LITREATURE REVIEW

1. HISTORY OF WATER PUMPING TECHNOLGY

Water is absolutely an indispensable substance to all living things due to its usability and link to
man’s existence. The availability of water has played a key role in the development of all
civilizations. As a result, a number of projects could not go on successfully in ancient times due
to water scarcity. Provision of large volume of waters became essential due to its significance,
which therefore called for a means through which sufficient, and good quality water can be
obtained.
Securing availability of water in regions of high altitudes requires the expenditure of energy.
Energy sources like electrical, mechanical, and energy from fossil fuels were unknown in ancient
times, manually operated mechanical devices, or devices driven by natural forces, such as wind,
had to be invented were popularly used during this times.
[ CITATION Sta15 \l 1033 ] made valuable insights into ancient water lifting technologies with their
apparent characteristics of durability, adaptability, and sustainability. Early devices for water
lifting, such as water wheels and chutes, pumps, such as helicoid pumps known as
“Archimedean” were invented and are still in use today, were discussed and evaluated in this
study.
The first real technological improvement in the history of water conveyance was the shadoof
referred to in many ways like denkli(or paecottah) in India, kilonion or kelonion in Hellas, daliya
in Irak, picottah inMalabar, lat in India. This was a seesaw-like device that had a large bucket at
one end and a counterweight on the other. One person could operate it, and it could lift enough
water in a day to irrigate an acre or so. Hydraulic mining was used in Gold fields of Northern
Spain utilizing the long aqueduct systems that later became much popular and were widely used
that period.
WATER PUMPS

HOW POTABLE WATER IS TO THE TOP OF THE BUILDING.

[ CITATION Wil16 \l 1033 ] Through the 1940’s, gravity roof tanks were a popular way to deliver water to
the top floors of high-rise buildings. Water was pumped up to the tank from a water main on ground level.
But the summer heat, winter cold, leaks and even pigeons contributed to the demise of these problematic
tanks. Throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s many buildings stopped using these rooftop gravity tanks and
replaced them with pneumatic pressure tank systems. These bulky systems were energy inefficient, using
an air compressor to provide the pressure to push water upward. Modern systems now tend to use a series
of booster pumps or pneumatic tank systems. These modern systems tend to be custom designed for each
particular structure.

WATER AUTOMATION USING ANDROID APPLICATION

A mobile application is a program which is designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone, tablet,
and watch. They are also being used in automatic water pump controller system for different purposes.
These applications can be categorized for two purposes; one for irrigation and two for different places
like hotel and household (Mazharul and Amjad, 2018 November 29)

Recent studies
A basic model of the android application is proposed Paul et al., (2015) which states that water pumps can
be switched ON and OFF with the assistance of radio transmitters and Wi-Fi router. The wastage of water
and the wastage of electricity can be avoided by this system. Users can check the water level of the tank
and turn the pump ON and OFF from remotely using the android application.

Observing the water level with the help of the ultrasonic sensor is given by Nikam et al., (2017). This
system helps to conserve water and keep track of water usage and inform the users in situations of abuse
of water. It assists the users to check the water level in the water tank. Moreover, users are capable to
observe their water usage using the android application. Also, using the android application can avoid the
wastage of water by cutting off the water supply.

A new architecture proposes for remote control of agricultural devices by Patil and Nikam, (2016). This
paper proposes the automation system with the latest electronic technology using microcontroller and
Bluetooth device. This system provides the reminder to the user so that their irrigation activity can take
place on time. From the advantage of android application, farmers are capable to manage the water pump
and irrigation process remotely.

A model of variable rate microcontroller based automated irrigation system has been proposed by Jia et
al., (2012). Solar power has been used as the only source of power to control the entire process. Without
visiting the agricultural land, farmers can find the information about the moisture level. Farmers can
control the water pump based on the moisture level by sending a message from his/her cellular phone.
Even when the farmers are away, the automated irrigation system always confirms the exact level of
water in the agricultural lands.

