (2))... ,. ·. . ·. . . · · .. . . · · . .· 1 '.. ~ublic emerqency which threatens the life of the
__ . . . . .. ·. · .natlon: . . . _
. These rights and· freedoms -may ir.i no case · be' ,.,"', 2: Official proclamation- of such public emergency;
t · axerci~ed:·cont~aryto tne pur.pose~ and principte~_:-9t".';,~~f.. ~: . .0~rog~tion only tothe ~x~e.ntstrictly i:equirM by
\=.. · ·the:~rnt~ Nations (UDHR; ~rt. 29 (3)).. :. 1".;·:{.(. ,··...,-..: the _ex1genc1es·of the s1tu~J1on; .' .. · . · ·
,· · · · ·. fr,,,:.c:, '.'~l) 4.·. Measures taken should not b,e [nconslstent with
ln_ternational ·convention. on· cwn and Politi~~);.-:·,;:,l:,;_....1-:-,.their-ol~/tt obligations under International· Law;
01ghts (ICCPR)· · • ·· · ,// y·,••
,·· ··~"(f•· ..,:·.,, , ... "nd ·· t· ·1' ,_ ·. •
~'- • • • • • ._• ;• • I • • ,.;-::,r
• ... ~ • ;.._.p;J:.~•
,J~~ ... ':J')::7;..f~;·., ••• · • •,. · • • •
: T~~ JCCP~ IS a mulfi~{atera_l-:treaty ad~JJW~fa.l;fl:iY.the t..J r< .~· · Me.as1:1re2\·may.: . not. _ l!)v9lve ·. Qisctimination
· .united l\lat1ons General Assembly 0!1,,!1.e'ee!:TJber t9i\,.si ·{ICCP~l!f ~· 4). ·: · · . ·
1_9_6~.- lt entered int~ _fore~ on. M~,:ch _2~~~:3.~?t5-.~S.Qf.:-~~\ . . 1 · . li' \. . · .- . ·
. Mar~h ?B, 2Q1~, -~ has.: 14· s1~nJfo}):es,,~a-p~~16?_: t,t-.·. H.u~ari.~J~~fsq.pm.rrut~ee.(H_RC)
· P.att1es,. The f'.'~1hp~mes- s1gned~~oO:Ded~mper _1 l{, .. k\ ·. T-tie·i·H~~:. ;~$.~ 1h.~,\ ·r:nomtonn_g· !11ectianism ··.e>f ·the
.: · . I1,
?: • ·.196f cir.Id. (abf1e(L 1t. op OctqlS,ey,23,~1·~~~ (l,Jm{-e[:f'\ . rt1' : ICGPR_lll 1~JompQS~ of. ~,ght_een' (18). n:iem,bers !
. . · Nahons-.T-reatyG_ofie_cfion).. .,~7 ~-,.?.,1,,,..i~' · 't.,~ . p-/' wh',)·~~~~W?,A~!s>;of.parties, i:i,-9:stly · Judges. or
f .' . :· . . .· : . . . . · . . ·.,~: · (,~~-s _.:
~,. : ·. First _Ges:ier'.1bo~~~hts_. · ~'?~'~\, · .. //' .
F-() . l,t :prof~SOJ'S.. ._;-Qf,1@:,'{.-:el1;?<:ted
J~~ n.
by secr~_t.;-,ballot of the
.pa~1es·to .s_ei:ve. Q p:ersoi:i.arcapacity for a 4-year
I
I·
!
i .· The ng_hts.co.n':ameom:the !C_C~~ ar~ Rtten;'f~ferTed.. ~:rl':7~~,r~~~le_t~rm, 1t operates t~rough: _the ,fo!lowrng
'!
-;.. to as first .gen~ratron nghts ·because t!i.~Y#.ike·U:,e;. ,,.v 1.twa})s:,j;,: · :. · . . · ·. . · .· ·
•, . e?lrliest ~umc;1n eights to_rei;:_eive·r~cog'fi~)on(E_f?'ft$¥l~-;?l-};.,1~· R~p~s - A :s!at~ mwjt. su.?m.it. a. report to ·t~e
s1.1pra at.199). · ·. -<" · ~;t. · (('1' . ~lf{C on·h~~ 1t_ 1S 1mpleme11tmg the IC_CP~:_T.h1s
,. . . ·.. .. ·. . . . .-. . ,· . . . .' 'Xi)::-,;!,.t . _.. ··"·1s-don,E! withm·one·(1}year of_becornu:ig.·a party
,;:, ., The sul?stanbve nght~. treated._.in: the ICCPR are.· . to . the Covenant' and · eve_cy · _five · (5)' years
•; ·found in:Article {i:!i'ld'-Articles'.£ho21.·:.. . :ttiere.after.· Ad .'t1or;·. ·r~ports ·.e;:an .-al.so. ·b~·
· , . ··. : : · " · , -· . :. . ;' r~q_LJested..· Th~ . HRC -may: ~cc1:;p~ 1~form~on
· '$~if-D~t~·ri)i·i~atlon.9f,P.e~p'i~i . , , . . ,.. . '· .... · 'from. NGO~, TM repr.esen,'3t1ves of each·.stQte.
: All peo.pfes·have ·the· right.of s.elf-detertnination'.By . " .. a.re. questioned about" their reports' at a pubiic .
virtue of. t.tiat right they,fre:ely:detimriine their.political hearir,ig·:and .the· HRC ·would issue observations
status and -freely p_ursue their._.eciononiic. '$ocial and . : on each 'report• .lf. a Stat~ fails to submit'a report,
.··eulfur~I devel<>prr,ent a.CCJ;F{.Jl,rt: 1(1)):. . ··: ... ·. · ... the' HRC can still'cdnsi.lier ttle matter' and giye
· 0
its··views·¢omm.ents,.,.
·. · · · . · ·
·IWO '.Important' RIEih.ts.. c:o~er~ii.·by·.th~ Right' of.'·.· 2. General The HRC is··eriipower.ed
Self~Deterrriinaflon·:·. .. . .. , · ... · . . . . td i~·sue Gerieral Comments·o_n.implel)"l.entati9n
.1. To.'freely··determirie their.._political status a·nd ofthelCCP.R.·· : · ·· · · · · ·
. ·. freely purs~e:tt,.eir ecoriortiie; sricial 'and' c.ultural 3: . lndlvidciai': ·Complaints: ~ n,e First' Optional
··development (/GC.fR,A[t.·-1(1)); and:. . Proto.c.ol '.of 'the ICCPR enables ·the .lHRC 'lo ·
2... For th.eir_·o'-"'.'n 'ends.;, to freely dispose ·of their :· consider a: petition from an .ir'ldlviduaf who .is
. natural weal\h and resources without. prejudice · ,. . sul)ject. -to the juris~ictj0n of a·· party. ·to· the
... to .. any .oblitfations .._arising .out .. of intl:lrnational.. . · . 'Protocol and·who claims that he is a Victim of a
,: economic.coopem:hron,based upon the principle. \,iolatton by. ihat. party of t~e IGCPR: The .
. of mutual benefit, and international law .. In no . petitioner i:nust have·first..exhausted arr available
.· case may ij people be c;leprived of its-9wn'mea.ns · ·domestic remedies,· pr~_vlded· those ·.re.medias·
. (?f subsistence (IC(;PR; Art_. 1(2)). · , · ti~v.e not been unreasonably pro!<;>nged·. Tl:le.

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CHM ie·w· I 16¥Vi di&i&,+i a I d . f&k&iMhiiiihla°EI SH A

state has six .(6)- montlis to ~espond (AUST. . , 6. ·1980 International Convention on the Protection
· supra at 232-234}.'· of th.e Rights of. Ali Migrant· Workets . and
. . . Memb·ers of their Families (hereinafter Migrant
Optional Pi:otocols to ICCPR: Workers Convention); and. ·· · · ·
.1. -F.irst Optional. J>rotoc:9i ~ ·ei:,ables the. HRC to 7.
19.8$ Convention on the Rights of the Child.·
receive and co'nsider communications from
individuals r;ilaiming to be vic,tin1s'ofviolation,s of TORTURE CONVENTION
any rights sei forth..in the ICCPR;· and · ·,
2> ~eco.nd . Optional. Protocol -:- · aim.ed at the Torture.
. . abolitior') . of the de~th penalty ( SARMIENTO, Anyact by which.severe pain .or suffering, whether
. supra at ?27' and 228). · . physica! or ··mental, is intentionally inflicted on. a, .
· · ·., :·. · person-for suchpurposes as obtaininqfrornhlmor a ·
. l~t~rti~ti~~al' ,Conv~ntion- on. Econo~ic, .Soclal ..third. person, information 'or a confesslon, -puhishing
.and (;:ultural.Righ~s (ICESC~): ·. · , · · · · ·. · him for an· act heor a third personhas committed'or
The IQESCFfis a multilateral treaty adopted py th_e·' is suspected of having committed. or i11timidating·or
United Nation~ General A.s$emb.ly on December 16, · coercing· him · or a third person.: or . for any reason
1966. It entered into force -on January 3,. -1976. As of . based on dlscrimlnation of any.kind, when such pain
2015, it has 71 signatories and.164.partles.'(Un'ited ·. .or sllffel'ing is inflicted by or at the instigation of o.r
·-r-"""=~=yv.i!J.:l the consent or acquiescence of.a public officfal
Natioil~TreatyCollectipn).
. . . . .·
·Second Generation R_ight:=- ·.. ·. -
''.
.
J
. · · · ,,:,--;-;;::"''~'-- . y . ·wcftn"e~~rs9nacting in an official capacity. It does .
·/..7! f~ · ·t_ }~.tfiie1ui1e..--..\P-a1~or suffering arisin~ only from, .
The l~ESCR was adopted at the l:!~~1m'e ~s].IJ~.,e=.-:...,JD_f{er~nt .f 9r 1mc1dental to lawful sanctions {Torture
ICCPR, yet .it is sometimes refe,~0'·to~''l;!Ji~~.ec6nd__ . cbli_11e1.1t,!._oh~;\t{:. . · .
generatior:pights. T~e :eason lliY t~)l_9.¢f~.ar-1d"u-~":"-"'•,,,,,,_-'·'::;.,~{)'-·· . \, . . . ·· ·.
J(:;ESCR were not adopted . ~~.(b.n,)ocl{,ment ·itij .. ~jr.' -ttjTER~ATlQ~f} \CONVENTION ON THE
because S_tates could not re~qh 1i\,9~risen,7us.oval' · 1~ . EUJV!IN~TION,~OF· ~LL FORMS OF· .RACIAi::
the rights.confa_ined_in th!;! IC~~R. $ome qtates fEi!.!:_.C/'".. DISCRl!11NATt~~i) ~l . . . .
that. the r;igt)ts enurneratedi fn Jt.ref1cES~R-Wef_e t,f---.-.-·-~ . '11 ,----·~\I. · .: ·.
secondary to civil and p'olit.lba'fr~gif~s, whff!il o'tf'i'e.'r's'-.::.
consldered.the rigl'lts .of;the ~fci;;~.G~·D.otrig~ts
lffll!-:'RapiaJ Qiscrimi'patro"l *
·at.ll.~,', 1;;-~~y dis n~tion3*01ti1i<jin, restdction orpreference
.
but ·privill;lges. ·Still dthers . lai~°"t~.:il as:J}~sitive''~~~ased ' .... e, Solar, ~ai!scent, br national ·qr·ethnlc
rights, · they were difficult to ri.µi;iJefll\ent\~~~r a I i;:1<;mg~ h~~qthe:;p'iilfp6s·e. or ef(ect of nullifying or
were contrary ~o a· Sj_ate's'tl~rtitt'.11~.r.. ecES'no~\~.,_. ~(~Pi:l;J:fe9;, e re,~ognitl9,h,enjoyment, or exercise, on ..
constltutidnaJ stri.tctu_re_(EPP'§..~supra~15)~f~·~- -, . ~~s;,a~. f?o,~g. of_ ~.1tliman rights_ and f~nd~mental
. ·. · · . . .. · . . ~ .. :· ., . '-; ... ,·,,J~e~ms·,,~A~e pol1Jcal'.e~on<;>m1c, social, cultural,"
The substahtive nghts, treated .:,the. !CE,SCl;l~~[Pnf.ortl:jn:;t 019~r·v· I.EM o tpubhc life (Art. 1). ·. . · .
found.in Articles 6 to 15, : · . ~~ : P7"~"'-..,~l,~~ · ~- . ~ _ . . . .
. . .· · . . -~~ ;( Ot-°1 --.""'=.. -=~DAs~ · 1't, ~ · . · ·
Limitation . in the· E~e.rcise of ..~Ri~nt~J',ind . "r·uf.f\-~~\~/ . . ·. · .. · .· . ·
Freedoms . , . . ... • ,:.... . .• v 11:0is~m!ilation against Wom~n. · · · . ·.
The State. may sµbject. ·such. rights onJy .._to·. 's'utr~:='"'Ar,ydistinction, exclusion o~ restrictjpn made ·on the
li111itations'a'safe ~etermined by law:only..iri so far as' . basis". of. 'sex whicn 'has. the, 'effe.ct or purpose Qf ·
. this ·.. may :·be· c:qmpatible. With the na.tVre' .pf ·thess. . . impairing or nullifying-th.e recognition, enjoyrile~t~.ot
. rights. :and .·so.le.ly foi:.Jli~. purpose or: promoting the. . exercisei. of 'women; irrespective : of their. marital
a:
geneial welfare ..in ·de.mocratic society (JCESCR, .. ·s,atus,. on a basis: of equality of rt1eri' and women, of
.. Art. 4), · ·. , · .·. . . . ::.· . : .human ·rights ·c!nd fun~am~ntal~fr.ee~oms' in -th~ ...
· · political; -economic, so9ial, cultural,. ci~iJ,·c;,r any o~her
Core lnterfiatio·nal Hl!i:nan ·Rights Conventions : field (CEQAW: Art; 1) .. ·, . ··
· ThatW'ere AdQp.ted Undei'tl:te DirectAuspice~O.f
Th~ Unit~d. Nations_:_,": ... , . . Viol~nce. against Wonien .
1. ICCPR· A~y_-act _of gender-t,,as~d·Viole.rice that res.lllis. in., or ..
· 2: · · iciisc~: ·· ·. is ·likely to result.in, physical;._sexual, ·or psyc!'lbloglc;:al
3:. j9a4 <Jonvention agairis, ,-:orture and Ot.her. . harm or -suffering to women, includi[lg ·thre.ats of .'
· .. Cr1,1el,. lf!human oc: Degra<;lin·g ,.:rre<'itment. or ; sucf.i acts, coercion-or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, ..
· · Punishment' (hereinafter 'fort1,1re Converjtion); . whetheniccurring in public ·or private. life (CEDAW, · .
4. 19,65 ·· ,1nterriationai. . Convention on· the · Arts;·. 1-2; General Assembly'Resofutkm48/104, 20 '
Elimination of Ali Forms of Racial Discrimination:· :, D~cember:.1993). . . .
5 .. · 1.979 'Convention on the Elfminafion. All F.orms of
,. of· Discrimination· a~ainsLWomen· (hereinafter . ·.
'CEDAW); .: · , . : . · '. . :· . . ..· . ·

402.1 .. 2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALl;?:ED'BAROPERATIONS

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~- a11~_.... me+BIB!llill'll181!1il!llllliEMl~tiiflllll!~MMmill!ll!la:mBl!msEfiancsa.::zss111:1:11m1111.S11~R~HNsr~,eim;q~erll!llllC:Sllll!!l!il:Bl~+gpa14~a:mar;1i:rammmwut~:
:·:
i." MTGRA~T.WOR~ERS CQNVENTION · 12. Right to a staF1dard of :living adequate for the
l· · child's physical. mental,· spiritua_l, _moral, and
~ · Mlgr~nt Worker · . . social development (Art.27); · : · .
r-..
~:·
A ·person ·who is to be engaged, is ~ngaged. qr has·
.. be,en .engaged, in a_··remuneraled ac.tivity in a State
13. Rig_ht to education (Art. 28); ·
14: Not to be ·denied of. the right. to enjoy his own
· ·

15. of W.hich·pe.or' ~.he is not a national (Migrant Workers. culture. to, .profess and 'pra_ctice own 'reJlgion, or
Convention, ~rt. 2).·. · . to U$e his own language (Art: 30); .
!.L Rights..of all- Mig'rants Workers a~d.. their Family
15. Right to rest and leisure (Ait:.31); · ·.
16. Prpfectlon from e~qnomic exploitation (Art_.32);
.

~ . Me_mb~rs '(Migrant Workers Convention):

~; . . and .
t· ·. 1: Freedom to leave any State including their State 17. Protection from· all forms of sexuar exploitation
fi: of.origin and the r.ight at ·any: time to enter:and · and s_exuat abuse.(Ai.t. 34). .
(· · . :)ema.in in thelr Sl~te of cirigi_n (Arl. 8);
L-·· . 2. Not to 'be subjected .te tortureror to· cruel, 1999 WORST .-FORMS OF CHILD.· LABOR
1: · .- i1-1t.iu.m_an, OF degradihgJreatmentor punishment CONVENTIO.N. · · . . ....
~-: . (.A.rt-. 1 O); . ·:: '· · '. . . . . Worst Forms .of Ch lld Labor.:
~,;_:(:. 3 .. Not to beheld in &laveryorforced or compulsory 1. All forms -of ."slavery·_ or. prachces .similar ·.to
. · labor._.(Ait.-1.1); . . .. , · - . · -~ . slavery.. · . . ..
:?. 4:. . Right to freedom of thought, conscience.. and 2. · Use, ·pro·curing; or offering of ·a. child for
~- .. - religionJ4rt. 12);. · ·· ··· · · .. • · r~ : prostitutionand prcductionotpornoqraphy;·
l, 5. Right to. hold opinions-without .interferehce.-ar.i,(!~/;.( 3. Production and trafficking ofdruqs: and
fil__·· ·. · to fteed..om of expression (Art. 13); f .-./;/:.: \
4. Work which, -by its nature or .the circumstances .
K 6. ., r,i_ot to be 'subjected to arbitrary or _t:mla\l,ffµ)\ · _·.:J:
jn- w_hich i.t is -carrled ou!, is _lik~iy to harm the
· · · >··int~rf~rence.(Ait. 14); : ·.. . \J /'. ' .· . l.--s~.health-,,safety or morals of children (1999·Worst

i'.:
%. _ 1. RiQl:lt. aqalnst . arbitrary depriv,;;1ti~J.l;of- Qrqp~rfiv; ·/1•:5:..i._'_;_/'l::?':f.!1_$5obChild.L:abor.CoriJentiQh, .Art. 3j. ·
·, · · . (Art 15};- · · : . · ,,.rr:"f/ "'!.,,,. ~l · · -~,.!.!---.£>15, . · · ·· . .' ·. ·. · .: · ·
: . 8. Ri_ght to liberty and se~urity of P,e~-$<lf,ri~(Art.16)y\J·) . 1926 .CONY#ftTIONTO. ~UPPRESS TH~ SLAVE
./ 9. Right to 'equality with' nationals before;5e cou~s:---~-f\ TRAD.. . ~- ~-
..'f_/o_~.l.$~f'_
VE_RY. ·. · . · . . .. . .
· .,.,./:S);';!:::.:/ .F,~ - If
I
(Art.--18);and. ,·· . .- .... !·l ~
.~. 1-0. Ri~hf.to.life (Art.·9). · .. ri·,;;Y. ._. t}~;::-.·· ,..•.; F~\ SlaveryJ . U ·.\. · -. ·· . ,· ... · .
·· · . ·· · · .,. :i-....-1 -p...... --~ if1l The.st~tus ci~jco~d5!ion of a persoh 9yer wbOl'l'l any
11~.
~.-
·coNVENTIOt,l ON.THE RIGlfl'.S'Of..•T~:<;;H_ll:.t,t-,.
• · . · - · · _ -·
f;j .
·J.· .. ·. Jt::.::;dr·; . c-i~"i/. 1 : ,(
or· a1(i'°.f~f_r.~\pq~~1:5
9wnersh1p.:ar.l.ei(:e·rc1seq
attaching to_-_ the. right. ,of .
(1·926 Slavery·con.ventlon; 1 .
. :Chi!~- .· :· .. · . '.-· ,.· . · · .-~~f>~::\\ :. / t~f Art .. 1/. · . . . ·.
,,.·· . Every human being below_the .;19.ei.qf e1ght~en (18) 1,C_,.....,.;..,.;, · . . . .. .. ·
L · .years unl~ss·,·under the l_aw.applicabltAo.;!ti~ ·chjld, · .).t';i-'Sl4~e:-t.raite:· .·.
~t : · majority.is a_ttair:i~:d ·~Glr!ler (Cc::m'(elJfiqntoji'.the'}{q~sr::..,...:,·.:.:.,~Ail'~ets::~n~olved.in . the ~apture, acqui9itic_i_n: cir..·
~-- · of·the Cflfld,.A~:.-1). ··_. .. · · · . 1..({. . //'! i. _di~posal of .~ · person, wi!h.'11')tent'toJ~uce. hfm.. to
· : · . · ·.·. · ·: · . · : ~':,.r \ · . · ..slavery; all a-cts tn.volved m the acqu1s1t1on of a slave
Rights of the.Chi°ld; ·... ' .. .'.:. : . --~~;·I· with. a view' to ~elling or· eicchanging ..him;_all ·~tts.of
~t- ·. . 1.' R!gtit}o.lfo-·registered after.,birth (Art. 7); disposal ·oy !iale· or exchange -of a ·sil:ive acquired
. 2, Right:to-acqui(~ nati6riamy(Art. 7J;.·.. · . ~ · ., with . a- vi~w. to being sold or exch,,mged:.· and· in
s:_-: · 3. . ~ghUo _k_now,and be· care_p for by his parents _gene_ral, every _act pUrade or trahsport .in slaves
.· · (Art.· 7}; . . . . · · (1fJ.?6 Slav_ery. Co_nv.ention,. Art, ·1 (2)}. · ·
i ·. 4. · Right ·not to be· separated. fiom : his.. parents - ., .
t· . .: ·aga!risttheir will (Art. 9);·: . . . 1930 ·eoN.YJ:NTiON ,CONCERNIN~. F_ORC~D 'QR
J-s: Fre~dorirof ~xpressioh·(Art.13); . . . ; . . .COMPULS.ORY LP.~OR .
. 6.~ freedom of .thought, ·conscience; :an'd · religion
(Art: 14); · · . . ··. : · . · · · · . . Forced ()I' c·ompulsory Labor . : - .
. Freedq.+, .of as~ocia~ion {Ait: 15); . ·. . . · All work. or_s:efxice-which is exa9ted_from·any person , .
Breedorn of peaceful -assemoly (Art. 15);· . .· un·der the mi?r,ace of a_ny· penarty and Jor which th'e · .
. 9. Protifotio'ii)romall: forms .of_physical .br m.ental said ·p~i-s.ori has· not offered himselfvoluntarlly' (19:30
\·. - · · vicMnce:·· .injury;.-· abuse·,- ·.negiect; . negligent, .Forced L'abdr Convention, Ar(. 2j.. . . .·:· ··. ·
... . . .· ..
'-" .· · treatment, ·maltreatment, o(explo1t9tiOn, sexual
::· abus.e (.Art.1.9); . . . . .. ·~ . .'· · . · ~Oll!P~ls.Qry· Wqrk c;,r ·.. Service:: whic_h are
.10. Enjoymen~ of.the higt,est.attajnable stanc;lard of EX'.cli.ided:. .
,·.. h'ealth.(Ad,?4);· . . . · :· 1. · ~ornpulsory military Sel"'{ice;
:. · · .11. Righfto-be·nefit fr0m ~ocial $ecurity '(Art.26);·. 2. .Normal civic.obligations of citizens; . .
",· . . . . . . .. .
3: Any'workor l?ervice by reason of ~onvictlon in a
· co1:1rtof law; ·. · · , · .· · · · . ,

2019 SAN BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS. I 40~

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their. own social, economic: cultural, 'and political

. . ~
wA wa

emergency, e.g., war Of calamity; and . :· institutions ( 1989 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples .
. 5.. Minor communal servtces of a .kind which, .b~ir:ig Convention; Ari. 1 (/;i)).
· performedby the members of the communltyln :-· · ·
the direct interest of the said community .(1.930 ~ights of Tribar" and Indigenous P.e.oples! ·
Forced Labor Convention, Art 2(2)). . . 1. · Fullmeasure of human 'rights and fundamental
•' ' . . freedoms . without 'h'indrance 'or discrim_i.na_tion
'Other -Slmilar lnstltutlons Qr Practlces: . (Indigenous·and Tribe!Peoples convenuon, Arl.
1. :· Qebt Bondage.:- status or condition ar,isio'g from 3):· · · . . · ··
. a pledge by a· debtor. of his· personal services· or, 2. Recoqnitiori, protection· of, and· respect for the
ef thoseof a person under his control as security · .' social, 9ul~ural,. reli~icius;;and spirltual values of
. for a debt;. . . . . . • . .. practices of 'these· · peoples (Indigenous_. and
i. .Serfdom:_,. condition or status of a tenant who is. Tribal Peoples ,Con_vent/on,\4,;t,5(a)); · . . · . ·
by ·law, 'custom, or aqreernent bound to. liye and 3·. , . Right to · decide' .. their · .o.wn-; priorities· and to
· laboron ·land belongi"rJg to another person-and · exercisecontrolover their o-.yn econornlc-social, ...
to. 'render some· determlnafe service to such. arid culturaldevelopment (lndigenol)sancf Triba~ .
otherperson, ~hether for- reward or_ not, and is. . . < Peoplee convenuon, Ari . .7(1));'- . . · ·
not free to change his status; . . 4. Right . :to . : parflcipate. · in ... the ·, formulation,
3. · i=orc:;ed IYl~1rriage- a woman, -withOut ttie. ripnt,......=~..; lmplernentancn, . and. evaluation bf plans and.
to refuse, is. promi~ed· o_r g'i"."en in .mag.-;~~on :ir- .. T. 1-,-=pt-o.g~_ms_torn~tio~aland regional devel?pment ..
;payrne_nt-of ~-cqn~1der'.at1on in_ ~~(~t 1~1r.id· U j'\f(lrJc:119,.~~s_~(fri-Triba.J Peop/~s_Convention_, Art..
to her. p~r~nts, gua_rd1an, fa.rn1¥, o:(.ariy_!:.oth~;-...,."?"'~ 711: 1/ _,,-;,. ~ .-·. . . . . .-. ,_..... . · · . ·· . · ·
person or group; : . . tf.'L· '\.-'l'":"'°: . 5. · ~'Rig__~ito r~c\li\theirown cu~torns _aFl~ in·$ti~utioi:is
4. W.ife:trading_ - the. hust:>a# ot.;:~ffic:J)l, ...Jfls<>--~:"""~i.,r,JQ! ~~i.nl$mpat~1e .'with · ftihdc!!mental rigt:its' .
l~r. ~i ;'
· fc1mily or his c;:I~n. tias the fj$.!;);!)t0~nst(r

· 5: Wife lnheritaric;e ..:.a woefian ,on Jhe de~tt:i of her

1
. ano.ther person for value-y,,ece1V1:19_;orotl/ierw1se. .
h~r .;:it'
.ffe}
·f'~O-~- .
(lnafg~~~fef,tdfrlbaL
Lt\\. 8(2)°ii · ~ r \_ . . . . . . . .
Peoples,Convention;'Art.

RighJs of .\~rufrsl'l.iP.and · possession of lands

.
. hu_sba~~ is liable to·
pe(son; and . . .
bi !f~~¢f?d !:>l\a"r16J~r~1[· :-"lneyjraditio_iji~~cupy(Indigenous and Tribal
·n ~~ U°· I
.. ;~""-;1 c.'"""'r.t'.:Peo9/esCot;iventiqi-Art:·14(1)):.and· ._. . '·
6': · Child· Tra,f'.fi<:king - · a~~j,g,Stlt~tion!!.". .pr~cti£.~ttr:w~7~~ RJ~!,t tc? · n~Clf!=ik~r~so~rc~s~-(lndig~nous . and
1
·· w~e1~by a ch1lc! o_c_young, j:>er~&,u~~er,~lyea(s, -;..-::,__...,-:::7 ·.. TriJ/;ffill~opl1s· 9"<.tnv,~nflon;Arl,15). ·· · . . .
· i$ delive~ed by. ~itlier \>r...: o/>t ·. of\~~·is\,~fur~~..;i-r,<d'\-7 j:S~__. · ·ff ~f't " : . . · ~ · '. ·. : . · .. · ·
· _p~renJs .or by ..h1s· guc!Fd~'ntto• not!j (.! .f~son~. <7.·t:?~ !'. · · ,:f_ ~ Y' . · . . . . ..
,'. ~hethe_r fqr reward or n"\t, with~~ vie ...~"\-\!\~ . ~ %j:·,., .j/ , . f. . · . .. · .
. expl_oitation_ofthe'chila-ory~_ungper~~~--~r1f1~.v"' '.' ~ T~~Al'JO.N.A:~:. -CRIMINAL ..
· . 1.a,bor (1!?_5(? 9upplementary\_Conveph~JJ.:dll_{N!."lE' :~ r ~ · / .. ·. -~, .. /·LA· · · : . ·. ·. '. · · ··
.. ·. ·Abolition .of Slavezy;_ the. SI~~- ·'rr;aaej:,~n'i:f~~ ~7 ·_;-;Pf?': :~;/ : . W .. ·. ,. '. .·
.11:-==,. ...:--e-:-t ·,(yfu· . . . . . ,. . . . . . . '. ' _·.. _,: . , . . ... :-
: . · . :.'.: >.. ·- . ~~- . :'M
· , • .~~,\ '- · · . .
. . ; ··. : , ·.lnsti(urion'sand Practi~s Simila'f-tR~j!~f:lft·
. : · · . , . , ·. -:· ·, · · , . . ·
. 1). . . . .. . · · -~ LZ ·
.... ···1989' CONVENTION CONERNING INDIGENOOS"?~"des.cr_i~sti'!?S~.-~_sp~cts o.f in_\ernat•~n~l law_ that
iLli'!!e~~ al ~.rlmi.nal.!-~W: . , · . · · ·--
'AND . TRIB~L · ·PEOPLES·· .IN·.· ·INDEPENDENT· ar~ ~o_nce~ed·.~t~h, ~flm~s· hav1n9: a,:i ,in~emat1ohal
· COUl".,IT.RIES. ' ·· · . · .. · ·. ·:"_ •.. · ·. aspe5~_,ordm:i.!mston.(AUS_T, supre1 at. 263): ._..
.. :, ,..,
.... · Ge!)erat Prin~_iplc;s ': .. ·. · :· .. , ·
,. Tribal ·P.eOpJe~. ·,. . . . . .. ··~ ..
Tl:iose-.'. wl_lose ·. socia1:·. ·cultural, and', .. e¢6nomic: ·:: :· ·Nulifipciena'sine culpa . · . _. ... :·:·: : . . ·., . ...
,. '•
....... ·:..
conditib.n~ distinguish·.. thern from. oth'er·.. sec;tiorls of No per$ori" s.hall be. punish~d tor an -~d- or:: ~onduct
thEi.· natfonal . cor'nmunity, :_.·an!;l-':wnose: itatus is w_here_th¢re is rn;>_lawjii.m1shi_ngit a,s·a ·crime:c:!.fthe· ·
regulated. wholfy.:Ci~- partially by th~ir ,ow:n ·cu::;t.;>msor time it w.ascqmn,Hted'{SARMIENTO,.supra· i:lt.327.).
·: .-:· . : ·' ·~ ":. -~ .. " ... = . .-\·: :; ..... •. ·.· · .... -~·. ; ~~- .. . .
tr.adftlo.ns or b.y. sp~q!al· 1.aws: o·r regul<!ti9ns :X.1989
· ..lhdjgeoo1,1.s an_d .Tribtil .Poop/as. Conven_tio[1;· Arl,1: . · . Ne bis ftJ idem (not_fy.tice:forthe·same)< · .· . ·., ·
.(?)). . . . ~ . ·. •. .. It. is·· equivalel)t . tq the··. 90.nstituti.ona·r· .p:rohibition
ijgains.t"do4.bl~ je_opardyin. miihidpat law. M; applied
. - liJ~i.gerio~s-Peoples ·.. , . . iii i~tei_naUon,;3JlaY(:·. :·_ · · .: ·. ·.. · : _'. ·.· : · : · · :· ·
Those v.ih.o,· on ac.count· o~ the fr ·desq;irit· from· the 1 : N'o per-son sh~II t;>e tried [befo(e. the·: l_yCJ_with
populatiqns. Which inhabited. . the· sCOlJntry, ..o.r_.-. a . -respect to conduct. which formed as. basis for
: gepgraphi~I region t~ which the country belongs, af . · a¢quittal conviciion [by t~e ICC];·,. .. , : . · ·.. of
• the time ot:.. 9.onquest. ot. colpniiatipn · or · th~ . 2·. No. piarsqn shal)' be tried by.' anqth~.r. Go\,!rt fo.r
: est<'!blishment (?f pre.semtStat.e bouhl;lariiiis·andwho, ·which he has·been comticted or acquitted [by tt;ie
·.·1cq;. · ··
·.' . l_rrespective· of their_ legal stc;ttusi retain some .. or of
'··

404. I ~019.SAN SEDA CENTRAUZED BAR .OPERATIONS

 ..... PU. BL1c-:.1.N.r.E.RNAii*ONAL: .LAWR'llc't,,.UY~~~-
SAN'SEDA LA_W CEl'IT~LIZEDBAR.OPERATIONS- ~EMOR_Y.AI_D201"9
• & MF
.
AMEE~
. )
W&P¥.JMf31'!9fti¥i•4!M35R5'\qi &Fi5:*&R~WR!EJ1U'E!
..,_··ur_x........ .=...c;.o

3. No person who has been tried _by·another Court· 2. Slavery

shall be. tried [by the ICC] Wi.th respect to the.. it is the exercise· 9f" any or all of th!;3 powers
same conduct unless the.proeeedtnqs.: attaching to the "right of ownership over.a person
a. · V\lere·tor the purpose of shieldinqthe person · and includes the exercise. of such power in the
· · · involved from. criminal responsibility; 1 . course· of traffick_ing· In persons.: in particular
b. · Were . not 'conducted , 'independently · or women and children'.(~UST, supra at 2-71)..
. ·.: impartiatly in accordance with norrnsot'due .3. Ge'noebde · ·· · . · .' ·
. , process recopnraeo.bylntemational law. {Id.. Any of 'the following acts. committed 'witti intent
at 32.7to 328; citing Rome Statute; Art:· ~O( -, to .destroy, in Whole· or In part, a national,"
·."\. ... ethnlcal, racial or reli(liou~ group, suchas:
Actus 'non facit·reitin, nis/ mens sit rea .(the act is a. · Killing of members of the· group·;:· · .
not cu/pabie'un/ess the-irtindis also guilty) . . b. Causing serious boclily or mental harm. to .
i' : Emb_odies ·the fundarneritat principle. tliat .in. every . 'members of the Qroup; . . . . .. · . . . .
} . crime.there ts.anscnzs reus, or the·phy~\cal act-that c qeliberately inflicting .. on: the. grotip
t
<:>

constitutes the· crime., and the. mens ree, or' the .' · .conditlons of life calculated to Qring about its
f .· ._.mental element of varying standards that isheld by . pliysical· cestructlon in: wnote: or in ·part;·· ·
.\
~•
. the perpetrator (Id. at 328; Rome Statue, Art.; 30)... ·
• ••,' • 0 • 0 • • M,·,
d.' Imposing measures intended to 'prevent ·
births wlthmthe group; or .'. ·
Doct~lhe ~f C~rriulatiJe Convi~ti~ns , . . · e, . Forcibly transferrinqchildren .of the group to
. Convictions tor the -different crimes: charqed ·1n the·;_,. C) . another · group (9on_ventiofl. · on , the
Indictment based on .the same "conduct a:r,t{:)J> Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
permissible .. it ·each ·c~me involved, has mate~iWfi.,.;\. Genocide, Art, ?). . . . . .
distinct. element· not- -contained · in- the _ ..qtl"i~(:. ,-.;-;.)
(Prosecutor. v: ,. Delal/c, ·Appeals,. ·lntematil:ih_ilt-.• -~~·./_3.,s... Grin,es,Agafnst !:!u·manity ·. . .
;·· Criminf!I ·Tribun_al -for. the Forrh_f!r "'(ug~.§~~;~;,:jt;~.:.::....
,0~ts.-:J9,~mift,ed:a~ "part .. of _widespre~d.. or·
... · Fenru;Jry.20, 2()01,_par. 412)... · - .•.,:;/ · \. H · .
system~iJiq_a~tack:d1rected again~t.any _c1v1l1an
f . . :. . . . · · .· (,;;'<.., ·,
.,,lt.__,j ·
w1]J,r·1:~ .
~Mal~ captf:!S; be!;e,_detentus_.#bad/y·'f.!3Plf1:_d."
populatl?~lw1thknowledge of-the attack:·
a. M~f9W:~. . · · . . . ··
· ·

f · detame~) : .· . . .. ,;~£ t;.~-::::?1 . ... ,U. .

