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 Question and Answers

 Q&A

Graham Whyley –
Technical Master
Trainer
AIRCOM Technical Master Trainer since
2005
Currently responsible for all LTE/UMTS
training course creation and delivery
Over 20 years experience at companies
including British Telecom (Transmission &
Core Network engineer), Fujitsu (ATM
switching & SDH engineer)
Training4Telcoms (Director)

2
In LTE, how Cell Load affects SINR?

SINR ave = S
I+N
I = Iown + Iother
Power

Admission What is S in the downlink?

control
Load Control
Packet
Scheduling

3
 Power

SINR ave = S
I+N
I = Iown + Iother

4
 In LTE, how Cell Load affects SINR?
SINR ave = S
DOWNLINK I+N
I = Iown + Iother

SINR SINR What is S in the downlink?

In downlink, assuming the maximum available transmission power is equally divided

over the cell bandwidth, the average received power (AveRxPowerDL) in the
bandwidth allocated to the user is derived as follows:
AveRxPowerDL=(Max enodeB power/Cell BW) . Allocated BW/LinkLoss DL

Maximum Power

Allocated BW

5
 In LTE, how Cell Load affects SINR?
DOWNLINK
SINR ave = S
Path loss I+N
I = Iown + Iother

Path loss
What is S in the downlink?

In downlink, assuming the maximum available transmission power is equally divided

over the cell bandwidth, the average received power (AveRxPowerDL) in the
bandwidth allocated to the user is derived as follows:
AveRxPowerDL=(Max enodeB power/Cell BW) . Allocated BW/LinkLoss DL

Maximum Power

Allocated BW

6
 In LTE, how Cell Load affects SINR?
DOWNLINK
Antenna Gain

Maximum Power Load Control

Cable
Loss Maximum Power

43dBm

Maximum Power SINR ave = S

I+N
Allocated BW I = Iown + Iother

7
 Remote radio heads (RRH)

Remote radio heads (RRH)

100FT of 1 ¼ coax cable has a

loss of 1.6dB

Reducing the antenna’s output

power by about 30% (depending
on the height of the tower)

Increasing Capacity/Coverage

8
 In LTE, how Cell Load affects SINR?
DOWNLINK
Maximum Bit Rate

Load Control
Allocated BW
Maximum Power

GBR

SINR ave = S
Allocated BW I+N
I = Iown + Iother

9
 COVERAGE FOR SERVICE

Maximum Bit Rate

GBR

OPSK 16QAM 64QAM

modulation and coding scheme Evolved

Node B
CQI CQI (eNB)
CQI

Load Control
SINR ave = S
I+N COVERAGE FOR
Maximum Power
I = Iown + Iother SERVICE

10
Load Control - Uplink
Bandwidt Thermal noise Load
h (Δf) power
Control
1 Hz −174 dBm
Evolved
Node B
10 Hz −164 dBm
(eNB)
100 Hz −154 dBm
1 kHz −144 dBm
10 kHz −134 dBm
100 kHz −124 dBm
SNR = S
180 kHz −121.45 dBm N
N0 UE’s
Noise
200 kHz −120.98 dBm
Rise
1 MHz −114 dBm
2 MHz −111 dBm Noise Floor
SINR ave = S Noise Figure
5Mhz -108 dBm I+N

6 MHz −106 dBm

I = Iown + Iother Thermal
Noise
9Mhz -104.5 dBm FOR
20 MHz −101 dBm UMTS 11
Load Control - Uplink
Bandwidt Thermal noise Load
h (Δf) power
Control
1 Hz −174 dBm
Evolved
Node B
10 Hz −164 dBm
(eNB)
100 Hz −154 dBm
1 kHz −144 dBm
10 kHz −134 dBm
Noise
100 kHz −124 dBm
Rise
180 kHz −121.45 dBm
For 3G high levels
200 kHz −120.98 dBm of own cell OWN
1 MHz −114 dBm interference.
WHY
2 MHz −111 dBm Noise Floor
Noise Figure
5Mhz -108 dBm
For LTE very low
6 MHz −106 dBm
Thermal
levels of own cell
interference.
Noise
9Mhz -104.5 dBm
WHY
20 MHz −101 dBm 12
Load Control - Uplink
Load
Control
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)

