EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This case study is regarding an investigation on a catastrophic incident that occurred in Love
Canal. In 1978 hazardous waste was discovered. Contaminated homes and schools in the area of the
Love Canal, a former chemical landfill that became the city's 15-acre district. New York: Niagara
Falls. President Jimmy Carter of the United States declared a federal emergency at the Love Canal on
7 August 1978. The Love Canal was the first man-made disaster to earn such a designation based on a
wide range of environmental and health related factors. The history causes and effects of
environmental failure and actions to remediate the site of the Love Canal superfund are identified in
this case study. The lessons learned from this case study demonstrate the importance of hazardous
waste detection and proper disposal dangerous waste which protects public health and the environment
[ CITATION Phi07 \l 1033 ].

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 INTRODUCTION

A few names invoke memories of environmental disasters caused by human beings. Another
case is Bhopal; another is Love Canal. The Love Canal tragedy further shows the dangers of
unregulated chemical dumping. Unfortunately, Love Canal is not a case in isolation. There are several
industrial disposal areas. But few become subdivisions. The name of Love Canal came from William
T. Love, who had plans to build a canal to link the upper and lower Niagara Rivers near Niagara Falls.
The canal would power a new city he had foreseen for the town. Construction started on the canal in
1894. Then the discovery of Louis Tesla that electricity is transmitted via alternating power over long
distances rejects the need for a nearby electricity source. The need for Love Canal has vanished and
the idea has been abandoned [ CITATION Phi07 \l 1033 ].

William T. Love arrived in the 1890s in Niagara Falls, New York with incredibly ambitious
ambitions. The landowner and businessman decided to construct a gigantic utopian city. The enviable
industry and housing in its area for more than a million residents. He intended to use hydro-electric
dams to power the town on the new 11-kilometer canal between the Niagara Rivers, making it the
world 's greatest and most beautiful park. In one year, however, Love 's plans have failed and would
have been easily forgotten if it were not for one question. The only part of Love was a kilometer-long
dump that was constructed, part of the canal. The city of Niagara Falls acquired this territory after
several decades and wanted to be the ideal place for a mandatory chemical dumping site. After the pit
was filled with waste, an area was built on top. In the 1970s, the Love Canal was one of the biggest
and worst environmental catastrophes in America [ CITATION Bro06 \l 1033 ]. Figure 1 shows the
aerial image of Love Canal.

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Figure 1: Aerial image of Love Canal in 1978

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 OVERVIEW OF THE CASE STUDY

In 1892, Love 's visions seemed too radically inconceivable to break down. He was a driven,
enthusiastic man, packed with insane and other hyperbolic promises in his booklets. Many backers and
developers were drawn to the notion of a new town as "one of the best manufacturing towns in the
United States." And the thoughts of Love were easily choked by a mixture of influences. The volatility
of the economy frightened investors that energy was efficiently transmitted over long distances made
Love's channel ineffective, and local politicians totally prohibited water diversion. And then, Love 's
desires nearly disappeared overnight. The pit stayed full of rainwater and became a popular recreation
area: winter skiing, summer swimming. In 1920 the land was sold to Niagara Falls, a growing
industrial village, which started using the fuel for the dumping of chemical waste. The corporation
Hooker Chemical and Plastics (now part of Occidental Petroleum and OxyChem) purchased the land
for their own chemical disposal for more than 20 years. In 1953 almost 22,000 tons of waste were
excavated and the pit was nearly complete.[ CITATION Bro06 \l 1033 ]. The Department of State Health
declared the Love Canal as an emergency in 1978, but the dumping area 's history dates back to the
last century. Here is a chronology of the history of the site and the environmental catastrophe
[ CITATION Dab18 \l 1033 ]:

May 23, 1834s: William T. Love begins digging a channel that connects and circumvents the upper
and lower Niagara rivers. Under Love's scheme the water flowing down the hill would fuel the
industry in a new "Model City" – but by 1836 the advent of alternating current and functional
transmission of electricity torpedoes the network and financial support, with only 3,200 feet of channel
excavated.

1910-1920s: The landfill site starts with earliest disposal consisting of products that are fairly harmless
to urban and industrial waste.

1942-1930s: The "clean chemical boom" in herbicides and pesticides is giving the boost to the
riverside chemical industry, and the large-scale production of hazardous chemicals begins. Some of
the chemical by-products are poisonous, and thousands of pollutants are poured into metal drums and
buried on the Love Canal and elsewhere.

