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1 English Grammar in Gujarati Best PDF
1 English Grammar in Gujarati Best PDF
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START
Present
1. Simple He writes (a letter) ,B[ K[P
2. Continuous He is writing ðð ðð ,B[ K[P sVtIFZ[f
Written
12. Perfect He will have ,BL ZCIM CX[
Continuous Been writing ðð ðð
13. Present conditional He would write ,B[
14. Conditional continuous He would be writing ,BTM CMI
15. Perfect conditional He would have written ,bIM CMI S[ CMT
16. Conditional continuous He would have been writing ,BL ZCIM CMI
V\U|[_DF\ SF/
5]P ;FNM JT”DFGSF/ sI + K[f RF,] JT”DFGSF/ sI + K[f
[ 4]
V[P JP AP JP V[[P JP AP JP
1 I go We go I am going We are going
C]\ HFp\ K]P VD[ H>V[ KLV[ C]\ sVtIFZ[f HFp K]\ VD[ VtIFZ[ H>V[ KLV[
2 You go You go You are going You are going
T] HFI K[P TD[ HFJ K[ T] sVtIFZ[f HFI K[ TD[ sVtIFZ[f HFJ KM
3 He goes They go He is going They are going
T[ HFI K[P T[VM HFI K[P T[ sVtIFZ[fHFI K[P T[VM sVtIFZ[f HFI K[P
;FNM E}TSF/ sIMf RF,] E}TSF/ sTM + CTMf
1 I went We went I was going We were going
C]\ UIM VD[ UIF C]\ HTM CTM VD[ HTF CTF
2 You went You went You were going You were going
T] UIM TD[ UIF T]\ HTM CTM TD[ HTF CTF
TENSES IN ENGLISH
5}6” JT”DFG SF/ sIM + K[f RF,] 5}6” JT”DFGSF/ sZCIM K[f
V[P JP AP JP V[[P JP AP JP
[ 5]
1 I have gone We have gone I have been going We have been going
C]\ UIM K]P VD[ UIF KLV[ C]\ H> ZCIM K]\ VD[ H> ZCIF KLV[
2 You have gone You have gone You have been going You have been going
T] UIM K[P TD[ UIF KM T] H> ZCIM KM TD[ H> ZCIF KM
3 He has gone They have gone He has been going They have been going
T[ UIM K[P T[VM UIF K[P T[ H> ZCIM K[P T[VM H> ZCIF K[P
5}6” E}TSF/ sIM + CTMf RF,] 5}6” E}TSF/ sZCIF CTMf
1 I had gone We had gone I had been going We had been going
C]\ UIM CTM VD[ UIF UIF C]\ H. ZCIM CTM VD[ H> ZCIF CTF
2 You had gone You had gone You had been going You had been going
T] UIM CTM TD[ UIF CTF T]\ H> ZCMI CTM TD[ H> ZCIF CTF
3 He had gone They had gone He had been going They had been going
T[ UIM CTM TVM UIF CTF T[ H> ZCMI CTM T[VM H> ZCIF CTF
5}6” ElJqISF/ sIM +CX[f RF,] 5}6” ElJqISF/ sZCIM CX[f
1 I shall have gone We shall have gone I shall have been going We shall have been going
C]\ UIM CM>X VD[ UIF CX]\ C]\ H> ZCIM CM>X VD[ H> ZCIF CX]\
2 You will have gone You will have gone You will have been going You will have been going
T]\ UM CM>X TD[ UIF CXM T]\ H> ZCIM CX[ TD[ H> ZCIF CXF[
3 He will have gone They will have gone He will have been going They will have been going
T[ UIM CX[ T[VM UIF CX[ T]\ H. ZCIM CX[ T[VM H> ZCIF CX[
2 You call You call You are calling You are calling
T] AM,FJ[ K[P TD[ AM,FJM KM T]\ sVPf AM,FJ[ K[P TD[ sVPf AM,FJM KM
3 He calls They calls He is calling They are calling
T[ AM,FJ[ K[P T[VM AM,FJ[ K[P T[ sVPf AM,FJ[ K[P T[VM sVPf AM,FJ[ K[P
;FNM E}TSF/ sIMf RF,] E}TSF/ sTM CTMf
1 I called We called I was calling We were calling
D[\ AM,FjIM VD[ AM,FjIM C]\ AM,FJTM CTM VD[ AM,FJTF CTM
2 You called You called You were calling You were calling
T[ AM,FjIM TD[ AM,FjIM T] AM,FJTM CTM TD[ AM,FJTF CTF
3 He called They called He was calling They were calling
T[6[ AM,FjIM T[VMV[ AM,FjIM T[ AM,FJTM CTM T[VM AM,FJTF CTF
;FNM ElJqISF/ s>Xf RF,] ElJqISF/ sTM CX[f
1 I shall call We shall call I shall be calling We shall be calling
C]\ AM,FJLX VD[ AM,FJLX]\ C]\ AM,FJTM CM>X VD[ AM,FJTF CX]\
2 You will call You will call You will be calling You will be calling
T]\ AM,FJLX TD[ AM,FJXM T] AM,FJTM CM>X TD[ AM,FJTF CXM
3 He will call They will call He will be calling They will be calling
T[ A,FJX[ T[VM AM,FJX[ T[ AM,FJTM CX[ T[VM AM,FJTF CX[
5}6” JT”DFG SF/ sIM + K[\f RF,] 5}6” JT”DFGSF/ sZCIM K[P\f
V[P JP AP JP V[[P JP AP JP
1 I have called We have called I have been calling We have been calling
D[\ AM,FjIM K[P VD[ AM,FjIM K[P C]\ AM,FJL ZCIM K]\ VD[ AM,FJL ZCIF KLV[