·:!;>, Ei:(erp;n~,wtion; . .
"
{,_
D9cti:lne_ that permits trial· of),j>r-0perlrf~).r.ested" ~ ,~-,
individu.al (~ARMIENTO,supr~r-332);,ri,.:_,,· ·. ~ f'
. c.:' -~ns11rern[nt;
<L lf)epJ('tatioi;i._ . or forcible . transfer. -of
A~t D~de~e ~,"ut Judi~~ri) (e1"i~ti~~~}JJ?ri•. i:::
.'.f_he·state _ought ·to ?o·one .of tw6{th}l).9S~~1$ho.ut~ · · ;;./.:.
:f~YM:i~~zl-.
or other d~privation. : of
·. . JJ_hys1c;:al. li~e.rty._ir:i violation. of fu_nd~,:nental
,~1th~r punish-the gu1.lty person.as JiEl,q~sery~s,.ofit · !"f.,...;. ..... :..,1.. rule.s of 1nfemational law;· . ··. . : .
should entrust him to the,· discretio·mj'oLUfe.party ,J:,;:·%'.~~;;;f'.. .,.
JQ.rt1,1re; ·· . · ··· · .. · . · ·
.making the=appe.aLThis lattet course iS'.f~dltlori~:(1.:-..:....;:~:"'-9.,.:'...Rape, sexu~r slavery, -enfo_rced· prostitution,
i ·. .,. peop·1e .or. king _i.s·ncit .absolut~l;Y bq~_nci;[t)..svj~'Q~er-. · · ··. · . forced preg~anGy,_·enforced st~~(li~ation; or ..
·.i' . a aulpnt, but·_-e1~her to surren~er or:-to -~~Q,!§_~ · ~1m. . · · -any oth_E:.r.- fo~· of: sexual v1ol_ehE:e . of, ·1
,.. · · (GROTJ.US,The taw of.Warand Peace; t625J. · ' comparable gravity; · · ··. · ·
· · . · . .. . · h," · Persecution; . . . . .!
lntern~ti~n~t C,rinies:.. ,.·,:... · . . . . 1.. Enforce~disappe~r~nce of persons; '
Ttiis .r~fers. to ·those crimes. tfraLarEf. concern to. of · j. · Apartheiil;. anc::I' .. . . . .
·every:..:_s.tate 'because-;-'of tt:ieir' corrosive effect' on ·. ~. Other acts ofsimilar.ch~ract~.r: intentionally··
·inteinalio.nal society·· or_,their particularly. app·alling ·causing· great suffering,' or s_erioOs i!'lj1,1ry to
hature (AUST, supra at 268): (PSG-HWA) . ·; · · · . body or mental or ·physical health (Rome .
. . .. .., . .' .· statute,Art 7). . · t •• \. ••• ••• •• :: ·• • • • ·~

1. P.iracy· ··· .. ··: , ~ .-; ·

Any :illeg:a1 act ~f'. yiole,:ic~· or ~etehti9n . _.Note: . Ge'i:Jn~li ·and"·Jap~n~se .!e'aders were
·committed qn. the high_ seas. fo~private· ends l.?,y .. . . ·.convicted o(such crjrJ'ies against the principle of .!
. · . :a priv_ate.ship again~t _another .ship (td.·at 269).. ·. nul/u_m,.cr.i,nen,.i)uita. P..Oef'Ja sine '/ege (A_UST,
. . ·. supra f!l 2S~) .. · · . . ·: ·. . . - · . · : ·
· . Pirates ·arE1. in law· hostes humc1'ni genells ol ·. '.
. : _common enemies. of mc':!nkind (Pe~plevs.:L'ol-lo . Ttie. Statute ·tor the International · Criminal
ani/ $,3raW, G.R. .No: 17.95_8, February. 27;
. 19~2;).. ·
. Tribunal for
th~ J~rtner Yugoslavia stat~d that
,the crime could"!>rily be-carried' out-during, or in
cdnnectio_n with,· armed cQnflict · However,.·lhe·
' . Statute for
the International Crill)inal Tribunal fc;:,r
Rwand.a -dropped' the· connection ~Ith arrried
cpnflict.Today, Th~ Rome Sta,ute governing the

2Ql9 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERAT.IONS I 405

 PUBLIC.INTE.RNATIO·N.AL·LAW
.SAN_/3.EDALAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS·-,MEMORYAID 2019·.

international .Criminal Coµrt d9e_s not require .a International Criminal Court· (ICC) . . .
connection wit.h · armed c,onflict and it· includes Established .by·the Rome.. Statute on July 1.7. 1.988,
.pther acts, sueh·as·: (SF- E3A) it is the fir:st·permanent-_treaty-based, international
· a. .l?exual slavery;_ criminal court e"stablished to promote the rule of law.
b, forced pregnancy; and ensure that· the: gravest internaifonal ·crimes· do
c: · §nforced prostitutic:m; not go unpun1sh~d. It ·s·hall ·:liave the power to
.·d. · '.snforced sterilizati_on; ,. . e~ercise· its:jµrisdiction o_ver p"ersons for the most
e. gnforced disappear~nce ·of persons; a_r:id · serious erimes .of. int~rnational c.oocem, as referred
f. . .Crime . of -~artheid · (EPf'S, supra at 326· to in.t.he Rom¢·-statute_, a_nd shall b.e·compleme·ntary
~~. . . to n~tjonal _criminal jurh§~ictions (Rome Statute,.Art
1; SARMIENTO, supra-~t-3~5) ..
5. War crtmes . . . . . . . .
it-refersto those that occurwhen individuaiswho . Crimes with.,n the_ J~risdicti'~,n·'Qf the. 1¢9:· . . ·
are-engagec;lin armed.ccnfflct violate th~ treaty lrls limited to the niost serious crimes of concern.to
or customary law that appliesin armed ccntllct.: ~- the ilitEfr,:iational P90,ri1Unihi.·a·Sa,whole: .
Civilians can also commlt'them whel) their illegal. · 1 .. · . Genocide- . . . ·. . ' ..· :
actiona.arefacilitated by, or closely related to;:- ·· 2. Orimesaqainst.humanity;' ..
the armed ..conftict (EPPS, supra at ;324). · 3. War crimes; and · ·· . ,. .
. · · . . . . . ---=·~~-~~<>;
- ·~·~:... ·. · .
(Se~ discussion· on ·fntemafional HUl1)j1.Jlifariari,;r·]
Crime of aggression (Rome Stati.J.te; Art. 5).
· . · ·:· · ·. .. __ ·
·.

Law.) · · : . . · ·.J;P . 0\ l
.8oJsdt'otioua!Rules Applicable to. the ICC: ..
. . . ' .· #~.. ,0,
.c·,~;,~ =• ~,;:; Jgris~i~ib~ation~fT!8le"riae (subji:rct.~atter);
6. Crime of ~ggre~si~n (CrirnE;f!.-~_ai~,~l~-il~) .: 2.- '-~1:1rj.fel!cti9n{{apone_/oci(place ofthe commissi_on
···It n:ieans ttie ph;mmr-ig, preppr.atk1!1}1Pl~i~1!9J.l"or<""'~~.ttne;;cr@e}; "\ · · · . . ,
_exec~tion,.b_y a person in ~;jPJf.~u~~"'e'tre~~~e1y ta 1t jr
~un~di'eti-R~jr~~\~.Perso1!a.e_ (ov.~rthe person or
exercise 1!0ntrol over: or tp' d1r~t:,me·prhtioal dr Jt;f~. /ti:,; tlie 1ccus~q~; - \. . . . . .. . . .
militaryaction of a State,jbfan aef{ of aQgressiqn " 4. Juris~lcti(?~·(fo.qn~ "temporte · (time of
which, by. its charact~'r;~.f}taiity. aficisc;ale;-- · --,-c6ffi',;nissiorl\Ql·:~r,irue) ·(SARMIENTO,supra at
constitutes 'a manifest vipt~tloptot the qhar:fu)j;:o't-;:; · 1;: ·'~~38-{339).· ~..r:-- ~-~ , · :·".
the Uni"ted;Nations '(Ro,e.Statte,Art.'~ bis(-i)9\tW,~§fB· :.&_ . · ij ~,=±f ij · ·· ·
. Act of._aggr~~;si~n:;rn~r~\--u~~l~~ecl~c~~~i;J~~f;.~:,~;o~ai crlrninal la~··_is that
force by a St.ate. i:3Qa~r\st .-111~ -s )lej;'.~'f~ty,~ jf,cl~lyltt6~.P-C(f'11'?e h.~foj'Yresponsible for certain very
terri~orial integrit~ ·or. ~IA~pal ind~pen ~~.e~c,/·2 . ~.,O.&is.;Bffe_~P.e~ ... f:-lig~ ·governi:nenta.! rank V.:ilLnot
_another $~ate, br :-m ~n-y· otfie! -m~nr.i~r, ..<"1111nNr-if;~e a ·1nd1v19_y'al from pros.ecullon nor,:m and·
inc;onsistent· wi\h the Chatter of·1h~~U.Q_@t';~~elf _z-constitute _a groun·d .for reduetion of_·
Nation (Rome Statute__ .A.rt. 8 .iJ,'$,..(2)) . .?:::.. .~~
~sent~µ e (fj?.rne/itattJte,Art .. 27). . : .·
.· · · . · :· · ~\ .;... Qn....;~,_.~~Jta.,'%~~~ja1td_ers ma9 be tield_re.~pQnsible-for.
· Note: The Review·Conference ag_ra.~q tb.a~1he i} _1,f iJO~"irttef!:]_l)ti8'~~r cr\mes committed by troops und~r-
lnternational Crimina.I Court_ VJOU!d nof'ex~cjse:-·-1\f!i.. .t.th"'ei'r"oornmandif the¥ kn~w; or should ·ha:ve·Jmown,.
jlJrisdictibri. ov~r" ,the crime ·-until ?017 · §ifter"'a.....~4n-'attroop"swere c~m!11itting or w~re.abouf_focqnfrn.i!
:deqision has been-made by.th~ states.pa_rties to .-· inte~!'lational crimes; ~nd the commander- failed.to'·
activate this aspect o,fthe · Court's '_jurisdiction. . · .: take ·measures tq -prevent .tHe commission of such
. ~This:~rime was prev!o.lislyreferred t<;>'a$·"Crimes . c.rimes or.to ensure _that such :crimes:w.eresubmitted
· ·· : againsfPe~te~ ii:Hhe Lo·ndo11.Chartergoyerni.ng·' . for inyestigation,and prosecution-(R9rne Statute.Art:
. . the _Nur-e-~berg t<rials of ~erman L~a:cler_s·atte.r· . · 2aj:. · ,:_,,-> , · ··. . . · . · · ·: . . . . _: . . . . .. ··
W_orld·War II and in the Charter gov~rriing_ th_e:· ·
.. T6kyo Trials.of Ja·panese leagers (Ef.P.$;' supra
·· a_t}.28~~3_0):· · · · ·., .. · ·
•:.
Venu~s for P;.o..~ecutitin."of Jnt~rnationai 'Cri:,.,;-es.:·
.1. NatiolJ~I cour,tsJpn;>vided that th~ .particular· .
: ·: state adds the crime to. its criminal, cod~); or"
. 2: '. !nternationat · or hybrid . criminal . tribunals .
(provided···: that it has-. beeri ·. c;:reated "-With .
'jurisdidion pver tlie partlcular erir:ne) (EPPS,
: supra_ a(,310). · ·· · · ·

·400 _I 2019SAN B'EDA CENTRALIZED-SA~ OPERATIONS

 . a . · .· a.· · . *.'** . ,&kW& rswi11w 11 ?,-... ;:e::?::,~
·pu.BLIC INTERNAT.IONAL.LA.W-. . ,.1tl/f.Mf-l·
f~_/' ·, . .. ~
.,, ¥28
SAN BEDA LAWCENTRALfZEQBATI OPERATIONS -MfMORY.A/020.19
'" - • w · s••wu w HMM¥®RW##SSM¥,steMIRWCMt@eR,1C1YV/i."&..
·· ., _ ....
, . · .

Command Responsib!llty and Respondeat · Nuremberg Principles. .

Super/qr, Distinguishej:1 ·
'superiors may -, be held
responsible for the crirne
i_/ of'~ subject,,if theyknow
~ . of.it and do not prevent it
.. · · when they ". could and
@_:_l_::.
, . should prevent it . . ..
,..: .
., z ,
.....,,
' . { .
A 1eii"a1···doctri~·e.·· most
commonly.used 'in tort,
that holds an· employer
or' principal legally
responsible ' · for. the
wrongful . acts of' an
. employee . pr agent, if
.sucn: acts .occur .. within
the .. scope 'of · · the
. employment or ag~ncy:·.
..,.
A set of guidelines adopted by the UN International
· Law Commission in 1950. The basic premise of the
principles is that. no person, no jnatter what their
office, stands a_bove l'nternational Law: (RIHOFCC) .
. -
Principle I. Any person-who commitsan act which
,, . constitutes· .a crime under international · Jaw is
Bespci°hsible-1heretc;ire and liable to· punishment. ·
_Prin~ip'le II. The fact ~hat Internal law does nor
. impose a panaltyfor an act which constitutes a trirn.e
.urider lnternational law does not relieve the· person
wh.o,'coirlmi.tted.. the' 'act from responsibility under
~ International law. . .
. - ·. . .
Principle IU. The. fact that a person who committed
an actwhich constitutes a crime under international
fc!W. '.acted as. ·flead of State 'or . responsible
government:· official · does . nor relieve · him from

The' defense- that a

·,., th/
responsibility under international law..
The lia~ility. of· ~f /....:~~''.\. P.rinciple iv;'The fact that a personacted pursuant
· commander_· did not employer may ['~- ~;,.,-J!.:71 to drder:ofhls Governni'ent or of asuperior does not·
actually . commit overcome · 'by . ll5e1 : '•·1,'1.,- relieve, him.Arom responsibility under international
f -y,t•~--~ · ,, · ·) · ,
c
atrocities is unavailable. d~_fE:n~e o ·
ll. I. ,· d
>9!'1t
,::r~~.i..:Ll~~1\:P.!l9~iqE_1e;-a moral choice wasin fact possible to
. . · , d1hgence. . · 4v . '0--· '[f him. ·...,.-~;,,;2...A·/ · ·
,.____
• _..;;__,
• • -.,__ ' ' • / .,.--:..,. ..... ~ • • • t,\.---i'it
_,_,.,..;-;.:c"'""''-- .
.t-.~~ •
//11,''•
I'
.
•

{GROTIUS; The Law ot. War_ and 'f?_~~g-e, 162i;:.,~ : Pr1nciple yf.
f.r11p'erson charqedwith acrirne under
Statute of the lnterna!iona/ War Cr(f'Q~.f,T_[il{t;J..~ for !f/1 . · ifrtematio_~I !~w~pas the right to a 'fair _trial on the ..
th& For.mer Yugqs/av1a; Legal lnt_0,;mafl.on:lnSJ,jiute). ,;:~ - facts andtfaw~ ~ . ..
, ·. · ;,,;:!Y · · CJ ~ ;.· I' , JI ).; . {\,
. . : , t;· .,.~:~,0 ~~ . ~ r1·.rt ./, . J' \'\ # - •

Common D':fe~se_s:.(M31P~-~iy-·' ..,,-_::_."";~';',,_ ~:-:;"'·. J?'j

Pri~~ij.>J.,;rVf.ti;ire,·Wfm.es ~ereina~ter .set oµt are
1. Mental disease or defect;'-'<,.. . -.~·-:.. ::::!..
ct=v1 . e!1 puntshaalQS..JS!Jf.11e'S1,1nder mtern13t1on~l law: .
2. M~stake of fact; · . ·: ~::; ~,:::;Y''\J\ . . . ,V .' (,
1-. Crimes a~ainst peac~: ·. . . . .'
3. Mistake of la:,v· where sue~- negijt~s ,th_«nnen~?II . (:t.,.nOJS . a. Plannin~;prt;par~tion, 1mt1at19~ cir _wag_ingof
~i: elem~:mt,r~quire.d.by ~he ~nme; f':·~~J,. . _ _,1t;t:~{/~~:f?r:)./iY£ar_ aggressJOn. or ·a .warm v1olat10~ of oy
!_/.: ·. 45. , 10ntof.
.
1
x1cat1pnf (un!ess·v1folunt~ryth); , 11,. . .,;,<"-';,:;;:~~·":'''~mtern~_tioQal .-tdre~t1es,..· ·..agreem:3nts · . or
. · ,.....e enseq :-o~e !;l ..~e or ano ·er; . ~;'": . ·,;j;'f3, . , . - . · ·. ass·~r~nces; an_ . . .
JI.': · 6. QuresJ .re$uftmg frqm. tJ:i'..eat ~f ,imm{~rb~e.ath . b.. ·Par.j1c1p~t1on 1n · . ~ con:i!llon plan · or
~? . or senous. bod.ily· harm to ones ·self or·anoth!:)r;· ·.. conspiracy for the accomphs.hment of.any-of
k c1nd_: • '·:: .·. · .. · . ; .. .. - . the acts mentioned tmd.er (a): . .
7.. j!~ing ordered by a miiitanio~:civlli<\ln superiq'r to " · .
- ·commit'an: tin.lawful ·act.'but ·only where the 2: WarCrimes: · . . · · ·
. ' 'person a_i'.cl n_o.t.know the order was.unlawful snd .. Violations ,of tt:i.e ·1aws. or"customs of war whic.~ · .
: the order ·wa·s· pot manifesily. \.i(!lawful· (EPPS, : include, · but' are nor limited to, murder, ill-
supra a(3W-326). . : . tr~atment'ordeporiation 'of slav.e-la!:;>or'o'rfor ariy
· · ·: · :- ·· · ·- ·~ ..... · · · other plJfpose at-the civiffan ·popt.ilation · of or in
Stati Re.sp9nsibility .;_ . . occupied· t:erritory, murd~r or .m~t~~atment of.
States. cari . .iilso be · held respor:isibl~ . for the . - prisoners of war or persons on th~ ~eas., killing
. commission- of interiiationai' crimes. For example, ·. ·. of .hostages; .plurider of pu.blic; or · private ..
Serbia. was found liable for-· its .failure to prevent . . property, wantpn de;itf\lction of cities/towns:, or
gencicid~: · ~1.:Jririg Y,e. Balkan .\/Var:.;of the:- ~g~ps · .. _ .. villages, or deyasfation not· justified bY military
(A.ppll~atfonqfthe Conv,ention.on-fhe'Pr~venti~naocJ nec~ssity.. · . .
Punishm~.(lt ·of. The Crim.e of Genocide ·(Bosnia a_nd . . .
t-feriegovina v. Serbia cind'Montenegi:o), ICJ,.· 2007). . · · '3 .... Crimes ag~inst hu·nianity:'· .
·. · : · ·· ·· · Murder, ·e·xterrllination/ enslaVem~nt,
(Please .se~ dis~t.i~sior;
- ·
on
State Respc,r;,sibility.) ·
·
deportation ; and .other· inhumane . acts done
.. .. against any ciViliari. pop~.da~ion, or pers.ecutiohs .
OA political, racial; or reljgious grounds, Wheli
_.. "Such acts are done or such ·persecutions are·

. 2019
. SAN SEDA . . OPERATIONS I 407
. CENTRALIZED·8AR
 PUBLlC-l.NTERNATIONAL·LAW
SAN BEDA..U.W CENTRALIZEDBAR OPEF/JfflON5- MEMORY AID :1019 . .
'{f>\\1$14<+ +4 ., ., ,.wjwu+s . ?' PPCO#D@b,1-MRi.ltjA4f&Stuiatl-!9Pflihllei kSGs+ &1tesMN(#N
carried on
in execution of.or in ponnection· with investigation and prosecution of crimes committed
. · ·.any ..:rime ag~inst peac.e.or any'war crime. up toandincluding 26 Qctober 2017, is, as such, not
subject to any time limit> .
Principle Vll;·.~omplicity ir'l Jhe commission of a The obliqations ota wifhdrawir)9 $tat~ Party, ·after
crime against peace, a war. cr.ime, or.a crime against · 'the withdrawal · takes· effect, · are - speciflcally
·humanity as
se.tfqrth in Principle VI is a crime under . governed· by Article 127 (2) of the .Statute. Onthe
iijtern~tioiial law (SARMIENTO, supra·at...334): · · : w)iole, Article 127' (2) of the Statute. gfv~s effec.t to·
the 'prmclple contained -ln Article ··70 .(1 )(l:i) of'-the
With~ravial from the Rome ·statute. ', ·.. ·. · .: ·.· .. · · Vienna Convention on · the Law· of. Treaties; which ·
1. A State Party .may, by written <notiflcatlon provides--that the termination of treaty "does not a.
addressed -to the ·S.ecretary-Gener-al. · -of . the affect .any right; obligation· or legal -sltuation of the
. United-Nations, wlthdraw from tt)is°)3tatute.. The . parties created through the executtcn of.the: treaty
. ~ithdraw~L·stian take e~d one· year after the prior to its·termination~-(Sifuationin th~ Republic of
· date of receipt oLthe notltlcatlon, -unless the Burundi, ICC Pre-Ttiet Chamber 11,;. October.. 25,· '-
notification s'pecifie~.a. laterdate. . . . · . . . - 2017). · . . . . , .
. ·2.- A Stat.eshaJI not.be discharged, t'.>y reason of ifs
withdrawai, from the ·o'b[igatior1s arising fromttits
.. S~atute. while it· was ii.Party to the Statute, . .
· ·inclUdiri~ any financial obligation·s·:which.·~~j~:=:--=-=~. J:NTERNATIONA:i.:. LAW ON .
have accrued. Its ~ithdraWal'shall not aft~t:any 1r T:- . ,:-~,,~..- T RORJSM ·
cooperation. "¥ith i the Court in. conp¢tiot).with 'J ) ., •
criminal investigations and~,r6cJ5edin[!s"f·in.;;,'.".:::---.~:---
\·v' J·.~ .
.,; ;; ,....·."'-
E8: .
. .
·. .
• • Y ....
relation· to which ··the withdrca 11rro 'Sl€)1e.,.-ha-a··a ·
1' r1.··~ ..... .:;,-,'""'-
· -~, !
nv ""'
.,;~~"-':-, · . · · . . · ·.
d t t '• f. d Wh' n,"''A,,r:,if:cor:fff d_.a..._._,,Jhere-,~;,.,n'9.r'mernationally agreed comprehensive
'~_Y o cotohperdaaet_eanon . w'.~1C'f.i:"'etf)"/-e'.
-7W·'. tmti"'d'~ra.
GW· ea·I jt!,: - def1ntti0n b()e;rro,,i:ii~.Only the. elements of the. \JSB
~npr to ff:. i• ., . . h.b;:"~tt2re·'Fd.It - ' dW ii. lK thr.ecrl of . .\isJ)'Eif Jorce and seeking to create a
Way
. · h
e
. ecam,.he e tit<:ive,d ncor ,s'i;e. It' Hr.l)oufa1c~ inm·.aate-:r
co inue
·1 d
onJu ra 10-
cl' ~~~ ,:. .
W h IC W!:lS ;;J rca y -1,Jn , r t:;~.ns1uera aqn·
i 1-
••Y-
\, ,."'.,-t""""'
...
u,·
.11e
ril=,-"'
.. ~
·., '· \, ,. ~
"'climate ~f tea'r)i~,e.~i/1,be·.9enerally agre:ed (A UST,
~~:...supr.a.at-~84-28~..,,'
·.
y
K°
u.
• \\)\.
\\ ,_,,,,,,;:1
·
•
·
·
-
.
Court prior to the d9te.q~hic~·the withdra~Z·
• . 1 j· ~ ,1 at;\ _,,
i r;;-5--:t~~te
·, '- ·o ~rro t
r-sm.\\ r- ~ J, ·
ii 1·T
t · f H
•·
·
· ·
> ·became effer.:hVA. (Rom, ~if· Art:.. . !.~7, .. ftf.Vi."i'ii.Jai:.?.,Tttis ruJ1r,~,...to ti.iforisl~~ cts' by orie. statf.- ~(]Rin~t
L. ega I . "'ff t f ·w· 'thd"~\\ · a· lf1:1·
, 11: m \.-c~\fl.:....~>-:-;:S·.ar:iotf.le/ili\'.it~ naliona~ . nd done d either . · . by-the· · state
I . :n.s
"' ec s o ,. :lVl ,.,.,,~·norne(t4'? 1 · · ,r.:.11..,~1. - JJ ;,.,,,,,,. 1 d ·d ·
Slalul~. , · .·
1
. · tt., ,; 't 'i.~Q'\.'\ .. r~~ ,J tJ>y_if!J.I _ion_,ecl 01;; '.a op~e by.. ,t. It m~ 1 u es
Burundi 'withdrew from .the', Statute· by'Q~iful_d-t.'.ii ,~!? 'd aft~ of cf.uelty coml'.T)ltted by a stale
notificat!()n,addr~ssei;t ~o the·,,e.cretar°Y,E...Ge~~ta~.,.y,; •.,<a.g . ats '}-JA peC?~tf (J!I_UST, supr~ at 2£!4). . .
0
: th.e uh1ted .Nations .on ,27.. ~tober ~0{1,eJ19~~~te-SpS'nsored4'errori~m· • . ·,
withdrawal shall take effect on 27~ctober,.-2f)::1~f.,:_ __ ,_llt.r:,n.,,_,:>:- t··d>, h. It · · t ·· · r1 f: ·
. .· · . ·· . . . . .. , .~-.-../ () _ ~"=::.~=.-_.idP!"'.,!~~S~S 1 ~°:,: ~1,.,yt
8 e,S e eqng,, 1'81f11~~,· man.~ll'Jg Or
-Artic1~·127 (1,) of-the.Rome Statute st~i:~~ijta :-,, · .~ ~t1(>J?!~'P~~sto e.naJ:>I~t~r~onsts.,~~en foreign, to,
ft lh · -d l:r:. f l\/t fattr;i.ck ®omer state or Its nationals (Id,)_ .
w1-thd..r1;1wa,
' 1· ta k.es:· ..eff ef?.·t..o!le year;·a
· e.r ... e~ a~ 9 l." 1~?.,_.. · · • · ., · . · . . .
r~ceipt . ?t th~,·. nC>tificati_on ..! : ·.on . tni~ basis, ~-=,:,- d~a~i~universa1 Jur1stfict10~ .
. w1~hdr~w1ng.·, State -. rem~m~•. ·for .. _a1.r .1n~ent~ .c\f:d . . . The 'United ; Nat1ons' . has'' i::Orreritiy ... adopted 13'.
purposes·, a .state Party 1n the penod ..betw.een the · • ·; · ... ·- ...... . . , .. ,. · ·._. ·. ·.· . ·· · · · ·· - .
·
communJCq110n ' ...... · of ..,,..,
u,e . .not-fi t- .. f ithd r:awa·1 an
I Jca ,on o w
· .. d · international
· : .. ,.. . ... . cqnvent1ons
· . ·:.concerrnng
.. · ... ·. · ·.. terrorism,
, .· .· · · ..
th · · d f th . · ... · . .· - . · t rVal Th · · fo _ · · ··deahnij.,WllJ'.l ,ssues·such:~S.h1jack1ng, hostages and
.·.,.,· be .e~_fy·.? tien:r·~~.one':i~flrmpert· '·: _ er~ .. r~, terrorist' 'bombihgs: Many of. these. conventions
: · y r~d1 .m.g. , .etb, . Arta. ul e~2a(1···)a. ed.·(·2a).yf·.tahcceSpt. st' m . operate o'n:a: comm9n ·model, 'es'tabli;sh1ng ·the basis:·.-'
accor a nee y.,1 re e ..,r ... an o . .e . a u1.e, f - · ·- · - · - d' r · 'th · t I · k' ·
of
the jurisdiction the Co'urf oVet a°II Article 5 crim.es . . o (IUasl-U~JVersa.1 JUns IC }On .. W.• ... ·.1:lfl 1.~ Elr op IIJ~ . ·
. c.om~itted.ei~her by:its,jJati~ria.ls,Pr.o.rl.its.te:.rrit(?ry.for.
a penod stclr.llng at the· mo!'Tlent of the entry into fqrce 1~:~.;.~~t··::tern.
· ··· - ~
ationalql;>hga:•0.ns}fHA.W..sup~ a_t.
· · · ·· · ·· , ·· . · ·
· of the Sta~ute/ortl)citState-~nd runn·ing Up to.aHeast . ·qbliga:tior'do·FighfT.errorism.: . ' .
cine year' afte(a pqssible witiJdrawal ofthe Statute_ . Every. State has the du\y to refrain from ·arga.nizing, .
This .ac·ceptance · of the. jurisdiction of :the .Court, · ·;nstigatfn'g, assisting or p~f!k:ipatirig in acts ·ofi::)vil.
remains .unaffected by a withdrawal' of .·the .State .. strife or terrqrist ads in anpther State 01c;,acquiescing
.Party from the .StJ;1tute_. Therefore, the. Court retqins ir( organized. J;1Cti•i/itJes· ·within'.its territory directed
ju-r.isdi~tion: over any crimes . falling within its tow'ardsthe commission,of such. ads, when the acti;:
j~rlscli~tion ·. fnat·. may:· have . been c;;~mmitted i.n referred 'to' in.vblve .·a threat or. use. of f6rce. (1970'
· · Bun,mdi or by. nationals :Of 'Burun~i up. to~ a{l'd .United . Nations General Assembly's.· Friendly
inc{µdihg 26-'0ctober 201 ?.'- As· a consequence;. the . RelationsDeclaration); · ·
exeroise qf the· Court's.· jurisdiction, i.e. -··tt,e-

408 I
. .
2019 SAN-B.EDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
'
 Pl)_B.LIC· USI-TERNATfONAL LAW
· ·:. SAN .B£DA LAWCENTRAUZ£0.8AR OPERATIONS -M£MORYAID·2CJ19 ·.
....~\\~:-· . :.; .,'·~· .
sc;,ew;aan,~ ,y;~~.·. '-?:.
t.
i'~
'f .
AM ¥&iiBl&WMiW ft f 2 t&U PIM ·~425Mif2iii#i~!Ui0f:':W,ii4H_}l'.YWS iM'ibiFSl,4Ni I
..
\"· No. ·state shall · orqanize; assist, foment, · finance conduct of war with. a
I
in.d.te• or.. tolerate subversive. terrorist armed or· . view to limit the 'suffering
act(vitie~ directed towards the violent overthrow of 'and destructldnoncean
the regime .bf another State, or-interfere in civil strife armed -conflict ··breaks'
of another State (Id.).
.· . .
• U,4
out
Aui Dedere Au·t·Judicare .;;-'•
· This principle .. requires- a .State to. extradite or
prosecute can be found in nearly every universal or . :The Hag~e Qon.ve,ntJotis The· four . · .. Geneva·
: -regiqnal convention and ,treaty .relating to the fight · (Hague . · Peace C:o.nventlons· . (1:864;
aga~n.st i_r,terna!ional terrorism {EPIL, supra at 56). Conferences 'in .1899 1906,1~2~. 1949) .
. and -1907) -:
).
(EPtf..;. supra· -at 1: Legality of the· Thr~at ·o~· Use of

·l ·. c· · ·
' .
···
·.· ."W.All .: ·
·.· · .... ' ·· · ."
·:·,
-
·
Nuaeerweepens,/CJ (,1996)'. p,75),.:. ·

. CoQ<;iitions fpr:/us ~d ~eil(Jm:;(Jf>2l'..~R2).... :

1 .. Just cause based.on an ir-iju.ryrecefved; .' ·
.
.. o~tentio~_.be!,w\:)en two .or, more States, through 2 wa · st t;;· ·p ·rt·· "th ... · ·
, . thelr armed forces. fq_r the purpose of overpowerinq . ; . . r mu . e -~opo 1ora.1·1 a. 0' costs entailed
i'... ·h · b · · · m prosecuting'them;-· · . . .
t. . · .eac ·.ot er. and .imposing such conditions 'of p\:)ace _ ;,, . Nations must fubliclydeclaretheir wars·
.
~-··
{
,,
. a~ the victor pleases (SARMIENTO,._supra a~ 255l- ,··'-~i 1 4. Only-a.be_·gitimate authority may declari/war,·
. .. .
·pollriy,Qfthe.~hilippin~sAs.R~gards·war
.. ;~~·\·
r s:.. !/ ··"\ 5.: War-mw~~.always be··a,Ylst'reso_rt;·.. ·. ·
The 1987 Consti_tut!.o.nprovides that the Philipp\~e;fi,·,:-_r1--.1 6. ,Beas.onable. cha11.c;:e of success;_ a~.d . .
,,.•'._ re_nounces .war as ar. rnstrument of national poli.cy;-'- ·:. -.,"';,_!::,..,_yv-a,r ~-~'.i only. be ~n<;lert.~ken with the -g,ght
: however'.lli~;~~gr~~s, by'_a ~()_te o.t_ two-th~~s;{~il)-.;'.: iy_;.i~:L.r2J&~r,i, tS~~~/~NTO,·_supra- a(?3.0~2:31).·. . ·
ot b?th _l'l.ouse~-·m Joint sesi;,1on asserq~l~~otm9/ 1J· · ·. ·, -4"1;i: · · . · · . · · · · .
~eparately; shall ~av~.the s.ole po,w_~r.-@·d'1glareth:~\-.,:::·t·· C~"!l~en_c~}',Jt\ntof.~ar. (PR~). : .. . · . ·.
existence. of .:_a . ;,tate.'. of Wc'1r -{'W~!i>,J!'-9We_Lpf"" l . 1, W!th t')r.Qe,9,la~t1_onof w~r~. . · .· .
Congr~ss'.') (CONST., M. 11, Sep. 2;..Ai.i!:\]1f-i~c.23; J) ~'; W!th t,ve ,ae1\ct~oi:i_of·an ultimat_urn; ~nd · .
. .par..'(1)). . · . . . . . · . <(;::,'?' . -v"'-.:. .. ,- · ;. _ · }··\ 3. · W1tliJf;le §om_~l~SIOfl of:·an act of force regarded
· :< . '. ·. · ·.:· ..... . . .. -(,<_:; ~",,\, . . · · ~· LJ. by ,. leaf t. o_n~ of Ule ~elligerents. as. an. ·.act of
DIVl~IQ.llS of.th~.La~ of_Wart? ~/~ ':'..:-;;z;, · -f_;,·~ . ·W.~(J.f!/1.9._lj}://J.rf:_'§UP7:8 at 702).
1. 'J_t!s,.ad ,bellum (just1c~. ol~~ar).:~1Jc_6Jlditi6r.i_s; fc'!f .·· ."""'-'.7.;d.:~P~~;i:·,.... · ·: . ..
• und~r whi~h on~ may: rE:_soi:ttbiw~r~t~~{orceJr{· . ~ j Effects qf:_l?Utl:>reakof W~r:· (P~Tl!1ED) ._·. . . .
. ·g~n$ral: With a ..subdivision,kn~\~n,1:1sj~5:\coqira. iJ,:).:. ..:,The._.laws- ·of _f.e~ce -~ase to. reg~late",the
·: ._be1/um ?r th~"la~ oi:i the. p~1:1Yer,tiot(~!:,War;.al:)d _/!P;.>··_' ;;4~I~t1~s of. th.e bt;!lhg_er~nts_.~n<;l ~r~ superseded
· 2: \Jqs . Jq · .be/lo (justice.· m: war) -f g_ovem13~'l!,fe, ......;r.!!,_:.:"'-!._;::.:l;_:l:i¥~eJI law~ .of.·· war.. wh1.le . tt)irq :. states·. are .
. .COl)_du,ct.of belJiger~ntS:·dUriRga -.yar~ aryij:,i'fi .a . ·: gov.e~ned by l~-:vs of neutrality; .. ·. : ·, : ..
: _: br?.adE:r ·.sense· .:comprises . the: ."r©,~~>and. 2. Ir~at1es of -~litic.~I n_ature; such as :treaties. of
. o~llgallon.s . ~of~ . n~uttal .. :-_ parties a:s ·. well .all1anc.e;- are. autorna11~lly cancelJe.d;. but those
. (SARMIENiO;·_sup_rtJ~t ~5f!-259f . · which .. are i.htended fo-opetpt~_dtjrlng:wal',·such-
. · ·. · as· .one ·regulating the· co.nduct-pf -liostililie.~ are
... These two divfsk:ins of the jaws of war are distin~t . activated; ·· ... · .· ·. · . ·. · ·' · . ·. :
. ,_and: s~parate. ·Evs1:(if a nation· ·Ja'cks.'just tause for... :f ;!ndi"'.idual~:are·impressedwith e1:1er\'jy,'chara¢t;.,r
, _war, 1t i;nay ·'. fight :Jqstly .. once war ·ha·s begun, when th!3y afEl: · . · · · · '· . . , '
· · Cpnv,ersely,. a· oatipn· w.itb just· cause may fight · a:· .-~a.tionals of.en~rny.~tate;' · = .·

unjustly((~.)·.· · : . . . _ .·. · · .. · . · .... . !:>- ..-' Do[!iiqiled aliens-:i.n the eneiny State
... ' . :. . . . . . • ·!: . . : ·- under t_h~ ·: assumption, on th!:3
Ju_s 'A~. 5:e1i.um-.a:nt1jus tn·-B~llo; P.istinguished-·. assumptio.n· that th~y..contribute to.
. ·its eC(?'nO.miCresp(!rceSi . . .
· c ... Alfen_s _participating ir, ·hostilities in
_favor of·enemy State: .: ·
d, ·_.cprp9_ration or: · other ·juridical
·_person~ · whete the ·. controlling .
. stockl)older are nationals of tne
• I othei·belligerf:3(lt. . • . . ·
e. .
, , tQ 'o,;ce
•... P.tohibit reso,.. ,, • a·s I n:it"'
..n>"\s·es;.
. . f or .. 4. Enemy Public .froperty found in the territory is
a· . tneans ·to· settle humanita'rian · reasotis,' . · subject to· confiscation, Private- Property is .
• disputes betweer\ Stat~s constraints on the subject to _recqyisition ·