1951: Housing development starts in areas surrounding the Love Canal.

1953: Despite early opposition and the possibility of property opposing the Niagara Falls School
Board, Hooker Chemical and Plastics Inc. has created a $1 Love Canal that would allow a primary
school to be constructed to service the growing suburban neighborhood.

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1954: Contractors constructing the 99th Street Campus is plagued by vulnerable points and holes,
hazardous gases and chemicals. The school site is moved 85 yards, and a new base was laid in 1955.

1958: The City of Niagara Falls is building roads and entering the canal.

1960: The Board of Education gives the town 6.6 acres, the northern third of the Love Canal, to create
a park. The city eventually builds a baseball stadium on the site.

1962: The Education Board sells Ralph Capone of Niagara Falls for construction for 6 acres, the
southern third of the Love Canal. Finally, the title changes to L.C. Kane's Armstrong, Pa.

1970: Upon the discovery of mercury contamination in Lake Ontario, public understanding of the
toxicity and long-term effects of waste chemical products on the Niagara Frontier starts.

1970-1976: The Niagara County Health Department, which controls the soil drainage of 'crowd liquid
and discarded drums,' reports nine safety issues at Love Canal. In 1972, 101st Street near the canal
acquires a new resident — Lois Gibbs, 20, who will begin raising two children in the city with her
husband Harry and become a political leader and national ambient citizen.

1976: A number of residents appear to be affected by the toxic effects of toxins — Lake Erie's 'killing'
phosphates, vinyl chloride fumes and Red Dye #2 related to safety issues, and Lake Ontario's MireX
contaminated gulls and lower sediments. In northern Italy, a fog of leaked toxic compounds like
dioxin pollutes the entire thousand acre of Seveso Valley. Many local environmental concerns obscure
early warning signs on Love Canal — the dumping of radioactive chemicals in Mirex's West Valley,
the uproar over the building of a Porter toxic waste disposal facility.

Summer, 1976: After the exceptionally heavy rain for three years, chemical compounds begin to ooze
in backyards and cellars across the Love Pipe.

October 3, 1976: The Niagara Gazette records the chemical injection for the first time. Michael
Brown, who was later to write a book about the Love Canal, collects research samples.

Autumn, 1976: Problems raised by health authorities in Niagara County and State Department of
Environmental Conservation 's Area Administrators at the Love Canal. Benzene and toluene, leukemia
and other diseases are the focal points of early fear. The work is funded by the Department of Health,
the State DEC and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency.

August 1977: In order to research chemical inhalation, Niagara Falls hires Calspan Corp, propose
solutions.

1977: Local DEC officials request that the state prosecute Hooker across the Love Canal toward
Albany.

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Winter, 1977-1978: Local DEC officials start to send urgent messages to Albany to warn that the
Love Canal may be more serious than anything the federal government has ever faced.

February, 1978: Chemical pollution found in samples of sump water collected from houses adjacent
to the canal.

March, 1978: Chemical contamination found in air samples obtained in the houses adjacent to the
canal.

April, 1978: State Environment Commissioner Peter A. Berle and Health Commissioner Dr Robert P.
Whalen are unannounced on a visit to the Love Canal. Niagara County is required by the State to
prevent entry and removal of submerged chemicals from the Love Canal area.

May, 1978: Love Canal residents contact State officials with increasingly urgent health information to
learn of the dangers posed by hazardous chemicals in the landfill.

June, 1978: State begins collecting blood samples and door-to - door safety surveys in 97 houses
along the river. State health officials and environmental officials will meet to discuss the issue.

July, 1978: Data from the Health Department revealed there are 81 contaminants at the facility,
including benzene. Ground monitoring lasts from July to November. State policy-makers and officials
will meet in July to address the issues facing the Love Canal, and a science fly-in conference will
bring experts to LaGuardia Airport in New York City to study the situation.

August 2, 1978: Dr. Robert Whalen, the State Health Commissioner, declared a state of emergency at
Love Canal. The 99th Street School is ordered to be closed, and the Commissioner recommends
evacuating pregnant women and children younger than 2 from the first two rings of houses nearest the
canal. The announcement sparks an angry rally at 99th Street School of more than 200 people shouting
"We Want Out!" Robert and Janice Huryn, of their two children, 3 years old and 3 months old, who
had fled the house on 97th Street – where white chemical suds were oozing into the basement – to stay
with their family.