2 You have called You have called You have been calling You have been calling
T[ AM,FjIM K[P TD[ AM,FjIM K[P T]\ AM,FJL ZCIM K[P TD[ AM,FJL ZCIF KMP
3 He has called They have called He has been calling They have been calling
[ 7]
T[6[ AM,FjIM K[P T[VMV[ AM,FjIM K[P T[ AM,FJL ZCIM K[P T[VM AM,FJL ZCIF K[P
5}6” E}TSF/ sIM CTMf RF,] 5}6” E}TSF/ sZCIM CTMf
1 I had called We had called I had been calling We had been calling
D[\ AM,FjIM CTM VD[ AM,FjIM CTM C]\ AM,FJL ZCIM CTM VD[ AM,FJL ZCIF CTF
2 You had called You had called You had been calling You had been calling
T[ AM,FjIM CTM TD[ AM,FjIM CTM T] AM,FJL ZCIM CTM TD[ AM,FJL ZCIF CTF
3 He had called They had called He had been calling They had been calling
T[6[ AM,FjIM CTM T[VMV[ AM,FjIM CTM T[ AM,FJL ZCIM CTM T[VM AM,FJL ZCIF CTF
5}6” ElJqISF/ sIM CX[f RF,] 5}6” ElJqISF/ sZCIM CX[f
1 I shall have called We shall have called I shall have been calling We shall have been calling
D[\ AM,FjIM CX[ VD[ AM,FjIM CX[ C]\ AM,FJL ZCIM CM>X çççççççç
2 You will have called You will have called You will have been calling You will have been calling
T[\ AM,FjIM CX[ TD[ AM,FjIM CX[ çççççççç çççççççç
3 He will have called They will have called He will have been calling They will have been calling
T[6[ AM,FjIM CX[ T[VMV[ AM,FjIM CX[ çççççççç çççççççç
SF/GF 5|`GFY”
;FNM JT”DFGSF/ RF,]
Does he go? He does not go Do they go? They do not go Is he going? He is not going
;FNM E}TSF/ RF,]
I went We went I was going
Did I go? I did not go Did we go? We did not go Was I going? I was not going
You went You went You were going
Did you go? You did not go Did you go? You did not go Were you going? You were not
going
He went They went He was going
Did he go? He did not go Did they go? They did not go Was he going? He was not
going
;FNM ElJqISF/ RF,]
I shall go We shall go I shall be going
Shall I go? I shall not go Shall we go? we shall not go Shall I be going? I shall not be
going
You will go You will go You will be going
Will you go? you will not go Will you go? You will not go Will you be going? You will not
be going
He will go They will go Will he be going
Will be go? He will not go Will they go? they will not go He will be going
He will not be going
RFP 5}P JP I have been going – Have I been going? – I have not been going
RFP 5}P E}P I had been going – Had I been going? – I had not be going
RFP 5}P EP I shall have been going – shall I have been going? I shall not have been going
~5M o I go - We go Do I go ? - Do we go?
You go - You go Do you go? - Do you go?
He goes - They go Does he go? - Do they go?
I do not go -- We do not go
You do not go -- You do not go
He does not go -- They do not go
VF SF/F ZMlH\NL lS|IFVM sAlways—CD[\XF YTL VtIFZGL GCLP not now) 8[J D]HAGL
lGIlDT lS|IFVM (habitual or routine activities), ;FDFgI ;tIM (general truths) S[ ;GFTG ;tIM4
:YFIL lS|IFVM4 SC[JTM4 plSTVM4 ;}+M TYF lGIDM DF8[ J5ZFI K[P VF SF/ ;FY[ AC]WF
always, daily, everyday, every week, often s36LJFZf4 frequently sJFZ\JFZf rarely sEFuI[H4
HJÿ,[4 SJlRT®f usually, generally s;FDFgITof occasionally s5|;\UM5FTf once a month >ü
XaNM 56 HMJF D/[ K[P
[ 10]
NFP TP
o I go to school at 10-30
o He generally sits on the first bench. But today he is sitting on the last bench
o The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
56 VtIFZ[ H pUTM CMI TM
o Look, the sun is rising.
o He usually sDM8[EFU[f catches the 9-30 bus.
o We seldom sEFuI[Hf speak Sanskrit
o He often prepares his own tea.
o I never read novels.
The sum of the angles of a triangle is two right angles. l+SM6GF B}6FVMGM
;ZJF/M A[ SF8B}6F AZFAZ YFI K[P If the two sides of a triangle are equal.
The angles opposite to these sides are equal.
Just as a person give up worn out clothes and puts on other new ones, so does
the embodied self give up discrepit bodies not enter new ones.
o Geography : Nq8F\TM
How do seasons change ?