Noise
Rise
SINR ave = S
OWN
I+N
I = Iown + Iother
Noise Floor
Noise Figure

Thermal
Noise

13
Load Control - Uplink
Load Load
Control Control

LTE 3G
Noise Rise
– Typical
3dB

Noise Rise-Typical 1dB

OTHER OWN
OWN
Noise Floor Noise Floor
Noise Figure Noise Figure

Thermal Thermal
Noise Noise
14
 What is the advantage of minimizing groups versus
minimizing codes?

Cell Search Read SIB’s Cell Random

Selection access

Step 1 – Primary Synchronization Signal

· CodeID =code (0,1,2)
Step 2 – Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)-Group
· Find Physical Layer Cell ID
· Cyclic Prefix Length detection
· FDD or TDD Detection
Step 3 – Reference Signal Detection / PBCH Detection
(Receiving System Information)

Physical layer Cell Identity = (3 × Group(0 to 167)) + Code 0-2

15
What is the advantage of minimizing groups versus
minimizing codes?
DLRS SNR = S
What affects coverage?? I+N
I = Iown + Iother

Physical Cell layer identity

• (P-SCH): for cell search and identification

• (P-SCH): for cell search and identification

• S-SCH): for cell search and identification

• S-SCH): for cell search and identification

Physical Cell layer identity

DLRS SNR

16
 DLRS SNR
Same PCI

Same PCI

DLRS SNR
+40.3
DLRS SINR +33.7

POWER

17
 Frequency shifts
The PCI determines the position of the Cell specific Reference Signal
in the frequency domain
There are six possible frequency shifts of RSs

Different ν shift, should be used in adjacent cells

Shift= 0 Simulations hint that the following

Shift= 1
combinations at adjacent cells willgive bad
performance, i.e. long synchronization
Shift= 2
times and highinterference

18
 Frequency Shifts
frequency shift=0 frequency shift=1 frequency shift=5

For each cell, PCI = 3 (S-SCH) j + (P-SCH) k

K
PCI = 0 … 503
j = 0 … 167group
k = 0 … 2 ID

19
Frequency shifts
PCI GROUP CODE CELL SPECIFIC FREQ
SHIFT

0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
2 0 2 2
3 1 0 3
4 1 1 4
5 1 2 5
6 2 0 0
CELL SPECIFIC FREQ SHIFT
This determines the DLRS pattern (time frequency positions)

20
 What is the advantage of minimizing groups versus
minimizing codes?
Physical layer Cell Identity = (3 × Group(0 to 167)) + Code 0-2
PCI GRO CO CELL
UP DE SPECIFIC
FREQ SHIFT

PCI=0 PCI=1 PCI=2 PCI=3 PCI= 4 PCI= 5 0 0 0 0

Group Group Group Group Group Group 1 0 1 1
=0 =0 =0 =1 =1 =1
Code =0 Code =1 Code =2 Code =0 Code =1 Code =2
2 0 2 2
FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT
=0 =1 =2 =3 =4 =5
3 1 0 3
4 1 1 4
Carrier 5 1 2 5
1 PCI=0 Carrier
1 PCI=3 6 2 0 0
CELL SPECIFIC FREQ SHIFT
This determines the DLRS pattern (time frequency
Carrier positions)
Carrier 1
1PCI=2 PCI=1 Carrier Carrier 1
1PCI=4 PCI=5