2019 SAN.SEDA
. . . BAR
. ~ENTRALIZEO . OPE.RATIO~S.J
. . 4P9
•, -
.
 =ueuc 'INTERN"ATIO.N.AL LAW
SAN SEDA LAI:'/ CENTRAUZW BAR OPERATIONS --MEMORY AID .:.1019 ·.
~wd4&¥9S all WHH ED'ri( a ''fl'· +MF SFM!fjf

5. .5nemy public- property found the territory of in' 5. · Capitulation (NAGHURA."supra at 70(3}. ·
· other t;,elligerent at the outbreak of the hostilities·
is, with certain exceptions, 'subject to · Belli_gerenf Occupatton. .
confiscation. Enemy. private property may be It is the temporary niiiitary occupation of the enemy's..
sequestered, subject to returnor reimbursement territory during the war. The occupant neednot have:
.
afterthe
. wa·r
. in accordance
. . with. the treaty
. .
of its feet planted on ·every square foot .of territory,'
· pe<'!ce; , . provided it· maintains 'ettecti;;.e:-control. and ··military
6. Qiplomati<;: and consular relations _betw.een the· superiority tnerein, .being able to send; in. case of
. belligerents _are terminated, and their respective attack•. sufficient forces to -assert its authority. wjthih
.. ·:: representatives are . allowed to . return . to their . reasonable time . (Tan. SE{ Chiong y. : Director. of
· ·own countries (NACH/)RA, ·sµpra:·a(7()2 -·703) .. Pr/sons, "{3.R. No. l;.-5920, 'June ?5, 1955) .. ·

Non-H.ostile Intercourse: Qualifications of a. Belligeretit For~~- .in a· Civii

1 .. i="tag of Truce" .'...'white 111· color, Indicates the .. War:,"(CECA) . .·. . :. .· -
desire to communicate with the enemy; the · - . · 1.· They· must be ..~om'manded by_." a . person
· agerit, called: pc,rlement1=1ite., enjoys lnvlotablllty · · responslbte tor his .subordiriates; · ·
· and is entrusted with the duty of neg.otiatin"i:iwith' 2. "They· must have a fixed di_stinctive gmblem· · ·
trre enemy; . . ·recognizable.at a distance: . . .. .
2. Cartels - agreements to. regulate th§:%=-"-'=--3_.''fh$Y. must ~a.rry arms openly; and · . . .
_inter?o~rse during the war, usually the ~~ehta{ge
of pnsoners of war; ., ·.- ·/" £;,\..
·
1.1u - l~-':~~. . .
· . ,{ \J
r::i~st.. ;cond!J.et_ their 'operatlons .. i~
~11G9-f9a.{lce with- the laws and customs of war
3. Pas~port - written permissio9Ai{eri\ 'r:JY·.1~---=:..,,.,~(IJ!af!_f,efte'gpl1;1tio1?s.of19_07,.Art.. 1).. ·. . . . -
· . l:ielligerent· governm~nno t.h,~:fll!pje~ts.""°f'the ~- V :4'~~- . . · .
. . enemy to travel generally in"J5~0i~,e'reg.ffe'°yj101'}1r--~~E-ffe~t cif'ijeJ.~ipere~,tOccupation ·. . ·.
4. -Saf~-Con<:tuc"t- permis~i9./f1Qiv~nj_iare11e~ ~"Jf' :~fa· cha91ge)!tf,~9~fr~~nty',but the :exer<;:!~e of the
sub [ect or to -an enemy .vessei1'1)6.wing,passag.e. ".b~ .r,sbwers ipf sdy~re1g_ni,\1s. suspended. Polltlcal Jaw,
between defined point~; /f · ·. f · ·., · ..f5,~~ except tr\~ lavi-?>,rytj?.s'0ri,are suspendE:ld; municipal
5. License to Tra~e . - If p~i~sion ~rve.~~:~_9' .!: jha~srern~in,in f~~~..(~~urel ':'· Misa, G.~. '.No. °/::.-409'
com pe~~n!· c;1ut~onty to f1iflaiv:!P)jlals . to tcany.t-:..o~/.' .r.:~'fl!O_flalY ,~a,_ 19jJ. ... 1, ~ . _ · . . · . .
trade ttrqugh thE:lre 1s-a-~tatljl.rdf(war; aAQ. .~; --2i· · J . · J· l==:-J- ~ ., . . . · . ·. .
_6. Safeg_~ard .-· ·prbteq\6n~...dfali_~aq~~~Rig!1ts/,~' ztres .9f :Belligerent· Occupant:
commanding_ officer eith'~! ,t~~em~i'gilJsonsorffi?~~O~J.~/ _ l .~,.,.odif.. _- · · ·. . . ·
property ~ithin his comm~ha-(N)\CHl9~~}~r~u£4~~~}:mea.·ur.e~ifrotect intil;lbitants;_ . '·-. '
. . at ·706). · \ · . · -t>-~· 'l.~o~'-! ~y~~~fals~aoJi~h or .:continue .· the proce~ses of .
. . · .· · · · ,. . . \\;,. ·. . . , _. . ,(j~.,;:__~Qrderlyi(~minis!fat!on'. includjng enactment of
Ter:mmation of War:· . . ~} . ---:: ~C'.l{r1 :rnJJa~;/. · . . J.. · - ·. - . ·
1. Stibjug~tlon -'-.the conquest1>t"one ~elti§:W,eflt~ ~~eqiii.siSigp,.;~f.Qoods: and· services ii"! non-
. by c1:n?l~er follpwed by tl;le'form11Hi_A~~ti9q""of~...,..=~'"."" ~ilil~IY.lPJljec_ts;·· . . ·. · .
· the t~rntory of the. · defeate(:l St~tEl,,_:afu.!f jthe 1\ l li, '\'il.~~~cf' Iaxes and.-.·.co_ntrib~tions to finance
._extin_c:~lo~ of its sovereignty and _interh~~I LVL~;;.J!lilit1ryand ICJcal ~-9,m.inistrativenee?s;
_ person~hty; -. ·· : .. · . . . . · _. · - , ..._.,~--=5'." !~ue legaL:curre.r.icy;_ and .\ ___,
:2.: ~imple· cessation of·hostillties .:.:witf-io~t tbe- .· ·6 .. .Qs~·enemy property, whether public.or private;.
· conclusidn' of ·a· formcll -treilty'of pe·a~e:·· :· --: · · · , . : ou{privati;rprop.erty is:_subject to in~emnification·
. 3. Ar"'!is~ices · -· prel.im_ihary .. '. treaties _ -of ·,µ~ace ... · . return at· the- end of the war-. (R~p·ubli~ v,- L~t<!,
calling for cessatioffof hostilities; · ··· · · ~ . G:R. No: l--5080, November 29, 195'1). . ·
4. N~g_otiate.~ treaties :6( peace - ·when hostilities· :· ! • · · · ·

c;eased wJ.tho_ut e)ther.of-the·belligere1;.ts having· Pos(liinir,iUIJJ ljus p~tliinini)_ . .

,such n,ilita·ry advant~ge .over the other as to '.be .. The.· ·revival· ·or revetsiori~- to· the. old. ·laws· and
- .: .· able to impose its:wm without resistance;:and· · sover.eigr)ty_ of··ten:itory. which· .has -·be~n :.under:.
- 5. lmp.osed ·treaties. ·ot·· pe,a·ce..- wh:ere _the ·· · bel.ligerenr~ccupati.on·once·cor:1tJ:ol ofth~ b~lligere.ht
decisive:-victory ·oh:ine. of the·belligerents leads . . occµpant is los.t ovet the territory :affe(:tcd (Co Kim.
.. -.. 'it t9 impc;,se itin.vill upo_n the qther party.without · ·: . cfu;m ·v. v-;;,1dez·Tar1 Keh, sl.,Jpra): lf-.appiies. only .in
. .. .' any· .. pretense of ·. bila.te113I. · negbtiations l{l!le of wa·r (SA_~MIENTO,SUPfa fll "26.6). · _ .
·
. ,.. (SARMIENTO,
. .
.suprc,·at
. ' 264-2.6.5):
..
.· :r '·
.S~atu-$ _c;uo··~"nte, helium . . -: ·
. Types:of'.Suspension of Hosfilltles: : Prin_~iple . ~~bod.l~d·, l_n. a .tre~ty ,ending. a :w,a~: that.
1.: Suspension of Arms;.. provides 'that. State boundaries· or borders will. be .
'. 2. · Armistice; · • - r~stcired "to pre-war·.,po_sitions.· (Frontier Dispute,
3. ' cease..:fire; Judgment;/CJ ~eports 1986): · ·
. 4. Truce; and

410 I . 2019 SAN BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPt:RA TIONS

 'p.u:aLl:C·lNTER·NATIONAL LAW.
. SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATION'S-.MEMOIJY·AiD2019· 't:, ._ .
. . 6 . EM &Mii&afi ;E:+E a8e i5W%frrtrf' ~: · ·. ~.

Rule of UtiPos$idetis (a$ you possess, so may you Fundamental RLiJes which are the Bases of the
continue to possess) · · · Geneva Convantlona and . the Additional
f·,·
comes into effect once the war is definitely at an. Protocol: · ·
end. Under this rule, each belligerent is regarded 'as 1. Projection· of persons hors de combat· (out of
legally entitled to such property as .wasactually in· its combat/out of fight); ·
possession ' at the flrne . hostilities·· ceased 2.. Prohibition 'from killing or injliring'an enemy who
\-· (FENWICK, supra at
Q65). . . surrenders or who Is hor« de combat; .. · .
;:
;
3. The wounded and 'sick 'shall be 'collected and
'War Criminal · ., · . . · .. . . cared for by the party to the conflict.whlch has:
Ahy person, whether a civilian or a. member of 'the · them in its; power;' · .
armed. forces. of the state, who commits an act"that 4, Protection-of captured combatants·and civilians
!
·,· violates a rule _cif International law governing armed · under the authority.of. an .adverse party;
conflicts' (-NA.CHURA,.supra at:70'1). .' . .· . 5. Judicial gua"rantees; . .
· 6. Choice of ·me'ui·o~s. and- 'means -·of warfare is
The Philippines had the authority to War ~rimlrialstry 'limited:.... prohibited to cause urmecessarylosses
· after Worl_d War:. JI. (see ,.discussio_n • above .on or exclusive ~uffering; and . . . ..
Jurisdiction) (Kuroda_v. ·Ja·tanclorii,.supre}. · · · 7.. Distinguishing· between· civifiah population and·
· · ; 'combatants (SARMIENTO, supra at 294).
. . . . . .

· . .. · · . · ·:) · Armed Conflict · ·· · .

INTERNATipNAL · . · ·: ,>i/ ·'(,f,))._. An arm_ed conflict exists whenever there i~ a resort
HUMAN)TARIAN LA'W · . ": .(.',,,'.- toarmedforce: '. . · · . :
. ,. . · · ~\.•:.;: ,,,) r. Between Statest or · ·
·.:. ·.. · ·:· · · .'; . · .1· ._ \J k;_;:.
1-,:<~.-,~rofraq..t~~ . ~rme1·. · violence · between
l~_TERNATJOl'>j~t:.HUMAl':flT~IAN l~W (La~ o..f,C/j'.J.!
:·<£~::._:_Jf9X~H!:"_ertal authorities .a~d· organized armed
War; Laws of Armed Conflict). ·. . ~.. ,. .::Y. · ; ,
I ·. gro\;113~{'Qf. . · . ·· · .·· _
.The .body of ·in_terna.lional rules_,· :e.ftj;i~ii~hed. b/;::;;fj . 3 .: Befweef1f(ganized_armed:g~oups wiJhin a 'state
treaties or cu~t~l!"·wl')1ch are·spE:c1fic~11iJ~~nd~d).o.._~- ~\. (Pro_sepufp'k'>t·Tad1c, £?ec1s1on.fortfl~ _De:e'J..ce ..
~olve. h_um:3ni_tanan-p~oble~~ ~!r%yYJtar1s1~:ffr:°m . H. . .
tvlot1_orJ/O.r.·ln,\eflocutQryApP;Bf!I on Jurisdiction, .
intematiortal or -.non-mternat1on~l>arme<:IJ\;0'11'fhcts. . r:··1 Oc;toSer ~•. 19~5, par. 70). . . . · · ·
and which,''for_humanitariap· ~~~pns;•lll'.J:li\'{he righ~. ti~· .' · ' -JI· ·
ij '\ . · . · · · . _ . .
of par.ties ~o a· con~ict to ~s~.-ttf(tn~t!')1ic!i~y)'.~ "!l~a~~ .;~i
Thi;! ~-te~~~@fs: ~~arter ·states·that_ ~II ~~mb~~ ·
·of Wc!r.fa.re of .their- cho1~e ,or pr:Q!.e¢"p'eJ~9_ris_ar\~ . )· ?f ttie~~tl.Il@.,..Qi'.~at1ons shall refrain· m their_
property that an~, or may· be,. atts~<9'.b}'.f·conflipf j ·
1~t~f!1al1onal .r.elaij0ns from-the threat 'Or.ll'Se of force
'(tnte~nationalComn:iitt(jleof.the Re'(f:~rf!SS,.Jf{Hvisory_ t;~";-;;~W!inst· the territorial int~g~ty :or . · political.
~erv1ce on lntemat,on~I HumanitariQh~[.a~'f.U . - _ ......(~;;~~ 1~nde.R':".1~~rlqe.of any slate, or 1p any o~h·er ma~Fler
.. . . . · . ·. · . . · ',o:"{· Ji~ 7 w1t_h_:the purpo.se o~ the ·urntecl" Nal1ohs · · ·
i.. 'GENEVA CONVENTIONS ·. - · .. · Sf . · r{vl .,,-~-:"mGons1ste~ . (UN. Charter,Art: 2 (4)).. . . ·. .. ·
, G~11evcV Com1entions set'·. the starjd~i\@p.fQt· the · · · . · . · · · · ·... · · . .· · ·. ·
!'. . . hum·;,initarian law· ii:i armed, con.ffiCt$· (SARMil=NTO, C~t~g9_ries of Armed_ Co~ffict: ...
. supra a{ 293). They c_onsist of th.e.followiT)g: ··. · · · · · 1.- . International Armed Corifllcts . . . .- ,
). · 1. Geneva Co.nvention · I .. :..::.: Ameli'Orati"on of the These are thO$Ei-!n·which at least .two 'States: ate
f-: · . · Condition of.the· Wouridecf and 'Sick 'in·-Armed ···. involved. It.includes 'all·cases·of dedared war or
t' . th~
. -For~e_s in· Fi.el_d; .. . . . . of any other' armed~ -cohfiict whi~h _·mciy aris~ .'
t 2. ·Ge.n~va · Conventio.n II _...., Amelioration of' tt,e · betweei:i two or,mol'!:J States which are;p~rties to
r·. · . 9onditi.on-.?f Wo_i.Jnded!.§ick, a.Ad Sliip.wr'ec~ed. . Qie 'C<;>.~.V!3rit\qns.,ev~h if the State.'ofwar-is not'
( Members of Armed Forces at Sea: ... · re.cogmzed by.. one .of them .aod all ..cases· of
!'° 3. Ge~eva·· "Con.vention UI · - ··.Treatment 9f ·parti.al ,or tot~I occupalion·.of-tt-iE{terri!qry of.a
t- Prisoners of War:· . State· Part.y, even· if the said occupati6n, meets
f · 4. Geneva. C9-flverjti6nW _:. Protection of Civilian .. with 'no ·.:· artned .· . r.esistance· · (GENEVA
l{··· :P~~sons in Time·ofWar: ·. ·. CONVEN!IQNS;Coin[Tlldn.Artic/e'2).:··..

t Additional
..
.Protocols .. t~
.,~.'~·.:· Ccmventior:is:< · ._-. . :
:· th~ >:.
Ge.riey"a
2. lnterr.)al · . or_
Conflicts · · .,..
Non- nternat!<>.n1iil· · · Armed
. ' .. .
T.hose r~tricted.to the territory ofirsingle.State,
to
. 1. · ·.Protocdl'I ot'1977 ~ .retating the Pr~tection of -
·. Victims of lntematieinal 'Armed Conflicts;· ·
.involving e.ither regul~r or·armed,~orces.fighting
groups 'Of arm·ed dissid~nts', or aJrh.ed.· grou·p~ .
2. Protocol II of 1977·.--.Telating to The .Protection of frghtin·g · each other. They are govemed by the
ft..~. Victims of Non.International Armed Qpnfiict; and. common .Article 3 .of. the·· f6ur ··G.eneva
. · 3. )·.·Protocol 11! of ·2005 _: relating to. the Acjc;,plion of · Conventions as wel~ : as: by . the Additipnai
an Additjonal DisUnctiv_e Em{?lem. . . :Protocol I.I (SARMIENTO,supra.at 29~). ·

f:· I 411
~ ·2019 SAN BEDA CENTBALIZED BAR OPERATIONS
. . . '
~
 PU.BLIC· 't.NT.E.RNAT·iO,N.AL~ LAW
SAN BEDA LAW C£N1;RALIZEDBAR OPERl\TICJt,15-MEMORY'AID 2019 • .
. . ' . . . . .
· !i:l.WISDNO·MtWMIWI.M R4fPF A @A Mt#IP!IFt 8 BWHf214¥M&4ritlRIG&NttGIMP&&M'Ml'll!m

Material Field of Application· . 3 . .: Cultural. Property· and; Places of Worship

· a..... Armed · dissidents . : rnust: . be
responsible command; and
· b. They must exercise such control over a part
. of its territory as to enaglethem to carry out
·. . : sustained and concerted military operatlons
.and to implement this Protocol. (Prolocql II;
· · ·~Eft(I/AS, supra at 98). .· · · '· ·
..:· : lnt~m~tlo.nalized·Armed Conflict
An internal armed. conflict may .b.ecome · an
internationalized' armed' conflict i( another state
.. ·.. intervenes in that conttict through itstroops and.
: 'some participants of such internal armed conflict . .
-acton behalf of. th'e other state (Pr'osecutorv.
· .. Tadic,·,supfa at·pa,r -. 72). -'. . : ·:
. . . . "" . ·..
_ common Article 3 : . .
Each of the four Geneva Conventions contains .
urrder (Protocol I, · Art. 53; Protocol II; Art. 16;
International .. Committee .'ot. the Rf!g ·cross, .
. Customary Ruff! 38).. · ,
4. Ci'{il Defense .; .includes personnel, buildings
and assets, dearly indicated by a blue trlangle
· · ~m an orange backqround distinctive sign. · -
5. Qangerolis Installations. -:- dams,· dikes, or
. ·nuclear 'electric plants · (Protocoi 1,: Art:: 56;
. Protocol tl, Art."15). · - · , ·
·s. Civillans. and Persons 'Hors.''de . .Combats -
persons h'ors ..de' com'l1at ar~ those, who 'are
either wounded oi,.. for other- reasons, . have
j)erf!l'<![l:entlyjoined. the ~ivllian population. . . .
7. : Parachutlsts=- those who.ball.out from aircrafts·.
lndistress.jnust only be; treated as prisoners of
· war, · . - . . . . . .· .
8.' Hospltata; Hospital St,Jips and· Medical Units - .a

. ·. (BERNAS;·supra at,99f , · .. d'!:P ; ~- · ,

u·· \
a . Common Article 3 whi.ch. · ensures 'rn inJl'l]!Jfil~..,.~~~lear.marklnq ·o.r . a: Rl;ld· Cross, to' . show their·
humanltarlan" protection in . intet.iH,~J·.~e:fnflict stat~S, . - ..
~~v:~~J-~~nd~sp~~sab[e·to. ·uw survival ~f the
' ·. .. · ·

· .. · · . . · , . ' . . ff-«"'~).,L ~~-~""'-~~!ti111~..,.pop~~t1on .:.- ..are!')~. for the. pro~uctr~r:i .of

FUNDAMENTAL PRIN~IPLES {!):,': ''l/-' ·: _ ·. fc:>~9,_5t~~~;~t~p.s.,...rai~ing _pf l!vestock, .d~1l"!k!ng
. · : .. .. · . . .. Jf ~,,r" ,,.....~--=~~:--~- ...~~tet:q1~lal!aJ1qnsar:id . sµpplles and 1rngat1on.
P.rincipl~ of P,rop9rtionalify /.£>-"'~ Z /f". · ID) 't . ~ w~~·a'r~J::>f.o.fs'c~d
Force .used. to achieve a certa.i,nleg1tj'lfate g'qal-n;ius"t . ,tJ._.t: A. of Atidilio~'af Protq9ol U<?r !AC and Ar'tie/e· 14 ·of
~gainst·attacks'(A~ic/e.54,:2

somehow be proportionatet~~pe·miljyary irl'{portance f\f~~ . Add#iona{'f?((J.t{Ro~II:(or NIAC). · · . .

· . of that goal (~PIL, supra at ffB)~ /! · · ~- .. ~-- . • ·~ · . . .. ·.\ ~ -~ ~ ... ; · · · · :
· · '.. · · • . · : ·. / ~ ~ • \' ~,
1
cP-ea.tut>itf~ A~*~}Ourh'fiu.War-; (K~P-.LED.-KEW) ·
Principle of D1stinctii;>t;tl,Di~~i.rpi1ati.9n·. . . (.~f- ' , ~G-·Js;iW g witl'l tr;~a~l:l~ '; .. : . ·
In order to en.sure :espec.t-(~r:-a.!:lad,lprotl:f<;t~b 9f the ~~2. Bo _ un~efend~;dplaces (e.g., hospitals and
. -~ivillaf! pop'u!atio_nand ci¥il!~~ p9je·c~s,.th~.)'~1es.J?i$···1~,;~ -::- . S..: f W9;fship)';H_ . . · . ·. . - ·
t~~ ?01.l~ict .shal! .at all_times·gjstin_g'uash b~~~~l\!h_e"· J.i~i~~_;P,l!~~jng aJown;J'r p(ace; ; • ·;.. : .
cJV1!1an. population' f,1nd· c.oniq,atants\~hd · \~W.~etf ~~:@;~fihg; J. . : '!. . · . · .
c.iviJlan . :objects : and · .. milit.a't.f ob~E<tives,faqf",1....-/S.1,~§:nplo~fl9 polso ·or pois0ne9.a~ms;
· a.<:~o'rdii,-gfys~all direct their·opJr~tio~~.oT'l,ly_~9~~~q_,p-,,Q~li~efr.?1t~IY~JTI.b.ing civili,;ms; a'r:id ·. .
: m1htary obJechves·(Pro(oco.l·I. Art,~BJ. · .):~"~~---.~~~11.lffig'~,,.~.ta}J~s . · . . . . . · - . · .
... . · · :' ... · .: ·. ::g·" ~z_Q(}' ~..:. .""'"""~..;.B~JPJtlf3fendedor.opefl qrties ....
. Pri~c1pl(r.of Mrh~ar.y-Ne.c.~sslfy- __ . · .... (!] .1\ 1,f {\_'\g)~mt_.~chore.d,~lnes(S_f!~RE.Z, supra ~f:.126.1;
f?elhgerents. may. ~l'Jlpfoyany·. amou.nt:an ~ttJ.a of l:¥ !J.. - __;p.a_1~_EVAqON\/ENTIOfil l,V).·· .... : · · . -
(orqe to compel' ·the . compl!;lte -submission ·.of tii"e=:'t~'Pifrfldy · .. · . . . : · ··. · .. , - ·
\;enemy·w.ith tt,e le.astwssible:l'bss ofli~es{tima·and, : Pr.ohjbite!'.l by .laY'; it consi~tit·qf,acts:of inv_iting. the
··rno.rjey:(/\JAQHJJRA, sµ_pr:a· at 704).. · ·: . · , · •. · . ~onfiqence c;>f al} _advers·a_ry to le~d him to belie:ve
· · · · · tha.t ·h~ 1s ·~ntitled ·t~, 0r is.·.qbliged. to·:aceord, · ·. ·
.: ;, :. Limitat:ions ~~- targets of-Attack . ·. · · · . : . . . · proteqtion ·.'un.c;ler' ·tn~ . rules· of:-Jnter'n~tionaL Law ·.
o·ri1y mi!itaryobjec:tives ~re·.s.ubjec,t.to attack-·by the·. applicable in.armed c'onflic( with int'eilt.to betray-that
armed Ji>rnes of,!:'- ~ellige~eht ·as· a basic ·rule of . - confidence (Proto·col.l;.Art_. 37, par. (~)). .
· warfare:· l,i!<ewjse; C!;lrtai~ place;, and·objectives are · . . ... , .. .. . .. .
·'..... .not~u.bj~ct to:attack,-such.as: ·;: : ·· , .. · · .-. ~xamples:. . . , . . .· .
1 ~···Neutralized -Areas .or Zones ..,. these are zones ·· 1..· · Fe.ig~ingof ari in.tent to f\egotiate ~ndeCafl?g of
.• establfs)'ledby special 'l:lgreement be'tween lhe . 'fr:uceor of ,c! surn\m<ler; .. ·.. ' .. ,' ' ..
· belljge~s'nts'fori treatmer:it oflthe ·wounded.· and 2. -Feigning .. of· an incapacitation by.: wounds cir.. ·
civilians. (GENEVA. CONV.ENTION: IV., Art, 15). . . ·.. sjckriess;..' . . ,:. . ·: . . . . . .
2. · Non-:defepcli::ld.L:qcalities- inhabitesJ ·plifces near 3. · Feigning of civilian, non-comb.atantstatus;: and
or in a zone whe're armed foreers ·are,ih..contact . .' 4.·. Feigning ofp~otect~dstatus·by..the.u~e.of signs,
and.'·. which. -~rre,,.open to/· occupation:, PY . the empleros; ·or ,uniforms .of .UN>or ·of. neutral 'or
adverse. party~~ avoid t1os.tilitjesanq. destruction · o.ther States. not:. Parties· . to · i .t1·1e . conflict'.·
',- (Proto.co/I, Aris... 5_9 & .85(3)~, . .. . _; . (S~R~IENT-0, Sl.!p;a at-.3!9).. ; : ...

412 I 2019 SAN BEDA C~NTRALIZED BAR O,PERATIONS

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tt<&->1, pf#W!liti"ta-e

Ru.ses of War · .. Provided, that In any of these cases, he abstains

Acts which· are intended to' mislead an adversary .or · from any hostile ad .arid does not _attempt to
'to induce him to act recklessly butwhich infringe no- escape (Protocotl, Art. 41).
rule of lntemational Law applicable in armed 'conflict
and whic.h are not perfidious because they do not Mercenary:
in~ite the confidertce of an adversary with respect to 'a. Specially recruited locally or abroad to fight
protection under that law. These are not prohibited · ·1i, an armed conflict; ·
(Protocol I, Art. 37, par. (2)). ·. , b. Takes a direct part in" the .hostilities: .
c. . Motivated. to · participate · essentially by the
Examples ;' desire of.private gain; · ·
1.· . Use of camouflage; · .. d .. Neither .a national .of a Party to the conflict
2:· .Decoys: nor a . resident. of territory controtled by .a
3. -'Mock operatlons: and · . . . Patty to.the conflict; ...
-4
.
.. Misinforrnatii:,l1
. ·.. . . . (SARMIENTO;
{ ~ ·- .
-suore at 319).
. . .... . . .. . .
e. Not arnember of thearmed forces of a party1
_,.
· to the conflict; and · · , :.
· Principle of Humanity · . . f. Not sent by a State which is \no~ a Party to
' It prohibits the use of weapons : which: .cause the conflict .on official duty as a member of
indiscriminate ·. destruction . or . injury or : inflict ·. its ~r!!'ed forces (Protocol I, i4rt. 47).
unnecessary pain orsufferinq (NAOHURA, supra at
704J. . . . . - /,-"".') A 'mercenary ~t;iall not-have the· right. to be. a
· combatant or .?I prlsonef of war (Protocol l, Art.
Prohibited Type~ of Weaponry:_ ~ ;-' 1,/(.){
.,(/· ., :~ . '47).: · · ' - .
1. Explosive projectiles under.400 gramsj .. !. ·;:,,_., '.",' ,, ! : . . .
2. Poison or poisoned weapons:' · .' · ·. \I /,·:'.:. <:</ --~·,-,..__Wounde~, Sick, ·,Shipwrecked : . · .
. 3. . Arms; projectiles or material calculated "toJ~_auss0.·JC?<.Wou~(es- and Si~k - persons. whether military
. unnece~sa_rysuffering; . · - , · >::ff":··. ;.;,, ~I .ot"'ci.;maPi\~ho,.because>o~-trauma, di~eas~_·ot
4. Expahdlfl9 ("dunt-dum") bullets o~~~-0Jeci1les; /'.,......'l . other p~~1pal.or mental· disorder or- disability, ·
· 5 .. ~hem)cal .. a~d b~ct9,riolggi~~l·\r\'f.eap?~ffi·,~-·1\ ·· are in"J~+c1t\ofmedical assistah~~-- or care and
. .1riclud~n~_- personous ~n.dasr:>h~J~1"'9.!·gases;. · t ,{- who ~$Jfrc:)Jn ft?m. any act of. hostility (P~otocol I,
,. 6·: N,uclearweapons: and . __ ..,;(;,". · '"v:::b· ,.~ · ft" ·Att. ?(a))fl \. · · · · · ·.
7: Cluster muniJjons. (8_AFJ.fylf/Ef!lf0! .!fPf?f,_8 ~t 31·9:~
3io) .. \:·:r'
. .,.~..Z.;;'i St4°2
t:~· . · ){." ~. ~~ .\. .:_ · ·
c!J . . ~~it!}Y~~.~~!':;t>f>ersons.
·' , . ·,
•. whether m1htary or
. . ''\,. t~i"!'i°~ ?~>i ·, rd . civilfau:~:b.Q ...:are-in peril at sea or in oth~( waters .
. ·Prin~.iple_ 9f Chiva!ry .. · .. .,~:".cif.v:-,'\ . · .J/ . !(~{ as a_result:of misfortu.n~.affecting_thern or the
Pr<;>ttit>its , . t~e'"· use. ;or. pemdiou~_,~r.. treaplfler9us ... IJ,,, 7:r1vess_e1 or a,rcran. ca~~Y.i~g them-and who. retrain
·methods'.,nUhe cCqr)duct_of hosbl1ti~~g(#AfHUR1,_.i.t~':"f.V';!;.WP..,,~~Y. act of host1hty (Pr~tocol I, Art. B(b)).
supra at:705). -,
. . . ·.. · . . . ..
. . <.,r ,/1~:,.,-·--·--.•:L......~---'--'~"-'.·41. ·
. . ·· ()f : .· {,(J- : Basic Protections'
· ,
.
.. '
.
·
. ,
·· · Principle ·of~alan(;e <:>f Pow.e:rs: .. · .'i.t~\"°~{.;;, · · · All. the~ wourided, .. sick arid ship wrec;ked, to
Jf is)1r.i arhingemenf of-.ifi'a.irs so tha(no Sta'fe'.shall. · . ·which~ve_rParty theiy_belorig, shc.111 be_ respected
be iri. a· positiori·. to· hav!:l" absolute mastery' and. · aha protected. ln:all'circu111stc.1nce~ they.shall be
,. dominance over. others · (SA.RMl!ENTO, ~upra .. at_ · _"trea~ed humanely and shall. ~ec;'i~h;,e,to the fullest
:- 257). · ·, · · · ·, · · ·: exfonf-.practicabfe. and with t~e le°ast ·p~ssible
. . . · delay;-- the: medical care· and•al~enti9ti..required.
PARTiESTC>°WAR .. ' . by thei.r co.ndition. There ·s..haU'be_n·o distinction
1. ·. Com~ataot"s' -:.:_·'individuals.· \vhq ·-·are _legally . a·mo1Jg·the"mfounc:)ed 6ri t,iny groubds otherthan
entitled to take part ·in· ho·stilities st.ich .. asithe . medical ones (Pr:otocol I, Art. ·10). , ·. · ,
l· armed·.forceS; .alsO· includes. citiz.ens·Wbo:ti~.e ii, · · · · · · ·
~-. : · a· levee:"_in. masse arid n:iembers · of'organized ·3,. • Pri~orre~s· 9f Wa·r . . . . . .
·at
. · t'~sista:rice·groi.ips (id: 2_71-J.: _. . . . · A person who takes. part in hostilities ancf falls
.. '. . . . . . : into the PQW(;lr of< an ·adverse party shalJ .· be
_, P~rsoris:-,1~rs .d,f co_mbat , : p·resumedto:~bea pdson.er of war (Prptocoi I, Art.
. A perso:n i!'> hors de comliatJf; 45). Ho.weve.r, non-privileged .combatants (i.e., .
.. : · cl, , He is·in the,pow.er ofan adverse- Party; _spies) , do : not. get the.:. privilege . of being
. · b. . He· · clearly .. expresses . ·an . intention · to considered . as · prisoners of. · war (HAGUE
;.. · s·uner:ider; or .·. . . . . CONVENT/ON U, ·Ar:t. -?fJj
c. He has. be~n r~ncf~~e~ uncon~ciOl.1$. or . is
. otherwis~... jnc:ap~citated ·· by . wounds or
si9J<ness, and· therefo.re is · lncapable .of
defenofn~_himself;. . . .

2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZED BAR bPERATIONS 413·

 PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW·
SAN f!f:DA LAW <:ENTRAUZ£DBAR OPERATIONS- MEMORYAID 2019
\\,1 Wt IBIZPH Q!Si#ZMHWNWiR&iWWIM5?WWGY¥1 1,4#4)4 &FEE ff &ES W @foH.N

Treafmentof Prisoners of.War . ~eno.cide and crimes aqainsf . humanity legal

They are considered as prisoners of a State, i.e.• recourse ·,
the· detaining power, not of .tha tndlvtduats or
units . that captured them .. they , cannot be State Policles undef' RA 9851 _ (RA 9891, Sec. 2):
punished for dife.ct"J:>aiticipation in hostilities. If 1. The renunciation of war a"r'1d- adherence. 'to- a
they· have ,.yiolated international hurnanltaflsn policy .of peace, . equality, .justice; . freedom,
law prior to their capture they may be· punished cooperation and amity with all nations:
.subject to ihesatequards SE!t out in Article 85 of 2~ Values the dignity of every human person and
the' Geneva. Conventidn Ill° -but- still .retain their guarantees full respect of human-rights: .. ·
status of prisoners of war urider the Convention: 3. Promotion of Children as zones of peace . ·
The detaining 'power is responsible for .their 4: Adoption of the generally acceptedprtnciples of
. .Jrel;ltment . . ... in . ' lnternational . · · . - "1c1w, · international law; . · . · ·,· ·
. (KACZOROWSKA,· svp·,aaf839). · · . · ·.
. . . . . . .. .
· 5. Punishment · of the most serio'us crimes of
. concern to thelnternattonat commu'pi_ty;·and ', .
~ight~. and Priv.ileges' of 'Prtsoners of :wa.r: . · · 6. To ~nsu_re persons accuseo of committing grave ·
. (TRIPR) . .. . . . . , -, ·. -. . .crjm_esunder internatlona! law·~Jl rights for a fair
a.· .They must be :Ireated. humanely, shall not and strict'tria_l ln. accordance 'witn "national.and.
be subject to physlcalor'mentaltorture, shall .internatlonal law. as· well as 'accessible' and
·be .. allowed to communicate .with their. . - g_ender-sensitive avenues of 'redress for victims.
. .fan:iilles,. and m~y receive food, cJ,91mfl'g,0~:="'.:-)"';~of~inecfconfticts., - .
educationand r_eligim,1s :ar:ficle~/ - ~-- ij ·. I_ !\ 7 :v- ~~- ·. . . . . . . :.
b. They maY; not be. forced tO,$$.~Efall<nfi'ilit:.;l~.,..~~.-:!"EtteiTt\r~!~_!!cation of-the __ provisions of this Act
. - · data except th_e n_am~! ra~',>Serf~J),,~job'er.·.. · s)'iali;IJ.<?t~~~tQ,e !ega.1 'statu~ of_ !he parties to. a
_ ar!TIY and regimental n~ml1~\a!\d•4id~W....P~·~·('....,,.QQ-!lt.'!~t;-::'\~~g~e:-a~}mphed re~o.gnit1onof the status
. birth; tt;i_ey may not. be C'.O,J!l~l~fo .work ff& c1:.-:, .. of belligere~y~rt.\ \\
military services; _ f
f:--Wff )! . · Jl.v .rii\. ][ .\
c. . ~II- _their. f.ers~nal Jf"?n_gi_nf!.fr~xce,1pt !3rins, ,:.{}..., _G'eno_c1d~e(RA._\fJ~5,:J.~ p. 5) ·. ~ _.
· !1o~ses; _and milita '~J;>cel;s, _re~kiin-their /11~f.ll-1.~-~11-Y....,9f
1
~ <~ '\z-.
'f . ·.
. ·
.

th.e ~~~Win~ acts .w_1tli _mtel)t t~ d~st~?Y,

property;:they ~re,e I tttled..jlj\'certain~caS~S.J$b-,,lli.:. -::'l'.;11:1,JP.. w.~ole. orwJ};o,part1.a nat1on~1. _efhrnc, racial,
..-
:· .