We know that the earth revolves round the sun and also rotates on its axis. Days
and nights are caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis. The axis of the
earth makes an angle of 23 1/2 with the vertical. It is this inclination which
causes changes in season.
o About Finland
It is often said that Finland is a small country. A glance at the map, however,
belies this with a total area of 130,128 sq. miles, Finland is larger than Great
Britain, but her population is only 4.7 million. The majority live in central and
southern Finland. The northernmost part, Lapland is sparsely inhabited. Vast
forests of spruce, pine and birch cover most of the land nad the thick
undergrowth is full of flowers and berries. There are about 60,000 lakes of all
sizes connected by narrow channels and short rivers. Tideless seas wash the
coastline. Fish abound in the seas, rivers and lakes. The highest land is in
Lapland the country of scenic fells where reindeer roam.
o ;FlCtIDF\ o
“For the first time Drydon introduces the notion of literature as an organic force
which develops with the development of a nation, expressing the impulses of
each new age in a manner suited to its growth”
[ 12]
o J/L V\U|[_DF\ 36F lS|IF5NM V[JF K[ H[ RF,] JT”DFG SF/DF\ J5ZFTF GYLP T[GM
5|IMU ;FNF JT”DFGSF/DF\ H YFI K[P VFJL lS|IFVM V{lrKS (deliberate) GYL 56
VG{lrKS (involuntary VYJF automatic) CMI K[P
NFP TP o HMJFGL4 ;F\E/JFGL4 lJRFZJFGL lS|IFVM VF5D[/[ YTL CMI K[P VFJF
lS|IF5NMG]\ GLR[ D]HA JUL”SZ6 SZL XSFIP
love, hate slTZ:SFZJ]\f like, dislike, loathe sGOZT SZJLf detest slTZ:SFZJ]\f want,
wish, desire s>rKJ]\f hope, prefer, >ü
think, slJRFZJ]\f4 suppose sWFZJ]\f assume sDFGL,J]\f remember sIFN ZFBJ]\f forget
sE],L HJ]\f4 know understand, realize sbIF, VFJJMf consider, agree imagine
sSÿ5GF SZJLf4 mean, mind expect sWFZ6F SZJLf trust >ü
A Postman
Points :- 1. His appearance. 2. Daily duties 3. Hard work. 4. Qualities.
[ 16]
Difficult Words
Slung – Hanging ; B\E[ l8\UFT] Mail – Letters; 85F,GF SFU/M
Distribute – Give out; JC[\RJ]\ Delivers-Hands;CFYMCFY JC[\R[ K[
;FDF 5’q9 5Z ‘The postman’ lGA\W VF%IM K[P V[ 5|DF6[ NZ[S jIlST lJX[GF
lGA\WM ;FNF JT”DFGSF/DF\ H ,BFI K[P The farmer, The nurse, The hawker >ü
VFD jIlST lJQ[GF\ ZM_NF SFI” (daily routine) NXF”JJF ;FNF JT”DFGSF/GM p5IMU
YFI K[P 56 HM jIlST lJX[GL E}TSF/GL l;lwW J6”JJL CMI TM ;FNM E}TSF/ 56
;FY[ J5ZFI K[P NFP TP DFZM l5|I (My favourite sportsman) ZDTJLZ VCL\
[ 17]
E}TSF/GL 38GFVMGM 56 ;DFJ[X YFI K[P V[8,[ ;FNM JT”DFGSF/ + ;FNM E}TSF/
J5ZFI K[P
WMP XII DF8[ p5IMUL GLR[GM lGA\W H]VMP
My Favourite Sportsman
He has never looked back since he entered Test arena. His test match
records are splendid. In a one-day match against Pakistan he hit four sixes and a
four in an over from Abdul Kadir, the best spin bowler in the world !
On the Indian tours of New Zealand and England he has played
magnificently, so magnificently that admiring girls in England languished for the
favour of his friendship, while the middle-aged mothers longed to adopt him as
their son. The shy Sachin had to run away for safe shelters.
Back in Bombay he has been a cynosure of all eyes. The shy sophomore of
Kirti College has become the most sought-after celebrity in cultural, industrial,
sports and even the film circles He has the technique and temperament for the
big occasion plus an opulent repertoire of strokes He has the flair, makes
flourishes with his bat at the crease and is fascinating to watch.
He is a dare-devil who can put to the sword the best of bowlers, if the
occasion demands.
To sum up, one can quote from Imran Khan : “Tendulkar’s career will have
its ups and downs.”
But at the moment he stands on the threshold of greatness.
“It’s her eyes. They pierce right into your eyes, summing you up in one
shrewd flicker. The next instant they twinkle at you, innocent child-like. An
intense aura flows out of her bright saffron robes, as she articulates her
thoughts, clearly, passionately. Even her short hair – frowned upon by other
members of her ill-stands testimony to the rebel she has always been. Uma
Bharti, our savvy woman this month, stands on the lawn of the party office. The
atmosphere is charged with enthusiasm and buoyancy. It is as if the place has
come alive by her mere presence. People mill around her. Not only is she
comfortable, she heartily enjoys the adulation with unpretentious candour. The
crowd hankers for the glimpse of her. A few even touch her feet……. she greets
a few with a smile. Others she dismisses within seconds.
o J/L sports events, commentaries S|lDS 38GFVM4 V{TCFl;S 38GFVM4 GF8SLI
38GFVM >ü G[ TFNxI SZJFDF\ dramatic narrative ;CH J5ZFI K[P
o Bedi comes and bowls to Sobers…
o Shri Ram lifts the bow and breaks it. Sitaji immediately garlands him.
[ 20]
He hums a song as he walks along a gravel path, not a care in the world.
He throws his head up and laughs, reads a book, goes for long walks. He talks to
the birds when he is not feeding them or just sits in nature’s midst. No files to
read, no meetings to attend. No speeches to make or secret parleys to worry
about….
“I am taking a holiday now. Go and talk to the people in the new Govt,”
he says, visibly relieved to be away from it all. There is no rancor or regret.
Chandra Shekhar now spends most of his day supervising the construction
on his farmhouse.