Minimising Groups 21
 What is the advantage of minimizing PCI GRO
UP
CO
DE
CELL
SPECIFIC
groups versus minimizing codes? FREQ SHIFT
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
2 0 2 2
3 1 0 3
4 1 1 4
PCI=0 PCI=6 PCI=9 PCI=12 PCI= 15 PCI= 18
5 1 2 5
Group Group Group Group Group Group 6 2 0 0
=0 =2 =3 =4 =5 =6
Code Code Code Code Code Code 7 2 1 1
=0 =0 =0 =0 =0 =0
8 2 2 2
FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT
=3
9 3 0 3
=0 =0 =0 =4 =0
10 3 1 4
11 3 2 5
Carrier 1 12 4 0 0
Carrier 1
PCI=0
PCI=12 13 4 1 1
14 4 2 2
15 5 0 3
Carrier 1 Carrier 1
Carrier 1 Carrier 1 16 5 1 4
PCI=6
PCI=9 PCI=18
PCI=15 17 5 2 5
18 6 0 0

Very poor PCI planning

Minimising Codes. 22
 PCI Planning Rules
•PCI planning is analogous to scrambling code planning in UMTS:
• a UE should never simultaneously receive the same PCI from more than 1 cell
• the isolation between cells using the same PCI should be maximised
• neighbour cells should not have the same PCI (collision free planning)
• neighbours of neighbours cell should not have the same PCI (confusion free
planning
• Never plan by minimising Codes
• Plan by Frequency shifts

Additionally, PCI planning should

account for ‘PCI mod’ rules:
• PCI mod 3
• PCI mod 6

23
 PCI Planning Rules
•The PCI
determines the
position of the Cell
specific Reference
Signal in the
frequency domain

•When using 2x2 or

4x4 MIMO, the
Resource Elements
allocated to the Cell
specific Reference
Signal coincide
every 3rd PCI value
24
 DLRS SNR

DLRS SINR

25
 PCI Planning Rules
•In practice, it is not possible to ensure that all neighbours have different
‘PCI mod 3’ results so compromise is to allocate:

–1 PCI group per 3 sector eNode B

–2 PCI groups per 6 sector eNode B

PCI=0 PCI=1 PCI=2 PCI=3 PCI= 4 PCI= 5

Group Group Group Group Group Group

=0 =0 =0 =1 =1 =1
Code =0 Code =1 Code =2 Code =0 Code =1 Code =2
FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT FREQ SHIFT
=0 =1 =2 =3 =4 =5

Carrier
1 PCI=0 Carrier
1 PCI=3
Minimising Groups
Carrier Carrier 1
1PCI=2 PCI=1 Carrier Carrier 1
1PCI=4 PCI=5 26
 PCI Rules

One site

For each cell, PCI = 3 (S-SCH) j + (P-SCH) k PCI:s with conflicting k values should
PCI = 0 … 503 be avoided within the same site and as
j = 0 … 167group
k = 0 … 2 ID neighbours

27
Typically 10-20 (3-sector sites
in a cluster)

1 PCI group per 3 sector eNode B

cluster

28
Using a planning tool
Very poor DLRS SINR

29
The UE pMax parameter is repeated in both SIB1 and SIB3
blocks?

Cell Search Read SIB’s Cell Random

Selection access

UE reads Channel Bandwidth

the MIB

UE reads Scheduling Information

the SIB 1 Value Tag

SIB2, SIB3, SIB4, SIB5,

UE reads
SIB6, SIB7, SIB8, SIB9,
the SIB
SIB10, SIB11, SIB12, SIB13
30
The UE pMax parameter is repeated in both SIB1 and SIB3
blocks?

Cell Search Read SIB’s Cell Random

Selection access

UE pMax
UE reads Channel Bandwidth Value applicable for the cell. If
the MIB absent the UE applies the maximum
power according to the UE
UE reads Scheduling Information capability. If eNB configures the
the SIB 1 Value Tag value more than the value
supported by the UE then UE will
SIB2, SIB3, SIB4, SIB5, set the max value aupported by the
UE reads
SIB6, SIB7, SIB8, SIB9, UE capability. Example UE
the SIB
SIB10, SIB11, SIB12, SIB13 Catagory 3 supports max 23 db