August 7, 1978: President Jimmy Carter claims that the Love Canal is a state of national emergency.

August, 1978: Gov. Hugh L. Carey of New York visits the Love Canal district, and defeats a tension-
filled confrontation temporarily by deciding to evacuate all 239 families on both 97th and 99th streets
living next to the canal.

August, 1978: Dr. Beverly Paigen, a researcher from Roswell Park Memorial Institute who was the
first to call for evacuation of the Love Canal, is taking samples of soil on the Love Canal and is
vulnerable to chemical pollution.

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September 1, 1978: The State Office of Occupational Health reports that 10 percent of 4,000
neighborhood blood samples indicate a risk of liver abnormality. The state study "Love Canal: Time
Bomb for Public Health" is released.

October 1, 1978: The nation is starting to establish a chemical disposal scheme on the Love Canal in
the face of demonstrations by house owners who seek to evict all inhabitants before the property is
threatened with "evacuation before construction" at the contaminated site. Activity on the southern
third of the canal and a safety briefing begins – the first contaminated soil spade can only be turned
around on October 17.

October 16, 1978: 100 Love Canal residents march on City Hall after 20 people living outside the
'danger zone' refused relocation pleas.

October-November, 1978: State soil and sump tests show contaminants in 70 percent of the homes;
concerns surface over dioxin, lindane.

October 31, 1978: Dr. Paigen 's medical survey claims that 75% of Love Canal residents are faced
with increased health risks.

November 10, 1978: Among the chemicals found on Love Canal are 2, 4, 5 trichlorophenol, a
substance related to dioxin, the deadliest chemical ever produced by man. Wissenschaftler minimizes
the risk of dioxin, but Hooker acknowledges that from 1943 to 1953 the Love Canal buried 200 tons of
2, 4, 5 Trichlorophenols.

December 9, 1978: Love Canal homeowners start picketing the Love Canal worksite, refusing to
expand their evacuation or answering health concerns.

December 10, 1978: State sampling of soil continues. Traces of dioxin found on the 97th Street canal
side.

December 11, 1978: First picketers arrested at the Love Canal work site.

December 12, 1978: Eight more picketers have been arrested, including Mrs. Gibbs. Both charges are
dropped later.

February 8, 1979: In some areas, the State Department of Health has errors and birth defects above
normal. Dr. David Axelrod, a new Health Commissioner, recommended the immediate move from
97th to 103rd streets to Colvin Boulevard for all pregnant women and children aged less than 2 years
of age.

February 15, 1979: A contingent of the Love Canal Homeowners Association brings a coffin to
Carey's Albany office.

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February 20, 1979: Since alleging that she has been shut down from study grants because of her
whistleblowing at the Love Canal, Dr. Paigen moved to California later, the Feb. 8 state report
contested findings.

March 21, 1979: State announces plans to build and sell a further 100 canal-backyarded homes. Dr.
Paigen also states that chemicals flow through the old abandoned streams that form the Love Canal.
Gibbs heads to the House of Representatives to notify the vote.

April 1, 1979: State discovers dioxin in the backyard of 37th Street.

April, 1979: The informal survey of Love Canal residents in the Griffin Park/93rd Street
neighborhood shows a large rate of health issues.

May 29, 1979: Remediation work starts in the northern and central Love Canal zones.

July 26, 1979: State Health Department Interim Report released.

August 1, 1979: President Lois Gibbs of the Love Canal Homeowners Association, who appeared as a
delegate two weeks after the 1978 emergency order, says at least 40 children had irritations of the ear,
mouth and stomach.

August 22, 1979: Ms. Gibbs criticizes the State Report of July 30.

August-September, 1979: the odors of inhabitants of Love Canal move easily from their workplaces.
The campus Stella Niagara houses 382 people from 131 of the rest of the 550 families of the Love
Canal.

October 11, 1979: Remedial work is completed on southern Love Canal.

October 26, 1979: Gov. Carey announces the decision to purchase more homes in the 10-block area
of the waste dump to evacuate 561 families.

November 20, 1979: Safety Research reveals dioxin in sediments in Black Creek.

December 18, 1979: Mrs. Gibbs says that only 2 out of 8 children born to Love Canal residents were
normal last year.