“Running the country was easier. You only had to give instructions. Now I
have to get the work done myself,” he smiles wiping out the sweat from his
brow.
o N; modal auxiliaries.
shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must VG[ought to – VF
~5MG[ SIFZ[S ing 5|tII ,FUTM GYL VF56[ SIFZ[I can-ing, could-ing SZTF
GYL !
o Above all ;F{YL JWFZ[ TM jIF5S ZLT[ J5ZFTF primary auxiliaries : to be, to have
sVD]S V5JFNMG[ AFN SZTFf G[ RF,] SF/GF ~5M GYLP
(be lS|IF5NG]\ RF,] JT”DFGSF/G]\ ~5 SD”l6 5|IMUDF\ H J5ZFI K[P
NFP TP He is being informed)
(have lS|IF5N 56 give S[ take GF VY”DF\ H RF,] SF/DF\ J5ZFI K[P We are
having a party. VgI+ GCLP
o GMW o to be GF ~5M –is, are, am, was, were >ü introductory ‘there’ ;FY[
lJX[Q J5ZFI K[ H[GF lJX[ VgI+ RRF” SZL K[P
o RF,] JT”DFGSF/G[ AN,[ VF SF/ SJlRT® here VG[ there GL ;FY[ pN®UFZ
JFSIDF\ 56 J5ZFI K[P
- Here comes the bus! V[ A; VFJ[!
- There she goes ! T[6L V[ HFI!
o SJlRT® SM> IMHGFAŒ4 GSSL 38GF DF8[ ElJqISF/G[ AN,[ ;FNM JT”DFGSF/
J5ZFI K[P
- The school opens on the 17th June
- When does the school reopen? XF/F SIFZ[ B},[ K[Pm
o In clauses of time and condition (type – 1) ElJqISF/G[ AN,[ ;FNM JT”DFGSF/
J5ZFI K[P VCL\ p5JFSIDF\ when, as soon as, while >ü XaNM CMI K[P H[D S[
- If you (will) come, we shall go for a walk.
- I shall go after I (shall) have finished my work
- I shall wait till you (will) finish your lunch. VCL\ shall, will VwIFCFZ ZC[ K[P
VF lGID 36M VUtIGM K[P 36L E},M lGJFZJF DF8[ VF lGID DGG5}6” K[P
o Prof. K. Das says, “In fact, if we try to analyse the sentence patterns in
everyday speech and in works of great English writers, we shall find that it is
the simple present and not the present continuous that we need every now
and then. (Its average ratio is (87/13)
VF VlE5|FI p5ZYL VF SF/GL VUtITF VF\SL XSFI K[P
o ;FDFgI ZLT[ E}TSF/GL JFTDF\ SM> RMSS; ;DI lGN[XJF/L VYJF SM> V[S
JBTGL 5}6” 38GFJF/L JFT H VFJTL CMJFYL VFSF/ G]\ O,S AC] lJXF/ K[P
o 5F9I 5]:TSM4 KF5FVM4 D[U[hLGM4 JFTF”VM >ü DF\ VF SF/ ;J”+ KJFI[,M ZC[ K[P
VG[ T[GM jIF5S p5IMU HMJF D/[ K[P AWF SF/GF\ p5IMUDF\ T[G\ :YFG No. 1
K[P
o ;FDFgI ZLT[ lS|IF5NMG[ ,UF0LG[ ;FNM E}TSF/ AGFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[D S[ç
V[8,[ S[ ;DU| lS|IF5NMDF\ V[SFNçA[ 8SF VlGIlDT lS|IF5NMGM DCFJZM JW] Sl-G
GYL AGTM !
;FNF E}TSF/GM p5IMUPPP
1. RF{SS; ;DI lGN"[X CMI tIFZ[PPP
- I saw him yesterday.
- I passed my S. S. C. Exam. In 1960.
- I went to Bombay last year.
- The train left ten minutes ago.
- I met him at 5 p. m.
2. RF{SS; ;DI lGN[[ªX G CMI 56 38GFGF ;\NE” ŒFZF VF56[ ;D_ XSLV[ S[ VD]S
;DI[ T[ 5}ZL Y> U> K[P tIFZ[ ;FNM E}TSF/ J5ZFI K[P
(In such cases the time is implied or indicated by the context)
- I didn’t sleep well (i. e. last night)
- He retained his parliamentary seat (i. e. in the last election)
3. V[S 38GF 5}6” Y> U> CMJFYL T[GM ;DI 5}ZM YIM K[ V[ ;FNF E}TSF/DF\ Ol,T
YFI K[P
NFP TP He worked in the school for 10 years.
sV[GM VY” V[ YFI S[ T[ CJ[ SFD SZTM GYLPf
He worked there for a long time.
sV[GM VY” V[ 56 YFI S[ T[ CJ[ SFD SZTM GYLPf
$P 36LJFZ used to VG[ would GL DFOS V[ past habit DF8[ J5ZFI K[P
- He used to smoke when he was young.
- He would sit there on the river bank for hours.
W]D|5FG SZTM4 A[;TM4 V[JF H VY”DF\ ;FNM E}TSF/ J5ZFI K[P
- When he wasin Bombay he went to Juhu Beach regularly.
JFTF”DF\ o JFTF”VMDF\ ;FNM E}TSF/ H J5ZFI K[P GLR[GL JFTF” JF\RL E}TSF/GF ~5M
XMWJF 5|ItG SZMP
A cunning jackal wanted to enjoy a feast to water melons. But he had to cross a
river to reach the melon field on the other side of the bank. So he went to a camel and
said, “Mr. Camel, there are lovely melons across the river. If you carry me across I shall
show you, where they are. Then we can both feast on melons.”
The camel agreed to carry the jackal across the river. They reached the field.