. ·

-~e.compensa~edto_· .wor~\i:F,one;_ \ · · 0~ l. .~drehgAO\.IS,SOfil~~~nyother s1_mdar ~table and

d. T~ey_ may be !rite(..etl:?.i1r~ tei.wn!Xt~rtress.~~.p.o/ perf:i~;~nt.Qroup.§~fh_as: . . .
camp, ori·any· oth_e.r foc~iM(so\io g~~s:-trre·,":'--~~~~ Jfl\~~ off_m~J;D:~.flrs of _the group; ·. . ·
'place· is healthM :al,l(iiy~~ni.c)~t,. ~ are~t I ~;If}~,,. ~~~\:l~mj serw')f bodily· or. mental harm to
. bound n.ott6 go ·beyo\d-cer:t~in)in'ti f ali'c'.I°.~- l'"'\:ff/~>~- ~we~bpr~oft~~ g~o~p; . · - ·
l·
e. Aftedhe conclusion o\peace°;\theirsg¢~~- ,./£ ~~~- Dehbtra~ely.,f infhctlng on ~he gro~p
Repatriation' must be f.lCl:;pmplisri'e"g-as(sPHR~;J,-.':t.. · - copt!t1ons_9..f'hfe~alc~lated to bn.ng abou~.,t.$
as _practicable (SUAREZ".-,.,supra:.Sit""-.f2'~9/l.tJiI'l \.L! .-;:7·P~{~1c_a1d.,est~uct_101)1~ who)eor in ·part; .
. GENEVA CONVENT/Of,_/ /Vh,.. . ..,( 0 ~-~;~·-~\.. ·~-~~hm,~f: measure_ 1nte11ded . to preve~t
· - · -~ ~('} j · ~ ,, ·· "" ~ \ eir.t ~1th1n tri& group; and ·
4.. Civilia_n - Arj·y_ pe_rso'n_ w~o· do~s nor.ie.elefn~.to JVl}\_\.~., !~ofci1;51/tran~fenfng:child.renqf the group to
the. ari:n~d _fo~Ge'an.d v.,1ho 1s:,nol a combata'i'i't:«;lf'l'..:c...'=>~""'°'""!~~not~er group . _ . .- . . .
_cas_e·of_ dou.bt.c:m ..wtreth~r a person 'is a civ.ilian, · 2, · Direc_tly a_nd ,put:>li<?IY inciting others to commit
that person- shall be co"nsidered to be' a civilian . genocide . . .· . . .
(Protocol/~t,.rl: 5_0 (1)); : : ' - . . ·,..: . .. . . . .. ·
C1yilian-.P~piilatil:>1i.. · _ . .. · .. _ Note: Ge"nocide may be commi~ted either.during war·.·
It cpmpflses.of~II p~rsl?ns:.w.h':)_are"civilians: The · .or. armed conflict or in times ofpe.ace·:The definition-
p_resence within :-the· civilian .·po·pulatiori of is·similar·to Rome Statute; Art 6. . -
individuals-who do not-come Within th·e def11'1ition . :. '. _: : _:, . :'.. , .· - ..
. C!t dvilian~ <:lo not' de1)rivethe.. population. ·0( its_ ·. War:·Crim~s .(RA'9851, $ec. 4) ,. . .
c(vilian char~cter (PrQtOcolJ, .Art.
59(2)).
, . ·_ · ! · · lri'-case:of an_ international armed conf/Tct; grave
b(~aches of the ~eneva C.onyentions of.A1,1gust
REPU~LIC.: Ac/' 98Sl _ (PH!LIP.PI.NE_. ACT .. ON 12; .. 1949, namely' any ·'o( ·the following .acts
. CRIMl;S · · -· AGAINST. · · JNTERNATiONAL- agains~persons·or property prot"ected:. .
. l::!.i.JMANITAlfl~N _ LAI/'!; GEN.OCIDE, ANP. 01,HE~ a. · · Willful killing; . : · · · · · .
CR_l(\,11;S AGAINST HUMANITY,)°':: · . . ~ . - ·. . b. Jorture ···or. ·inhuman. 'treatment,.- including .
·· · -· · .·. _. /· · ,.... · · . · biological e:xperil)')ef}ts; · - · · ·· .
Pl.lrposE1of'.the Passage of RA.9851° . c. W!llfi.Jlly·causing_ great·si.Jffering, or seriou.s
. · RA ·9~5l mandates both ·the $!ate ·an.d non-sta{e · : inj.ury to body·orhea.lth; ' · . . .
armed· gri:>ups to observ~.iritetnational humahit~rian ~ d: . Ex~ensive destruction and appropriation of
. . la~ st_and~rds· and ~ives the victim's of war-crimes, . property not justified by military necessity
-·and carried out un!awfully-ahd wantonly;

414_ :1 .2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZED-BAR OPERATiONS

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.
f.
-·· e.
**'*·
Willfully depriving a prisoner of war or other
. pr.citected ·perso·n of the rights of fair and
: regular trial; ·
e. t.aunchinq an attack In the· kn-owredge that
such attack will cause inctdental loss of life
or injury to civilians or damage -to clvillar'i
f. · Arbitrary deportation or forcible transfer of objects or widespread long-term and severe
·population or unlawful confinement; . damage to the n.£1tural environment- which
. g. '.raking of hostages; . "be
would excessive in . relation to the .
h, Compelling a · prisoner of war or other 'concrete and . direct milita·ry advantage
protecfecfperson·to.serve in.the fore::es.of a anticipated: · · ·
hosfile power.; and: . . · f. Launcrilnq an attack against .viorks or
i. Unjustifiable delay in the repatriation of . installatlnns.contaimnq dangerous forces in
prjsoner's of,war or other protect~cl persons. .the .. knowledqe that such. attack will cause .
. · .excesslve loss of life, inj1,1ry to civili!'i'ns or
2. In case of non-international armed . conttict, damage to civilian objects, and caus1ng
serious yiolation· Of CO!'.T)mOn -Art. 3,tO the four .. .'·death or senous'lnlury to.body or.health;
· Geneva Conventions of 12 Auqust 1949. namely ·g. Attacking or bornbardlnq, by whatever
•'any of the. foilowil)g. acts committed against means, towns, vlllaqes,: dwelilngs or·
persons taklnq.no active part in the. hostilities, build°in'gs which are undefended: and which
.. including. members -of 'the armed forces who. . ?re: not military· objectives, _or-making non-.
. : have lafd dbwn·their armsand those placed hors defended localities or· dernilltarized zones
. de · combe: by_ sickness, wounds, detention or_"/.~, the object.of-attack:
. any other cause;. ". . · . . r/•/.'·>;.{. h. ·; l_<illing .. or .woundlnq a. person in. the
·.·a:- Vlolence to· life and .person; in partictJJ;:_i.r..r,.<"...;,\ · knowledge that .he/she is hors de combat,
·willful killings; mutilation, cruel · treat~~ii}.',;,'...:,j:,., . . · .· :i'ric;lud.in.~. a :combatanL·.wh_o,.:·h~ving_ laid
. and torture; · . . . . · r ,,.
}i ,.•!'/ ,...•,n~ .. dqw11_h1s/her arms nolonqer having means
. b: Committing· outraqes upon personal <;!i§Jf-iity;/ .i-r( '··'~:}~,in:r:cq_f,:~eJ-p,:is.e, has surrendered at' discretion; .

-,
. in . particular hur:nilia~ing . and ~-~j1.9rading~J
treatment; . . · (.~~
!f, · .
. /:·;-".~tj
1~Mak'r,r:1gimpmp~r us~ o! a ~a_g of true~•. of the
·flaQ4~\t~~milltary :m~1gnra and ·uniform of
c. · Ta~ing of:hosta_ges;·~nd. ... _,:;}.,./ .. _, .),~[., 71 th e~et,ny,o~ of.the·unit~a Nations, as wet!
. d: The pa~smg of.sentences· ~clJAh~E?~ca~rymg t:,'/ a~qfijh~fl1stincflve emblems of ~e.Geneva
out ~fex.ecutions with.O,.Y~;~evio~%).i:iC:l~ment-.. :kf\ ¢oriv~ntioJ1.(~(other protecti~~-~ig~_s-uhder
pr-ono~nced ~y ~ r_eg1.gac1~tonstW·!!e?':ol!rt~ . t l ·J~e ·. Jtl.':_!~r\~a~onal.. Humarntanan. ·. · Uiw.
: - afford11;1g ·an .JU~l~Jal 9.Pl~ra.~·~~j.~~ICti~f~
1
· - generally re.oogrnzed as}~d1sp..er,isa',{le. r.::.:: .,J v.:1/
· t~F1 . 'r'~~1~!~g,Jrw.ath,
· GaRllii~li!:t .
s~nous .~ersonal lnJUry.or
· · · · ·-
.: · . :, · · . . . . , . · · ~\:-.t::£r\:\ _I-. !~~r. · j'. lntfnJio~ally : dlr~ctin~ ··~t~a·Cfq; '.. ag~!nst_
3. ,Oth~r~em~~s ~iolat1ons _ofthe.la:61.~andJystoms . \:\;-;,:?.':-:i.. _.bu1ldm_gs. dE:d1cated. ~o. rehg1on, eo.1.:1':at10~,
-apphc~ble m·. thei · armed .c?nfl_11t,t~,1.thm· .th~j_.,i·,-i:/.?r;;c;;~t..W;h_science,_ or ch~.rrt~~I~ purposes, h!stonc
establ!s.he·(}._try:imework o~ ,nte~,l!lttonal _Ajyv,t.-'-'7.-,u..~!...:L..:menun,,ents, hqsprtals_and pla~es where the .
namely: ·:' . · . '\_·\ 0/'>-f- · - .. · sick .and ·wounc,led · are ·collected,. provided
a. . Intentionally.· clire~titig· · attacks '-a._g111i~J "the ·· : : thaf they ar~· 11ot military objectives.· . · ··
. · civilian- ·,wpufati!JrJ ·as . such or'! .igainst .. k. · Sul;:ijecting_persons:who ~re in the power of····.
··.individual civilians tiot laking dir~t part· in· · . an adverse party .to ·physical .mutilation. pr to·
:· .: ·:.h.ostilities;· . . . . . . . ,: . . medical or _.scientific .elmerime"nts of. any: .
. b.. .lntentionalfy. directing . attac~s . a·gainst .- kind; cir tci :remov.ai of ti~sue. or .·organs.Jar
civilian .objiictS·, that is; ·objects _whid_h ar.e nbt . transplantatioJ.1, which ·are. neifher· Justified .
military pbje~tives; .. · . .r- · · . by.the _medical, dental or.. f:t~spita~ treatm·ent

·c.. lr.itenti9nally · .directing attac~s -ag~inst of the· per~_on c0nbern!:)d, not ..carried burin
. "buildings,.· material, medical · units and ;._ his7ner interest, .and which cause death to .or.
.. tr~nsp.ori;.: "and. per~6rJnel usin·g· the·· _ seriqusly. ;en9anger.. tt,e · he;:ilth'. of. such
."distioctiv.eembl~rris of A9dition:atProtocol II . _person or per.sons; ·.. . ... · , . · · .. · ·
-~. in cqnfoqnity,witfr)ntemational law;. . .... · .. l<iJlir:ig··"'{oLindil)g·.or captudng ·an adversary
d .. Intentionally· dire~ting . attacks: . agafnsl · . '·. by reso1 to perfidy . . . . .. .
p.er-sonne1; installations, mat~rial, units or . L · Declaril'lg·that no quarter will be given; ..
;, . ; · vehicles .. irivoived :. :in· a: . hurnc;1nitari~n.. m. · Desfroying·or" seizing t~e enemy's p~operty
. , .. · al?sistanc.e .._or peace~~eping . miss1ori in · .· unll;}ss. -.suc.h <;tesl!1Jction or: seiz4re :is
· · .accordance with the Cliarte.r of the United imperatfvely demanded ·by the necessities.
Nations as .long as they ar:e· entitled __to...the of war: · · .· ·
p.ro~ection · given . to cl.vilians or · civilian· n. · Pillaging a· town. or place, ·even when taken
o.bjects under the .international-law of armed ,by assault; . · · ·
· · conllict; . · o. Ordering·:the displacement- of. the civilian-··
"populationfor reason~· related to the conflict,

2019 SAN SEDA CENT8ALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

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PU B·LIC·.I NTE,RNATIO:·N:AL LAW

SAN BEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- MEMOAY AID 2019
· :l\\"'ffi!fWWWWN&h!4f seiz>(itMt M izimM 2 au i 9¥€19144 ... ,,, &IHRMiSPHPS&ffff#MIP,4·1
i·

unless the security of. the-civlllans \11volved . "Othe·r·crlmes c_1gainst humanity" aside from war
<or lmperanvemnltaryreasons so demand; crimes and geno!=ide under RA 98.Sf {Sec. 6) .
p. Transferring, directly or indlrectly, by· Any of the following acts when· committed as part of
oecuoylnq power Of. parts Of its OWi')' civ.ilian . 8 -wldespread or systematic attack directed against
v , population .Into the. .terrltory it occupies, or any civilian population, wilt\ knowledg·e of the attack: ·
the deportation or transfer o(air. or parts-.of 1. Willful killing; · · · ·· ·. ··
the· population of the·. qccupiea' territory . 2. 'Extermination;
wlthln or outside this territory; . . 3. · Enslavement; .:
q. Committinq outrages. upon-personal dignity, 4... Arbitrary' deportation · or· forcible· transfer· of
in 'particular, · humiliating -and degrading population; · ·. . . .
treatment: .. . . 5> · Imprisonment' m: ·. other -severe deprivation 'at
·r. · Committing rape, sexual slavery.' enforced physical tloerty in vlolatlon of fundamental rules
prostitution, forced pregnancy, :.~nfcirced ··of.international' law; . - . . . . .. . . .
. sterilization, or any other form of sexual - 6. 'Tort~re; . . . . ' . . · .. ·: · ·. . .
, violence; ·. . . .. · 7. ·Rape, sexual: slavery, -enforcsd prostitution,
s. Utilizing the presence ota civilian or other . ·. forced.pregnancy, enforced stenlizatlon or .~ny
protected ·person ·to ·render:cer.t~in· points;'. . other form of sexual violence .of comparable
areas or military forces immune from military · .. gravity; . :
'operations: ... . ··.. · · ··. .;,,::t,:::ee'=-=8-.!.. Persecution .aqalnsrany ldentifiable group or
t. · lntentionallyuslnq starvation.. of C.%Warts as·,ru· '\ ~ell~tiyity on. political, racial, national, ethnic,
a· i:netho~ o'. w~rfare by .depr~yj_Ag ~~ of l\ J '\f c·'d)tuf;~l<;":'{_eligious., g~nd.~r-. · sexual c;,fie.~tation
objects indispensable tq,1th~f:l.upt1VaJ.==~ Q!he~iigmOh_gs·that are universally recognized as
·including willfully im·rs~.ndin~r:~li.e1\~~l!.IJJPiie:s; ""'1JriP.~~~§ible.:,urider lnternatlonal-law; · ·
u. In an. . i!"'temati9nat~f' a¥.~,:~t~~c..9.ot11et,f~.:--~9, 'e, ,,,;1;!)f6r.<a:e(:;orA\involµntary • disappearance . of
·compelling the nationaJs..&"frtl:lJJfus1ife pa"™, y' vi' ·perso~1 & \ · . . .
.~o. tak,e paii ih the opefaficin~~·war,[~irect.e.~.. ~ ·1.tB:.·:Apa\hei~ll,:Of ·;), ' . . _· . ..
against the1r own colfr:itry, ·eyen if.t,~eywere d1.,.. Olh:,f_ inhl\l.rrfcl'p¢ \acts of similar character
· in the belligerent'{ ',~rv}pe ·b.erore-::,~ .... ;.,~1~~fonall.yi~~!>l.n~.gfeat·sufferi~g,or .. serious
· comm_en~em~nt ot.\f e·wa.r([ · · .. ·. \ · · ~· ';. ,--.;:;:. ~?1f1Jury.to bQc;l~~tq t.heJ'!lal or phy~1cal ~ealth.
f . .· [l ~-:-'"1~ : · · · ·... · . ·. · .
j ~~~T:l'.~rfat:wna.1
v.· ._ In.a~ mternahon~l ~r~~~~tpnt11~t,'~ecla_n~ .. , ~~ .: ..
. ~bohshed, suspen?~o'"'e~iIDad(p~!b!:.., ~n a ~~~·j~}ton:1~ s111111w .tcr-Rp_me·'St{:Jtufe,·~tf·..?-
court of \i:IW the ng,~t.s..;pq~, ac!~~f tf.ie;I C\ . ,~L"'.:?I·. ;/ F;:,,c1,Q · . ·. . . .
riatiohals of tfie:hosti\e,.partyt\ .. · w· ~· ~,. ;k;(!G'frr}.E;,§!JfUESJO~·A"RMEO CONFLICTS: :·-.
w .. Cor.ilmitting.any.0J.th~f0Jlbw1ng·a~ ~' 'S Arm,~~ Confli.ct-·between two or
i. Conscrip,tii:19,. ·enll~ting . "()..·· recr:ytti g ,y/~e5re·:~.r:atesinc!p'cffrig·pelligere~t qccupation; _
. childre~ und~r the· ~g~._of t5'.r,.ea.~~}BN13:~o!}?)ntei;nati~al A_r?'ed Conflict:- betw~en
. . · .. th.e nationa~ armed· fol"i'.?es; · J;~ ~~·_9,Pv~m~~nt,rauthont1es and organized armed
. ii. · Conscripting, el\listing~~~or.,.. {e,grt:ti!fr'ig~gr.06~,o~Jefetween such groups within a·· $tate;
. children under ~e age of ;f~~,~}nto . n &.
a.n ~rm·ed -force or:9rq~p other1ha!i_~.
,r ~!-abcl;~dr
J~<; .;~, _~.P-' .'. · ..'. ·. . - , ·. ·. ! '.
. . · '. . :. · .
. '. . . ..

. national armed forces; and· : . ~ . 'NOTE:.lt.does not cover.internal disturbances or

.. '. iii.·.: l!sing: 'cl;li!d~<::n· .un'de~: ~th( ·age··?~. 1.$.
· years to part1c1r,ate actively in·hostjhties;
. :· x .. Employing me~n!;. 'of: warfare ..vitiich. are
prohibited.und~r internatio·nal law, suc.h·as:·
. · i. Poison or·poisonedweapons .· · ·
. Ii. .,Asphyxiating, ·poisonous·or Ottlergases,
and' all ·analogous liquids; mater~als oi.. ·· ...
devi'ces; . · · . . ·. to. r:each.!ielf.det~rmination. lt:is -also;use!:fto ·,:·
· iii, B~llets wtiich expand or flatten- ei3sily i~ '. ·
. the humf}n .,b9dy; suqh as .:'bullet~ with
ba.rd .enveJopes which ,do :not· ~ntirely
·cov.er' .the·: ccin:i' 'or . aie .pierced with
. in.cisions .... · · ... . . .
iv. ··weapon&,. projectiles and ·inatai"ial'aiJ.d.:-
· methods at. warfar~. w,hicti are of the .
nf1ture to ~use. s·up.er(luous injury or . ·
unnei::~ssary suffer.ihg · or .which . are .
· ·. inherently indiscriminate· in vlblation of
. the interh~tional law of aimed conflict.
·.tensions. s·u~h.. i:1s r.!ol~'. . isolate.~ ·a_r:id-"sporl'ldic.
. acts of violence.or-0the~ acts.of.a.s1m1lar.-nature
· ·· ',(RA~.851, Sec: 3(c)). . . ··
·. · · .. · , ·
~- · ·war· of N~fio~~·· .. i.Jbe~~U6~: ~.a~. ~rm.e'tl ..•
.struggl~ Wagedby a people through its liberatio'A
.. ·. rriovemen~ against t~e··e~ta!:,listred.~9ver11ment .·.
• . : . denote conflicts· in· \Vhich. p'eoples·:are. fighting
.. :agai'nst · colonial' · . domiha.lioh: .and ·alien . ·
'occupation ahd ·against'' racist .regim~s, ir'l' the
. ·exercise' of .their· right of :self-d~termin"ation, as
. enshrined. · in th~ U.N;. ·.Ct:iarter' and: th·e ·
Declaration of Principles .of. lnternatioriaf· Law
. . (Protocol I, Art. 1(4)). . ' ..
·,. ·, · · · · · · · ·.

... ..416 I 2019 SAN BEDA CENTRALJ~EQ BAR OP~RATIONS

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Armedconfllct under IHL and.RA 9851: 'operation · of · an administration of' medical

· 1. "All cases of declared war or any· other armed
' confllct whicl) may arise between two or more of
the Highest contracting parties; even if the State
of war is not r~cognizecl by . one ' of
them"
( Gen!Wa . Convention of 1949; Art. 2). It also
applies · to .. armed conflict 'between · .tne
('· a
government and rebel or: lnsurqentmovernent
· (Geneva Cohventioi'i-of,1~49~Art: 3): . .
Ii 2, .Under RA 98,51, iJ is any 'use of force or armed
'
I violence .between States or a protracted armed
.vlolence betw~en·goyernmental authorities and
· .organized groups orbetween such groups .within·
a -State ):,rovidedthat it ·gives· rise· ot may give
rise to a- situation ·· to which · the. Geneva
· .Conventioils·of.A1,19ust12, .1949-Tncluging,their ·
· common.. ArC3 apply.
'. .
. spontaneously take up arms to repel an invasion,
transports; or . .
6. A member of the religious . personnel. who is
exclusively en.gaged in thework of.their ministry
'anp attached to' the armed forces of a party to
the. -contlict; its .rnedical . units· or. medical
transports or non-denominational, non-
combatant military. . personnel carrying out
functionsslmllar to relfgious personnel. . , . ·
, Not~: In such situations, the.'"GeMva c·on\/~ntioris
·.and .Additici'i;ial 'Protocol· I, which calls. for the ..
protection- of wounded and 'stck soldiers, med'cat
' personnel.. facilities' and- equipment, wounded. and '
sick. clvlllan Support personnel accompanylnq .. the
armed forces, military chaplains and civilians who
~pply'(RA 9851,. Sec. 3(c)). .

,.

'

. Protected', Persons· in: an Armed

. Conflict (RA -.
9,851, Sec. ·~(q)): • · · . c '... •
· 1. _: A' person · wounded, sick . or shipwrecked,
whether civilian orrrnlitary; · · . · .· . ·
. 2. A prisoner of war Of· !=lri,y person deprived of
· · · libertyfof reasons· related to an .armed conflict;
Obtains,oniy during war .. · thtendecf · to'. operate: i1
3. A civilian or a'riy person. not taking a direct part
' times of pe1;1ce ~Cl~ .war .
r· . ;, or havinq ceased to-take: part in the.hostilities in
. (fl!.ACHURA,"supra·at,7Q7): . ·..
t: " · 'the power.ofthe adverse party; · :
·.4·. A personwho, before,lhe_l:>eginni~g of hostilities,
'. was considered a stateless. person, or refugee Neutralized States · -, ·
·. 'under . the relevant international instrument States upon which.the status of permanent neutrality
accepted by the parties fo the confllct concerned in allfuture wars W<!S formally lmposedby a group of
or ender.the national legislation· orthe state of ~reat. Powers, The apt :of neutraliza~ion generally
r.efugeor state of residence: . . . ' tool< the· form . of a ·treaty-belween the· parties· ai')d
s: ·A· member of the medlcal -personnel assigned: · was, as a rule; ·accompanied' by a. guarantee of the
independence . and . territorial ' integrity of ttie.
exclusively to medical purposes · or to the
administration , of medical unlts' or to . the neutralized -State .(FENWICK;~upra at 107).

2019 .SAN BEDACENTRA~IZED

~ . 8~ . OPERA
. TJONS I 417 .
 PUB-LI_C· tNTERNATlO.NAL LA-W:_
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Neutral State and Neutralized'State, . · transportation -m~y also b-~ seized. on tt,e.
· . . Distinguished. . · basis of doctrine. 'of ·ultimate··consumption.
(ld.J .. " .
e. Unneutral ·Service =.acts of a more hostile·
. -character than carriage ·Of contraband or
:,
·bl'E:lach blockade, undertaken by .a merchant
vessel of a neutral state in the-aid of any· of
- , the belligerentiL(/a.). · · : · ·
: 2. To prevent ltseterrltory fronr-bei.ng used by the
·belligerents· in: the conduct ef .hostltlties. (Id. at .
709); and
3. To · acquiesce to. certain restrictions and
·to . · iirnitations . that. the .. belligerents may : find
'necessary. to impose, .espsctauy In connection
1,•i°i(h lnfematlonat commerce (Id.); such. as:
· (Id. ~(259). · . ,.. a ..--'.Block~dE! - a.hostile operation by which the··
.( . . ·' . vessels and aircraft . bf one belligerent
Terrnlnation of Neu.tr.aiity· . · · ·. . . · . prevent all-other.vessels, including. those.of
Neutra'lity terminates .upon th~·conclusion.of a 't[ea!¥=-"~. ·. neutral states.-·from ent_ering_ or leaving the
. of __ peace batwaen __ the· belliqerents, ~r W,~~W.::tf!~.7u· 'h~~~R_()'r!S or coasts of: the. ether.belliqerent.ithe .
neutral stat~)~self joins. the war (NAC~J).R'A,(S,¥.fra · ,. · JV ff' P9~P~febeing to shut off the. plac~ fr?m ·
at 709). .. · . -~ -<. . (~\{ ~-=~~=~ i~Je_p:i'ational commerce.and ..cornrnunicatlon
· - ·: ·· : · . · · . ~/'/' '\<'.'~~./.. ·,,~ah-9~~1.:states.(GOQU/A,supra at 597).
Duti~5. of N.eutra.1Sfat~~: ... {( ~l'·, .e_ .,do,,..:..,,;~~~~-,->,~:{~:>:.~-~ . .. ·
1: 1?,o~y of_ No~·Part1c1pa~1?I.Ct1~15~tt1Fr::r?t3i· . ..5;f' W "'\,~o\~f'iY~~\v,e· blockade must b,e (BEE -.
. , .. taking part in 'lh_e ·ho~tll•l•~~P.sl' fro _g1v~rj9 ~,f!l ,t..1~- 1 .
fl): ~' (. _-
assistance _to either b,~hgerept- by I ser;i.dmQ rt:..\ft·· . ~- !!ii1ftjng)apd d1,!ly_. -communtcated to·
. troops, official grant o~ fO~ljlS;r or -~arrl,;39.e-~f-·
. contraband . (BQ T!fE, 1/ f26.CJj9loped1aJ ~~-·,·~k · /!~../)';~~( ,5,. gffeitive
1w.r·- .. -~-r · ~-jtl
ne.utr~!at~t~s; ·:· :
mamtamed l;>y adequate
.

NACHURA, SUP:B·at 70.?)- -~·- ff ·. . \ ·.. ln~i=J!l!~b} . ,!. fore~~-~ · . _; · . · _ •