December 20, 1979: United States, The Department of Justice has filed a 117 million dollars’ lawsuit
against Hooker Chemical Co. for clean-up expenses at four landfill sites in Niagara County.

1980: Environmental Comprehensive Response, Compensation and Accountability Act 1980 passed
and signed into federal law. Federal "Superfund" for environmental cleanup has also passed $1.6
billion.

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April 28, 1980: New York sues for 635 million dollars, Hooker and two related firms for toxic waste
to be pumped into the love channel.

May 17, 1980: The Environmental Protection Agency release study of chromosome damage to some
residents of the Love Canal. Homeowners react strongly to the news, which demands immediate and
complete evacuation once again. Other scientists immediately criticize the thesis, claiming it was
defective and incomplete, and ultimately debunked.

May 18, 1980: The US trains all 710 families for evacuation.

May 19, 1980: Neurologist at Buffalo State University says some of the Love Canal residents may
experience reversible nerve damage. Residents of the Disappointed Love Canal are upset by
chromosome damage news and held hostage for five hours by two EPA officials at the Love Canal
Homeowners Association Office, demanding evacuation from the entire Love Canal neighbourhood.
Ms. Gibbs is 3 times excluded from a Niagara County Legislature meeting in which people are
demonstrating the lawmakers' reluctance to support the national Love Channel Authority.

May 20, 1980: Chairman Carter declares a second federal emergency at the Love Canal clearing the
way for federal aid to transfer 728 families to a dump area of 50 square blocks. Victory celebrations at
the Homeowners Association of the Love Pipe.

June 5, 1980: Euphoria is turning to disappointment when the federal government declares that it will
only offer low interest lending, not buy houses in the canal-area entirely. The federal decision is
opposed by Gov. Carey and Mrs. Gibbs.

October 2, 1980: President Carter signs the $20 million State-federal aid package for relocations to
the Love Canal family. State and federal departments have agreed to lease an estimated 550 properties
and auction all but 76 homeowners. The overall sum is $24.8million.

1980: The Love Canal Revitalization Department was set up, transforming it into long-range planning
at the beginning of 1981.

February 1, 1981: State Assembly Task Force on dangerous substances charges that the military
dumped waste in the Love Canal on Feb. 20 and replies that no new evidence was presented by the
State that was not reexamined in a previous study and that no such dumping had been detected.

June 1, 1981: The Love Canal studies of the State Department of Health shows only a higher risk of
lung cancer.

December 1, 1981: Second federal government scaled-down health study.

January 19, 1982: State plans to demolish houses at the canal on rings 1 and 2.

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June 17, 1982: Demolition of the canal's first of 227 buildings. Delores Frain, whose husband died
two weeks ago, raised seven children in her neighborhood for 23 years, watches tearfully at 99 and
Frontier is moved with a bulldozer within five minutes.

July 8, 1982: EPA says it still cannot decide if houses within the first two rings are residential.

July 12, 1982: State announces high levels of dioxin in the canal. EPA will soon announce that the
compound is 100,000 times poisonous to laboratory animals in concentrations.

July 14, 1982: Environmental EPA study eventually published after 18 months; officials state that
homes outside the first two are habitable.

December 1982: The second $4 million remedial project begins. Requests permanent school closures,
sewer maintenance and a concrete retaining wall on the property.

April 30, 1983: Dr. Paigen's research reveals that children who are born or raised near the Love Canal
are younger, more slowly growing and more ill health than other children.

May 16, 1983: Federal studies contradict earlier reports of chromosome injury.

June 8, 1983: destruction of 99th Street Campus.

June 21, 1983: The Congress-controlled Technology Assessment Office proposes that earlier
environmental study be reviewed, says that the EPA report can't be relied on to resettle outer ring
areas with the green light.

July 1983: Proposals are scrapped for the preservation of concrete walls on the site due to the
contamination of areas beyond the planned wall.

1983: Occidental Chemical, who bought Hooker, offers a $20 million lump sum payout to 1ß 36 Love
Canal residents – about 95 per cent of the more than 1,400 people who sued the chemical company.
Citizens approved the settlement in 1984, and it is a lifetime medical trust for $15 billion and $1
million. Settlement is $14,250.

December 9, 1983: The U.S. sues the West for $45 million.

December 1, 1984: Clay cap on the Love Canal installed.