The jackal ate the melons very fast. The camel was very slow. After the jackal finished
eating, he started howling. “Why do you howl ?” said the camel, “If you howl the
farmer will catch us.” But the jackal replied. “It is my habit to howl after my meal. So, I
The howls brought the owner to the field. The jackal ran away. The camel was
left alone He was soundly beaten by the farmer and his men.
The time came for the return journey. The jackal mounted the camel’s back;
The camel started crossing the river. He reached the middle of the stream. Then he
rolled about in the water. The jackel was alarmed. “Why do you roll in the water? ”
said he. The camel replied, “It is my habit to roll after my meal. “The jackal was thrown
off into the river. He got drowned, The camel thus took revenge on the jackal for
betraying him to the farmer. This teaches us that meaness is always punished.
[ 27]
GM\W o AM,RF,GL EFQFDF\ (Spoken English) DF\ VF ~5MGF ;\l1%T ~5M I’ve
gone, We gone H J5ZFI K[P
o VF SF/G]\ GFD 5}6” JT”DFGSF/ K[P 56 JF:TJFDF\ T[ E}TSF/ H K[P lCgNLDF\ T[G[
ïVF;gG E}TSF,ð SC[ K[P VF;gG V[8,[ G_SGM4 TFH[TZGM V[8,[ S[ VnTGo ;C[H[
V[S 5|`G YFI S[ TM 5KL T[G[ JT”DFGSF/ S[D SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[m
- ;FNF E}TSF/DF\ HIFZ[ VF56[ ç ïT[ UIMð SCLV[ KLV[ tIFZ[ V[S lS|IF tIF\ 5}6” YFI
K[P HIFZ[ VF56[ ïT[ UIM K[ð SCLV[ KLV[ tIFZ[ ïUIMð 5KL ïK[ð GF 5|tIIYL T[
lS|IFG[ VF56[ JT”DFG ;]WL ,\AFJLV[ KLV[P 8}\SDF\ jIFSZ6GL EFQFDF\ SCLV[ TM VF
E}TSF/G[ JT”DFG ;FY[ ;FS/4 S0L4 ;\A\W S[ V;Z CMJFG[ SFZ6[ T[G[ VF56[ ï5}6”
JT”DFGSF/ð SCLV[ KLV[P
- VF ;F\S/4 S0L4 ;\A\W S[ V;Z V[8,[ X]\m
NFP TP
Babar founded the Moghul Empire on 1526.
AFAZ[ !5Z^DF\ DMU, ;FD|FHI :YF%I]\P
[ 28]
ç HM S[ VF ~5M ;C[,F K[P SFZ6 S[ H[ E}TSF/GF lS|IF5NG[ 5|tII ,FU[ K[P T[H
5|tII E]TS’NgTG[ ,FU[ K[P V[8,[ S[ ((é E}TSF/GF VG[ E]TS’NgTGF 5|tIIM
;ZBF K[P NFP TP
V1 V2 V3
Walk Walked Walked
talk talked talked
admire admired admired
play played played
ç VUFp H6FjI] T[D V[SFNçA[ 8SF H[8,F V[8,[ S[ !))ç!5) ~5MH VlGIlDT K[P
H[GM D]B5F9 SZJM ;C[,M K[P
5}6” JT”DFGSF/GM p5IMU
s!f CD6F\ H 5]ZL YI[,L lS|IFVM DF8[ o H[D S[P
He has just gone out. T[ CD6F H ACFZ UIM K[P
It has just struck ten. CD6F H NX JFuIF K[P
[ 30]
sZf E}TSF/DF\ lS|IF X~ Y> CMI VG[ CH] RF,] CMI H[D S[P
- We have lived here for 10 year.
- VD[ N; JQ”YL VCL\ ZCLV[ KLV[ sVG[ CH] ZC[JFG]\ RF,] K[Pf
- He has been ill since last week.
K[ÿ,F V9JF0LIFYL T[ DF\NM K[P sVG[ CH] DF\NUL RF,] K[Pf
- I have worked in this firm for the last 10 years.
D[\ VF 5[-LDF\ K[ÿ,F N; JQ”YL SFD SI]\ K[P sVG[ CH] RF,] K[Pf
- I have worked in this firm since 1980.
!(*) YL SFD SI]”\ K[P sVG[ CH] GMSZL RF,] K[Pf
s#f E]TSF/GL 38GF 56 V;Z RF,] CMI tIFZ[
- I have finished my work sCJ[ C]\ K]8M K]\f
- I have cut my finger (and it is bleeding now)
s$f E]TSF/GL 38GF H[GM ;DI RMSS; GYL VYJF VF%IM GYLP
- I have never known him to he angry
D[\ T[G[ SIFZ[I U]:;[ YTF HMIM GYLP
VF SF/ E]TSF/ VG[ JT”DFGSF/G]\ lDz6 CMJFYL ;FNF E]TSF/GL ;FY[
KF5FVMDF\4 Z[l0IM4 8LPJLP VC[JF,MDF\4 5+MDF\4 ;\JFNDF\ 5}6” JT”DFGSF/
VJFZGJFZ 0MlSIF\ SZTM ZC[ K[P
[ 31]
sZf HIFZ[ E}TSF/GL V[S 38GF H[ AGL K[ T[ lA\N]YL T[ VUFpGF 5|;\U TZO GHZ GFBLV[
(Looking back on earlier action from a certain point in the past) tIFZ[ 5}6”
HF]VM DCFG ,[BS Irving Wallace GL best seller, “The Seventh Secret” G]\
VJTZ6
“Her hurt had remained, yet was gradually diminishing Realistically she
knew her pain had not been caused by the loss of love, but by wounded pride.