SENSING AND MEASURING ELEMENTS.

Automatic pump control and valve operation sensing and measuring elements will detect values
of changes in liquid level pressure or flow rate and emit a signal which may be amplified and/or
converted into another medium in a transducer as rotary motion or air pressure to electric voltage
[ CITATION JPA12 \l 1033 ]. The most common primary devices used in waterworks are liquid level
sensors, pressure and flow meters.
AUTOMATIC WATER PUMP CONTROL USING CONSTANT PRESSURE:
The paper [ CITATION Phi17 \l 1033 ] was concerned with setting the pressure at the remote node of
a variable speed pumps (VSPs) to be low and constant while ensuring that the pressure is high
enough for the consumers. The advantage of this was a reduction in pipe damages and water
leakages as was most experienced by high pressure systems. Additionally, the study shows about
3.8 times reduction in the energy cost of pumping.
How do pressure sensors in water pump designs work?
The pump and water system designers have looked for alternative solutions. First amongst them
is the new Variable Speed Pumps (VSP). VSPs use a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) or
Variable Speed Drive (VSD) to continuously optimize the pump speed and power consumption
while maintaining constant outlet pressure of the pump. In such scenarios, pressure sensors are
essential. A pressure sensor converts the outlet pressure to an electrical signal which the VFD
uses to adjust the pump’s speed and is either included as an integral part of the pump design or
mounted externally as part of a total solution. Similarly, in many cases, a high cut-out pressure
switch is mounted to prevent the pump from outputting extreme pressure. An additional pressure
sensor can also be mounted on the inlet of the pump to monitor efficiency (Mullen, 2019 July 2).

AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER WATER PUMPS

These are a product that was created to automatically control a motor, which helps to ensure a constant
reserve of water in a storage tank. These automatic water level controllers are used to automatically fill
the over-head tank when it starts or has become empty as well as monitor the water level in it.
Automatic water level controllers switch the motor on whenever the water level drops below a certain
level and shuts the motor off when the water rises well above a fixed level. The motor will also switch
off when the sump water is exhausted before it fills the over-head tank, or if the pump is running dry as
well as maintains voltage fluctuations. These are state of the art advanced, digital technology micro-
controller based products. This system is quite versatile. There is also custom made variations such as
control of multiple pumps or multiple tanks.

Recent studies
[ CITATION Ala16 \l 1033 ] designed a system that monitors water level controls the pump to prevent
unnecessary breakdown and maximize water storage without wastage of water. In this system, three water
level sensors were used to monitor the water level both from the ground level water reservoir and from
the rooftop tank. When the water from the reservoir tank decreases to a point of concern, the pump is
turned off and also when the rooftop water tank is about 95% full, the pump is turned off.

[ CITATION MdS16 \l 1033 ] The project designed water level indicator with automatic water pump
controlling system. The system uses a microcontroller takes input through the sensor unit that senses the
water level. After taking input, then its output determines the pump's action (on/off) with respect to
current water status of the tank. The digital display unit indicates the status of pump and water level. This
device also monitors the state of level of water whether it is stable, increasing or decreasing with what
velocity.

Ishwar and Kumar (2013) constructed experimental setup which consists of a motor pump which is
switched ON when the overhead tank is about to go dry and switched OFF when the overhead tank is
about to overflow. Metallic contacts sensors are used. When water comes in contact with these sensors,
the circuit gets completed and signal is generated. This signal is fed to logic circuit to get correct actuator
signal.

Pump selection

A centrifugal pump is a very simple and versatile pump that produces a smooth, even flow. It has a
maximum suction Figure 1. Water is pumped from the well through the pitless adapter to the pressure
tank, then to various water fixtures in the building.
lift of 25 feet and a maximum total lift of 300 feet. The rotating impeller develops a partial vacuum at the
eye of the impel-ler that provides the suction lift. The impeller increases the velocity of the water. The
diffuser converts the velocity to pressure. The pump must be primed to begin operation. Any leak on the
intake can cause the pump to lose prime. It works well as a booster pump.