31
 The UE pMax parameter is repeated in both SIB1 and SIB3
blocks?
Serving Freq sNonIntraSearch
The Information
threshServingLow
SystemInformationBlockType3 Priority
(SIB3) contains cell re-selection Intra Freq qRxLevMin
information common for intra- Cell
pMax
Reselection
frequency, inter-frequency sIntraSearch
and/or inter-RAT cell re- Meas Bandwidth
selection
Neighbour Cell Config
SIB3 also contains cell Treselection
reselection priority information for Treselection Speed Scaling Factors
the concerned carrier frequency
sIntraSearchP
or a set of frequencies
sIntraSearchQ
sNonIntraSearchP
UE pMax allowed UL transmit power
sNonIntraSearchQ
for intra-frequency neighbouring E-
qQualMin
UTRA cells. If absent the UE applies
threshServingLowQ
the maximum power according to the
UE capability
32
 In the slides there is some additional material on PHICH
Subgroups. Whereas in the video it is not covered. Is there
some dimensioning calculation that planning engineers
need to know?

33
 MASTER INFORMATION BLOCK (MIB)

The MASTER INFORMATION BLOCK (MIB) includes a limited number of

most essential and most frequently transmitted parameters that are needed to
acquire other information from the cell. (SIB)

(MIB)

The MIB is transmitted on

Logical BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
BCH while all other SYSTEM
INFORMATION messages are
transmitted on DL-SCH
Transport BCH

MIB PCH DL-SCH MCH

• DL Bandwidth
• System Frame Number (SFN)
PHYS.
• PHICH Configuration
PBCH PDSCH PMCH REFERENCE
PDCCH SIGNALS

34
 Physical Hybrid
ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Logical BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH

 physical channels only exist

at the physical layer:
 PDCCH
Transport BCH
 PCFICH
 PHICH PCH DL-SCH MCH

Resource Elements
PHYS.
PBCH
PDSCH PMCH REFERENCE
PDCCH SIGNALS
PCFICH
PHICH

35
 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)-

The PHICH carries HARQ feedback information in the DL to the UEs.

In other words, the ACK or NACK of a previous UL transmission is signaled to
the sending UE via the PHICH.

uplink data sent on the PUSCH

This feedback information (1 bit) is
repeated three times and each triple is
orthogonally Walsh spread to four P2
complex symbols. P5
P4
P3
P2 Ack
P1
P1 Nack
P2
Ack • normal cyclic prefix: There
P3 are 8 different spreading
Ack codes available
P4 eNode B
Ack • 8 acknowledgements (from 8
Ack P5 different connections)

P2 36
 PHICH -Normal
 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) is used to signal
acknowledgements for uplink data sent on the PUSCH
 Prior to LTE Advanced, the UE can send only a single transport block per
subframe so only a single acknowlegement is required on the PHICH
 The acknowledgement is known as a HARQ Indicator and is coded as:
[+1 +1 +1 +1] = SF=4

Normal
12 symbols
12 symbols

• BPSK is used for the PHICH so these 3 bits are mapped onto 3 modulation
symbols
• The 3 modulation symbols are then spread:
– normal cyclic prefix: SF=4 to generate 12 symbols

37
 PHICH -Normal
 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) is used to signal
acknowledgements for uplink data sent on the PUSCH
 HARQ ACK/NACKs is straight forward: an ACK is 111, and a NACK is
000 (3 bits each).:

Normal

This feedback information (1 bit) is repeated three times and each

triple is orthogonally

12 symbols
000

eNode B
x
+1 +1 +1 +1
38
 PHICH -Normal
 When using the normal cyclic prefix:
 12 symbols are mapped onto 12 Resource Elements
 there are 8 different spreading codes available
 Thus, 8 acknowledgements (from 8 different connections)
can be mapped onto 12 Resource Elements
[+1 +1 +1 +1] = SF=4

Normal
12 symbols
12 symbols

• BPSK is used for the PHICH so these 3 bits are mapped onto 3 modulation
symbols
• The 3 modulation symbols are then spread:
– normal cyclic prefix: SF=4 to generate 12 symbols

39
 PHICH group
The base station transmits each hybrid ARQ indicator in the downlink control
region,
using a set of three resource element groups (12 resource elements) that is
known as a PHICH group.