· . ·.. · · . . . ~ <(:
. Hoyve'iler,, human!~anan 'g!ss1~taflce
!j r-1l\ : :~(' ~-
~~~ctil'lTS'"'O.1/F!J
;l~E$t~}'lisheld~bya ~ompetent authonty of
·;F.1 . . . · /...:.-~e Jell{~e'r~ntgovernm_ent; _ · .
- ·. _ the conflic~ ·dol;}s ·not. cl3rfg~t1!.·_a t,e.t\!l'b..(l;o!t~l !;<P~ ~~:'J\,irp1ted: oply·-to-'. .'the··territory of the
. : neutrality even wher~ it -i~for_ tl;le~erie.t~1't'~~~ ,~'9 ~ ~9ii.my; ape! -· . . · · · · .
· · .: one_party·t~-.the conflict_ (CC/[!'llenti(irJ,[le~p.e~GtfP.P,. -~""' ~~--;,,!)nparli_<!ifYapplie? '.o.al,I stat.e:f(/c;f:J.
.t!Je [,.aws ~n.d_Customs_o(-W-f';ro:1.~f!~)· .. Sr.,·i!f"T"'i-. i:,.. , · -,?·. . ../.,... - ·.: . · · . . . · ..
a:- · Contraban~ ·1 :- _ rl'.J_fers 't~'i..goo_d;;~~~·G-~ J.·:-._,)?,,::,~Vlijt,!n.sJ:search - _BelJ1ger.e~!warship~ an~
· alt~ough neutral p.rope('ty,.m_~ ~t'~ft~;~:b~~~/ '."(~'f k -~;W--Jlave the _nght to v1s1t and search
· ·· ? belligerer:i~ t;,eca~se the_Y ~Fe_ !:i~~®r.,war l.\ iJ,li-..~ \n .utral · met~har:i_t :- vessels to .. deterrni~e
· · '. -.. ,· ~nc:1· ar~ bour)ct-for- a hostde· .~est1na~10..Q1:~ . _.l.V_ll....~=:,~A · ~ther t.~~yar~ 1n any .l.Jt!.ay conn,ect_ed with·
. · .. · i. ·:Absolute·.:...· u.seful :for .war. !,lnde("'~I~ · .. the. hostilities· (NACHURA, -supra at 709);
. . ·. :_ ,_clfcums.tances·{guns, amm!Jn,ltli:>n).. · . · . and, in,sorrie'cases · '. ·.. ·'
. · . . ii.· · :Conditional - have both- . civilian .. and . . . . . ·
. :.. ·/military' utility (c!othing,.focid}. . c. ·AQthority . of .. pi:ize co_uct' ,,..:. V~ssels
·,ii. ;Free list--:-· exerr1j>ted ·from· ·t~e law on , ·captured for .ehgaging .in: ho.StilEf acfivities
-'.... contraband f9r hurnanit~nan pµfpose·s . .areconsidered,as·prize. However; they·may
.· ,(m~djcin.e)'(NAG_HURA,sUphiat 708). . . ., .... not ~e co_nfisc;ated.·sumn:i.arily; but-"t>r-e>ught .
. b. Doclrine ·of· UJtin:,ate. Con~urhption·· ..., ·. before.~prize eourt (Id.).:
:gb,pds .il'.)tended for civiliah. us1f which. rf,ay .- ·. . ..
ultimately firid \heir way to ari"d be consumed . PrizEt Court · .: · · .. .. • .
by.belligerent forces, m'ay be sei.~ed·an th.a. ·. . . ,;.: ·domestic.' tribunal· of a ·belligerent State.. that··
way (Id.). 1. . . .• · . · ·. • determines U,e legality of.tbe capfur.e .bY. a belligerent
c .. 'Doctrine of ·lnfecUon :~ innocent· goods of.enemy or .net,Jtral merchant vesselsc_and·of their.·
. · ·. s.t:,ipped witi, i:.ontraband ·may also p~.se~~-~ liabiJity' _to confiscation.· ~1tnq~gh its authority and
(Id.). · · · : :. jurisdiction is di?riveo·frorri national .law, t~e rules it
d.- Ooctrine of ·continuous Voyage/ applies are rules of-International_ ~aw e~cept insofar
· Continuoµ~ . .- · · Transport.. · - .. · .goods as special national. legislation .migQthave. prescribed
immer.lia'fely reloac;l.etl ~t an. Intermediate a partic',llar.ioterpretat!on of_thes_e rules·(FENWIC-;.K,
. port o.n'.the same :ve.ssel, .or ·reloaded .6n supra at 644): . , _. -
another · ,vessei . br other. forms o_f ·.

·. 418 I 2019 SAN SEDA CENTRALl,ZE;D BAR OPERATIONS ..

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D.uties of Belflg~rent~: . Stockholm Declaration, . Principle. 21. is generally

1.: To respect the status of the neutral state; and recognfzed today as. the basic norm of. customary
2. "To avoldany act that will. directly or. indirectly 'International environmental taw (EPIL, supra at ,17) .. ·
involve ·it. !n ·their conflict-and submitting to any The Roman principle sic utere tuo -ut elienum non. ·
. lawful measure lt.may take to. maintain orprotect : teedes underties the Good N_eighborliness Principle .
. its.neutrality (Id.' at ~88). . . . (SARMIENTO, supra ·at 403).
.. . . .
.
. .
Right N~t to ,Be.Adversely Affecte~. · . .Precautionary Prlnclple .
· . .The 'neutral State· has the right not to .be adversely The precautionary principle is contained in Prtnciple ·
affected by the conflict It meansthat the relatloriship ·. 15 of the Rio Declaration, which. states that: "In order
'between the· neutral· and .. b.~lligere,nt·. States is: to protect. the · environment, . the . precautionary
.'gove~ned l?Y ttie l!3V>'. of peace.which is. m~dif\ed only . approach shall . 'be widely .. applied. by States .
in · certain respects by . the lav.l of. n·e.utf11'lify.·: In- · according · to. their capabilities. Where there. are
. particular, ·the neutral state must' tolerate certain threats of serious-or irreversible damage, lack of full
controlslnthearea of marlflme.cornmerce. : . . scientific certainty shall.not be used-as a reason for
, . : .. . ... . . . .. . postponinq cost-effective . measures . to prevent
Is
The-. territory. of. a neutral State_ :inVi6i~ble. it .i.~ environmental degradation" . (li1tem9tio.n.al Service
"pronibited to comm1l.any.act of nostitity.whatsoever for:th.~ Acquisition of Agri:bii:Jtech Applicatfons, Inc:
-on.suchterrltory. Tfie-rfeutral $tat¢ may·use.rnilita.ry v. Greenpeace 'Southeast Asia;•G.R. -No. 209271,
)..force to. defend its neutrality if. it is. a legitimate self- /1•. ·. December 8, 2015). . . . .
defense· against an: armed .attack {SARMIENT,Q;,T/}(. . . . .
supra.:at 288). : · . · . ·.· . · .: . · .//t/u~, Requisites _9f Precautionary Principle: (TLC} -,
• • : -, ••• •· . • • . •• r .-·. ,· • · • .i'ir;;~.1_:-,_1:;;·) 1 .. There 'are Ihreats,-of serious or .irreve·rsible·.
·
RI g ht, of .A n;gary .. · .' . .. · .. . :,; \, p~·,\;
'' ·' "'',_;_·.;~:~.--P·: d~l'Tlag~··f.
tr th '
. e_~o~~rpnmen_;t .. • . · · . .· . . ·_.
· The -n~ht of a b~ll1ger.~:mt lit~te,. in· cases,of :~J6m;~ ,,·f J!j:~· ~~<;!<J-5lf.•WII-Sc1ent1fic ~erta1nty rn. esta_bl_1sh1~g a
. :neces.sity;_.to ·ctestroy or use ·n~utral. prop.elj!:y"on.its·'.··'· IT· . . caus·ai~~"lfok betwee.o human c!Ctlv1ty and
·own- or ¢~ .enemy_territory_. .. or. ~n ~/t,)gh'sea1J,...,..;1 .~nyiron!;6i~~tal ~ffect; and . . .
'{f:IACHURA, .. supra at .705): · .., · · .. ;··\;:1,pf. .,.;:·-:·11. 3: -~os_t-~ffe1tti\e. · measur_es . . to pre:ven.t
- . ·. : : . . ' ;. :.\ J,!\. __ :? . · Iif enviroflrwnt~I . degradation shall not . be
· · · . · ... · . . .z..Y~·. ·'W~..."-u, · : · J~}, . . po_st(o.ne/1· ..'(.{nternation.al. . Servic.e . for the
- . . , ·. . . , . \"..;..:;, . ~--.,..._ . . , ~; ~~-rt ·. ·. Acqp[sitiifr.1 of~gri-biote.ch Applica,ti,;m$,' Inc. v..
.
.
·. .. ·
· - · · 1N.T:ERNATf8·N*l32'!~ . ~' .
. .. ·
:. EN'VJRONMENT..N~;,~4.
--~
·: .·_.:~·· .1
~%.',1,,;,,~ l,,(.:t;··-siraion;Ca~.
'. t,. G({PfP./i,'a-pe~'l]JheastAsia, supra).
-':.J'·:J.,.;·''!;,r
·
.
.· ·. . . . ·. ·
· .
.
.
' . . '\ ,l"·'""_... v ., . . J' I' . . . . .
,: · . . · . · ·· - . .: ·· ·. , , ·. .. f·. , __ f;._ -.P,etitiol) by Greenpec;ice Southeast Asia and .
'.. . . , . . . . . . : ·. . . . . '.. e-, , .~tf.!..! -· ,·. jr.:r~f~.W~~;;.$f~nJist coalitio~ MASIPAG asked the Co.urt .
r · - ·The branch of p~bhc_(nte.!n~tlonpl.l~w<t..1~~p~,s~!l?',?L:.:.,~d:of ..:Appeals"{CA) to stop the planting of Bt (Ba~ll(us
f tho.~e ~su,b~far,i~,v.~~.-PrC?f~d!.J~I~l)d·.rns,u:rmt!_Oh~l,,(qres,. ~ · .: thµringjensfs)_ta.l~:mg· (~991:>l;a_nO, iri te~t fi_elds wa~
w~.rch ha':'e· ~stj,err primary:obJ~-~tiye.. t~~.P.JP'f_~9l10.n. 9rante9 CA gran~ed -the, ~,trng the pr.ec,aytlonary · :.
. of. .!he. ~nv1~cmr;n.~nt.._. !h~: :t~rn:\... e,nv,_~o.n~-enr. ..is . princ!p_le-stating- ."w.hen hi,lman i;ictivities may_ !ea_d.to ·
_l:fnder,stood _as encompassing.-· b.otl1_ tlie: . creafures threats of serious anq irreversiole ·damage.Jo· the .·
•. .a'nd pr-oc;lucts·:·of, the natura• worl~ :and.;_th~se ·of er.rvironme.nt. that. . is ·sc{entifically ·plausible . but .
hu1;na.n civiliza,i9n '(SANDS.,& P/'I/LIPP~,· Ptincipl~s · uncert~in; action~ shall be. taken to avoid or diminish
· .of lntemationaf ETJ..vird,:,men~al t;aw (2003), p. 15). ·· .the. ·tl:)~eai.~ The ·. Honorable· .$upremE:l . Court..
·· · ··· · · · · · · · .· p~m,Pn.e,:i.tly stoppecl-tM fie"id te,sling for J3t ·t~IQng,
GUiDING ENVIRONME.NTAL-PRiNCtPl.ES ··· .., . :uphol~ing 'the decision of _the CA which .s.top~eq.the.
: .. ·. . . .. ·;.' . . . " .. · ·. ..fi.eld·trials fbr".th·e genetically mod'itled eggplant. The
Princ'iple. of Goo_a.Neighb~rliness · .. · · ,. · .· :'·Honorable·s·upre·me Co.art.is th~ fir.st in th.a wor1q_:to
. ·states have, in· accordance with the Charter cif the. ' adopt' the·precautionar-f prin'ciple· regarding· GMO.
' .Unifecf. N.:itions . and the ··pfincipJ.!:}s· .of, iritemation?I products. in its cfecisio_n ·((ntematiofial .Service.fo.rthe
iaw,. · the ·sover~lgn. right to .exploit · their ·. ··ow.n . · · '. .. l')cqlJi~ition . of_. Agri-biotech .. App/ication.s, ' Inc .. ·v.
. resources gursuant .'.to'· 1heir 'own en'vironml;)ntal·· . Gre~npeace Southeast A~la; supra). . · ,·· ·: .
. policie~:;'. .af1~:. t_he 1'~sporisibility,: tq_ :ensure· 'that . . .. ·-- . .
· actiyitie~ with iii their jurisdiction or. control dp. not · ·Wheri . the;e Is a' lack of full ~ci'~~tifi~. ~ei:tainty··.in
' cause dl:lm'age·to'tl:).e ~nvirori'inent.of otller.:~tates or ; .establishing a . causal. link l;lefween ht1man activity
·. · of a(eas.'beyor:id tlie iimits of ·naFonal. juri~dictioJi· · an.d environmental. effect, tlie court. shall· apply ·the ·
,;_: . (1€!72 .Stockho(m . .Declaration.·, on .. the.· Ht,tma.n- precautionafy principle in resolving the case before
;. : · . Env.ironmerii, Principle 21;. 19f)~ Rio Oeclarc1t{on on·. it. The consti.tutie:inal righ.t of the people to a balanced .
·.· ·Environment"and Develofi.ment, F/rinc1ple:2). · and heallh.ful ecology shall be given the b~neflt of
' .·· .. . ··.. . .
' the doubt (Rule 20, Sec_:. 1, _Rules of Procedure for

2019'SAN
:
SEDA CENTRALIZED BAR
. OPERATIONS
. I 419.
.
 .§k~~t~ . PU s·.ucJNTERNAi-i'ON AL'iAw
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Environme.ntal Cases; International Service tor tne STA.NDARD OF C_ONOUCT FOR STATES· .
Acquisitiof!. of Agr[-biotech Applications; .tnc. v.
. Greenpeece Soutbeest Asia, supre). _. · Strict Liabillty Theory .
States are·under an absolute obliqation to _prevent
. Pollut~r -Pay~ P.r.lni::lple -'. . · . . pollution and . are thus liable for its effects
'National'authorltles should endeavor to promote the irrespective of fault (SHAW,.:supra at 853)..
internalization of envlronrnental costs and the use of
· Test of Due Dilig~n~~ . .
economic · instruments, tal<lng . .into account the The standard that is accepted-generally as the.most
approaoh.that ·the 'polluter should, in principle, bear .
: . the CO$t of pollution .wlth .duereqard to. the publlc appropriate one .. The' test of .<!.ue -. dilige9ce .
lnterestandwlthout distorttnqinterrtatlonal trade and undoubtedly imports an element of flexibility in: the
investment.(1992 Rio. Decieretion on. Environmf?nt equation, States 'will be _required, for example." to .
. - . ' . take 'all. necessary steps ·to prevent substantlat
end 6.rwelopinent,Princip7~.1 !3). pollution. and ·!.o demonstrate the k£nd of. behavior ·
.. ·. . . . expected of HgoQd governmer.11" t while such behavior
Pri~cipJi?•of-Su~tainable Developm.ent. would probably require the establishment' of.systerns
.. It is- ~e~~lo_prilent: that °:e7-ts· · t~e . n.~e~s- of the of consultation ..and notification. It ls also important to
p~esent_ ~1t~out: cqmpr.~~-1sil'.l~ the .a_b1ilty of ·future notethat elements of remoteness and foraseeablllty
generations to mee! tlieir own needs- ((?ur Common are part of the. framework.oftheli~bility of'the states.
F.uture;-UN.Oocl.J(TlentA/42/427)-. · ·· · · ~""''"''i'he-,_qamagethat occurs must have been· caused by ·
·. . . ·. . . . . · .
Envi~onn:iental Impact A~sess~ent,.p,Fmc1p~'\I.:. ·~
. . " _.,>~1~ . ifj- tbel'j)qllrn.iq__nundec-conslderation (SHAW, supra"at
_;8&5)./ }r ,~ · . ·: . .- ... · _· ·. ·
Environmental impact ass'essmeny1·as:(a'\iat1on.al='-'=-•=~,:..< If/ ~ .. . . . · .
'instrument, . ··shall:. be undertaken.rt~r'\.~{0po'sed · Lo~1~RJnge·:Tbi'i'lsboundary Air Pollution ··
~ctivities _that a~e· li~ely_!o hav7/~ig~i£0wif~~erse-"'":f~Al'~olt1.ffiti{~llo~§l."-:~h_y,sJcal o_rigin· is situ~ted .whol,ly ..
1mp~~t .. on the env1ronr:nen_t ,n.Qr-e41ubJ#ct to 1Sl · I JF iii part '·<Wlffi,ir-il i~ · ,ar~a under · the national . I.

decision _ofa compete~_t.nat10,r;ral adt~onty(?,992 Rro. ."e{. jltr'isdi_cti~h of'·~·l11-~«~t-?.te. ·an~ ~~i?I\ ha~ advers~.
D~cla_ral!,Oll... on Ei:7v1ronme?~_.!nd:f.Dev1Yo~-4.r_ef1.e.c.1~-i!:t.t~~ ~~~ej.~r\~~r the_ JUrl~~~?tlon of another
Pnnc1ple17):
· . ' .. ·
· . .
., . . . · :
g .~.,?
. · ~ t-,......t-ff
ff. . · ~- .,,,.~~-•. r1 _$1~-~
\;' -'!\); ,r'
'i.~ atn.suc_h. -~~d!starltce that_ ,l 1~ !'lot _9e?E:,"?"Y
~~ess1ble1·to d1st1119uish;lf\e .Gontnbubon 9f indl'Jldua}
. Pi'in~iple of lntergener~ti_o1r~~f~~ity~). £;~\ill~ .. rr'\issiofo";.s._ourciJ"or} ~roups :Of ~o:Urces_ (1979 .
. Man .bears a _solemn respot1s1e1ht~ tote,r ~f~!a and,,.;.;-· - 1JJJ1..e,n~bqJ. q
ori fc.,,,_?!Jff/Range, . Tran~boundary Air r
·. · improy_e the em.!ironment f.';)rr p-rj~ent ~')~'\\~-
. genetrations·. (197~ .' $t9cl,<ho1~--i01?ciwa.t1 ·~~q ' t_he~·
ture1ij . ,r.,"efF.oll~.tf
/.-, ~~z;
~<:li?
!i::!).,-t.·1J)'.,-._""' ,¥ ·
7(. . '!! .
·. · .. ·
. . . . .· . . .
· !
'/:!l!nJBn ·Environment, Princip_l\1). ·' '\. · · ~<.?~. l . :~f,:._J~of.
·. . ·1 · -. · · • ~.-':. : ~~ ·. r~~__....,, .
LY~b_ilityf9r.}ra_~s~ou_nclary.Po!lt.1~ion.
J.!J:!cfe,r lntei;natrona'ift.aw: .. . . ·.. ·
I,·
Princlp_le of. Comm~m .·.
~espo11sibilify. · · · . : , · ·.\'\... ·
ba, . -Diff~renfi~·[}':'\J1.1,1:~'h_~'f{o1_ute.:9_!!i'tyt? .P.r?tect ·ag~inst_ h~nn fr.om.
r;;-"' -~~.:!,il~-h~~c!9Us acttx1~1es, · which _Jf · viqlated,
8eGaus~: 'developed·.: S_tate~.. ha~ ~2E1,tt<i~1.!J'~a·=-~~·- ,_f~,u~,l!i,#~~te.f?eing field ~t.ri9tl_y lia~I~;- ·. .
dispro·po~i9i:,ale\( . · to · glob~f' · "e.~1t9~"tn\ntal }\1 p,l~b~fff}~of·.
degradat10~; and- because th.ey ·coo;,mand''QJ!e.~!~....,.;~::.~.Jl~1gel)t_or .mt~nt1on~1·~c~~; ai:id. ·
~1gtits .: Th~ory· -.· r.espon~1b1l_!lY :for
, ~' · ,. ·.-
financial an.d technological· resources;'those. States· ·3: ,Gqo,dl'Je1ghbo_fhne.$s.Pr:mc1ple(MAL_ONE,.supra
, .! ·. t_iave: a·.' speqial· responsibility'' in .fhOj.Jl_deri_ng. the ·a{217).,, ·. · .· . · : ·, · . ': .' .-.· '. ·.:
.. ... . . burden· of purs.uing, global sustainable- ~eveloprn.ent . . . . '• . . .
· , (BUERGENTHAL~.:Pub{ic lnter(J'a(fonal t.aw- _in a . ·
· Nutshell/ : (2007) '-'.P:
BUERGENTHAL]'as'ci(e'd in SARMIENTO,~up111·at
· 31-8 . : ·Jhf)reinatter.
- ·-.INi~~NAr:cbNAL . JI~oN~IY.frc
405)... ·... : :··· <
·<. . . . . . . •' . :. :4)\7 . · .- .
-Princll)le·of Non.·D.iscriml~atlol'l· , . . ~ : . ..
Each ·State· .should .. ensure: : th'at.-· its r~gim·e of ...
·a'ovironmental protection, when addnfosing poll(jtion
a:
. lt_st~nd~ for com·pie:x'..reg~'1atoryfr~m~work flowing
fr~ difffirent sources_qf law g·ov~rnfng,int~rr;iat.ion~I
· orlginating'..within· tn'lil SJ~te,' does ..'not (iiscnmina~~ · economi.c .relations - arid ~rci!lsbourjdary ec,9nqrni_c:
·. b·e_t1Neeh poliution affecting the _StaJe and pollution_ co~dud_ by_· Sfotes, international .'organization~. ani:!
aff.eotirig other, States ·rauERGENTHAL; supra at. ,. private actors JEPIL,· sup,:aaf.5). · ..· :. ·
31,8).. . . . ·. ·:. . ._ ·.. - . . . .
:Notion ancfScope . . .· .
Narrow Concept: lt'refers to the segment of pll:blic
.·• ·. in~ematio,r,al· ·--iaw · ·directly go:Y~ri.ii'rig· · economic
relations · between · States ·or· ·,·international
organjzati~ns, f~cusing Off world trade laW,

420 20l~fSAN BeOA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

 Mflt@ WSFW®A ¥ ftPMH¥ M ee:;.sI aswcau..ww.• wn:aew · P'PM¥>A;f

PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
SAN SEDA LAW CENTRALIZEDBAR OPERATIONS- ~EMORY AID 2019 .
LAW
WSMf§NCl&W SiiQ¥MM9ilib&ISNZMSWAAIMJfyiP#yB4d~iM#&

international; investment law, and international c. ·The Agr!:!ement on Trade-Related Aspects

monetary law· (CARREAU & JULLIARD, Drott of lntetlectual Property Rights (TRIPS);' and
intemetionet Economique, (2010);.. DAVEY. & d. The · Understanding 'on 'Rules and
JACKSON, The future of lniemetionel Economic · Procedures -Goven:iing· the Settlement of
L~w. (2007)). · Disputes · ·(MARRAKESH, . Agreement
Establishirfgthe World Trade Organization,
Broad Co~c~pti It also reflects the role of ·private Preamble; wona: Trade ·. Organization;
. actoreor hybrid entitles admlnistering··public goods AUST, supreet. 382°-383) ... · .·
. . - .
. of major relevance "to the "international community,
like thejntemet. Corporation· for Assigned Names 2. · Regional Economic Integration .(Regional
· and .Nurnbers' (ICANN); .and more adequately pays Trade Agreements). .
.tribute. to. the. interplay between international ·and . ·- Thi.s refers ~o recip_rqcal. tracJ.e· ·agreei:nent$
'
'i. domestic law in a transboundary economic context. between ~o_.orm_orepartners. They include. free
This understanding of: internationai economtc. law trade .agreements and .customs unions (World
includes the .. norms ·· of · public international . law Trade Organiza'tionJ: ·
. address_ing .. cross-border activities. of. :private
undertakings bylnternatlonal .aqraernents as well as . Fr.ee Tra_de Agreements .
Issues of jurtsdiction of States and the. hotly debated It allows ttie · buyin_g and selling, importing and
"extraterritoria]" leglslatioh (HERDEGEN;-Principles exporting ·of goods 'and services, not capital or
_:of lnterna_tiona(·Ecoriom/c . La'IA'.," p. :3. [h.ereinaft.er ,,0, . labor, between two or- more countries that have
HERDEGENJ)__· · ·· ;v/.')J-( · .no iimits. or· quotaaor barriers. or unbaJanced
·. .- · · ,. · · · . / :, ,-::,,<- ··., ·~ ,tariffs_(Black's·Law. Dictionary). . . . · · ·
Charaoterlatlcs of Law of International Econc{1.f1l~{-;:}'; \ . . . . . .
Relat!ons: . _ . . . .- ·. )l (_-::·-·<l~..,C~stoT,~,U~ions· . . · . ·,. · .
1. Part.of public international law; :,,,:;,,Y t '< · _rp._..,...:..:;.~/~"tr.ade.t?9.teemertt .b_ywhich a group of coontnes
2. Intertwined with municipal law; _,.,....:;7 · ~ -: :_, 1:r- .cl'larges-akommonset of·tari1fs to the rest of the
3. R~q~i~es multi-disciplinar~ t_hirik!f'\1:;~n1·. .-,/~-J1 -j~p)e .
· _world. granting·_ ·tre? tr!lde · amon9
4. E;mp1ocal .research_ <, rs 1rtiP.!?.CT~ft _,. ~h . them~1vlr5\YEncycloped1a Bntann1ea).. . .
. · ". understanding its operation (BEfi/jA~~'!f!!!'-a
.·. · · 335-336)_.
·. .
. ·
· _ . .. . ((;,;,,
. ~.::,Y ·4 ~·
~~~ ·
~ ~ ! " , ; _ ~\ \
f'~ ·
~~ !-~'.\ ·
at · II . h '{\ ·. ·
A cuptonts·u~ion sballbeunderstood to mean
·

t~}~~j~~o~~~fa single. cu_stol'1)s_.territory_for

I.

Are~s of ln~emat_1onal_Econ~,ryl'c,L;;-aw;y~- ~' . h,t .· ~~Pt, QlOt~~uJt:61'f!S ternto~e~ so that duties

1 ,. · ·lntemati.onalTrade Law. ,..;.· A..,..,(~~ · -v~ ') f 'j al'lol-o.th~f..!.estnctiveregulatloni,· of'"c::ommerce
· . It is the.inte11Yc1tiorial regulat-ion;9f:t9e~*chang~ ~;1;, · · · are elii:ninated with: respect to substantially -~II
of go.o~s ancJ. services acros~ord~f~· It- 'is ·-i\ . . ,.-~:1 t_he tr~de between th~- cdnsti~uent.. femtorie~ of_
· predom1nan~y based on .the rec1pr0,~~_¢Jaaracter .l: -,,. ·-"' r~?.ti;l~n or at-teast-"".1th respect to subst_antralfy
of ·1he respective rights and o.blfgaticin·.pt,~~a1P::---.~~-.:,,,-·;all~tt:\e-'trade in·. products. originating in- .such.
·parties and considered ·to. acl\!;~'(e J])'Q.t1:JaJ". . . . . 'te_rrito_ries· (Genera/-Agreement on Tariffs and
· bemeflts_tor all of them- (HERDE;GEIY,)r..sUJ,.raat · Trade 19.47-,·Art.· 28, Sec. 28 (a)). ·. · ·
. 3). . . ·:· ·-..--· . . , . ,-- .
3. lntetn.ational !n°lies~ent La,w
.. -~or)d Trade c;;rgani;z;~tion (WTO). .: .. : . · It covers.Jhe promotion of for.eign investments.
. It is the only global .international organfzation · · and .their' protec.tion·against inter.fenmces _by .the .
... dealing.with .the rules'of trade betwee_n natio"ns. hos,t. St;:ite: The .1')1aip sources of. i11ferri'ationa(
· . ltprovides.Jheinstitutjonal _basis.for global·trade .. investment. Jaw a.re bilateral and mul.ti_national
... , relations and is b1,1ilt,o'n pre-existing s.tructures, .. investm.ent · treaties, ·and, ··rJSing·_- In . n_umbei',
. . : lts· p,riri.cipal objec,tlves are to _i:educe existing ·: prefereritiaJ : trade ·.agreemei:its; Qr treaties _for
trade barriers. and expand ·international tr.ad!:), specific sectors' with. an investment protectron.
·: raise .th.e .stan~~rd of living, realize sustainable . -regim~ (HERDEGEN,supra at 6),
. .. . ...
.
dev.eloim,ent, arid- secun:l'.an ad~quate ~!'J.ar~ in .
the growth ot-int~matiqnaJ tra.de for developing a·uateral lnvestmeht Treaty '(BIT): ·..
countries... It. was- ·.establish~d by the· 1994 - . An ..agreement estl3bllshing- . the. terms and
· ·Marra.kesh Ag(.eement, ·. which incorporates- . . conditions· for: pr~vate. in~estment by nationals
. s'everal existing multil~teral trade <=1gr~emer:its, arid comp_anies.of o_ne state· in an<;ither State..
·· and 4.impor-tjmt ~g(eemehts, namely; · ; · , · This type of investment-is called foreign·direct.
a. · The. General Agreement on . Tariffs .and investments (FOi). Bilateral ·.treaties between
· :Trade ·1994 (GATT 1994); -.. _ two states are intended ~o promot~ and Rrotec~: _;{
.' · b.- · The Gener.al Agreement · on Trade · in FDI .. In host · states -(Bl~LIET, lnternat1on_a,~· ~
Services (GATS); . lnve$t(1JentArbitration (2016), ·p. 14).
 WN a
•
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
SAN UEDA LAW CENTnAUZED OAR OPEl?ATION5 - MEMORY AID io19

Standard of Protection to Foreign Investors: Those rules mostly used are the arbitration rules
a. Most-Favored-Nation Treatment - a host or the International Chamber of Commerce and
country extends to the covered foreign the United Nations Commission on International
investor and its investments, as applicable, Trade Law (UNCITRAL) (Id. at 389).
treatment that is no less favorable than that
which it accords lo foreign Investors of any 2. Double Taxation Agreements
third country (United Nations Conference on Double taxation Is defined as taxing the same
Trade and Development, Most-Fevered person twice by the same jurisdiction over the
Nation Treatment, p. 13); same thing (Victor/as Mi/1/ng Co. v. Municipality
of Victor/as, Negros Occidental, G.R. No. L-
b. National Treatment - foreign and domestic 21183, September 27, 1968). The Philippine tax
investors should be subject to the same system provides (or certain schemes in order to
competitive conditions on the host country avoid or minimize the harsh or burdensome
market, and therefore no government effects of double taxation. These tax reliefs or
measure should unduly favor domestic schemes are sometimes embodied in tax
investors (United Nations Conference on treaties or agreements with foreign countries
Trade- and Development, National (ABAN, Law of Basic Taxation in the Philippines
Treatment, p. 8); (2001), p. 115).

c. Fair and Equitable Treatment,,,..,•• not lj

llfl'ld,....rr,"P":-.'Q"'~..
9.J•·nte.r..vational Intellectual or
'
Industrial
precisely defined; offers a ge~~f-al pqln_t of " ( \. P~bpe'rtY.
departure in formulating a1J,ar9.urrter{fhat,, ....... ,._ ..... :.... S,ee liisc'ts{ion on Madrid Protocol and Paris
the foreign Investor. ha1/'not \~~iw,"~11 ~"Co.JJ.!efnti9F1,;~r the Protection of Industrial
treated by reason of dis;:fo4fittb€Y"b!,..ott:ier-· -;:,:- ~-~--~.f~[ope,;.ty~ ·,. /'\
unfair measures beir]_g-4'.t~kf!~/agfinst ilfl> K
4/7 lnt~rn;ftio9aj'Arititrust or.'Competition Law
interest; at most it can'be';faid 'that· thl:: /;t;~ LI\\ It go~ern's,theinte'{play of domestic competition
concept connotes Jhe pt:i,ciple of non- (/~.(\, (antivust) \nJl<s) \'Concerning the issue of
an~ 1·-pro' ortion litY-in·-1....rir•-
discrimination
l'~j
treat~ent of foreign] in~eqt rs (Me~lcfad,.\ii)':').: ,,.:,/''.(J.conlj!ins
unBef1akings>'VVc/(p Trade Organization
rJ~Tment~ry rules sanctioning . the
Mexico (2000), 5 l<£SIQ<'Rpports 09, par:,;:;,,--:(',.r)ii1 J abuse of rpgulalo[Y powers and practices
law

526); and ~ <~ \ ~]\ \-,:·.:~:.J?' res;f;l.Trijl1g c0mpelition. In the absence of a truly
\ A'
d. Full Protection and\(ehirity - r~~D~le~
'\:?-X\ --.=~ ·.;-~Jn't~ha}ib~a J .i..regirJle for competition,
J~C:,(-Y~ «4,~)ishm nt ~dT application of competition
the

measures of preveqtlon ~-Q_ich_\"c!J~~1l,, ''i '·~/,';.(qi~ lie ith thejcompetent_ domestic bodies.
administered gove~ent. ~ou~_~... yl~tf:rnaJonal agreements provide for- mutual
expected .to exercis"e under'- s·1mJJ~rrr,..i1'\bass~ance ang,,co-operation among competition
circumstances (Asien Ag)icultura.k.if:!Q~°'if!;lf ... -l..L-~tlioritiei (f)ERDEGE/11, supra at 5).
Ltd. v. Sri Lanka, ICSID Ca~~e~~FsplB.y'B~~-..,.,.,- 1,"\'\_,,'(
111_ . .
. JL1ne 2!, 1990).
·
· · -' -. . JJ
:....""
1\.v
·115u~d~meptal_Princi,:,les:
L 1 ~-~o"rfomlc Sovereignty
.
, . .
4. lnterriational Monetary Law . --..._...,..__,,, Asserting economic sovereignty means having
. It deals with money relations. The Articles of control · over the economic activities of both
Agreement of the International Monetary Fund juridical and natural persons conducting
(IMF Agreement) provides· the rules· · for the · business within the country, whether nationals of
surveillance of currency arrangements and that country or foreigners. It is important to note
assistance to Member States in case. ofbalanc;e that political 'sovereiqnty is not complete without
of payment · deflcits.. Monetary · unions and this (SUBE()I, International ·Economic Law
monelary zones. exist for monetary and fiscal (2006), pp. 22-23).
integration (HERDEGEN, supra· at 7):
2. Permanent Sovereignty over f:Jatural
Areas of International Economic Law Related to Resources·
Trade and Investment: Permanent sovereignty reflects the inherent and
1. International Commercial Arbitration . overridlrjq right. o( a stats to control -Ihe
There are sets of rules, quite similar in content, exploitation- and the use. of its natural resources.
for the conduct of commercial arbitrations However. it must be exercised in the interest of
between (mainly) corporations or, to a much the national development and of the well-being
smaller. extent, between corporations and· of the people of the State concerned. It is
states. Unless the parties to a dispute are bound generally accepted. that permanent sovereignty
by a contract or treaty to accept particular rules, over· natural resources is a prerequisite for
they can agree to use any of these sets of rules. economic development (PERREZ & XA VER,

422 I 2019 SAN BEDA CENTRALIZED BAR OPERATIONS

',-. .
PUBLIC·.INTERN.ATION·A-L LAW
S'AN BEOA LAW CENTRALIZEDBA~ OPE.1:lATI.ONS
- MEMORYAID 2019
-FWAIW &ff 55

The Relationship Between "Permanent · · · Registration Procedure: .

Sovereignty" and1 the .Obligation Not. to Ceuse _ 1. ·Application with a ·-national office; 'design~ting
Tra.rispoundaryEnvironmental Damage; United , countries for which protection· is sought.
Nations· General Asse(T)bly Resolutlon 1803 2, ~equest is communicated to. the International
(XVII); 1). . . Bureau of the .. Worlcj' Intellectual : Property
Orqanizatlon iNhicti: . . ·
3. Right- to Economic Devetopment . · . .. a. Exa~ines the··. ·'compatibility
Th.is i's based orr the right 'to development= an : internaticnalclasslflcation, and ·. ·
lnalienable hum~n·right·by virtue of which. every b. -Checks if fees have been paid. in·. the
. human "person and al~ peoples are entitled to international office or· the lnternauonat ·

l
1: .•
r,
!:
participate. in, contribute to, and J;irijoy economic;
soclal.. cultural end _political development,· iri
· whlch all human . :·nghts · and . fundajnentat,
freedomscan be _fully real.i~~d. states-have the.
right and duty to formulate appropriate natlonal
Bureau. - . .
3. lfhe mark. is. recorded in- 'the· International.
.

Register and-published in the Gazette (Id. at Par.

.·61-; Madric!;Protocel). .

· development ·pol,lcia~··tti~t aim at :the constant · ..· ·. Not~':.The 'r~gi~t~ali_oh"sh~ll.be ~alid for
. · ' ·.

1.0
.

years and..
jmprovernent of- the well-being of the. entire .· · ·· may. be renewed. {Madri~Protocol,Art. 6)..
. population and of all. individuals, ..on the basis of · .
an.
devErlopment and in. the fair dlstrlbution 'ot the ~>·!"\ · ·
·their actlve.jree and .riwaningful pactlclpattcn.ln .· ... . Persorrs .Entitled to ·FiJe
Re_9.istration under the M,~drid Protoeot
benefits· resulting· therefrom . .(United NatiqQS.•.y~ · App).icants· from one· of· ih.e · countrles .party to the ·
International
.. · ·
Daclaratio,n on the :Right to Developmem, f.''rts.,(;(./j;· .. Madrid Protocol can flle' an JnternationalReglstratlon ·
·1 & '2)'.. ..·. . . . ·. ': ~'l'i~l':'·<~·;.;r
-~f th~y·. are, n;:1tionats·.of, have :a. real a,nd .effective
. -. . . .. ~., . :, ·. -: \~ l~;
'.i ·~~{....1nq,~~t~1al.0J2-5:bmmerc1al esta.bhs~me~t.,~· _or have,_a
- . . . . .. . . ./7 r ;·.:·n:.:~~i!;.Q,~Q}lt1!,~-:!rl-;8Ae. ot.!he Gontract1.ng Parties (Madnd
·. · · . : -;, :· · · ·. · . . ·,/v···...· 1:Y f( · Protflcot~'Affj,°'2; par.. (1)}:. · ·. · ·· •· ; ·
.MADRID-_'PROTOCOL AN;J}~JH~ ~ {i~-{! . · . · . : . · ·: ·. lJAf\ · . : . . . . .
. .· . . _PA~I-~ -9-PN~~~.T:(p~ f,;~~t~ « ""~];·.· -~Rj~;~fY~\-g~~:iR.THE PROTECTION ?F·
: . 1:~0TEC~IO~ ~F. ·_I_~~S'E~IAL... t" . · h1 'The P:irifclve:~onfor the. Protecti~I') of lndus~al. ·
· . :. . , . }>.ROPE':}!'T".~ - . ~ .• · \ f: ·~ Prop~~ ~~~{~1s,.knowo a~ the P~~,s Conven,tion,
· · , . ,'~·w' ~:-~·1 ·J -'· \~~·~- t~,. was 'a~P,P,l~91~,i\J'1far.q_t'Y20,
11333 (Pan$ Cqnvent1on). !.
~ ft;J·_.'. Slg_nlf;~~J;;e~
l~t~·llect~~d ~r~-~~rty Pr~_t!~~-:~~:-~~;\;···--'f}j ..-~f.the ~a~is ~o~~el)ti~n: ..
1.t encompasses mdustnal propert)i, (.prote.et-100 ·of . p...:.~1,..,.;._,Nat,onaltr~atment of ,intellectual property_ nghts
!
!
patents, 9esigns:and lr.9demarks). and;µ,S:9.-tgJtion;o!_....,..k~{~:;,:;!f;mt.~.~~ard fo. :'l,he prote~tion .. of. industrial
copyright and·· neighborin_g ·rights: ·lnp.jpte~:~~i6~P.·C~-P~p'!1e1ty; . . . . . . . . .. ; . .
law, it .shares the. functions·. o~ d~fll,~sti¢.'J'·law: · · -- 2 .. Right of.. p~onty. _which· p~eser-_ves ri.ovelty,
:'correcting failures" in ·the· iiiformatioo~ari~t·by orlg_inality, and .creativ.ity upqn the filing· of an
· creating 'ii:icentives for.. innovation and, "7a'ciiitating .. applfcation ·in· one ot-.the Member Stat~s for. a
. · product distinction' (EPJL supry_aU·& 26). :: ' limited'period (12 rrionths-for patents, 6 rnpnttis ·
· · , fot_trademarks and lndu~trial .designs); and.
MAQRiD' PROT0GOL .· . . . 3. Protection against . unfair. · competition . (.Paris
It .. is ·adrrjinistered by ltie ,lnternaJiotial Burea1,.1 ·of · .... · Conver,tion,..A_rts. 2-4 °;Jnd110). . .. . ·. · · ·
· ·. WoMlh\ellectual.Pr.ope;ty Org~nizatioiJ in 'Geneva,.
· Switzerland · ~ (World :Intellectual . Property . ... __..,
Organization); The · Madrid Syste!'Jl. prp.vides one
single pr~eedure for the· international teglsiration ..
marks. 11 is· governed by ~o treatie·s:: · . .
1. The· Madrid. · . Agreement · Concerning ·. the .
· · ··1nte.rr1,ational.Reg\strat1on.6f Marks (1891); and
.2. · The''Jytadrid .Protocol. Relating tci: tlie Mc;1drid .,
·Agreement (1989). . . .

· The Macl~id Protocol .ai1~.._;s the tr~r,sformation of .... .. ..

•
international · tra.oemarks Into nationally. and
regionaily · : protected fra<terriarks · (COTTIER, .
Ertcyc/opedia,p. 1 & ·26). ·.: ·
,,

201!9 SAN SEDA CENTRALIZE.D BAA OPERATi'6NS I .423

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'S'AN BEf)A T:J\W CEN.TMLtZED·BAll OP.£,MTrOflS - MEMORY AID 2·019
es fMh ;;

Agpi3lo, R'. (2009-). Statutory:Constniction. Manila: Rex B~ok Store.

Albano; E. (2014 ). Political Law ~eviewer-:Pa.sig 'City: Chan· Robles Publishing Company.
Aust, A. (201.0). Handbool:< of.tntemetione! Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
. .· ·~em~s.·s.J., J. G. (2009). l~tr.o~uction fo'.Publiclntern~iiona/'-~aw.Manila:.Rex B~ok Store.
Berri as, S:~ .,' J .. G.· .{2009).' The' 1987 c'o~stitution ~,. tne Republic of the Philippines, A Commentary: Ma~iia:
.· RexBook Stor.e; -inc. · .· · . - · · ·.· · . · ·. · · .
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· B·emas;
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). '1987
. PIJilippine.Constitutiorr
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Boczek, 'B. (4005): /ntemationpf Law:.A Dictionary:· , .
. Bri~riy, J. (1 ~-54·}. -; :L~~ of:~a.tion;~;~ Jntroducti~n to th~ lntemetionel La"'I ot-Peece, 5th Edition. London: ·.
Oxford Unlverslty Pr~ss.· " · ' · ·

BriHartes, A.: (200;!~.. P~!li~pine_s;. :~usta,_iringthe .Gain~ of pecentra?zcf~iqri, of Loe~! Govemment.

BroWnlie, I, (20.12), Principles otPubltc.lntemetionelLew. London.Clarendon Press .
. -~u~rgenih.al,.i. (2007). Public·;nter~~ti6ha,t~aw in a·~~tshe(I. West'Group:. .
: C~oley, r: M. (187.8}. C~nstitafional·Li~itati~n;. New'Yo-~k\itue Brqwn & Co ..
Coquia, J :· R. (~0~·2). ~um~n· ·~i[Jhfs; 6_ue~o~ City: .Ce'~tral :Bobk Supply; Inc: .
. · Cruz, ·1. A. (2Q03); /nte',;;~tionaf Law.:.Qu~zon City: .'centra,I Lawbook Pubilsliing.Co, Jn9::
. cruz.I, A.,··~.C~uz,:t~:L:(20.14). Philippine P~liti~a/ i~w. ~~ezon city: ·c~ntral Book Supply; Inc.
. .Cruz, t..
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A.,:&;
orua. G. L.
.(;015)/P.hilippi'heP~l{tJcail.a;,.,,::Quezoh qty; Central Book S:~pply;Inc.
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. Cruz, C:L. (2016)~ Philippine-°Ad;i~istiat1v~Law;-Quezor1City,.· Central· Boo;k Supply; .Jnc .
.Cruz:c. L. (20~8). ,;h~-L<!..; on.Public Of(icef~·(2cfrs/.M~nilai -~ex:Book'S~ore, i~c; .··•
.De Leon,' H. s, '& 'De Leon: j:. H ..·(201-2). Philippine 'co~stitutional .Law. (Vol. I). ~anila:· Rex Book' Store':
. ·o~ Leon, 'H. s., & De leon.;J_r;. H;.. M~· (2016).:A~i:ni~~str~-,ive-~aw'. M~nila: Rex Book store.• ·. . ..
· :oa· L~on, ·H;s;: & De Le.tin, J;~:Jri-Mi (.201~),·.Te~b~ok'o~-the 'i-'h~f;ppine.Constituti~~alt.aw.. Manila: Re,cB09k
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Pa l,..~~m. H. S., &:O~t.eon, Jr.;·H . .M. (20-14). ·th~ Law on Puplic Officer~ and·Electic;m Law. 'Manila: Re~ ·ao·ok.·
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: aook.stor~. .: ·. . . : . .' . ·. ., .. ·: ,'. . . . ·. . : . .. . .
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Epps; v. and ·G~aham, L ·{2015). ·international Law.. .Alphen. aan den RiJn, Netherlands: .w~lters Kluw~r La~·&· .
Business,. . · · . .·· · · · · ·· . . · . · ·· · : . · · · .; · -·. · ·. ·· : :
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G.ard;~~r•. R..(2003).l/~~ehl~tion~/l,.a~/i..oildpn: ~on~m.an.· :· :, . · . .. ·.. . . ·.·:.
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: . (20t6). Politl,:al
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. Gorospe, R. 8. (2006). ConstltutlonetLaw Notes and Reading on-Sill of Rights, Citizenship.and Suffrage. Maniia:
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Kaczorowska, A. (2010), public tnternettonet Law.· t.ondon; New York: Routledge. .:
· " . Ma"fanciuk, ·P. (1997). Akekurt-'sM9der~ Introduction ·,o ~ntern.~fional.Law. London: New York: Rqutledg.e.
. ~alone. L (1998). tntemetione! ~~~>E~m-an~~l"Publishin~ Corpcration.:" . . . . .: . .. .
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{1983). Administrative Law, /~w. on P'vblic Officers and Election "Law.. ~a~ila:
Phllaw-Publishing Company. · . · .· · .. . · ·
~a~~·u.i-a," A\. "(2.0(jg);°outl(n~li~evfe;erin Politfea/ Law. Quez~n .City: Re;· Bo6~ Store.· . . ..

Nachura, /\. 1:1. (2015.). ()ufline!R'ev,ewer iri'.Politic.alLaw. ·Quezon·City: Rex Book "Sto"re.1•
:..
-~. .ach~~a.
. .~- .~;· (201:6)·:.,0ut/i~e
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I~~Vi(lwer in Po/it~c~~Law.' .Quezon City:
.. . . . .. . . .
R~x· Bo~k SJ~~e ...
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.. . .
-Paras, E. t.,...-{1994)_, tmeroeuonet l~w encl _Worfd._Politics.·Manila: Rex·Bo.o_kstore;.lnc::. "'
· Plan~k. M. (2010), Encyclopedia for Public lnternation.al Law.
R~yes,.L 1;3:.(.200~)i ~h~ Revis~d p~,;a~ Code- Criini,:,·~,Law:.BooR 2. "Qu~:i:~n:City: Ce~trai Professlonal Book~,.
lnc. . . : . ' .- . . ·.. . . . · . .· . · · .. · ., · ..... ' · ·,· ..
Rpdrig·u.ez,'.R.:B. {2003)., The Lgca(Gov_ernmemt Code.of.1991 A~notated, Manila~ Rex Book Store, lnc.". ·
· S~r~iento.;R. V. (2008)~-T'aw~rds.More JU~tiCe. and·More l.iberty,Q~ez~·n bity:_Centrai°.B~o·k $µppiy; l~c.
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Sarnii~nto, R. A. (2016). Public IntemetionetLew Bar Reviewer. l'illanila:.Rex Book $lore, Inc. .'
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Si~co;
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v.
(1~~~).·.Philippine"Governm~~fdnd Polifica·,Law: U_ni~er~ity ofth·e·Philip.pines·-,
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. . .. ." · ·
Suarez, R. A. (2008).:Censtitutibnal LaW Reviewer.·Mariila: Rex.Book Store;°lnc:· · ..