December 9, 1984: Four-year study in the State Health Department from 1979 to 1983 shows lower-
than - normal birth weights for Love Canal children.

1986: Begins cleaning the polluted water system, including water in the City of Niagara Falls.

October 4, 1986: Lois Gibbs' house, who now lives in Washington, D.C. has been destroyed on
Saturday morning in an unprecedented series of 101st Street bulldozes.

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1987: New York State endorses a $1.2 billion Environmental Quality Bond Act with a beefed $9
billion federal Superfund planned for a five-year duration to help environmental clean-ups.

February, 1988: United States The lawyer said 200 million dollars had been spent on cleaning up
Love Canal, which would probably cost $50 million more.

February 23, 1988: United States of America. Occidental finds Judge John Curtin liable for Love
Canal.

Summer, 1988: The chemical waste also remains in the middle of the Love Canal site. 84 residents
now live in and near the Love Canal; possible relocation of LaSalle's 304-unit buildings is also under
consideration. The Love Canal Revitalization Agency also has 400 residential properties in the area
and a resettlement order for 13 communities in the Love Canal district is expected to be made by the
State Health Department late summer or fall.

1996: Love Canal Revitalization Corporation sells and rehabilitates the new black-creek village homes
north of the canal.

1997: Occidental resolves the case against the last of the 49 insurance agencies for cleanup costs.

1998: Nearly 900 former residents are awarded personal injury damage ranging from $63 to $133,000

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Figure 2: An undated protest photo depicts a boy holding a sign with words, "Don't Touch Me: I'm
Contaminated by Love Canal."

ANALYSIS OF THE CASE STUDY

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1. Code of Ethics

In this case study, the Code of Ethics was adopted by the National Society of Professional
Engineers (NSPE). As a professional engineer, the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Company violated
section II.1, the NSPE Code of Ethics, which stipulates that in carrying out their professional duties,
engineers are responsible for public safety, health and well-being. The company must be aware of the
damage and risk that may arise from injuries before chemicals are disposed of. Nonetheless, the
Niagara Falls School Board must be responsible for the construction of the classrooms and residences
as laid out in the Hooker Agreement. Hooker knew the risky land when it was sold. You're not
supposed to create any other park on the Love Canal than to return to Hooker. [ CITATION ACa16 \l
1033 ].

Furthermore, the Niagara Power and Development Company and the Niagara Falls Planning
Board did not follow the statement in Section II.1.b, where the engineers accepted only those
Engineering Documents that comply with the relevant standards. The Niagara Power and
Development Company authorized the disposal of waste by the Hooker Chemical and Plastics
Corporation, where no health issues have been identified in the future. The Niagara Falls Planning
Board approved the building of 99th and 93rd Street Schools without any on-the-ground testing.
Engineers who are aware of any alleged infringements of this Code shall inform the relevant
professional bodies, as well as the public authorities, where applicable, and shall cooperate with the
appropriate authorities in providing such information or assistance as may be required under Section
1.II.e. The school building architect and contractor has not notified the other institution. [ CITATION
Har09 \l 1033 ].

In addition, in Section II.3.a, engineers may publicly express technical opinions on the basis of
knowledge of the facts and competence in this field. Hooker Chemical did not disclose any of the toxic
pollution in the Love Canal field to the public whilst the Hooker Toxic and Plastics Corporation was
under pressure. At the other side, the Niagara Falls School Board masks the evidence cited by Hooker
Chemical and just encourages sleeping dogs to talk. [ CITATION Har09 \l 1033 ].

2. Stakeholders Suffering from the Tragedy

The stakeholders have been greatly affected by the Love Canal tragedy. The trees and gardens in
the area became black and died in this tragedy. A pool was emerged from its base because of soil
corrosion. It was now floating on a small sea of chemical substances. The air in the area smelled faint.
After play, kids were returned home with burns on their hands and faces due to exposure to the odor of
chemical waste. Throughout the following years, the region was plagued by higher than average birth
and miscarriage rates. Nonetheless, the City of New York is studying the alarmingly high death rate

13
and the five cases of birth defects in the region so far. A large proportion of people are seen in the
Love Canal because they have high white blood counts. This may be a precursor to leukemia. Those
on the Love Canal were evacuated, the first to be evacuated being pregnant mothers and children. This
woman's two grandchildren had birth defects. The babies were born and raised in the world of the
Love Channel. The granddaughter was born deaf with a cracked palate, additional teeth and a slight
delay. The eye deficiency for a grandson was born. Toxic compounds and disease Inventory
containing more than 400 chemicals in the air, water and soil, some of which are known to be
carcinogenic-such as benzene. Benzene is one of the most common chemicals that drain the brew into
the home and land. Benzene is believed to cause cancer in humans. The school closed, the property
was divided, and more than 200 people were evacuated to the surrounding area [ CITATION Vie13 \l
1033 ].