Soon, looking back, she had been able to see that what she had really
wanted was not Jeremy and himself but conformity in marriage, a home and
children of her own. The idea of breaking away from lecturing had appealed to
her more than Jeremy had. She had been fond of him, of course. But when the
air cleared, she had been able to see that an alliance with Jeremy would have
been a disaster. After hurt had coagulated into distate, the memory of him had
Thank God, she had a fallback position. With renewed energy she had
thrown herself into the completion of the Hitler biography. Increasingly by the
book and her father had once more become the most important things in her
life.”
# (a) 5}6” E]TSF/G[ HIFZ[ VUFpGM E]TSF/ TZLS[ J6”JLV[ KLV[ tIFZ[ said Direct speech
5KLGF Indirect speech DF\ O[ZJTF Reported speech DF\ VFJ[,M ;FNM E]TSF/ VF5M
VF5 5}6” E]TSF/ AG[ K[P H[D S[ o
- He said, “I saw you.”
[ 33]
o ;FDFgI ZLT[ VF SF/ s;]WLDF\f stIF\ ;]WLDF\f > XaNMYL VlEjIST YFI K[P
TM VFD SCL XSFI o When you came at 9 O’clock. I had been reading this book
since 5 O’clock.
VYJF
I had been reading this book for 4 hours when you came at 9 O’clock.
VF RF,] 5}6”E}TSF/ YIMP
VF SF/DF\ ;DIlGN"[X H~ZL K[P
8}\SDF\ SM> A[ lS|IF E]TSF/DF\ Y> CMI VG[ T[DF\YL V[S lS|IF 5C[,L X~ Y> CMI VG[
AL_ lS|IF Y> tIFZ[ 56 RF,] CMI TM T[ lS|IF NXF”JJF RF,] 5}6” E}TSF/ J5ZFI K[P
By six O’clock you will have been writing letters for four hours.
As he started work in July, by December he will have been working for six months
T[6[ H],F>DF\ SFD X~ SI]”P TM 0L;[dAZGF V\T ;]WLDF\ T[ K DF; ;]WL SFD SZL ZCIM CX[P
VF SF/ ElJqIDF\ VD]S ;DI ;]WL SFD SZL ZCIM CX[ T[JF ;FTtI 5Z EFZ VF5[ K[P
SF/GF TOFJTM
H]NF H]NF SF/GM TOFJT ;DHJFYL SF/ p5ZGL 5S0 DHA]T AG[ K[ T[ C[T]YL SF/GF TOFJT
GLR[ VF%IF K[P
p5Z HMIF D]HA 5]6” JT”DFGSF/DF\4 E]TSF/GL AGL UI[,L 38GFG]\ DCtJ UF{6 K[P
VtIFZGF V[8,[ S[ JT”DFGGF ;DI 5Z T[GL V;Z DCtJGL K[P V[ SFZ6[ E}TSF/GM RMSS;
;DI H[JM S[ (Yesterday, 2 days, ago, in 1950) SIFZ[I 5}6” JT”DFGDF\ J5ZFTM GYLP T[
;FNF E}TSF/DF\ H J5ZFI K[P
Time expressions are not essential in present perfect. Those used with simple present
perfect indicate duration sUF/Mf or unspecified sVRMSS;f past time. Specific past
times are never sfated in present perfect.
[ 42]
There is really not a great deal of difference in meaning between these 2 tenses.
The continuous present sRFP 5}P JPf emphasizes duration, whereas the present
perfect focuses on repetition and/or completion. Many of the statements could be
expressed in either tense without anyone noticing the difference sVFJM H TOFJT
5}6” E}TSF/ VG[ RF,] 5}6” E}TSF/ JrR[ K[Pf
SD”l6 5|IMU
V\U|[_GF SD”l6 5|IMU VG[ U]HZFTLGF SD”l6 5|IMUDF\ V[S 5FIFGM TOFJT ;DHJF H[JM K[P U]HZFTLDF\
;SD”S lS|IF5NJF/F JFSIMGM SD”l6 5|IMU YFI K[P H[D S[ç
56 ;FY[ ;FY[ ç
VSD”S lS|IF5NGM 56 SD”l6 5|IMU H[JM H4 EFJ[ 5|IMU YFI K[P H[D S[ç
BZ[BZ VF SD”l6 5|IMU GYL 56 ;\:S’TGM EFJ[ 5|IMU K[P 56 V\U|[_DF\ TM OST ;SD”S lS|IF5NGM