·.:s~arez, ~-- A, (200~). ·P~/itical.Diw·R~vi~~er,~~mil~: ·R~x Book Store... · · :-- .•

. SGarei,
.. .
R.· A. .(~015). -~~liticalia~--ke,vieVl~r
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.. Manila·:· ~~x · B~ok Stbre;:·. . ;· ·.. .
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. ~uare:t,
• •
~;A (2018), PoliticaftavyR_"evi~wer. Mar:iila(-~ex.s"aok.Store·. .
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•

Viila~ueva, G:L. (2010).:_:Philipp,n~ ~~IP.Qrarit.:.aw,Mar:,il;: RexB~k-Store·, lf.ici. .• .... ~- :: .·· :" : J , .....

Tanaka) Y._:(2012).".The lnte.mationaiL;;w._oiir,~.se_a~_c1:111,1br:idge:. Ci:imbridge Liniv:ersity Pres_s,

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CHAPTER 6: PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
I. General Principles
International Law, Defined.
Traditional: That branch of public law which regulates the relations of States and of
other entities which have been granted international personality. [This definition focuses
on subjects, which are entities which possess international personality and with rights
and obligations recognized under international law, as against objects, which are
persons or things in respect of which rights are held and obligations assumed by the
subjects of international law.]
Modern: The law that deals with the conduct of States and international organizations,
their relations with each other and, in certain circumstances, their relations with
persons, natural or juridical.
b. Approaches to Implement International Law in National Law
1. Theories of International Law
a. Natural Law Theory/School
There is a natural and universal principle of right and wrong, independent of mutual
intercourse or compact, which can be discovered and recognized by every
Individual through the use of his reason and conscience. Since individuals compose
the State whose will is but the collective will of the inhabitants, the State also
becomes bound by the law of nature.
b. Positive Law Theory/School
The binding force of international law is derived from the agreement of the States
to be bound by it. In this context, international law is not a law of subordination
but of coordination.
c. Eclectic Theory/School (a.k.a. the Grotian School)
In so far as it conforms to the dictates of right reason, the voluntary law may be
said to blend with the natural law and be, indeed, an expression of it. In case of
conflict, the natural law prevails, being the more fundamental law.
NOTE: In case of conflict, natural law theory shall prevail as it is acceptable to
human nature.
2. Relationship Between International and National/Municipal Law
a. Independence of International Law from National Law
i. Monism
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEW
There is no substantial distinction between international law and municipal law.
ii. Dualism (or Pluralism)
a. International Law vs. National Law
The distinctions lie in that municipal law is issued by a political superior for
observance by those under its authority, while international law is not
imposed but adopted by States as a common rule of action.
Municipal law consists of enactments of the law-making authority, while
international law is derived from such sources as international customs,
conventions, or general principles of law.
Municipal law regulates relations of individuals among themselves, while
international law applies to relations between states and international
persons.
Violations of municipal law are redressed through local judicial and
administrative processes, while in international law, they are resolved
through state-to-state transactions.
Breaches of municipal law entail individual responsibility, while in
international law there is collective responsibility.
i. Doctrine of Transformation
It requires the enactment by the legislative body of such international law
principles as are sought to be part of municipal law.
ii. Doctrine of Incorporation
Expressed in Sec. 2, Art. II, Philippine Constitution, as follows: “The Philippines
renounces war as an instrument of national policy, adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land, and
adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation and
amity with all nations”.
See: Kuroda vs. Jalandoni, 83 Phil. 171 (although the Philippines was not a
signatory to the Hague and Geneva Conventions, international jurisprudence
is automatically incorporated in Philippine law, thus making war crimes
punishable in the Philippines).
iii. What the Philippine Law Follows
Conflict between International Law and Municipal Law.
a) On the domestic sphere, with a local court deciding:
i) If the conflict is with the Constitution: uphold the Constitution. [See Sec.
5(2)(a), Art. VIII, Philippine Constitution, which provides that the
Supreme Court has the power to declare a treaty or executive agreement
unconstitutional.] In Secretary of Justice v. Judge Lantion, G.R. No.
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 361

139465, January 18, 2000, it was held that in states where the
Constitution is the highest law of the land, such as the Republic of the
Philippines, both statutes and treaties may be invalidated if they are in
conflict with the Constitution.
ii) If the conflict is with a statute: The doctrine of incorporation, as applied
in most countries, decrees that rules of international law are given equal
standing with, but are not superior to, national legislative enactments. A
treaty may repeal a statute, and a statute may repeal a treaty; thus, the
principle of lex posterior derogat priori, that which comes last in time, will
usually be upheld by the municipal tribunal.
b) On the international sphere, with an international tribunal deciding:
international law is superior to municipal law, because international law
provides the standard by which to determine the legality of a State’s conduct.
NOTE:
Q: Can a law void an international agreement? A: Yes, following lex posteriori, derogat
priori.
Q: What doctrine does the Philippines follow? A: As to treaties/conventions, the
doctrine of transformation applies. As to customary international law and general
principles of international law, the doctrine of incorporation applies. (Bernas)
II. Sources of International Law
On the domestic sphere, the constitution, legislative enactments and case law (stare
decisis). On the international plane, it is a bit complicated because there is no body
likened to a national legislature, no fundamental law, and the doctrine of precedents is
not applicable.
1. Primary Sources
a. International Treaties and Conventions
Whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the
contesting states.
b. Customary International Law
As evidence of a general practice accepted as binding law through persistent usage
over a long period of time. It is necessary, however, that the custom be [i]
prevailing practice by a number of states; [ii] repeated over a considerable period
of time; and [iii] attended by opinio juris or a sense of legal obligation.
i. Opinio Juris “an opinion of law”
Recognition of a practice as a legal norm and therefore obligatory.
ii. Jus cogens “compelling law”
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEW
A norm accepted and recognizes by the international community as a norm
from which no derogation is permitted, and which can be modified only by a
subsequent norm of general international law having the same character.
iii. Erga Omnes Obligation “towards all”
An obligation of every State towards the international community as a whole.
NOTE:
Q: Suppose the old jus cogens norm against torture was abrogated in that the
same is now allowed. Is this proper? A: Yes. The old jus cogens norm was
modified by a subsequent norm of the same character.
c. General Principles of Law
These are rules derived mainly from natural law, observed and recognized by
civilized nations, e.g., res judicata, prescription, pacta sunt servanda and estoppel.
To these may be added the principle of ex aequo et bono (what is good and just),
provided that the parties to the dispute agree thereto, as provided in Art. 38 (1),
Statute of the International Court of Justice.
NOTE:
Q: General principles of international law shall apply in what cases? A: If there is:
(1) conflict between treaty and customary law; and (2) there is conflict between
two customary norms.
i. Non liquet in International Law “it is not clear”
It refers to a situation in which a competent court or tribunal fails to decide
the merits of an admissible case for whatever reason, be it the absence of
suitable law, the vagueness or ambiguity of rules, inconsistencies in law, or
the injustice of the legal consequences
Reference to such principles is to both those which are inferred from municipal
laws and those which have no counterparts in municipal law and are have no
counterparts in municipal law and are inferred from the nature of the
international community. If there is no treaty relevant to a dispute, or if there
is no rule of customary international la that can be applied to it, the ICJ is
directed, under Article 38 of its Statute, to apply general principles of
international law.
Simply stated, such principles are gap-filler provisions, utilized by the ICJ in
reference to rules typically found in domestic courts and domestic legal
systems in order to address procedural and other issues.
The main objective of inserting the third source in Article 38 is to fill in gaps in
treaty and customary law and to meet the possibility of a non liquet.
Non liquet means the possibility that a court or tribunal could not decide a case
because of a ‘gap’ in law.
Examples: Burden of proof, admissibility of evidence, waiver, estoppel, unclean
hands, necessity, and force majeure.
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 362

2. Subsidiary Sources
a. Judicial Decisions and Highly Regarded Publicists
Judicial Decisions: Generally of international tribunals, the most authoritative being
the International Court of Justice. They are not really sources, but “subsidiary
means” for finding what the law is, and whether a norm has been accepted as a
rule of international law. The decision of a national court may be used depending
upon the prestige and perceived impartiality of the domestic court, not being in
conflict with the decisions of international tribunals, and its admissibility in the
forum where it is cited.
Writings of Highly Regarded Publicists: Must be fair and unbiased representation of
international law by acknowledged authorities in the field.
b. ICJ Advisories
An advisory opinion is legal advice provided to the United Nations or a specialized
agency by the International Court of Justice, in accordance with Article 96 of the
UN Charter.
The General Assembly and the Security Council may request advisory opinions on
“any legal matter.” Other organs and the specialized agencies may request advisory
opinions on “legal questions arising within the scope of their activities.”
NOTE: Subsidiary sources cannot be the sole basis of international law, or in the
absence of primary sources.
3. Hierarchy of Sources
Interpretation of Article 38 of the ICJ:
Although the provision is silent on the question of whether the three primary sources
have the same hierarchic value, although by practice, treaties take precedence over
customs, and customs over general principles of law, except:
a. Jus Cogens
Supra. Examples: slave trade, piracy, and terrorism. See Human Rights Cases vs.
Marcos, where it was held that official torture of prisoners/ dissenters was a
violation of the principle of jus cogens.
III. Subjects and Objects of International Law
A subject is an entity that has rights and responsibilities under international law; it can
be a proper party in transactions involving the application of the law of nations among
members of the international community.
The subjects of international law are: states, colonies and dependencies, mandates and
trust territories, the Holy See (Vatican City), the United Nations, belligerent
communities, international administrative bodies, and, to a certain extent, individuals.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEW
An object is a person or thing in respect of which rights are held and obligations
assumed by the subject; it is not directly governed by the rules of international law; its
rights are received, and its responsibilities imposed, indirectly through the
instrumentality of an international agency.
1. States
It is a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite
portion of territory, independent of external control, and possessing an organized
government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.
NOTE: Recognition is relative; most do not believe that this is required, except in the
case of belligerents.
2. International Organizations
Bodies created by sovereign states and whose functioning is regulated by international
law, not the law of any given country. They have functional personality which is limited
to what is necessary to carry out their functions as found in the instruments of the
organization.
NOTE: The importance of knowing whether an entity is a subject of international law is
that it can, by itself, sue before international tribunals without lodging its grievance with
the State. In order for international organizations to be considered a subject, the
following requisites should concur:
a. There must be a permanent association of States in that international
organization; i.e. the group of States committed themselves to be associated within
the international organization
b. The States which created the international organization considers the latter as
having a separate and distinct personality (similar to that in corporations);
c. The international organization possesses rights and duties.
3. Individuals
In the early development of international law human beings were exclusively under the
control of states. In international law they were objects or at best “beneficiaries” of
international law. With the greater global awareness of human rights individuals have
now come to be recognized as possessing albeit limited rights and obligations in
international law.
Among the obligations of individuals are those arising from the regulation of armed
conflict. Violation of these rules can place individuals under criminal responsibility. There
are also rules on international crimes to which individuals are subject such as crimes
against humanity, genocide, aggression, and terrorism.
When individual rights are violated, however, individuals still have to rely on the
enforcement power of states. But some treaties have provided for the right of individuals
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 363

to petition international bodies alleging that a contracting state has violated some of
their human rights.
4. Others
a. Non-Governments Organizations?
Those organizations founded by private individuals, which are independent of
States, oriented towards the rule of law, pursue public rather than private goals as
an objective, and possess a minimal organizational structure. Examples: ICRC or
Human Rights Watch.
NOTE: As a rule, they are not considered subjects of international law, except
where their functions are sanctioned by the United Nations or the international
community.
b. Corporations (Multinational)
Those which operate in many countries. They are not considered subjects as there
is no provision which considers them as such.
IV. Fundamental Rights of States
1. The Right of Existence, Territorial integrity and Self-Preservation
Right of Existence and Self-Preservation: By far the most basic and important right.
Art. 51 of the UN Charter recognizes the right of the state to individual and collective
self-defense (through regional arrangements) if an armed attack occurs against such
state, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international
peace and security. However, the right may be resorted to only upon a clear showing
of grave and actual danger, and must be limited by necessity. It is eventually the
Security Council which determines whether or not an “armed attack” has taken place.
Right to Territorial Integrity: Principle under international law that prohibits states from
the use of force against the "territorial integrity or political independence" of another
state. It is enshrined in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter and has been recognized as
customary international law.
Modes of Acquisition:
1. Discovery and Occupation
Territory not belonging to any State, or terra nulius, is placed under the sovereignty
of the claiming State. “Discovery”, alone, merely creates an inchoate right; it must
be followed within a reasonable time by effective occupation and administration.
Thus, in the Palmas Island Arbitration case, the inchoate right flowing from
discovery was deemed lost because administration was not undertaken within a
reasonable time.
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On the Kalayaan Islands: Between 1947 to 1956, Tomas Cloma, a Filipino,
discovered the Kalayaan Islands (a 53-island group not part of the Spratlys).
Subsequently, Cloma ceded his rights to the Philippine Government. By virtue of
Presidential Decree No. 1596 (June 11, 19978), the Philippines formally laid claim
to the islands by virtue of occupation and exercise of jurisdiction. The Municipality
was established as part of the Province of Palawan. On May 20, 1980, the
Philippines registered its claim with the United Nations Secretariat. The Philippine
claim to the islands is justified by reason of history, indispensable need, and
effective occupation and control. Thus, in accordance with international law, the
Kalayaan group is subject to the sovereignty of the Philippines. (By virtue of the
Manila Declaration of 1992, it was agreed that whatever conflicting claims there
may be over the islands shall be resolved in a peaceful manner, through diplomatic
negotiations.)
2. Prescription
Territory may also be acquired through continuous and uninterrupted possession
over a long period of time, just like in civil law. In international law, however, there
is no rule of thumb as to the length of time needed for acquisition of territory
through prescription. In this connection, consider the Grotius doctrine of
immemorial prescription, which speaks of uninterrupted possession going beyond
memory.
3. Cession (By Treaty)
Cession may be voluntary, through a treaty of sale, e.g., the sale of Alaska by
Russia to the U.S., or through a treaty of donation, e.g., the donation of Sabah by
Borneo to the Sultan of Sulu. Cession may also be involuntary, or forced, such as
the treaty entered into by the U.S. and Spain after the Spanish-American War,
although the treaty was denominated one of sale, whereby Spain ceded the
Philippines, Puerto Rico, Marianas and Guam to the U.S. for $20M.
4. Conquest and Subjugation
Conquest is the acquisition of sovereignty of a country by force of arms, exercised
by an independent power, which reduces the vanquished to the submission of its
empire. Physical conquest is not enough for the title to ripen to real ownership,
similar to discovery and occupation. Annexation or subjugation must follow, which
takes place if a formal cession is made in the treaty of peace.
This is not a legitimate mode of acquiring territory under the UN Charter [Article
2(4)].
5. Accretion
A mode of acquiring property produced by or which is attached or united to a thing
already owned by a person. In Roman Law, this is known as accession which may
either be: (1) accession continua, which occurs as a consequence of forces external
of the thing itself; and (2) accession discreta, which occurs as a consequence of
forces inherent in the thing itself.
2. The Right of Sovereignty and Independence
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 364

Sovereignty is defined as the supreme power in a State by which that State is governed,
or the supreme, absolute, uncontrollable power by which any State is governed. It has
two (2) aspects: internal and external.
In its internal aspect, sovereignty is the power inherent in the people or vested in its
ruler by the Constitution to govern the State. Such sovereignty does not, in any degree,
depend upon its recognition by other States.
In its external aspect, sovereignty consists in the independence of one political society
in respect to all other political societies. The external sovereignty of any State requires
the recognition by other States in order to render it perfect and complete. This external
manifestation is called independence.
a. Self-Determination
People’s pursuit of its political, economic, social, and cultural development within
the framework of an existing State.
b. Decolonization and Uti Possidetis “as you possess”
Decolonization – a state which has been previously colonized regains its
sovereignty.
Uti Possidetis – A principle of international law that allows retention of property or
territory in the belligerent’s actual possession at the time of cessation of hostilities.
3. The Right of Equality
Legal equality or equality before the law, which means that the rights of a State,
regardless of its size, population, power, degree of civilization, wealth, etc., must be
respected, and if a State has obligations, it has to respect them and comply with them.
NOTE: An example would be that each Member State is given one vote, regardless of
its size, wealth, power, etc.
4. The Right to Property and Jurisdiction
Three Domains of the State:
1. Terrestrial;
2. Fluvial or maritime; and
3. Aerial.
a. Bases of Jurisdiction
i. Territoriality principle
A state has jurisdiction over all persons and property within its territory. The
jurisdiction of the nation within its own territory is necessary, exclusive, and
absolute. However, there are a few exceptions on when a state cannot
exercise jurisdiction even within its own territory, to wit:
1) foreign states, head of states, diplomatic representatives, and consuls to a
certain degree;
2) foreign state property;
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3) acts of state;
4) foreign merchant vessels exercising rights of innocent passage or arrival
under stress;
5) foreign armies passing through or stationed in its territories with its
permission; and
6) such other persons or property, including organizations like the United
Nations, over which it may, by agreement, waive jurisdiction.
Applicable to both criminal and civil cases.
ii. Nationality principle and statelessness
A State may exercise jurisdiction over its nationals, with respect to their
conduct, whether within or outside its territory.
Instances when a person may be declared stateless:
1. Conflict of 2 laws;
2. State deprived person of nationality;
i. official act;
ii. political event;
3. Person’s own renunciation;
4. Voluntary release;
Nationality of Foundling – where he or she may be found.
iii. Protective principle
Any State has the right to punish acts even if committed outside its territory,
when such acts constitute attacks against its security, as long as that conduct
is generally recognized as criminal by states in the international community.
iv. Universality principle
Certain offenses are so heinous and so widely condemned that any state that
captures an offender may prosecute and punish that person on behalf of the
international community regardless of the nationality of the offender or victim
or where the crime was committed. Not just heinous, but universal crimes.
a. Treaties Providing for ‘Universal Jurisdiction’: Aut Dedere Aut
Judicare
A state may prosecute a crime committed elsewhere if it against jus
cogens norms.
Aut Dedere Aut Judicare “either extradite or prosecute” – Legal
obligation of states under PIL to prosecute persons who commit serious
international crimes where no other state has requested extradition.
Extradition is given more preference than prosecution.
v. Passive personality principle
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 365

It authorizes states to assert jurisdiction over offenses committed against their
citizens abroad. It recognizes that each state has a legitimate interest in
protecting the safety of its citizens when they journey outside national
boundaries.
Not automatically applicable; applies only when other principles resorted to do
not apply. It is considered as a last resort principle.
vi. Conflicts of jurisdiction
Modes of addressing conflicts of jurisdiction:
1. Balancing Test – It is a judicial doctrine whereby a court measures
competing interest–as between individual rights and governmental powers, or
between state authority and federal supremacy – and decides which interest
should prevail. (Black’s Law Dictionary)
2. International Comity – Even when a state has basis for exercising
jurisdiction, it will refrain from doing so if its exercise will be unreasonable.
3. Forum Non Conveniens – It is the discretionary power that allows courts to
dismiss a case where another court, or forum, is much better suited to hear
the case.
b. Extradition
The right of a foreign power, created by treaty, to demand the surrender of one
accused or convicted of a crime within its territorial jurisdiction, and the correlative
duty of the other State to surrender.
i. Principle of specialty
A fugitive who is extradited may be tried only for the crime specified in the
request for extradition and included in the list of offenses in the extradition
treaty, unless the requested State does not object to the trial of such person
for the unlisted offense.
NOTE:
Q: Suppose X was charged with parricide by State A and the latter requests
State B to extradite him. Parricide is also a crime punishable in State B, which
satisfies the requirement of dual criminality. State B extradites X. However,
upon investigation, it was found that the victims of X were not related to him.
X was charged with homicide instead. Does this violate the principle of
specialty?
A: Sir is of the opinion that it does not. There is a general principle that a
person may be charged not only of the crime he or she has committed, but
also with the crime which necessarily includes or is necessarily included in the
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crime charged. As homicide is necessarily included in the crime of parricide,
then there is no violation of the principle of specialty.
ii. Dual criminality principle
a. Government of Hongkong Special Administrative Region
(HKSAR) vs. Munoz, G.R. No. 207342, 16 August 2016
RULING: For purposes of the extradition of Munoz, the HK.SAR as the
requesting state must establish the following six elements, namely: (1)
there must be an extradition treaty in force between the HK.SAR and the
Philippines; (2) the criminal charges· that are pending 'in the HK.SAR
against the person to be extradited;(3) the crimes for which the person to
be extradited is charged are extraditable within the terms of the treaty; (
4) the individual before the court is the same person charged in the
HKSAR; (5) the evidence submitted establishes probable cause to believe
that the person to be extradited committed the offenses charged; and (6)
the offenses are criminal in both the HK.SAR and the Philippines (double
criminality rule).
It was as to the sixth element that the CA took exception as not having
been established.
The CA ultimately concluded that the crime of accepting an advantage as
an agent did not have an equivalent in this jurisdiction considering that
when the unauthorized giving and receiving of benefits happened in the
private sector, the same was not a crime because there was no law that
defined and· punished such act as criminal in this jurisdiction.
Under the rule of specialty in international law, a Requested State shall
surrender to a Requesting State a person to be tried only for a criminal
offense specified in their treaty of extradition. Conformably with the dual
criminality rule embodied in the extradition treaty between the Philippines
and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), however, the
Philippines as the Requested State is not bound to extradite the
respondent to the jurisdiction of the HKSAR as the Requesting State for
the offense of accepting an advantage as an agent considering that the
extradition treaty is forthright in providing that surrender shall only be
granted for an offense coming within the descriptions of offenses in its
Article 2 insofar as the offenses are punishable by imprisonment or other
form of detention for more than one year, or by a more severe
penalty according to the laws of both parties.
Considering that the transactions were entered into by and in behalf of the
Central Bank of the Philippines, an instrumentality of the Philippine
Government, Munoz should be charged for the offenses not as a regular
agent or one representing a private entity but as a public servant or
employee of the Philippine Government. Yet, because the offense of
accepting an advantage as an agent charged against him in the
HK.SAR is one that deals with private sector bribery, the conditions
for the application of the double criminality rule are obviously not
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 366

met. Accordingly, the crime of accepting an advantage as an agent must
be dropped from the request for extradition. Conformably with the
principle of specialty embodied in Article 1 7 of the RP-HK Agreement,
Munoz should be proceeded against only for the seven counts of
conspiracy to defraud. As such, the HK.SAR shall hereafter arrange for
Munoz's surrender within the period provided under Article 15 of the RP-
HK Agreement.
5. The Right of Legation (Right of Diplomatic Intercourse)
It is the right of the state to send and receive diplomatic missions, which enables states
to carry on friendly intercourse. It is governed by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations (1961).
The exercise of this right is one of the most effective ways of facilitating and promoting
intercourse among nations. Through the active right of sending diplomatic
representatives and the passive right of receiving them, States are able to deal more
directly and closely with each other in the improvement of their mutual intercourse.
NOTE: As the right of legation is purely consensual, the State is not obliged to maintain
diplomatic relations with other States.
If it wants to, a State may shut itself from the rest of the world, as Japan did until the
close of the 19th century. Disadvantage: A policy of isolation would hinder the progress
of a State since it would be denying itself of the many benefits available from the
international community.
Q: May State A force State B to establish an embassy in State B’s territory? A: No, the
basis of right of legation is the consent of the State parties. A State may not be forced
to maintain diplomatic relations if it is not willing. Establishing a diplomatic mission is a
power solely vested in the President.
Q: Active v. Passive A: Active Right Legation – the right of the State to send envoys or
establish diplomatic missions.
Passive Right of Legation – the right to receive or accept envoys or missions.
Q: Situations where the exercise of passive right of legation prevents the exercise of
active right of legation? A: (1) If the diplomatic relations between the States are
covered by a treaty, but the Senate does not ratify said treaty; (2) By not accepting the
envoy of the other State; (3) Through legislation, if the diplomatic representative is
declared a persona non grata; (4) The receiving State orders the diplomatic
representative to leave the country.
Q: Ambassador Teehankee was convicted for profiteering in Geneva, but was neither
imprisoned nor fined because he invoked his diplomatic immunity. Immunity of
ambassadors covers only jurisdiction, but not liability. What then, is the consequence
of the principle that ambassadors do not have immunity from penalty, but only
immunity from local jurisdiction?
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A: Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, a diplomatic agent shall enjoy
immunity from criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State.
If there is only immunity from liability, it means that a person can be held liable if his
State waives his immunity. If the immunity covers not only immunity from jurisdiction
but also immunity from liability, then it cannot be waived.
Q: Consul v. Ambassador
A: Consul – in charge of economic and commercial intercourse with receiving State.
Ambassador – has immunity from jurisdiction, which the consul does not have (this is
an important distinction).
V. Fundamental Duties of States
1. Doctrine of State Responsibility – Arts. 1-3, Articles on Responsibility of
States for Internationally Wrongful Acts by the International law Commission
(ILC Articles)
A State may be held responsible for an international delinquency, directly or indirectly,
imputable to it which causes injury to the national of another State. Liability will attach
to the State where its treatment of the alien falls below the international standard of
justice or where it is remiss in according him the protection or redress that is warranted
by the circumstances.
Elements:
1. An act or omission in violation of international law;
2. The same is attributable to the State;
3. The act or omission caused damage to a third State either directly or indirectly
to a national of the third State.
Kinds:
1. Direct State Responsibility – where the international delinquency was committed
by superior government officials or organs of the State such as the Chief Executive
or the national legislature. Liability will attach immediately as their acts may not
be effectively prevented or reversed under the Constitution or laws of the State.
2. Indirect State Responsibility – where the offense is committed by inferior
government officials or by private individuals. The State will be held liable only if
by reason of its indifference in preventing or punishing it, it can be considered to
have connived in effecting its commission.
a. The Rules of Attribution: Lex Specialis “law governing a specific
subject matter” – Arts. 4-11, ILC Articles
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 367

It is a legal construct whereby an internationally unlawful conduct of state organ
acting in that capacity is regarded as the conduct of state itself, making that state
responsible for its own acts or omissions, but as an abstract entity it can physically
act only through individuals or group of individuals performing “act of the state” on
its behalf.
NOTE:
Q: What are Secondary Rules? A: These address basic issues of responsibility and
remedies available for breach of “primary” or substantive rules of international law,
such as with respect to the use of armed force.
The espousing of a claim of an individual claimant is a political question, as in
the case of Vinuya v. Executive Secretary.
Q: What is the basis for a person to ask for relief directly from international courts?
A: Some treaties allow individuals to claim relief directly from international courts.
Q: How to determine that State is attributable to the crime? A: (1) Acts/omissions
by the State, through the Chief Executive or the executive department or other
branches; (2) the injured party’s claim is espoused by the State.
Q: Suppose a private person commits genocide, is the State attributable to the
crime? A: ICC defines the 4 heinous international crimes, one of which is genocide.
However, if there is a convention which defines act of genocide, then the latter shall
apply as it is lex specialis.
Q: Is the State responsible for the drug war? A: Yes, because the President declared
the same, but it may be countered by the principle of attribution.
2. Treatment of aliens
Flowing from its right to existence and as an attribute of sovereignty, no state is under
obligation to admit aliens. The state can determine in what cases and under what
conditions it may admit aliens.
NOTE:
Q: Is a State obligate to accept aliens? A: No.
Q: What is the difference between a visa and a passport? A: Visa is a permit to enter a
country, while a passport is permit to exit a country. Visa-free country? It is not actually
visa-free, but that a visa was previously given in general to the public.
Q: What is the Doctrine of Non-Refouement? A: Principle in international law which
prohibits States from expelling from their territories and returning refugees to places
where their lives or freedom could be threatened.
Q: What are the kinds of Asylum?
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A: 1. Territorial Asylum - Refuge within the territory of the sheltering state, the
prosecution which a refugee obtains by escaping to, or remaining upon, the territory of
a State other than that the State that “wants” him, until the protection is terminated by
his extradition.
2. Extraterritorial Asylum – Asylum in what are considered the “extensions” of a State’s
territory. It includes: asylum in foreign public ships; and diplomatic asylum is the
prosecution afforded by a State to a refugee by granting him an asylum in or upon its
diplomatic buildings within the territory of the State that wants him.
Exists only where there is an existing treaty between the parties, which allows States
to exercise its rights to extra-territorial asylum. It cannot exercise such right where
there is no treaty to that effect.
Q: Is asylum applicable in all cases? A: No. It applies only to political offenses.
VI. Consequences of Rights
1. Entrance Into Treaties
a. Treaty Law - Vienna Convention on the law of treaties (VCLT)
Article 2 provides: “It is an international agreement concluded between states in
written form and governed by international law whether embodied in a single
instrument or in two or more related instruments.
NOTE: Under the VCLT, a treaty must be in written form. While contracting parties
may enter into an unwritten or oral treaty, the same cannot affect third parties.
Internationally, treaty and executive agreement are essentially the same. The
differences are immaterial. In the VCLT, both treaty and executive agreement have
force and effect and must be complied with in good faith.
i. Preliminary Considerations in Treaty-Making
1. Requisites of a Treaty
a. Entered into by parties having treaty-making capacity (only States or
international organizations can enter into treaties);
b. Through their authorized organs or representatives;
Q: What are full powers? A: It is a document or proof attesting to a
State representative’s authority to negotiate on behalf of it, or to bind
his or her government or State.
c. Without attendance of duress, fraud, mistake or other vices of
consent;
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 368

Q: Before allowing the Vietnamese people to regain their
independence, China, as conquering nation, pressured Vietnam into
signing a treaty prohibiting it to export rice except to China, and at a
very discounted price. Vietnam goes now to the ICJ to declare said
treaty as invalid, considering that it was entered into with force or
intimidation. Will the suit prosper?
A: No. Generally, consent is absent if it is obtained through the use
of force or intimidation, under the Doctrine of Unequal Treaties.
Internationally, however, the use of force, intimidation, or influence
to obtain consent is allowed. It was the trend or general practice in
World War II, even as the treaties were disadvantageous to the
subjugated countries.
d. Proper subject matter and object;
Q: Example of unlawful subject matter? A: Must not be beyond the
commerce of man, or must not violate the jus cogens norms, e.g. torture,
genocide, piracy, crimes against humanity, or crimes of aggression.
As to the treaty between China and NoKor related to nuclear weapons, it
is a mere violation of the States’ obligation under the Convention.
e. Ratification in accordance with their respective constitutional processes;
There are States which do not consider ratification as necessary.
2. Treaty vs. Executive Agreement
a. Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading, 3 SCRA
351 (1961)
RULING: The Court of Tax Appeals entertained doubts on the legality
of the executive agreement sought to be implemented by Executive
Order No. 328, owing to the fact that our Senate had not concurred
in the making of said executive agreement. The concurrence of said
House of Congress is required by our fundamental law in the making
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of "treaties" which are, however, distinct and different from
"executive agreements," which may be validly entered into without
such concurrence.
Treaties are formal documents which require ratification with the
approval of two thirds of the Senate. Executive agreements become
binding through executive action without the need of a vote by the
Senate or by Congress.
International agreements involving political issues or changes of
national policy and those involving international arrangements of a
permanent character usually take the form of treaties. But
international agreements embodying adjustments of detail carrying
out well-established national policies and traditions and those
involving arrangements of a more or less temporary nature usually
take form of executive agreements.
The validity of the executive agreement in question is thus patent.
b. Saguisag v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 212426, January 12, 2016
RULING: In the seminal case of US v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.,
the US Supreme Court held that "[t]he President is the sole organ of
the nation in its external relations, and its sole representative with
foreign relations."
The plain meaning of the Constitution prohibits the entry of foreign
military bases, troops or facilities, except by way of a treaty concurred
in by the Senate - a clear limitation on the President's dual role as
defender of the State and as sole authority in foreign relations.
The President, however, may enter into an executive agreement on
foreign military bases, troops, or facilities, if (a) it is not the
instrument that allows the presence of foreign military bases, troops,
or facilities; or (b) it merely aims to implement an existing law or
treaty.
The inapplicability to executive agreements of the requirements under
Section 21 was again recognized in Bayan v. Zamora and in Bayan
Muna v. Romulo. These cases, both decided under the aegis of the
present Constitution, quoted Eastern Sea Trading in reiterating that
executive agreements are valid and binding even without the
concurrence of the Senate.
Executive agreements may dispense with the requirement of Senate
concurrence because of the legal mandate with which they are
concluded. As culled from the afore-quoted deliberations of the
Constitutional Commission, past Supreme Court Decisions, and works
of noted scholars, executive agreements merely involve
arrangements on the implementation of existing policies, rules, laws,
or agreements. They are concluded (1) to adjust the details of a
treaty; (2) pursuant to or upon confirmation by an act of the
Legislature; or (3) in the exercise of the President's independent
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 369

powers under the Constitution. The raison d'etre of executive
agreements hinges on prior constitutional or legislative
authorizations.
The special nature of an executive agreement is not just a domestic
variation in international agreements. International practice has
accepted the use of various forms and designations of international
agreements, ranging from the traditional notion of a treaty - which
connotes a formal, solemn instrument - to engagements concluded in
modem, simplified forms that no longer necessitate ratification. An
international agreement may take different forms: treaty, act,
protocol, agreement, concordat, compromis d'arbitrage, convention,
covenant, declaration, exchange of notes, statute, pact, charter,
agreed minute, memorandum of agreement, modus vivendi, or some
other form. Consequently, under international law, the distinction
between a treaty and an international agreement or even an
executive agreement is irrelevant for purposes of determining
international rights and obligations.
However, this principle does not mean that the domestic law
distinguishing treaties, international agreements, and executive
agreements is relegated to a mere variation in form, or that the
constitutional requirement of Senate concurrence is demoted to an
optional constitutional directive. There remain two very important
features that distinguish treaties from executive agreements and
translate them into terms of art in the domestic setting.
First, executive agreements must remain traceable to an express or
implied authorization under the Constitution, statutes, or treaties. The
absence of these precedents puts the validity and effectivity of
executive agreements under serious question for the main function of
the Executive is to enforce the Constitution and the laws enacted by
the Legislature, not to defeat or interfere in the performance of these
rules. In turn, executive agreements cannot create new international
obligations that are not expressly allowed or reasonably implied in the
law they purport to implement.
Second, treaties are, by their very nature, considered superior to
executive agreements. Treaties are products of the acts of the
Executive and the Senate unlike executive agreements, which are
solely executive actions. Because of legislative participation through
the Senate, a treaty is regarded as being on the same level as a
statute. If there is an irreconcilable conflict, a later law or treaty takes
precedence over one that is prior. An executive agreement is treated
differently. Executive agreements that are inconsistent with either a
law or a treaty are considered ineffective. Both types of international
agreement are nevertheless subject to the supremacy of the
Constitution.
This rule does not imply, though, that the President is given carte
blanche to exercise this discretion. Although the Chief Executive
wields the exclusive authority to conduct our foreign relations, this
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEW
power must still be exercised within the context and the parameters
set by the Constitution, as well as by existing domestic and
international laws. There are constitutional provisions that restrict or
limit the President's prerogative in concluding international
agreements, such as those that involve the following:
a. The policy of freedom from nuclear weapons within Philippine
territory;
b. The fixing of tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage
and wharfage dues, and other duties or imposts, which must be
pursuant to the authority granted by Congress;
c. The grant of any tax exemption, which must be pursuant to a
law concurred in by a majority of all the Members of Congress;
d. The contracting or guaranteeing, on behalf of the Philippines,
of foreign loans that must be previously concurred in by the
Monetary Board;
e. The authorization of the presence of foreign military bases,
troops, or facilities in the country must be in the form of a treaty
duly concurred in by the Senate;
f. For agreements that do not fall under paragraph 5, the
concurrence of the Senate is required, should the form of the
government chosen be a treaty.
The President had the choice to enter into EDCA by way of an
executive agreement or a treaty.
No court can tell the President to desist from choosing an executive
agreement over a treaty to embody an international agreement,
unless the case falls squarely within Article VIII, Section 25.
xxx
Indeed, in the field of external affairs, the President must be given a
larger measure of authority and wider discretion, subject only to the
least amount of checks and restrictions under the Constitution. The
rationale behind this power and discretion was recognized by the
Court in Vinuya v. Executive Secretary, cited earlier.
Section 9 of Executive Order No. 459, or the Guidelines in the
Negotiation of International Agreements and its Ratification, thus,
correctly reflected the inherent powers of the President when it stated
that the DFA "shall determine whether an agreement is an executive
agreement or a treaty."
Accordingly, in the exercise of its power of judicial review, the Court
does not look into whether an international agreement should be in
the form of a treaty or an executive agreement, save in cases in which
the Constitution or a statute requires otherwise. Rather, in view of
the vast constitutional powers and prerogatives granted to the
President in the field of foreign affairs, the task of the Court is to
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 370

determine whether the international agreement is consistent with the
applicable limitations.
xxxx
Executive agreements may cover the matter of foreign military forces
if it merely involves detail adjustments.
Basically, treaties should be concurred by at least 2/3 of the Members
of the Senate. Here comes Section 25, Article XVIII regarding foreign
bases, troops, and facilities, which requires three (3) elements:
1. It is a treaty duly concurred by the Senate;
2. If Congress so requires, a majority of votes in a national
referendum;
3. It is recognized as treaty by the other contracting Party;
Hence, generally, the treaty requires only 2/3 concurrence, but if it
pertains to foreign bases, troops, the three (3) elements must concur.
Since the Senate vote requirement was silent, the default vote must
be followed, which is the majority vote.
NOTE:
Q: Does EDCA have to comply with the 3 requisites in order for it to
be valid?
A: No. If there is an existing treaty already allowed, the presence of
foreign military troops may be allowed via an executive agreement.
What is important in this case are the three (3) exceptions cited by
the Supreme Court where international agreements may be just in
the form of an executive agreement:
1. Only to adjust the details of an existing treaty;
2. If it is pursuant or upon confirmation by act of Congress (there
is already a law citing a national policy);
3. If it is in the exercise of independent powers of the President
under the Constitution.
The IPAP v. Ochoa case (cited below) listed the proper subjects of an
executive agreement. However, this is not wise. It is more proper to
understand the three (3) principles listed under Bayan v. Zamora.
c. Intellectual Property Association of the Philippines (IPAP)
vs. Ochoa, G.R. No. 204605, 19 July 2016
RULING: Before going further, we have to distinguish between
treaties and international agreements, which require the Senate's
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concurrence, on one hand, and executive agreements, which may be
validly entered into without the Senate's concurrence. Executive
Order No, 459, Series of 1997, notes the following definitions, to wit:
Sec. 2. Definition of Terms.
a. International agreement - shall refer to a contract or
understanding, regardless of nomenclature, entered into
between the Philippines and another government in written form
and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single
instrument or in two or more related instruments.
b. Treaties - international agreements entered into by the
Philippines which require legislative concurrence after executive
ratification. This term may include compacts like conventions,
declarations, covenants and acts.
c. Executive Agreements - similar to treaties except that they
do not require legislative concurrence.
The Court has highlighted the difference between treaties and
executive agreements in Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea
Trading, thusly:
International agreements involving political issues or changes of
national policy and those involving international arrangements of
a permanent character usually take the form of treaties. But
international agreements embodying adjustments of detail
carrying out well-established national policies and traditions and
those involving arrangements of a more or less temporary nature
usually take the form of executive agreements.
In the Philippines, the DFA, by virtue of Section 9, Executive Order
No. 459, is initially given the power to determine whether an
agreement is to be treated as a treaty or as an executive agreement.
To determine the issue of whether DFA Secretary Del Rosario gravely
abused his discretion in making his determination relative to
the Madrid Protocol, we review the jurisprudence on the nature of
executive agreements, as well as the subject matters to be covered
by executive agreements.
The pronouncement in Commissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea
Trading is instructive, to wit:
x x x The concurrence of said House of Congress is required by
our fundamental law in the making of "treaties" (Constitution of
the Philippines, Article VII, Section 10[7]), which are, however,
distinct and different from "executive agreements," which may
be validly entered into without such concurrence.
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 371