Pressure Switch
The pressure switch, usually located at or near the pressure tank, is the brain of the system.
Because it is near the pressure tank, it can even out any pressure fluctuations caused by the pump
turning on and off. After being set by the manufacturer or the installer, it determines the
pressures at which the pump will start and stop. Usually, a pressure switch can be adjusted after
installation.
Pressure Storage Tanks
The pressure tank in a private water system has three purposes. It stores water and provides
water under pressure when the pump is not running. It builds up a reserve supply of water so the
pump starts and stops less often, prolonging the life of the pump. In addition, it provides a
reserve supply of water for use during times of high demand.
Operation of a pressure tank is based on physical proper-ties. Water cannot be compressed into a
smaller area, while air can. When water is pumped into a tank containing air, the air is
compressed, putting the water under pressure. The more the air is compressed, the greater the
water pressure. When the water reaches a preset level, typically 40 to 60 pounds per square inch
(psi), the pump automatically shuts off. As water is used, the pressure in the tank is lowered.
When the water reaches a preset level, typically 20 to 40 psi, the pump starts again.
The minimum tank pressure must be at least as high as the pressure needed by any fixture or
outlet. Almost all require at least 10 psi to operate properly. Water treatment units, water
softeners, clothes washers, and dishwashers require at least 30 psi.
The type of pressure tank is determined by the type of water pump, the amount of water used,
and the water yield from a well. Older types of pressure tanks include galvanized steel pressure
tanks and galvanized steel tanks with a floating wafer. Now, pressure tanks with a diaphragm,
and pressure tanks with a rubber bladder are com-mon. A bladder tank is often used with systems
utilizing a submersible pump.
Upto until 1970, the most com-mon type of pressure tank used with a private water system was a
galvanized steel tank (Figure 3). This was used with jet, centrifugal, and piston pumps. This type
of tank has a separate inlet and outlet, and requires an air volume control to maintain the
appropriate air-to-water volume in the tank. The galvanized steel tank usually is located within 4
feet of the water pump because the intake side of the pump supplies the force to replenish the air
in the tank. They do not need to be placed near submersible pumps or reciprocating pumps that
have a separate air pump attached.
A disadvantage of the galvanized steel tank is that air and water are in direct contact with each
other. Water can absorb some of the air, so the air must be replaced to prevent the tank from
becoming waterlogged. If this happens, there is little air left in the tank to become compressed,
so the pump runs nearly every time water is used. In addition, too much air in the tank is a
problem because it reduces the space for water storage. Extra air must be released or the tank
will become air-bound. An air-volume device attached to a steel pressure tank will control the
volume of air automatically. These are designed to work with specific types of pump, well, and
piping systems. The steel galvanized tank with a wafer has a floating wafer that separates the air
from water (Figure 4). This almost doubles the usable stor

What are the Components of a Water Pressure Boosting System

Our sketch, courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates and edited by the author shows a simple one
line jet-pump and pressure tank connected to the incoming water line in a building. Our photo at
page top shows a typical water pressure booster pump and tank system for sale at Don Pedro's
Ferreteria in San Miguel de Allende.
The incoming community water supply line which normally is fed through a pressure regulator
and into building supply piping is first connected to a water pump, usually a 1-line jet pump. The
pressure regulator control is not shown in this sketch.
The water pump is in turn connected to a pressure tank, possibly a large one to give a good high
pressure water supply to the building.
As water is drawn into the home (someone turns on a faucet) the pressure tank feeds pump-
boosted water pressure to the building, and as water pressure drops in the water tank, the jet
pump draws more water from the community supply line, boosting its pressure into the pressure
tank.
Typically the booster pump pressure control switch will be set to operate in the 30-50 psi range,
providing good water pressure to the building.
In a private well water supply system this pump and tank combination may be connected directly
to the well, that is, the incoming water line shown in the left of the sketch is connected to a foot
valve immersed in the water well.