H SD”l6 5|IMU YFI K[P VSD”S lS|IF5NGM SNFl5 GCLP
C]\ BFp\ K]\P X]\ BFp K]\ O/ BFp K]\ DF8[ ïBFJ]ð V[ ;SD”S lS|IF5N K[P
56 C]\ 50] K]\P X]\ 50]\ K]P\ HJFA GYL DF8[ ï50J]\ð V[ VSD”S lS|IF5N K[P
DF8[ V\U|[_DF\ I fall from a tree. C]\ hF0 5ZYL 50]\ K]\ VFJF JFSIMGM SD”l6 5|IMU G YFIP
[ 43]
V\U|[_ XLBJF DF8[ SD”l6 5|IMU H~ZL GCL\ A(S[ VlGJFI” K[P
o lGIDM o
wIFG ZFBM S[ H[D 5}6”SF/MDF\ lS|IF5NG]\ E}TS’NgTG]\ H ~5 J5ZFI K[P T[D SD”l6 5|IMUDF\ 56 OST
E}TS’NgTG]\ H ~5 J5ZFI K[P VF ZLT[ lS\|IF5N GF E}TS’NgTGF\ ~5M XLBJF VtI\T H~ZL K[P
DM8F EFUGF s((éf ~5M VFJF 5|SFZGF K[P KTF\ S[8,FS ~5M s;MçNM-;M ~5Mf VlGIlDT 56 K[P
H[JF S[ ç
VFJF ~5MGL IFNL K[(,F 5’q9 5Z VFJL K[P VFJF ~5M ;Z/TFYL 5FSF SZL XSFI K[P HM E]TSF/GF
~5M VG[ E]T S’NgTGF ~5M ;ZBF K[P TM 5}6”SF/ VG[ SD”l6 5|IMUGF E]T S’NgTGF ~5M VG[
E]TSF/GF ;ZBF ~5MGM TOFJT S[D ;D_ XSFI m
HJFA V[ K[ S[ç
!P 5}6”SF/DF\ have GF ;CFIS lS|IF5NGF p5IMUYL T[ SF/ H]NM 50L HFI K[P
ZP SD”l6 5|IMUDF\ E]T S’NgT 5C[,F to be GF ~5M is, was, is being, was being, besn JU[Z[ :5q8
ZLT[ H]NF 50L HFI K[P
#P JWFZ[ 5|[S8L;YL
SD”6L 5|IMU XLBTL JBT[ GLR[GL lJElSTVM p5IMUL Y> 50[ K[P
T[ It T[G[ It
GM\W o SD”l6 5|IMUDF\ I G]\ me, we G]\ us, he G]\ him, she G]\ her YFI K[P 8}\SDF\ V\U|[_DF\ VF8,]
HFcIF 5KL4 YM0LS 5|[S8L; 5KL4 SD”l6 5|IMU VtI\T ;C[,M AGL HFI K[P
ST”ZL 5|IMU
[ 45]
RF,] 5}6” JT”DFG 10 I have been writing a letter C]\ 5+ ,BL ZCIM K]\P
RF,] 5}6” E]TSF/ 11 I had been writing a letter C]\ 5+ ,BL ZCIM CTMP
RF,] 5}6” ElJqI 12 I shall have been writing a letter C]\ 5+ ,BL ZCIM CM>XP
SD”l6 5|IMU
GM\W o VF SM9F GL JFZ\JFZ 5|[S8L; SZJFYL SD”l6 5|IMU ;Z/ Y> HX[P
GPç# G]\ ~5 ;F{YL VUtIG]\ K[P SFZ6S[ AWF GF ~5M G\P # 5|DF6[ H YFI
K[P
ST”ZL 5|IMU
Shall I Shall write a lette C]\ 5+ ,BLX
DFZFYL 5+ ,BFIP
Can A letter can be written by me.
DFZFYL 5+ ,BL XSFI
Could A letter could be written by me.
DFZFYL 5+ ,BL XSFIM
May A letter may be written by me
DFZFYL 5+ SNFR ,BFIP
Might A letter might be written by me
DFZFYL 5+ SNFR ,BFIP
Must A letter must be written by me
DFZFYL 5+ ,BFJM H HM>V[P
Ought to A letter ought to be written by me
DFZFYL 5+ ,BFJM HM>V[P
Infinitive I want a letter to be written by you
C]\ >rK] K] S[ TDFZFYL 5+ ,BFI
Is to A letter is to be written by me
DFZFYL 5+ ,BFJFGM K[P
has to A letter has to be written by me
T[GF J0[ 5+ ,BFJFGM K[P
GM\W o p5ZGF JFSIMGM VeIF; SZTF H6FX[ S[ 5|`GFY” JFSIMGM SD”l6 5|IMU HMS[
p5ZYL V858M VG[ U}\RJ6EIF”[ ,FU[ K[P 56 JF:TJDF\ lJWFG JFSIM H[JM H
K[P
;FNF JT”DFGDF\ YT]\ CT]\ T[GF AN,[ CJ[ G[ K]\8] 5F0LG[ JrR[ XaN D}SFIM K[P
V[8,[ 5C[,F HM SF/ SIM K[ T[ GSSL SZL VFU/ JWJFDF\ VFJ[ TM SD”l6
5|IMU ;C[,M AG[ K[P
[ 50]
GM\W o l2SD”S lS|IF5NMG]\ SD”l6 5|IMU SZTL JBT[ A[DF\YL SM> 56 V[S SD” ,> XSFI K[P
1. He gave me a pen. A pen was given to me by him VYJF I was given a pen by
him
2. lS|IF5N 5KL GFDIMUL VjIJ (preposition) CMI TM T[G[ ;FY[ ZFBJM H~ZL K[P I look
after him. He is looked after by me.
3. VF7FY” DF\ Let VG[ be pD[ZFI K[P
Open the window. Let the window be opened.