"Treaties are formal documents which require ratification with the
approval of two thirds of the Senate. Executive agreements
become binding through executive action without the need of a
vote by the Senate or by Congress.
xxxx
“x x x The right of the Executive to enter into binding agreements
without the necessity of subsequent Congressional approval has
been confirmed by long usage.”
From the earliest days of our history we have entered into
executive agreements covering such subjects as commercial and
consular relations, most-favored-nation rights, patent
rights, trademark and copyright protection, postal and
navigation arrangements and the settlement of claims, The
validity of these has never been seriously questioned by our
courts.
xxxx
Agreements with respect to the registration of
trademarks have been concluded by the Executive with various
countries under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1881. x x x
xxxx
In this connection, Francis B. Sayre, former U.S. High Commissioner
to the Philippines, said in his work on "The Constitutionality of Trade
Agreement Acts":
Agreements concluded by the President which fall short of treaties are
commonly referred to as executive agreements and are no less
common in our scheme of government than are the more formal
instruments - treaties and conventions. They sometimes take the
form of exchanges of notes and at other times that or more formal
documents denominated 'agreements' or 'protocols'. The point where
ordinary correspondence between this and other governments and
agreements - whether denominated executive agreements or
exchanges of notes or otherwise - begin, may sometimes be difficult
of ready ascertainment. It would be useless to undertake to discuss
here the large variety of executive agreements as such, concluded
from time to time, Hundreds of executive agreements, other than
those entered into under the trade-agreements act, have been
negotiated with foreign governments, x x x It would seem to be
sufficient, in order to show that the trade agreements under the act
of 1934 are not anomalous in character, that they are not treaties,
and that they have abundant precedent in our history, to refer to
certain classes of agreements heretofore entered into by the
Executive without the approval of the Senate. They cover such
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subjects as the inspection of vessels, navigation dues, income
tax on shipping profits, the admission of civil aircraft, customs
matters, and commercial relations generally, international
claims, postal matters, the registration of trademarks and
copyrights, etcetera. Some of them were concluded not by
specific congressional authorization but in conformity with
policies declared in acts of Congress with respect to the
general subject matter, such as tariff acts; while still others,
particularly those with respect of the settlement of claims against
foreign governments, were concluded independently of any
legislation.
Accordingly, DFA Secretary Del Rosario's determination and
treatment of the Madrid Protocol as an executive agreement, being in
apparent contemplation of the express state policies on intellectual
property as well as within his power under Executive Order No. 459,
are upheld. We observe at this point that there are no hard and fast
rules on the propriety of entering into a treaty or an executive
agreement on a given subject as an instrument of international
relations. The primary consideration in the choice of the form of
agreement is the parties' intent and desire to craft their international
agreement in the form they so wish to further their respective
interests. The matter of form takes a back seat when it comes to
effectiveness and binding effect of the enforcement of a treaty or an
executive agreement, inasmuch as all the parties, regardless of the
form, become obliged to comply conformably with the time-honored
principle of pacta sunt servanda.
d. Sec. 20, Art. VII of the Constitution
The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf
of the Republic of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of
the Monetary Board, and subject to such limitations as may be
provided by law. The Monetary Board shall, within thirty days
from the end of every quarter of the calendar year, submit to the
Congress a complete report of its decision on applications for
loans to be contracted or guaranteed by the Government or
government-owned and controlled corporations which would
have the effect of increasing the foreign debt, and containing
other matters as may be provided by law.
NOTE: This may be in the form of an executive agreement. It
empowers the President to enter into loan contract, with
recommendation by the Monetary Board, but the power alone
rests in the Executive.
Article II, Section 12 – also applicable, because the
exploration/exploitation agreement may be entered into with
another State (or privately owned companies).
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 372

e. Two Classes of Executive Agreements - USAFFE Veterans
Association, Inc. v. The Treasurer of the Philippines, G.R. No.
10500, June 30, 1959
RULING: Executive Agreements fall into two classes: (1) agreements
made purely as executive acts affecting external relations and
independent of or without legislative authorization, which may be
termed as presidential agreements, and (2) agreements entered into
in pursuance of acts of Congress, which have been designated as
Congressional-Executive Agreements.
The Romulo-Snyder Agreement may fall under any of these two
classes, for precisely on September 18, 1946, Congress of the
Philippines specifically authorized the President of the Philippines to
obtain such loans or incur such indebtedness with the Government of
the United States, its agencies or instrumentalities. even granting,
arguendo, that there was no legislative authorization, it is hereby
maintained that the Romulo-Snyder Agreement was legally and
validly entered into to conform to the second category, namely,
‘agreements entered into purely as executive acts without legislative
authorization.’ This second category usually includes money
agreements relating to the settlement of pecuniary claims of citizens.
It may be said that this method of settling such claims has come to
be the usual way of dealing with matters of this kind.
Indeed, the Agreement was not submitted to the U.S. Senate either;
but we do not stop to check the authorities above listed nor test the
conclusions derived therefrom in order to render a definite
pronouncement, for the reason that our Senate Resolution No. 15 3
practically admits the validity and binding force of such Agreement.
Furthermore, the acts of Congress Appropriating funds for the yearly
instalments necessary to comply with such Agreements constitute a
ratification thereof, which places the question of validity out of the
Court’s reach, no constitutional principle having been invoked to
restrict Congress’ plenary power to appropriate funds — loan or no
loan.
f. Importance of Knowing the Distinction Between Executive
Agreement and Treaty - Bayan v. Zamora, G.R. No. 138570,
October 10, 2000
RULING: The VFA is not unconstitutional.
Section 25, Article XVIII disallows foreign military bases, troops, or
facilities in the country, unless the following conditions are sufficiently
met, viz: (a) it must be under a treaty; (b) the treaty must be duly
concurred in by the Senate and, when so required by congress,
ratified by a majority of the votes cast by the people in a national
referendum; and (c) recognized as a treaty by the other contracting
state.
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There is no dispute as to the presence of the first two requisites in the
case of the VFA. The concurrence handed by the Senate through
Resolution No. 18 is in accordance with the provisions of the
Constitution . . . the provision in [in §25, Article XVIII] requiring
ratification by a majority of the votes cast in a national referendum
being unnecessary since Congress has not required it.
This Court is of the firm view that the phrase “recognized as a
treaty” means that the other contracting party accepts or
acknowledges the agreement as a treaty. To require the other
contracting state, the United States of America in this case, to
submit the VFA to the United States Senate for concurrence pursuant
to its Constitution, is to accord strict meaning to the phrase.
Well-entrenched is the principle that the words used in the
Constitution are to be given their ordinary meaning except where
technical terms are employed, in which case the significance thus
attached to them prevails. Its language should be understood in the
sense they have in common use.
Moreover, it is inconsequential whether the United States treats the
VFA only as an executive agreement because, under international law,
an executive agreement is as binding as a treaty. To be sure, as long
as the VFA possesses the elements of an agreement under
international law, the said agreement is to be taken equally as a
treaty.
The records reveal that the United States Government, through
Ambassador Thomas C. Hubbard, has stated that the United States
government has fully committed to living up to the terms of the
VFA. For as long as the United States of America accepts or
acknowledges the VFA as a treaty, and binds itself further to comply
with its obligations under the treaty, there is indeed marked
compliance with the mandate of the Constitution.
NOTE: The distinction between a treaty or international agreement
and an executive agreement is of great significance in the Philippines
because the procedure followed in the process of ratification is
different.
If what is involved is a treaty, the concurrence by at least two-thirds
of all the Members of the Senate is required. On the other hand, if
what is involved is an executive agreement, there is no such
requirement.
Treaties have similar principles to contracts:
1. Consensual;
2. Relativity;
3. Non-retroactivity, unless the parties so provide;
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 373

4. Object;
5. Obligatoriness – pacta sunt servanda
3. Principles Governing Treaties
a. General Rule: Pacta Sunt Servanda “treaties shall be
complied with” – Arts. 26-27, VCLT
Every Treaty in force is binding between the parties to it and must be
performed by them in good faith (Art. 26, VCLT)
A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as
justification for its failure to perform a treaty. This rule is without
prejudice to article 46. (Art. 27, VCLT)
i. Exceptions:
1. Rebus Sic Stantibus “things thus standing” – Art.
62, VCLT
1. A fundamental change of circumstances which has
occurred with regard to those existing at the time of the
conclusion of a treaty, and which was not foreseen by the
parties, may not be invoked as a ground for terminating or
withdrawing from the treaty unless:
(a) the existence of those circumstances constituted an
essential basis of the consent of the parties to be bound
by the treaty;
(b) the effect of the change is radically to transform the
extent of obligations still to be performed under the
treaty.
2. A fundamental change of circumstances may not be
invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from a
treaty:
(a) if the treaty establishes a boundary; or
(b) if the fundamental change is the result of a breach
by the party invoking it either of an obligation under the
treaty or of any other international obligation owed to
any other party to the treaty.
3. If, under the foregoing paragraphs, a party may invoke a
fundamental change of circumstances as a ground for
terminating or withdrawing from a treaty it may also invoke
the change as a ground for suspending the operation of the
treaty. (Art. 62)
It states that a fundamental change of circumstances which
determined the parties to accept a treaty, if it has resulted
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in a radical transformation of the extent of the obligations
imposed by it, may under certain conditions, afford the party
affected a ground to invoke the termination of the treaty.
The change must have increased the burden of the
obligations to be executed to the extent of rendering
performance essentially different from the original intention.
Requisites (Not-IR, Must-URIS):
1. The change must not have been caused by the party
Invoking the doctrine;
2. The doctrine cannot operate Retroactively, i.e., it must
not adversely affect provisions which have already been
complied with prior to the vital change in the situation;
3. The change must have been Unforeseen or
unforeseeable at the time of the perfection of the treaty;
4. The doctrine must be invoked within a Reasonable time;
5. The duration of the treaty must be Indefinite;
6. The change must be so Substantial that the foundation
of the treaty must have altogether disappeared;
Limitation: The principle of rebus sic stantibus cannot be
invoked as a ground for terminating or withdrawing from a
treaty if:
1. The treaty establishes a boundary; or
2. The fundamental change is the result of a breach by
the party invoking it of an obligation under the treaty or
of any other obligation owed to any other party to the
treaty.
This doctrine does not operate automatically. There is
necessity for a formal act of rejection, usually by the Head
of State, with the statement of the reasons why compliance
with the treaty is no longer required.
2. Treaty in Violation of the Constitution – Arts. 27 and
46, VCLT
A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as
justification for its failure to perform a treaty. This rule is
without prejudice to article 46. (Art. 27, VCLT)
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 374

1. A State may not invoke the fact that its consent to be
bound by a treaty has been expressed in violation of a
provision of its internal law regarding competence to
conclude treaties as invalidating its consent unless that
violation was manifest and concerned a rule of its internal
law of fundamental importance.
2. A violation is manifest if it would be objectively evident to
any State conducting itself in the matter in accordance with
normal practice and in good faith. (Art. 46, VCLT)
A State may not invoke the fact that its consent to be bound
by a treaty has been expressed in violation of a provision of
its internal law regarding competence to conclude treaties as
invalidating its consent unless that violation was manifest
and concerned a rule of its internal law of fundamental
importance.
Generally, the State cannot invoke its own laws to escape
liability or from complying from its treaty obligations, the
same being a violation of pacta sunt servanda.
However, a treaty which violates the provisions of the
Constitution is an exception to pacta sunt servanda.
Remember the principle that the doctrine of incorporation
applies to customary international law and general principles
of international law, and the doctrine of transformation
applies to treaties/conventions. Also, international law has
the same level as domestic laws.
As such, a treaty can be subsequently amended or abrogated
by local legislation, as it is of the same level as domestic law.
A domestic law also cannot violate the Constitution.
At the risk of being sanctioned internationally, the Philippine
courts must decide in favor of upholding Constitutional
provisions, even as the State should violate treaty
obligations, because what the doctrine of pacta sunt
servanda prohibits is the invoking of local laws, but not the
Constitution.
It is actually the Senate, who violates the Constitution by
concurring with the treaty.
ii. General Rule: Principle of Autonomy
The parties are free to stipulate or choose the subject matter of
the contract, but it cannot be outside the commerce of man.
In governmental parlance, autonomy refers to self-governance.
An example of an autonomous jurisdiction was the former United
States governance of the Philippine Islands. The Philippine
Autonomy Act of 1916 provided the framework for the creation
of an autonomous government under which the Filipino people
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had broader domestic autonomy than previously, although it
reserved certain privileges to the United States to protect its
sovereign rights and interests.
1. Exception: Jus cogens – Art. 53, VCLT
A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts
with a peremptory norm of general international law. For the
purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory norm of
general international law is a norm accepted and recognized
by the international community of States as a whole as a
norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can
be modified only by a subsequent norm of general
international law having the same character. (Art. 53,
VCLT)
See discussion above.
iii. General Rule: Non-retroactivity – Art. 28, VCLT
1. Exception: Art. 28, VCLT
Unless a different intention appears from the treaty or is
otherwise established, its provisions do not bind a party in
relation to any act or fact which took place or any situation
which ceased to exist before the date of the entry into force
of the treaty with respect to that party. (Art. 28)
iv. General Rule: Pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt
“agreement does not benefit or hurt a third person” – Art.
34, VCLT
A treaty binds only the parties and does not create obligations for
a third state. (Art. 34)
1. Exceptions:
a. Treaties which have become part of Customary
International Law – Art. 38, VCLT
Nothing in articles 34 to 37 precludes a rule set forth in
a treaty from becoming binding upon a third State as a
customary rule of international law, recognized as
such. (Art. 38)
b. Stipulation Pour Autrui - Art. 36, VCLT
1. A right arises for a third State from a
provisionof a treaty if the parties to the treaty
intend the provision to accord that right either to
the third State, or to a group of States to which it
belongs, or to all States, and the third State
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 375

assents thereto. Its assent shall be presumed so
long as the contrary is not indicated, unless the
treaty otherwise provides.
2. A State exercising a right in accordance with
paragraph 1 shall comply with the conditions for
its exercise provided for in the treaty or
established in conformity with the treaty. (Art.
36)
Stipulation pour autrui is an exception to the relativity of
contracts. It applies only to giving rights to third parties. If
however, the treaty involves the conferment of obligations on a
third state, the latter has to give its consent, thereby making
said third state a party to the treaty, in effect making the treaty
a multi-lateral one.
NOTE:
Q: Can a third State send a statement declaring its non-assent
to the agreement? A: Yes. In this case, the party may. It is
important to remember, however, is that assent is presumed,
unless the party declares otherwise.
Q: Can it cancel its obligation or rights to the contract, as it is
not a party to the contract? A: Assent is only presumed.
However, the party may send his non-assent or refusal of the
benefit given.
Q: Suppose after it sends its assent, can it subsequently
revoke? A: No, as it is a multi-lateral treaty, the party’s
withdrawal must be with the consent of the contracting parties
because of the principle of pacta sunt servanda.
Q: A treaty is entered into between State A and State B
conferring an obligation on the part of State C. Is this valid? A:
Stipulations pour autrui pertains to conferment of rights, not
obligations.
4. Steps in Treaty-Making
a. Negotiation
Conducted by the parties to reach an agreement on the terms.
b. Signing
The signing of the text of the instrument agreed upon by the parties.
c. Consent to be Bound
1. Definitive signature – Art. 12, VCLT
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1. The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed
by the signature of its representative when:
(a) the treaty provides that signature shall have that effect;
(b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States
were agreed that signature should have that effect; or
(c) the intention of the State to give that effect to the
signature appears from the full powers of its representative
or was expressed during the negotiation.
2. For the purposes of paragraph 1:
(a) the initialling of a text constitutes a signature of the
treaty when it is established that the negotiating States so
agreed;
(b) the signature ad referendum of a treaty by a
representative, if confirmed by his State, constitutes a full
signature of the treaty. (Art. 12)
NOTE:
Q: Difference between simple v. definitive signature? A: Simple
signature involves a reservation that the same is subject to
ratification by the State or concurrence by the Senate.
Definitive signature does not require ratification. In the PH, we
cannot give definitive signature.
2. Exchange of instruments constituting a treaty – Art. 13,
VCLT
The consent of States to be bound by a treaty constituted by
instruments exchanged between them is expressed by that
exchange when:
(a) the instruments provide that their exchange shall have
that effect; or
(b) it is otherwise established that those States were agreed
that the exchange of instruments should have that effect.
(Art. 13)
Applies only to bilateral treaties. After adoption of the treaty, a
contracting party, if it wants to be bound by the provisions of
the treaty, shall send to the other contracting party its signed
copy of the treaty, thereby giving its consent to be bound.
3. Acceptance and approval – Art. 16, VCLT
Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instruments of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession establish the consent of a
State to be bound by a treaty upon:
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 376

(a) their exchange between the contracting States;
(b) their deposit with the depositary; or
(c) their notification to the contracting States or to the
depositary, if so agreed. (Art. 16)
Applies only in cases where the domestic law of the country does
not require ratification. Only upon acceptance and approval of the
Head of State, arises the consent to be bound.
4. Accession – Arts. 15 and 16, VCLT
The consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is expressed by
accession when:
(a) the treaty provides that such consent may be expressed
by that State by means of accession;
(b) it is otherwise established that the negotiating States
were agreed that such consent may be expressed by that
State by means of accession; or
(c) all the parties have subsequently agreed that such
consent may be expressed by that State by means of
accession. (Art. 15)
Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instruments of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession establish the consent of a
State to be bound by a treaty upon:
(a) their exchange between the contracting States;
(b) their deposit with the depositary; or
(c) their notification to the contracting States or to the
depositary, if so agreed. (Art. 16)
A State can accede to a treaty only if invited or permitted to do
so by the contracting parties. Such invitation or permission is
usually given in the accession clause of the treaty itself.
5. Ratification – E.O. 459
Ratification is the act by which the provisions of a treaty are
formally confirmed and approved by a State. By ratifying a treaty
signed in its behalf, a State expresses its willingness to be bound
by the provisions of such treaty.
Note: A State may ratify a treaty only when it is a signatory to
it. There is no moral duty on the part of the States to ratify a
treaty notwithstanding that its plenipotentiaries have signed the
same. This step, however, should not be taken lightly. A treaty
may provide that it shall not be valid even if ratified but shall be
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valid only after the exchange or deposit of ratification has
transpired.
Note: It should be emphasized that under the Constitution the
power to ratify is vested in the President subject to the
concurrence of the Senate.
The President has the discretion even after the signing of the
treaty by the Philippine representative whether or not to ratify a
treaty. The signature of the representative does not signify final
consent, it is ratification that binds the state to the provisions of
the treaty and renders it effective. Senate is limited only to
giving or withholding its consent, concurrence to the ratification.
It is within the President to refuse to submit a treaty to the
Senate or having secured its consent for its ratification, refuse
to ratify it. Such decision is within the competence of the
President alone, which cannot be encroached by this court via
writ of mandamus. (Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R.
No.158088, July 6, 2005)
a. Ratification in the Philippines
The act by which the provisions of a treaty are formally
confirmed and approved by the State.
Negotiation: The authority of the Secretary of the Foreign Affairs
is always presumed. The document of full powers is only required
when the representative is not the DFA Secretary or President.
Adoption of the Text: First agreement refers to the adoption of
the treaty. If it is a multi-lateral treaty, the same will be opened
to signing by all, but the date of opening shall be agreed upon.
i. Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, July
6, 2005
RULING: Justice Isagani Cruz, in his book on International Law,
describes the treaty-making process in this wise: The usual
steps in the treaty-making process are: negotiation,
signature, ratification, and exchange of the instruments of
ratification. The treaty may then be submitted for
registration and publication under the U.N. Charter,
although this step is not essential to the validity of the
agreement as between the parties.
Negotiation may be undertaken directly by the head of state
but he now usually assigns this task to his authorized
representatives. These representatives are provided with
credentials known as full powers, which they exhibit to the other
negotiators at the start of the formal discussions. It is standard
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 377

practice for one of the parties to submit a draft of the proposed
treaty which, together with the counter-proposals, becomes the
basis of the subsequent negotiations. The negotiations may be
brief or protracted, depending on the issues involved, and may
even “collapse” in case the parties are unable to come to an
agreement on the points under consideration.
If and when the negotiators finally decide on the terms of the
treaty, the same is opened for signature. This step is primarily
intended as a means of authenticating the instrument and for the
purpose of symbolizing the good faith of the parties; but,
significantly, it does not indicate the final consent of the
state in cases where ratification of the treaty is required.
The document is ordinarily signed in accordance with the
alternat, that is, each of the several negotiators is allowed to sign
first on the copy which he will bring home to his own state.
Ratification, which is the next step, is the formal act by which
a state confirms and accepts the provisions of a treaty concluded
by its representatives. The purpose of ratification is to enable
the contracting states to examine the treaty more closely
and to give them an opportunity to refuse to be bound by
it should they find it inimical to their interests. It is for this
reason that most treaties are made subject to the scrutiny
and consent of a department of the government other than
that which negotiated them.
The last step in the treaty-making process is the exchange of
the instruments of ratification, which usually also signifies the
effectivity of the treaty unless a different date has been agreed
upon by the parties. Where ratification is dispensed with and no
effectivity clause is embodied in the treaty, the instrument is
deemed effective upon its signature.
Petitioners’ arguments equate the signing of the treaty by the
Philippine representative with ratification. It should be
underscored that the signing of the treaty and the
ratification are two separate and distinct steps in the
treaty-making process. As earlier discussed, the signature is
primarily intended as a means of authenticating the instrument
and as a symbol of the good faith of the parties. It is usually
performed by the state’s authorized representative in the
diplomatic mission. Ratification, on the other hand, is the formal
act by which a state confirms and accepts the provisions of a
treaty concluded by its representative.
Thus, Executive Order No. 459 issued by President Fidel V. Ramos
on November 25, 1997 provides the guidelines in the negotiation
of international agreements and its ratification. It mandates that
after the treaty has been signed by the Philippine representative,
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the same shall be transmitted to the Department of Foreign
Affairs. The Department of Foreign Affairs shall then prepare the
ratification papers and forward the signed copy of the treaty to
the President for ratification. After the President has ratified the
treaty, the Department of Foreign Affairs shall submit the same
to the Senate for concurrence. Upon receipt of the concurrence
of the Senate, the Department of Foreign Affairs shall comply
with the provisions of the treaty to render it effective. Section 7
of Executive Order No. 459 reads:
Sec. 7. Domestic Requirements for the Entry into Force of
a Treaty or an Executive Agreement. The domestic
requirements for the entry into force of a treaty or an
executive agreement, or any amendment thereto, shall be
as follows:
A. Executive Agreements.
i. All executive agreements shall be transmitted to the
Department of Foreign Affairs after their signing for the
preparation of the ratification papers. The transmittal
shall include the highlights of the agreements and the
benefits which will accrue to the Philippines arising from
them.
ii. The Department of Foreign Affairs, pursuant to the
endorsement by the concerned agency, shall transmit the
agreements to the President of the Philippines for his
ratification. The original signed instrument of ratification
shall then be returned to the Department of Foreign
Affairs for appropriate action.
B. Treaties.
i. All treaties, regardless of their designation, shall comply
with the requirements provided in sub-paragraph[s] 1
and 2, item A (Executive Agreements) of this Section. In
addition, the Department of Foreign Affairs shall submit
the treaties to the Senate of the Philippines for
concurrence in the ratification by the President. A
certified true copy of the treaties, in such numbers as
may be required by the Senate, together with a certified
true copy of the ratification instrument, shall accompany
the submission of the treaties to the Senate.
ii. Upon receipt of the concurrence by the Senate, the
Department of Foreign Affairs shall comply with the
provision of the treaties in effecting their entry into force.
It should be emphasized that under our Constitution, the power
to ratify is vested in the President, subject to the concurrence of
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 378

the Senate. The role of the Senate, however, is limited only to
giving or withholding its consent, or concurrence, to the
ratification. Hence, it is within the authority of the President to
refuse to submit a treaty to the Senate or, having secured its
consent for its ratification, refuse to ratify it. Although the refusal
of a state to ratify a treaty which has been signed in its behalf is
a serious step that should not be taken lightly, such decision is
within the competence of the President alone, which cannot be
encroached by this Court via a writ of mandamus. SC has no
jurisdiction over actions seeking to enjoin the President in the
performance of his official duties and therefore, cannot issue the
writ of mandamus prayed for by the petitioners as it is beyond
its jurisdiction to compel the executive branch of the government
to transmit the signed text of Rome Statute to the Senate.
ii. Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11,
2002
RULING: In our considered opinion, neither the Mutual Defense
Treaty (MDT) nor the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) allow
foreign troops to engage in an offensive war on Philippine
territory. We bear in mind the salutary proscription stated in the
Charter of the United Nations.
In the same manner, both the Mutual Defense Treaty and the
Visiting Forces Agreement, as in all other treaties and
international agreements to which the Philippines is a party, must
be read in the context of the 1987 Constitution. In particular, the
Mutual Defense Treaty was concluded way before the present
Charter, though it nevertheless remains in effect as a valid source
of international obligation.
The present Constitution contains key provisions useful in
determining the extent to which foreign military troops are
allowed in Philippine territory. Thus, in the Declaration of
Principles and State Policies, it is provided that:
SEC. 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of
national policy, adopts the generally accepted principles of
international law as part of the law of the land and adheres
to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity with all nations.
SEC. 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy.
In its relations with other states the paramount consideration
shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national
interest, and the right to self- determination.
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SEC. 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national interest,
adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear
weapons in the country.
The Constitution also regulates the foreign relations
powers of the Chief Executive when it provides that "no
treaty or international agreement shall be valid and
effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds of all
the members of the Senate." Even more pointedly, the
Transitory Provisions state:
Sec. 25. After the expiration in 1991 of the Agreement
between the Republic of the Philippines and the United
States of America concerning Military Bases, foreign military
bases, troops or facilities shall not be allowed in the
Philippines except under a treaty duly concurred in by the
Senate and, when the Congress so requires, ratified by a
majority of the votes cast by the people in a national
referendum held for that purpose, and recognized as a treaty
by the other contracting state.
A rather recent formulation of the relation of international law vis-
a-vis municipal law was expressed in Philip Morris, Inc. v.
Court of Appeals, to wit:
xxx Withal, the fact that international law has been made
part of the law of the land does not by any means imply the
primacy of international law over national law in the
municipal sphere. Under the doctrine of incorporation as
applied in most countries, rules of international law are given
a standing equal, not superior, to national legislation.
This is not exactly helpful in solving the problem at hand since in
trying to find a middle ground, it favors neither one law nor the
other, which only leaves the hapless seeker with an unsolved
dilemma. Other more traditional approaches may offer valuable
insights.
From the perspective of public international law, a treaty is
favored over municipal law pursuant to the principle of pacta sunt
servanda. Hence, "every treaty in force is binding upon the
parties to it and must be performed by them in good
faith." Further, a party to a treaty is not allowed to "invoke the
provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to
perform a treaty."
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 379

Our Constitution espouses the opposing view. Witness our
jurisdiction as I stated in section 5 of Article VIII:
The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:
xxx
(2) Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal
or certiorari, as the law or the Rules of Court may provide,
final judgments and order of lower courts in:
(A) All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any
treaty, international or executive agreement, law,
presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction,
ordinance, or regulation is in question.
xxx
In Ichong v. Hernandez, we ruled that the provisions of a treaty
are always subject to qualification or amendment by a
subsequent law, or that it is subject to the police power of the
State.
The foregoing premises leave us no doubt that US forces
are prohibited / from engaging in an offensive war on
Philippine territory.
Yet a nagging question remains: are American troops
actively engaged in combat alongside Filipino soldiers
under the guise of an alleged training and assistance
exercise? Contrary to what petitioners would have us do, we
cannot take judicial notice of the events transpiring down south,
as reported from the saturation coverage of the media. As a rule,
we do not take cognizance of newspaper or electronic reports per
se, not because of any issue as to their truth, accuracy, or
impartiality, but for the simple reason that facts must be
established in accordance with the rules of evidence. As a result,
we cannot accept, in the absence of concrete proof, petitioners'
allegation that the Arroyo government is engaged in
"doublespeak" in trying to pass off as a mere training exercise an
offensive effort by foreign troops on native soil. The petitions
invite us to speculate on what is really happening in Mindanao,
to issue I make factual findings on matters well beyond our
immediate perception, and this we are understandably loath to
do.
It is all too apparent that the determination thereof involves
basically a question of fact. On this point, we must concur with
the Solicitor General that the present subject matter is not a fit
topic for a special civil action for certiorari. We have held in too
many instances that questions of fact are not entertained in such
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a remedy. The sole object of the writ is to correct errors of
jurisdiction or grave abuse of discretion: The phrase "grave abuse
of discretion" has a precise meaning in law, denoting abuse of
discretion "too patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of a
positive duty, or a virtual refusal to perform the duty enjoined or
act in contemplation of law, or where the power is exercised in
an arbitrary and despotic manner by reason of passion and
personal hostility."
In this connection, it will not be amiss to add that the Supreme
Court is not a trier of facts.
Under the expanded concept of judicial power under the
Constitution, courts are charged with the duty "to determine
whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any
branch or instrumentality of the government." From the facts
obtaining, we find that the holding of "Balikatan 02-1"
joint military exercise has not intruded into that penumbra
of error that would otherwise call for correction on our
part. In other words, respondents in the case at bar have
not committed grave abuse of discretion amounting to
lack or excess of jurisdiction.
d. Entry into Force - Arts. 24 and 25, VCLT
1. A treaty enters into force in such manner and upon such date as it
may provide or as the negotiating States may agree.
2. Failing any such provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force
as soon as consent to be bound by the treaty has been established
for all the negotiating States.
3. When the consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is established
on a date after the treaty has come into force, the treaty enters into
force for that State on that date, unless the treaty otherwise provides.
4. The provisions of a treaty regulating the authentication of its text,
the establishment of the consent of States to be bound by the treaty,
the manner or date of its entry into force, reservations, the functions
of the depositary and other matters arising necessarily before the
entry into force of the treaty apply from the time of the adoption of
its text. (Art. 24)
1. A treaty or a part of a treaty is applied provisionally pending its
entry into force if:
(a) the treaty itself so provides; or
(b) the negotiating States have in some other manner so agreed.
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 380

2. Unless the treaty otherwise provides or the negotiating States have
otherwise agreed, the provisional application of a treaty or a part of
a treaty with respect to a State shall be terminated if that State
notifies the other States between which the treaty is being applied
provisionally of its intention not to become a party to the treaty. (Art.
25)
A treaty enters into force in such manner and upon such date as it
may provide or as the negotiating States may agree. Failing any such
provision or agreement, a treaty enters into force as soon as consent
to be bound by the treaty has been established for all the negotiating
States.
e. Registration with the UN
1. Charter of the United Nations, Art. 102 and Art. 6
Article 102
“1. Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by
any Member of the United Nations after the present Charter comes
into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat
and published by it.
2. No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has
not been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1
of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ
of the United Nations.”
Article 6
“A Member of the United Nations who has persistently violated the
Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of
the Security Council.” The Principles contained in the present Charter
may be expelled from ICJ or ICC.
It is not one of the processes in treaty-making, as registration is not
required for the validity of a treaty. However, this step is important
as the party cannot invoke the treaty before any organ of the United
Nations if it did not register the same to the UN Secretariat.
b. Peaceful and Forcible Sanctions
a. Peaceful Sanctions (a.k.a. Pacific Settlement of Dispute) – Art. 2(3)
and Art. 33, UN Charter
All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such
a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not
endangered. [Art. 2(3)]
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1. The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger
the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a
solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial
settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful
means of their own choice.
2. The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties
to settle their dispute by such means. (Art. 33)
1. Principle of “free choice of means” for settlement of disputes:
Bolivia v. Chile, General List No. 153, ICJ, October 01, 2018
i. Concept of ex aequo et bono “according to the right and good”
It is a judgment based on considerations of fairness, not on considerations
of existing law; that is, to simply decide the case based upon a balancing
of the equities.
Article 38
1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with
international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:
a. international conventions, whether general or particular,
establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted
as law;
c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the
teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various
nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide
a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.
NOTE: This principle can only be applied if the parties agree or consent
thereto. There are two (2) kinds of consent: (1) Prior Consent, wherein all
signatories to the ICJ give their prior consent; and (2) Subsequent Consent,
which is given when the non-contracting party gives its consent to be bound
by the jurisdiction of the ICJ.
3. Forum Prorogatum “prorogated jurisdiction” in unilateral
application to an international court
Prorogated jurisdiction, which occurs when a power is conferred – by the
consent of the parties and following the initiation of proceedings – upon the
International Court of Justice, which otherwise would not have adjudicated.
Such consent can be indicated in an implied or informal way or by a succession
of acts (Anglo-Iranian Oil Case [1952] ICJ Rep 93).
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 381

This principle has been applied by the Permanent Court of International Justice
(PCIJ) and the ICJ as a flexible way of founding the jurisdiction of the court
over the merits of the dispute.
b. Forcible Sanctions – Art. 2(4) and (7); 41, 42 and 43, UN Charter
1. Right to Self-Defence – Art. 51, UN Charter; Art. II, Sec. 2 and Art.
VI, Sec. 23(1) of the 1987 Constitution
Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or
collective selfdefense if an armed attack occurs against a Mem her of the United
Nations, until the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to
maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the
exercise of this right of selfdefense shall be immediately reported to the
Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility
of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such
action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace
and security. (Art. 51, UN Charter)
Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as an instrument of national policy,
adopts the generally accepted principles of international law as part of the law
of the land and adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity with all nations. (Art. II, 1987 Constitution)
Section 23. The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint
session assembled, voting separately, shall have the sole power to declare the
existence of a state of war.
In times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law,
authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to such restrictions as
it may prescribe, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a
declared national policy. Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the
Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof. (Art.
VI, 1987 Constitution)
VII. Specialist Areas of International Law
1. The International Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
a. Baselines
It is a line from which the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and
the exclusive economic zone is measured in order to determine the maritime
boundary of the coastal State.
b. Archipelagic states – Art. 46, UNCLOS
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A state constituted wholly by one or more archipelagos and may include other
islands. (Article 46,)
i. Two kinds of archipelago according to the UNCLOS
It means a group of islands, including parts of islands, interconnecting waters
and other natural features which are so closely interrelated that such
islands, waters and other natural features form an intrinsic geographical,
economic and political entity, or which historically have been regarded as
such (UNCLOS, Art. 46).
ii. Straight archipelagic baselines – Art. 47, UNCLOS
An archipelagic State may draw straight archipelagic baselines by joining the
outermost points of the outermost islands and drying reefs of the archipelago
provided that within such baselines are included the main islands and an area
in which the ration of the water to the area of the land, including atolls, is
between 1 to 1 and 9 to 1 (UNCLOS, Art. 47).
iii. Archipelagic waters – Arts. 49, 51, and 52, UNCLOS
These are waters enclosed by the archipelagic baselines, regardless of their
depth or distance from the coast (UNCLOS, Art. 49[1]).
iv. Archipelagic sea lanes passage – Art. 53, UNCLOS
GR: As a rule, ships of all States enjoy the right of innocent passage through
archipelagic waters (UNCLOS, Art. 52[1]).
XPN: Right of Innocent Passage may be suspended in some areas of its
archipelagic waters. But such suspension must be:
1. Without discrimination in form or in fact among foreign ships;
2. Essential for the protection of its security; and
3. Shall take effect only after having been duly published (UNCLOS, Art.
52[2]).
v. Regime of Islands – Art. 121, UNCLOS
1. An island is a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is
above water at high tide.
2. Except as provided for in paragraph 3, the territorial sea, the contiguous
zone and the continental shelf of an island are determined in accordance with
the provisions of the Convention applicable to other land territory.
3. Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own
shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. (UNCLOS, Article
121)
NOTE: Islands can be very important because of the possibility of exploiting oil
and gas resources around them. This explains the controversy over Spratleys.
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 382