resource element
12 resource elements

PHICH group

three resource element groups (12 resource elements) that is

known as a PHICH group. 40
 PHICH group
[+1 +1 +1 +1] = SF=4

Normal
12 symbols
12 symbols

resource element

12 resource elements
PHICH group

three resource element groups (12 resource elements) that is

known as a PHICH group. 41
 PHICH group
A PHICH group is not dedicated to a single mobile: instead, it is
shared amongst eight mobiles, by assigning each mobile a
different orthogonal sequence index.

resource element
• normal cyclic prefix: There are 8

12 resource elements
different spreading codes available

PHICH group
• Thus, 8 acknowledgements (from 8
different connections)

• A total of 8 orthogonal sequences have

been defined (3GPP TS 36.211)

three resource element groups (12 resource elements) that is

known as a PHICH group. 42
 PHICH group
A PHICH group is not dedicated to a single mobile: instead, it is
shared amongst eight mobiles, by assigning each mobile a
different orthogonal sequence index.
[+1 +1 +1 +1], [+1 −1 +1 −1]

12 resource elements
[+1 +1 −1 −1] [+1 −1 −1 +1],

PHICH group
12 symbols
000

eNode B
x
+1 +1 +1 +1
three resource element groups (12 resource elements) that is
known as a PHICH group. 43
 PHICH group

Each PHICH group

12 resource elements
can carry up to 8

PHICH group
PHICHs.

three resource element groups (12 resource elements) that is

known as a PHICH group.

44
 PHICH group
The number of PHICH groups depends on the cell bandwidth
and the value of Ng.

resource element

12 resource elements
PHICH group

There are 8 different spreading codes

available

three resource element groups (12 resource elements) that is

known as a PHICH group. 45
How many PHICH groups can be supported by a system
bandwidth ?
This can be determined by the system bandwidth (N_RB) and a special
parameter called Ng. These N_RB and Ng value is carried by MIB
12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Normal Cyclic
Prefix
MIB

7 symbols = 0.5 ms
12 subcarriers = 180 kHz

Extended Cyclic Prefix

Ng

6 symbols = 0.5 ms
Time Domain

46
MIB MIB

Normal
12 subcarriers

Cyclic
= 180 kHz

Prefix
Each frame is numbered
using a system frame
7 symbols = 0.5 ms
number (SFN), which
runs repeatedly from 0 to
1023
RB 1/6 1/2 1 2

6 (1.4 Mhz) 1 1 1 2

15 (3 Mhz) 1 1 2 4

25 (5Mhz) 1 2 4 7 PHICH groups

50 (10 Mhz) 2 4 7 13
4x8=32 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame
75 (15 Mhz) 2 5 10 19

100 (20 Mhz) 3 7 13 25

47
 Capacity of the PHICH - Example
As an example for the normal cyclic prefix and the 20 MHz
channel bandwidth, the number of PHICH groups can be:
3, 7, 13, 25
Normal
• Maximum 8 mobiles shared in one PHICH group when we use
normal CP.
3x8=24 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame The capacity of the PHICH is
determined by:
• number of spreading codes per
7x8=32 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame
group (8 or 4)
• number of groups
13x8=104 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame
PHICH groups
25x8=200 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame

RB 1/6 1/2 1 2

6 (1.4 Mhz) 1 1 1 2

15 (3 Mhz) 1 1 2 4

25 (5Mhz) 1 2 4 7

50 (10 Mhz) 2 4 7 13

75 (15 Mhz) 2 5 10 19

100 (20 Mhz) 3 7 13 25 48

Capacity of the PHICH – Example extended

As an example for the extended cyclic prefix and the 20

MHz channel bandwidth, the number of PHICH groups can
be:
3, 7, 13, 25
Extended
Maximum 4 mobiles shared in one PHICH group when we use
extended CP.

3x4=12 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame

7x4=28 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame
13x4=52 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame
25x4=100 HARQ acknowledgements per sub-frame

49
 In Closing
 Thank you for attending

50