3. Violation of the general Principles of CSR

The broadest concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the connection between global
companies, national governments and individual people [ CITATION cro08 \l 1033 ]. There is general
principal of CSR which are violated by Hooker Chemical Corporation. Firstly, Organizations will
obey many law bodies, e.g. Climate rule, labor law. Environmental law. First, Hooker Chemical
Corporation infringed the CSR principal. They breached the environmental law that was very
important to the society of the company. By 1953, almost 22,000 tons of waste had been buried by the
company and the fuel was practically full. As a result, environmental pollution such as air, water and
birth levels were very small at the time. Besides, Social responsibility varies with the characteristics of
the company. E.g. Vs Insurance Company Pharmaceutical Company. Since the Hooker Chemical
Corporation was a chemical company, it had certain responsibilities for the community to correctly
dump its waste. Yet they didn't, they buried waste in the city. Last but not least, Corporations should
publish a transparent and verifiable market report. This CSR principle was also violated by Hooker
Chemical. It wasn't translucent. They released the public with a false article. When the love canal was
lined with clay and covered with dirt to screen, Hooker Chemical experts declared it safe. They
violated this idea because the chemicals weren't healthy at all.

14
 RECOMMENDATION AND SOLUTION

The Hooker Chemical and Plastics Company will prepare the proper disposal of toxic waste
without environmental consequences. They should also identify and manage hazardous waste
differently. Since they put them together in the same place in this case. Dioxin and benzene are the
most dangerous chemicals, and carcinogen and other chemicals have the most significant effects on
society's health.

In addition, the government should investigate and predict the effects of the La Salle
Expressway crossing the canal. It lets the hidden chemicals travel out of the pipe beneath the earth. As
a result, the river was prohibited from pouring into the Niagara River. It turns the broken canal into an
overflowing pool. The management of Hooker Chemical and Plastic Company is expected to warn the
toxic waste in the long run. Land is not to be leased to the state. Therefore, the waste should be
handled correctly so it does not harm the ecosystem.

In fact, the administration of private companies, such as the Niagara Falls Housing Authority,
is constructing a residential complex without understanding the context of the river and the
relationship with the school board. In specific, local councils or local officials have attempted to refute
the issue. Micheal C. OLaughlin, Mayor of Niagara Falls, insists there's nothing wrong with the Love
Canal. This issue should be taken seriously by the mayor or the municipal authority. He's going to
learn history. He will review the health survey, which clearly indicates that something is wrong. He
should always look at the environment to show it. Then take the precaution and finish avoiding the
question.

In this disaster, the government made a big error in selling the buildings to the wedged Hooker
Corporation, as the Hooker admitted that there was underground radioactive waste. The government
should be aware of this waste's long-term impact, not building a school or housing. Last but not least,
the municipal authority also ignored the Hooker Chemical and Plastics Corporation's repeated threats
and tried to exploit contaminated land. The government knew the substance, so it destroyed part of the
defensive clay cap to pour the mud onto the impermeable clay walls and enter the water pipes and the
La Salle Expressway. They'll at first be mindful of the environment and society. You can't use human
being as a slave for your sake, instead of a slave.

15
 CONCLUSION

There is also a question: who is responsible for the pollution incidents that have already been
disposed of? While this ambitious action is being taken to ensure that hazardous waste is handled
properly, it is a controversial concern. In respect to responsibility, what are the authorities able to
resolve the situation if protection is found at an unsafe level? Are they going to take a gamble after
that? Who's going to cough up the tab? However, this issue must definitely be taken into account
successfully in the future. One of the biggest issues is the change in ownership of the land.
Responsibility is difficult to assess. It is beyond human capacity to set down appropriate legislation
intended to substantially reduce or even eradicate environmental risks. Justifications in decision-
making are critical for solving the dilemma. The disaster is not done and the people of Love Canal
keep doing so.

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