It is noteworthy that islands can have their own territorial sea, exclusive
economic zone and continental shelf.
However, rocks “which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life” only
have a territorial sea. But there is no clear international law definition of
“economic life” referred to in n. 3. (Bernas, Introduction to Public International
Law 2009, p. 129)
Artificial islands or installations are not “islands” in the sense of Article 121 of
the UNCLOS. However, coastal states may establish safety zones around
artificial islands and prescribe safety measures around them. [ibid, citing
UNCLOS, Article 60(4) and (5)]
The baseline in the following areas over which the Philippines likewise exercises
sovereignty and jurisdiction shall be determined as "Regime of Islands" under
the Republic of the Philippines consistent with Article 121 of the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):
a) The Kalayaan Island Group as constituted under Presidential Decree No.
1596; and
b) Bajo de Masinloc, also known as Scarborough Shoal. (Republic Act No. 9522,
Sect. 2)ERS
c. Internal waters
These are waters of lakes, rivers and bays landward of the baseline of the territorial
sea. Waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea also form
part of the internal waters of the coastal state. However, in the case of archipelagic
states, waters landward of the baseline other than those of rivers, bays, and lakes,
are archipelagic waters (UNCLOS, Art. 8 [1]).
d. Territorial sea
Every State has the right to establish the breadth of the territorial sea up to a limit
not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines (UNCLOS, Art. 3).
i. Arigo vs. Swift, G.R. No. 206501, 16 September 2014
RULING: During the deliberations, Senior Associate Justice Antonio T. Carpio
took the position that the conduct of the US in this case, when its warship
entered a restricted area in violation of R.A. No. 10067 and caused damage to
the TRNP reef system, brings the matter within the ambit of Article 31 of the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). He explained that
while historically, warships enjoy sovereign immunity from suit as extensions
of their flag State, Art. 31 of the UNCLOS creates an exception to this rule in
cases where they fail to comply with the rules and regulations of the coastal
State regarding passage through the latter's internal waters and the territorial
sea.
According to Justice Carpio, although the US to date has not ratified the
UNCLOS, as a matter of long-standing policy the US considers itself bound by
customary international rules on the "traditional uses of the oceans" as codified
in UNCLOS, as can be gleaned from previous declarations by former Presidents
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Reagan and Clinton, and the US judiciary in the case of United States v. Royal
Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ltd.
The international law of the sea is generally defined as "a body of treaty rules
arid customary norms governing the uses of the sea, the exploitation of its
resources, and the exercise of jurisdiction over maritime regimes. It is a branch
of public international law, regulating the relations of states with respect to the
uses of the oceans." The UNCLOS is a multilateral treaty which was opened for
signature on December 10, 1982 at Montego Bay, Jamaica. It was ratified by
the Philippines in 1984 but came into force on November 16, 1994 upon the
submission of the 60th ratification.
The UNCLOS is a product of international negotiation that seeks to balance
State sovereignty (mare clausum) and the principle of freedom of the high
seas (mare liberum). The freedom to use the world's marine waters is one of
the oldest customary principles of international law. The UNCLOS gives to the
coastal State sovereign rights in varying degrees over the different zones of
the sea which are: 1) internal waters, 2) territorial sea, 3) contiguous zone, 4)
exclusive economic zone, and 5) the high seas. It also gives coastal States
more or less jurisdiction over foreign vessels depending on where the vessel is
located.
Insofar as the internal waters and territorial sea is concerned, the Coastal State
exercises sovereignty, subject to the UNCLOS and other rules of international
law. Such sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well
as to its bed and subsoil.
In the case of warships, as pointed out by Justice Carpio, they continue to
enjoy sovereign immunity subject to the following exceptions:
Article 30
Non-compliance by warships with the laws and regulations of the
coastal State
If any warship does not comply with the laws and regulations of the
coastal State concerning passage through the territorial sea and
disregards any request for compliance therewith which is made to it,
the coastal State may require it to leave the territorial sea
immediately.
Article 31
Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship or
other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes
The flag State shall bear international responsibility for any loss or
damage to the coastal State resulting from the non-compliance by a
warship or other government ship operated for non-commercial
purposes with the laws and regulations of the coastal State
concerning passage through the territorial sea or with the provisions
of this Convention or other rules of international law.
Article 32
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 383

Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for
non-commercial purposes
With such exceptions as are contained in subsection A and in articles 30 and
31, nothing in this Convention affects the immunities of warships and other
government ships operated for non-commercial purposes. (Emphasis
supplied.) A foreign warship's unauthorized entry into our internal waters with
resulting damage to marine resources is one situation in which the above
provisions may apply. But what if the offending warship is a non-party to the
UNCLOS, as in this case, the US?
An overwhelming majority - over 80% -- of nation states are now members of
UNCLOS, but despite this the US, the world's leading maritime power, has not
ratified it.
While the Reagan administration was instrumental in UNCLOS' negotiation and
drafting, the U.S. delegation ultimately voted against and refrained from
signing it due to concerns over deep seabed mining technology transfer
provisions contained in Part XI. In a remarkable, multilateral effort to induce
U.S. membership, the bulk of UNCLOS member states cooperated over the
succeeding decade to revise the objectionable provisions. The revisions
satisfied the Clinton administration, which signed the revised Part XI
implementing agreement in 1994. In the fall of 1994, President Clinton
transmitted UNCLOS and the Part XI implementing agreement to the Senate
requesting its advice and consent. Despite consistent support from President
Clinton, each of his successors, and an ideologically diverse array of
stakeholders, the Senate has since withheld the consent required for the
President to internationally bind the United States to UNCLOS.
While UNCLOS cleared the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC) during
the 108th and 110th Congresses, its progress continues to be hamstrung by
significant pockets of political ambivalence over U.S. participation in
international institutions. Most recently, 111 th Congress SFRC Chairman
Senator John Kerry included "voting out" UNCLOS for full Senate consideration
among his highest priorities. This did not occur, and no Senate action has been
taken on UNCLOS by the 112th Congress.
Justice Carpio invited our attention to the policy statement given by President
Reagan on March 10, 1983 that the US will "recognize the rights of the other ,
states in the waters off their coasts, as reflected in the convention [UNCLOS],
so long as the rights and freedom of the United States and others under
international law are recognized by such coastal states", and President
Clinton's reiteration of the US policy "to act in a manner consistent with its
[UNCLOS] provisions relating to traditional uses of the oceans and to
encourage other countries to do likewise." Since Article 31 relates to the
"traditional uses of the oceans," and "if under its policy, the US 'recognize[s]
the rights of the other states in the waters off their coasts,"' Justice Carpio
postulates that "there is more reason to expect it to recognize the rights of
other states in their internal waters, such as the Sulu Sea in this case."
As to the non-ratification by the US, Justice Carpio emphasizes that "the US'
refusal to join the UN CLOS was centered on its disagreement with UN CLOS'
regime of deep seabed mining (Part XI) which considers the oceans and deep
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seabed commonly owned by mankind," pointing out that such "has nothing to
do with its [the US'] acceptance of customary international rules on
navigation."
It may be mentioned that even the US Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps
publicly endorses the ratification of the UNCLOS, as shown by the following
statement posted on its official website:
The Convention is in the national interest of the United States because it
establishes stable maritime zones, including a maximum outer limit for
territorial seas; codifies innocent passage, transit passage, and archipelagic
sea lanes passage rights; works against "jurisdictional creep" by preventing
coastal nations from expanding their own maritime zones; and reaffirms
sovereign immunity of warships, auxiliaries and government aircraft.
xxxx
Economically, accession to the Convention would support our national interests
by enhancing the ability of the US to assert its sovereign rights over the
resources of one of the largest continental shelves in the world. Further, it is
the Law of the Sea Convention that first established the concept of a maritime
Exclusive Economic Zone out to 200 nautical miles, and recognized the rights
of coastal states to conserve and manage the natural resources in this Zone.
We fully concur with Justice Carpio's view that non-membership in the UNCLOS
does not mean that the US will disregard the rights of the Philippines as a
Coastal State over its internal waters and territorial sea. We thus expect the
US to bear "international responsibility" under Art. 31 in connection with the
USS Guardian grounding which adversely affected the Tubbataha reefs.
Indeed, it is difficult to imagine that our long-time ally and trading partner,
which has been actively supporting the country's efforts to preserve our vital
marine resources, would shirk from its obligation to compensate the damage
caused by its warship while transiting our internal waters. Much less can we
comprehend a Government exercising leadership in international affairs,
unwilling to comply with the UNCLOS directive for all nations to cooperate in
the global task to protect and preserve the marine environment as provided in
Article 197, viz:
Article 197
Cooperation on a global or regional basis
States shall cooperate on a global basis and, as appropriate, on a
regional basis, directly or through competent international
organizations, in formulating and elaborating international rules,
standards and recommended practices and procedures consistent
with this Convention, for the protection and preservation of the
marine environment, taking into account characteristic regional
features.
In fine, the relevance of UNCLOS provisions to the present controversy is
beyond dispute. Although the said treaty upholds the immunity of warships
from the jurisdiction of Coastal States while navigating the latter's territorial
sea, the flag States shall be required to leave the territorial sea immediately if
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 384

they flout the laws and regulations of the Coastal State, and they will be liable
for damages caused by their warships or any other government vessel
operated for non-commercial purposes under Article 31.
e. Exclusive economic zone
It gives the coastal State sovereign rights overall economic resources of the sea,
sea-bed and subsoil in an area extending not more than 200 nautical miles beyond
the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured (UNCLOS, Arts. 55 & 57).
f. Continental shelf
Otherwise known as archipelagic or insular shelf for archipelagos, refers to a) the
seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the meters or, beyond that
limit, to where the depth allows exploitation, and b) the seabed and subsoil of areas
adjacent to islands.
It comprises the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond
its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the
outer edge of the continental margin or to a distance of 200 nautical miles beyond
the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured if the edge
of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance (UNCLOS, Art. 76[1]).
NOTE: The rights of the coastal state over the continental shelf do not depend on
occupation, effective or notional, or on any express proclamation (UNCLOS, Art.
77[3]).
The UNCLOS unifies the continental and the extended continental shelves into one
by providing that the continental shelf extends to the breadth of either shelf,
whichever is the farthest (UNCLOS, Art. 76[1][4]).
i. Concept and Requirements for an Extended continental shelf – Art.
76(8)
It is that portion of the continental shelf that lies beyond the 200 nautical miles
limit in the juridical/legal continental Shelf (Ibid).
Benham Plateau – It is also known as the Benham Rise. The Philippines lodged
its claim on the area with the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf on April 8, 2009. The UNCLOS approved the claim of the
Philippines that the Benham Plateau is part of Philippine Territory on April 12,
2012.
Sovereign rights of a coastal State over the continental shelf
1. Right to explore and exploit its natural resources (UNCLOS, Art. 77[1]);
NOTE: This right is exclusive. Should the coastal State not explore or exploit
the natural resources, no one may undertake these activities without the
express consent of the coastal State (UNCLOS, Art. 77[2]). Natural resources
include mineral and other non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil
together with living organisms belonging to sedentary species (UNCLOS, Art.
77[4]).
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a. Obligation of a Party State to UNCLOS even in a Case against a
Non-Party State – Nicaragua v. Colombia, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p.
100, March 17, 2016
b. LGU’s Continental Shelf – Republic v. Provincial Government of
Palawan, G.R. No. 170867, December 04, 2018
RULING: It is true that under Sections 442 and 450 of the Local
Government Code, "(t)he requirement on land area shall not apply" if the
municipality or city proposed to be created is composed of one or more
islands. This does not mean, however, that the territory automatically
extends to the waters surrounding the islands or to the open sea. Nowhere
in said provisions is it even remotely suggested that marine waters, or for
that matter the continental shelf, are consequently to be included as part
of the territory. The provisions still speak of "islands" as constituting the
LGU, and under Article 121 of the UNCLOS, an island is defined as "a
naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water
at high tide." The inapplicability of the requirement on land area only
means that where the proposed municipality or city is an island, or
comprises two or more islands, it need not be identified by metes and
bounds or satisfy the required minimum area. In that case, the island
mass constitutes the area of the municipality or city and its limits are the
island's natural boundaries.
Xxxxxx
As defined in its organic law, the Province of Palawan is comprised merely
of islands. The continental shelf, where the Camago-Malampaya reservoir
is located, was clearly not included in its territory.
An island, as herein before-mentioned, is defined under Article 121 of the
UNCLOS as "a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which
is above water at high tide." The continental shelf, on the other hand, is
defined in Article 76 of the same Convention as comprising "the seabed
and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond (the coastal
State's) territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land
territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of
200 nm from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is
measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend
up to that distance." Where the continental shelf of the coastal state
extends beyond 200 nm, Article 76 allows the State to claim an extended
continental shelf up to 350 nm from the baselines.
Under Palawan's charter, therefore, the Camago-Malampaya reservoir is
not located within its territorial boundaries.
g. In the Matter of the South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines v. China),
PCA Case No. 2013-19, 12 July 2016 (You can read online summaries)
RULING: The South China Sea Arbitration was conducted between the Republic of
the Philippines and the People’s Republic of China by the Permanent Court of
Arbitration (PCA), under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 385

(UNCLOS). The arbitration is related to disputes between the Parties regarding the
legal basis of maritime rights and entitlements, the status of certain geographic
features, and the lawfulness of certain actions taken by China in the South China
Sea; in particular, the following four issues, as raised by Philippines:
To resolve a dispute between the parties regarding the source of maritime rights
and entitlements in the South China Sea;
To resolve a dispute between the parties concerning the entitlements to maritime
zones that would be generated under the Convention by Scarborough Shoal and
certain maritime features in the Spratly Islands that are claimed by both the
parties;
To resolve a series of disputes concerning the lawfulness of China’s actions in the
South China Sea, vis-à-vis interfering with Philippine’s rights, failing to protect and
preserve the marine environment, and inflicting harm on the marine environment
(through land reclamation and construction of artificial islands);
To find that China has aggravated and extended the disputes between the Parties
by restricting access to a detachment of Philippines Marines stationed at Second
Thomas Shoal.
While China and Philippines are both parties to the UNCLOS, China specifically made
a declaration in 2006 to exclude maritime boundary delimitation from its
acceptance of compulsory dispute settlement. In addition, China has shown
disagreement with Philippines’ decision to take the matter to arbitration and has
decided neither to agree with the decision of the Tribunal nor to participate in the
proceedings.
The Tribunal, on its end, has taken cognizance of these factors and has purported
to not deal with delimiting maritime boundaries. Furthermore, the Tribunal did not
bar the proceedings, on the basis of Article 9 of Annex VII of UNCLOS. In addition,
the Tribunal also noted that despite China’s absence from the proceedings, since it
is a party to the UNCLOS, the decision of the Tribunal would, in fact, be binding
upon it, pursuant to Article 296 (1) and Article 11 of Annex VII.
China’s Foreign Ministry, further, stated its position with regard to the proceedings
by publishing a Position Paper in 2014. It claimed that the Tribunal lacks jurisdiction
over the matter because:
The essence of the subject-matter of the arbitration is the territorial sovereignty
over the relevant maritime features in the South China Sea;
China and the Philippines have agreed, through bilateral instruments and the
Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, to settle their relevant
disputes through negotiations;
Philippines’ disputes would constitute an integral part of maritime delimitation
between the two countries.
The Tribunal considered China’s Position Paper as a plea on jurisdiction, and
conducted a separate hearing on the issue of jurisdiction and admissibility.
Additionally, the Tribunal also declared that it would honour China’s declaration of
2006 and the UNCLOS and would neither delve into issues of maritime boundary
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delimitation or questions of sovereignty. The Philippines also stated that it, “does
not seek in this arbitration a determination of which Party enjoys sovereignty over
the islands claimed by both of them. Nor does it request a delimitation of any
maritime boundaries.”
Pursuant to this, the Tribunal issued its Award on Jurisdiction in October 2015, in
which it concluded that it did indeed have jurisdiction in the case, as per Philippines’
Final Submissions, and that China’s lack of participation would not prove to be a
bar to its proceedings. It, further, concluded that the treaties China was relying on
were either political in nature and not legally binding, or that they did were legally
binding and yet did not bar either Party from alternative means of dispute
resolution. In accordance with Article 283 of the UNCLOS, the Tribunal found that
this requirement was met in the diplomatic communications between the Parties
and that Philippines’ initiation of proceedings under the UNCLOS did not constitute
an abuse of of process as claimed by China.
The Tribunal, proceeding with the first two submissions made by the Philippines,
considered the validity of China’s claim to historic rights in the maritime region of
the South China Sea and the ‘Nine-Dash Line’. Through a lengthy analysis of the
text and context of the Convention, in line with the principles set out in the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties, the Tribunal established that the Convention
supersedes any treaties in force before its coming into force. It questioned China’s
claim to historical rights in the region, and established that China’s state practice
does not show that China had been enjoying any historical rights in the South China
Sea; rather, it was enjoying the freedom of the high seas and since it did not create
bar to other states’ usage of the same, it could not be understood as being a
historical right. Furthermore, since China’s publishing of the same in its Notes
Verbales in 2009, many states have objected to its claim as well. “The Tribunal
concludes that the Convention superseded any historic rights or other sovereign
rights or jurisdiction in excess of the limits imposed therein.” However, the Tribunal
also concluded that its jurisdiction was limited to the claims of historic rights on the
maritime region and not to the land masses in the South China Sea, i.e. if it can
claim historic rights on any of the islands, then it may also be able to claim maritime
zones (as per the Convention) on the basis of these islands.
Next, the Tribunal looked at Philippines’ submissions 3 to 7, concerning the nature
of the features in the South China Sea. It differentiates between low-tide
elevations, high-tide features and rocks. In its Award on Jurisdiction, the Tribunal
clarified that:
This is not a dispute concerning sovereignty over the features, notwithstanding any
possible question concerning whether low-tide elevations may be subjected to a
claim of territorial sovereignty. Nor is this a dispute concerning sea boundary
delimitation: the status of a feature as a “low-tide elevation”, “island”, or a “rock”
relates to the entitlement to maritime zones generated by that feature, not to the
delimitation of such entitlements in the event that they overlap.
The Philippines put forward three categories for classifying low-tide elevations:
where a low-tide elevation is located within 12 miles of a high-tide feature, where
the low-tide elevation is beyond 12 miles but within the state’s exclusive economic
zone or continental shelf, and where the low-tide elevation is located beyond the
areas of natural jurisdiction.
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 386

For the purpose of identifying the nature of the features in the South China Sea,
the Tribunal relied upon satellite imagery that had been conducted on the area and
direct surveys that had been carried out, by navies or otherwise, in the area, and
relied upon maps that were sufficiently detailed. They chose a certain tidal height
to maintain uniformity across the features, and decided to rely, in cases where
there had been significant man-made changes, alterations or construction on the
features, upon maps/imagery/surveys that depicted the features as they had been
in their original form.
Again the Tribunal relied upon statements previously made by China to obtain their
stance on the nature of the features, since China had neither submitted any
document to the Tribunal nor had it discussed these in its Position Paper.
The Tribunal concluded that Scarborough Shoal, Cuarteron Reef, Fiery Cross Reef,
Johnson Reef, McKennan Reef and Gaven Reef (North) were all found to be high-
tide features. The Tribunal further noted that for the purposes of Article 121(3),
the high-tide features at Scarborough Shoal and the reefs were rocks that cannot
sustain human human habitation or economic life of their own and so have no
exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. The Tribunal found the same to be
true of the Spratly Islands and so concluded that China, therefore, has no
entitlement to any maritime zone in the area of Mischief Reef or Second Thomas
Shoal; they do, however, form part of the exclusive economic zone and continental
shelf of the Philippines as they lie within 200 nautical miles of the Philippines’ coast
and there are no overlapping entitlements in the area with respect to China.
On the contrary, Hughes Reef, Gaven Reef (South), Subi Reef, Mischief Reef and
Second Thomas Shoal were all found to be low-tide elevations, of which Hughes
Reef lay within 12 miles of McKennan Reef and Sin Cowe Island, Gaven Reef
(South) lay within 12 miles of Gaven Reef (North) and Namyit Island, and Subi
Reef lay within 12 miles of the high-tide feature of Sandy Cay on the reefs to the
west of Thitu.
In the issue of Chinese interference with the living and non-living resources
(primarily concerned with fishing practices in the South China Sea and oil and gas
exploration and exploitation) of the Philippines, the Tribunal considered diplomatic
statements from China to the Philippines and regulations related to the matter that
China had passed domestically. The Philippines put forward four contentions related
to living resources: China’s prevention of fishing by Philippine vessels at Mischief
Reef since 1995, and at Second Thomas Shoal since 1995, China’s revision of the
Hainan Regulation and China’s moratorium on fishing in the South China Sea in
2012. The Tribunal finds that China had breached Articles 77 and 56 of the
Convention through the operation of its marine surveillance vessels (which
interfered with Philippines’ oil and gas exploration) and through its moratorium on
fishing which interfered with the exclusive economic zone of the Philippines,
respectively.
The Tribunal also found China in breach of Article 58 (3) of the Convention, due to
its failure to prevent fishing by Chinese flagged ships in the exclusive economic
zone of the Philippines, failing to respect the sovereign rights of the Philippines over
its fisheries in its exclusive economic zone.
Submission 10 of the Philippines related to China’s interference with Philippines’
fishing vessels and practices in the Scarborough Shoal. While both the states had
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conflicting views on the situation (China believed that it was Philippines who was
causing the interference) and both claimed historic rights (Philippines distinguished
this by clarifying that it only referred to historic fishing rights) to the region, the
Tribunal opined that China was, in fact, in contravention of the Convention by
interfering with the traditional fishing practice of the Philippines in its exclusive
economic zone through the deployment of its official ships in the region. The
Tribunal also noted that this decision does not depend on the question of
sovereignty, and that the Tribunal once again refrained from commenting on the
matter.
Philippines’ successive contention related to China’s activities on the reefs in the
South China Sea, with regards the practices it had adopted for the purpose of large-
scale construction and reclamation at seven locations in the Spratly Islands, and
its practices with regards to fishing in the South China Sea. Philippines claimed that
China had been harming and causing damage to the marine environment of the
South China Sea through these practices and despite objections from the
surrounding states, China had not ceased its actions. It was also noted that while
some of the fishing ships were not state-appointed ships and were being manned
by non-state actors, the Chinese government had neither condemned their actions
nor made any efforts to stop them from proceeding. The Tribunal, assisted by three
independent experts on coral reef biology, expert briefs and satellite imagery,
found that China was in breach of the Convention for failing to stop the fishing
vessels from engaging in harmful harvesting practices and also for its island-
building activities. The Tribunal further opined that China’s construction on Mischief
Reef, without authorization from Philippines was in violation of Philippines’
sovereign rights in its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf and a breach
of the Convention.
The next consideration before the Tribunal was the demeanour of China’s law
enforcement vessels at Scarborough Shoal and the lawfulness of these actions. The
Philippines also raised the issue under the relevant provisions of the Convention on
the International Regulations for Preventing of Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGS).
The Tribunal found that China, through the actions of its law enforcement vessels,
endangered Philippine vessels and personnel and created a serious risk of collision
and found China in breach of Article 94 of the Convention.
The Tribunal, in response to Submission 14 of the Philippines, opined that China
had, in the course of the proceedings of this arbitration, aggravated and extended
its disputes with Philippines, through its actions of dredging, artificial island-
building and construction activities.
Lastly, the Tribunal did not find it necessary to make any further declaration, owing
to the fact that both the parties are already parties to the Convention and are
already obliged to comply with it.
Source: http://rsilpak.org/case-brief-on-the-south-china-sea-arbitration/
2. International Humanitarian Law
a. R.A. 9851 (Philippine Act on Crimes Against International Humanitarian
Law, Genocide, and Other Crimes Against Humanity)
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 387

CHAPTER III
CRIMES AGAINST INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW,
GENOCIDE AND OTHER CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
Section 4. War Crimes. - For the purpose of this Act, "war crimes" or "crimes against
International Humanitarian Law" means:
(a) In case of an international armed conflict, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of
12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts against persons or property protected
under provisions of the relevant Geneva Convention:
(1) Willful killing;
(2) Torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments;
(3) Willfully causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or health;
(4) Extensive destruction and appropriation of property not justified by military necessity
and carried out unlawfully and wantonly;
(5) Willfully depriving a prisoner of war or other protected person of the rights of fair and
regular trial;
(6) Arbitrary deportation or forcible transfer of population or unlawful confinement;
(7) Taking of hostages;
(8) Compelling a prisoner of war or other protected person to serve in the forces of a
hostile power; and
(9) Unjustifiable delay in the repatriation of prisoners of war or other protected persons.
(b) In case of a non-international armed conflict, serious violations of common Article 3 to
the four (4) Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts
committed against persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including member of the
armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness,
wounds, detention or any other cause;
(1) Violence to life and person, in particular, willful killings, mutilation, cruel treatment
and torture;
(2) Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading
treatment;
(3) Taking of hostages; and
(4) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous
judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all judicial guarantees
which are generally recognized as indispensable.
(c) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflict, within the
established framework of international law, namely:
(1) Internationally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against
individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;
(2) Intentionally directing attacks against civilian objects, that is, object which are not
military objectives;
(3) Intentionally directing attacks against buildings, material, medical units and
transport, and personnel using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions or
Additional Protocol III in conformity with intentional law;
(4) Intentionally directing attacks against personnel, installations, material, units or
vehicles involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission in accordance
with the Charter of the United Nations, as ling as they are entitled to the protection given
to civilians or civilian objects under the international law of armed conflict;
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW REVIEW
(5) Launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of
life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and
severe damage to the natural environment which would be excessive in relation to the
concrete and direct military advantage anticipated;
(6) Launching an attack against works or installations containing dangerous forces in the
knowledge that such attack will cause excessive loss of life, injury to civilians or damage
to civilian objects, and causing death or serious injury to body or health.
(7) Attacking or bombarding, by whatever means, towns, villages, dwellings or buildings
which are undefended and which are not military objectives, or making non-defended
localities or demilitarized zones the object of attack;
(8) Killing or wounding a person in the knowledge that he/she is hors de combat,
including a combatant who, having laid down his/her arms or no longer having means of
defense, has surrendered at discretion;
(9) Making improper use of a flag of truce, of the flag or the military insignia and uniform
of the enemy or of the United Nations, as well as of the distinctive emblems of the Geneva
Conventions or other protective signs under International Humanitarian Law, resulting
in death, serious personal injury or capture;
(10) Intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art,
science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick
and wounded are collected, provided they are not military objectives. In case of doubt
whether such building or place has been used to make an effective contribution to
military action, it shall be presumed not to be so used;
(11) Subjecting persons who are in the power of an adverse party to physical mutilation
or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind, or to removal of tissue or organs for
transplantation, which are neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment
of the person concerned nor carried out in his/her interest, and which cause death to or
seriously endanger the health of such person or persons;
(12) Killing, wounding or capturing an adversary by resort to perfidy;
(13) Declaring that no quarter will be given;
(14) Destroying or seizing the enemy's property unless such destruction or seizure is
imperatively demanded by the necessities of war;
(15) Pillaging a town or place, even when taken by assault;
(16) Ordering the displacements of the civilian population for reasons related to the
conflict, unless the security of the civilians involved or imperative military reasons so
demand;
(17) Transferring, directly or indirectly, by the occupying power of parts of its own civilian
population into the territory it occupies, or the deportation or transfer of all or parts of
the population of the occupied territory within or outside this territory;
(18) Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading
treatments;
(19) Committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced
sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence also constituting a grave breach of the
Geneva Conventions or a serious violation of common Article 3 to the Geneva
Conventions;
(20) Utilizing the presence of a civilian or other protected person to render certain points,
areas or military forces immune from military operations;
(21) Intentionally using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare by depriving them
of objects indispensable to their survival, including willfully impeding relief supplies as
provided for under the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols;
(22) In an international armed conflict, compelling the nationals of the hostile party to
take part in the operations of war directed against their own country, even if they were
in the belligerent's service before the commencement of the war;
(23) In an international armed conflict, declaring abolished, suspended or inadmissible
in a court of law the rights and actions of the nationals of the hostile party;
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 388

(24) Committing any of the following acts:
(i) Conscripting, enlisting or recruiting children under the age of fifteen (15) years
into the national armed forces;
(ii) Conscripting, enlisting or recruiting children under the age of eighteen (18) years
into an armed force or group other than the national armed forces; and
(iii) Using children under the age of eighteen (18) years to participate actively in
hostilities; and
(25) Employing means of warfare which are prohibited under international law, such
as:
(i) Poison or poisoned weapons;
(ii) Asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and all analogous liquids, materials or
devices;
(iii) Bullets which expand or flatten easily in the human body, such as bullets with
hard envelopes which do not entirely cover the core or are pierced with incisions;
and
(iv) Weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare which are of the
nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering or which are inherently
indiscriminate in violation of the international law of armed conflict.
Any person found guilty of committing any of the acts specified herein shall suffer the penalty
provided under Section 7 of this Act.
Section 5. Genocide - (a) For the purpose of this Act, "genocide" means any of the following
acts with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, religious, social or
any other similar stable and permanent group as such:
(1) Killing members of the group;
(2) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(3) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its
physical destruction in whole or in part;
(4) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; and
(5) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
(b) It shall be unlawful for any person to directly and publicly incite others to commit
genocide.
Any person found guilty of committing any of the acts specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of
this section shall suffer the penalty provided under Section 7 of this Act.
Section 6. Other Crimes Against Humanity. - For the purpose of this act, "other crimes against
humanity" means any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or
systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack:
(a) Willful killing;
(b) Extermination;
(c) Enslavement;
(d) Arbitrary deportation or forcible transfer of population;
(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of
fundamental rules of international law;
(f) Torture;
(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization,
or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity;
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(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national,
ethnic, cultural, religious, gender, sexual orientation or other grounds that are
universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any
act referred to in this paragraph or any crime defined in this Act;
(i) Enforced or involuntary disappearance of persons;
(j) Apartheid; and
(k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or
serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.
Any person found guilty of committing any of the acts specified herein shall suffer the penalty
provided under Section 7 of this Act.
b. Genocidal Intent (Dolus Specialis) – Croatia v. Serbia, I.C.J. Reports
2015, p. 3, February 03, 2015
3. International Environmental Law
a. Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration
States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles
of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to
their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities
within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other
States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
NOTE
Q: Suppose South Korea files a complaint for violation of international
environmental laws against China, can the latter invoke as defense the fact that it
operates under its own environmental laws?
A: No, under the above principle.
b. Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration (aka The Precautionary Principle)
This principle is expressed in the Rio Declaration, which stipulates that, where there
are “threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall
not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent
environmental degradation.”
1. Obligation to Conduct Environment Impact Assessment and Notify
and Consult Affected State if there is risk of significant transboundary
harm – Costa Rica v. Nicaragua, I.C.J. Reports 2015, p. 665, December
16, 2015
4. International Criminal Law
a. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (take special attention
to Arts. 5 and 127)
Art. V
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 389

The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of
concern to the international community as a whole. The Court has
jurisdiction in accordance with this Statute with respect to the following
crimes:
(a) The crime of genocide;
(b) Crimes against humanity;
(c) War crimes;
(d) The crime of aggression.
The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression once a
provision is adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123 defining the
crime and setting out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise
jurisdiction with respect to this crime. Such a provision shall be consistent
with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.
Art. CXXVII
1. A State Party may, by written notification addressed to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations, withdraw from this Statute. The withdrawal
shall take effect one year after the date of receipt of the notification,
unless the notification specifies a later date.
2. A State shall not be discharged, by reason of its withdrawal, from the
obligations arising from this Statute while it was a Party to the Statute,
including any financial obligations which may have accrued. Its
withdrawal shall not affect any cooperation with the Court in connection
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with criminal investigations and proceedings in relation to which the
withdrawing State had a duty to cooperate and which were commenced
prior to the date on which the withdrawal became effective, nor shall it
prejudice in any way the continued consideration of any matter which was
already under consideration by the Court prior to the date on which the
withdrawal became effective.
NOTE:
Q: A person files a complaint against the President with the ICC. Can the President
escape from liability by withdrawing from the ICC? A: No, Article 127 of the ICC.
Q: Can the President just ignore the summonses of the ICC or not comply with the
orders of the ICC as it has withdrawn from the ICC? A: No. The State still has the
obligation to coordinate with the investigation.
~~~~~~~ FIN ~~~~~~~
NOTE: Based on Atty. Enan’s observations on Bar exam trends, 70-80% of the political
law questions are from case laws covering the last 4 years, while 20-30% of the
questions are answerable by codal provisions.
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 390

EXTENT and DEFINITION
These are waters enclosed by the
Internal Waters archipelagic baselines, regardless of their depth
or distance from the coast.
Territorial Seas are defined by historic right or
treaty limits.
Territorial Seas As defined in the Convention on the Law of the
Sea, it has a uniform breadth of 12 miles
measured from the lower water mark of the
coast.
It is the zone adjacent to the territorial sea. The
contiguous zone may not extend more than 24
Contiguous nautical miles beyond the baseline from which the
Zone breadth of the territorial sea is measured 12
nautical miles from the
territorial sea.
It gives the coastal State sovereign
rights overall economic resources of
the sea, sea-bed and subsoil in an
Exclusive
area extending not more than 200
Economic Zone
nautical miles beyond the
baseline from which the territorial
sea is measured
The waters, which do not constitute
the internal waters, archipelagic
High Seas
waters, territorial sea and exclusive
economic zone of a state.
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RIGHTS and POWERS OF STATES
1. Rights under existing agreement on the part of the
third states should be respected.
2. The traditional fishing rights and other legitimate
activities of the immediately adjacent neighboring
States.
3. Existing submarine cables laid by other States and
“passing through its waters without making a windfall”
as well as the maintenance and
replacement of such cables upon being notified of their
location and the intention to repair or replace them.
Coastal states exercise sovereignty over Territorial sea
and it extends to the airspace over the territorial sea and
to its seabed and subsoil.
The coastal state does not have sovereignty over the
contiguous zone because the contiguous zone is a zone
of jurisdiction for a particular purpose, not of
sovereignty.
State may exercise control as is necessary to:
1. Prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal,
immigration, or sanitary laws within its territory or its
territorial sea, or
2. Punish such infringement.
States may exercise:
1. Sovereign rights;
2. Jurisdictional rights;
3. Other rights and duties provided for in the Law of the
Sea Convention.
(Please see discussion on rights of the coastal state in
the EEZ, p. 50)
They are beyond the jurisdiction and sovereign rights of
state.
It is treated as res communes or res nullius, and thus,
are not part of the territory of a particular State.
M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 391
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Latin Maxims Under International Law obligations imposed by it, may under certain conditions, afford the party affected
a ground to invoke the termination of the treaty.

10. Pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt “agreement does not benefit or hurt a
1. Opinio Juris “an opinion of law” third person”

Recognition of a practice as a legal norm and therefore obligatory. A treaty binds only the parties and does not create obligations for a third state.

2. Jus cogens “compelling law” 11. Ex aequo et bono “according to the right and good”

A norm accepted and recognizes by the international community as a norm from It is a judgment based on considerations of fairness, not on considerations of
which no derogation is permitted, and which can be modified only by a subsequent existing law; that is, to simply decide the case based upon a balancing of the
norm of general international law having the same character. equities. (Art. 38, Rome Statute)

3. Erga Omnes Obligation “towards all” 12. Forum Prorogatum “prorogated jurisdiction”

An obligation of every State towards the international community as a whole.
4. Non liquet “it is not clear”
Non liquet means the possibility that a court or tribunal could not decide a case
because of a ‘gap’ in law, or a situation in which a competent court/tribunal fails to
decide the merits of a case due to a gap in the law.
Prorogated jurisdiction, which occurs when a power is conferred – by the consent
of the parties and following the initiation of proceedings – upon the International
Court of Justice, which otherwise would not have adjudicated. Such consent can be
indicated in an implied or informal way or by a succession of acts (Anglo-Iranian
Oil Case [1952] ICJ Rep 93).

5. Uti Possidetis “as you possess”

A principle of international law that allows retention of property or territory in the

belligerent’s actual possession at the time of cessation of hostilities.

6. Aut Dedere Aut Judicare (either extradite or prosecute)

Legal obligation of states under PIL to prosecute persons who commit serious
international crimes where no other state has requested extradition.

7. Lex Specialis “law governing a specific subject matter”

It is a legal construct whereby an internationally unlawful conduct of state organ

acting in that capacity is regarded as the conduct of state itself, making that state
responsible for its own acts or omissions, but as an abstract entity it can physically
act only through individuals or group of individuals performing “act of the state” on
its behalf.

8. Pacta Sunt Servanda “treaties shall be complied with”

Every Treaty in force is binding between the parties to it and must be performed
by them in good faith (Article 26, VCLT)

9. Rebus Sic Stantibus “things thus standing”

It states that a fundamental change of circumstances which determined the parties

to accept a treaty, if it has resulted in a radical transformation of the extent of the

M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 392

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REFERENCES:
1987 Constitution of the Philippines and statutes
Related Treaties/Conventions
Nachura, Antonio E.B., 2014 and 2016 ed. Outline Reviewer in Political Law.

Suarez, Rolando, 2018 ed. Political Law Reviewer.

Supreme Court and other Decisions

2017 UST Golden Notes

Atty. Enan’s Comments :D

M.R.A.D.C. LUMBRE 393