4. VF7FY” DF VSD”S lS|IF5NGM SD”l6 5|IMU You are requested XaN pD[ZJFYL YFI
K[P keep to the left – you are requested to keep to the left
Active Voice
[ 51]
Perfect Infinitives
GM\W o Pefect participles G]\ passive voice perfect infinitives GL DFOS H been
pD[ZLG[ SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
[ 53]
~5FbIFG
[ 54]
U]HZFTLDF\ H[D SZJ]\çSZFJJ]\4 BFJ]\4 BJ0FJJ]\4 TYF lCgNLDF\ H[D BFGF lB,FGF lB,JFGF H[JF 5|[ZS
~5M K[P T[JF ~5M V\U|[_DF\ GYL T[YL +6 lS|IF5NMP
To make, to have to get GL DNNYL V\U|[_DF\ 5|[ZS~5M AGFJFI K[P VF56[ VUFp HMI]\ S[
U]HZFTLDF\ SD”l6 5|IMUDF\ ïVFIð 5|tII ,UF0L SD”l6 5|IMUGF ~5M T{IFZ YFI K[ H[D S[ ,B[ K[P4
,BFI K[P T[JL ZLT[ 5|[ZS ~5DF\ D]bI ïVFJð ,UF0L 5|[ZS ~5M T{IFZ YFI K[ H[D S[ ,BJ]\4 ,BFJJ]\4
JF\RJ]\4 J\RFJJ]\ > V\U|[_DF\ o +6 ~5MDF\ make DF\ NAF6 K[P HIFZ[ have VG[ get DF\ SM>G[ SFD
SZJF ZMSLG[ VYJF VFU|C SZLG[ SFD SZFJJFGM C[T]\ K[P have VG[ get DF\ BF; SM> TOFJT GYLP
have GM p5IMU VD[ZLSFDF\ JWFZ[ K[ HIFZ[ get GM p5IMU >u,[g0DF\ lJX[Q K[P
ALHF JFSIDF\ V[8,[ S[ have GF 5|[ZS ST”ZLDF\ to VwIFCFZ ZC[ K[P 8}|\SDF\ VF56[ 5F\R GD}GFVM IFN
ZFBJF HM>V[P
[ 56]
Clauses sp5JFSIMf
jIFSZXF:+LVMGM V[S ;J”;\DT DT K[ S[ V\\U|[_ XLBJF DF8[ XLBJF Clauses VFJxIS K[P
Clauses XLBJF DF8[ JFSIGF 5|SFZ HF6JF 56 H~ZL K[P
JFSIGF +6 5|SFZ K[P : ;FN]\4 ;\I]ST4 VG] ;\S], VYJF lDzP
1. A sentence that has only one verb in it is called a simple sentence.
NFP TP The sun rises in the east in the west
2. A sentence that is made of two or more simple sentences joined by a conjunction
or conjunctions is called a Compound sentence. The sun rises in the east and sets in
the west.
s36LJFZ compound sentences G[ JWFZ[compact SZJF VF56[ OF,T] (redundant)
;J”GFD S[ G[ 50TF D}SLV[ KLV[P H[D S[ç
- We bought a house, and we sold it and we made a profit.
- We bought a house, sold it and made a profit.
;\I]ST JFSIGL V\NZ VFJ[, 5|tI[S JFSI :JT\+ ZLT[ pEF ZCL XS[ K[ VG[ and but or
>ü pEIFgJIL VjIJYL HM0FI[, CMI K[P
VFJF 5|SFZGF JFSIMDF\ V[S D]bI JFSI CMI K[P VG[ AFSLGF V[S S[ V[SYL JWFZ[ U{6
JFSIM CMI K[P
UF{6 JFSI V[8,[ V[J]\ JFSI S[ H[ ;\5}6” VY” GYL NFBJT]\ T[G[ ;\5}6” VY” DF8[ ALHF
JFSI p5Z VFWFZ ZFBJM 50[ K[P V[ ZLT[ UF{6 JFSIG[ ï,\U0]ð SCL XSFI H[ D]bI
JFSIGF BEF p5Z A[;LG[ H RF,L XS[ K[P V[8,[
1. What you say is true. sSTF" TZLS[f 2 Tell me who he is sSD" TZLS[f
T[ preposition object sSD"f TZLS[ 56 VFJ[ K[P I don’t believe in what you say, Noun
clauses GL lJlXq8TF V[ K[ S[ DM8[ EFU[ T[ that sS[f YL X~ YFI K[ V[8,[ T[G[ ‘that –
clauses’ 56 SC[ K[P
We know that the earth is round VF56[ HF6LV[ KLV[ S[ 5’yJL UM/ K[P lJXF/ ;\bIFDF\
lS|IF5NM 5KL that clauses VFJTF CMJFYL Noun-clauses VM/BJF ;C[,F 50[ K[P VFJF
lS|IF5NMDF\YL S[8,F\S lS|IF5NM GLR[ D]HA K[P
say, tell, state, think, hope, imagine, inform, see, observe, fear, advise, assure, admit,
understand, realize, expect, doubt, believe, ask, agree, i.e.,
Noun-c-auses wh that
I don’t know how he finished his work.
He asked me where I was going.
2. Adjective Clauses slJX[Q6 p5JFSIMf
VF 5|SFZGF D]bItJ[ ;\AWL ;J”GFDM YL HM0FI[,F CMI K[P
NFPTP who, whom, whose, which, what, that (who-which) VG[ GF VY”DF\
H[D S[ o That is the boy who (that) works hard.
That is the boy whom (that) I me yesterday.
V+[ Who works hard VG[ whom I met V[ lJX[Q6 p5JFSIM K[ HIFZ[ This is The boy
V[ D]bI JFSI K[P
;\A\WL ;J”GFDM WMç!Z DF\ 5}KFTF CMJFYL T[GL lJ:T’T DFlCTL ;FY[GF SM9FDF\ VF5L K[P
[ 60]
What is this ?
What do you want ?
GM\W o Whom do you want to see ? formal English DF\ ‘who’ 56 J5ZFI K[P
Who do you want to see ?
[ 62]
H[ clauses lS|IFlJX[Q6G]\ SFI” SZ[ K[P T[ adverb clause SC[JFI K[P T[GF 5|SFZ GLR[ D]HA
K[P
Oct. – 86 : The film had hardly started … a loud bang was heard inside.
(as, when, since)
March-87 : Hardly had he opened his umbrella… it turned up in wind.
(as soon as, when, then)
Oct. – 87 : Scarcely had he opened the cage… the bird flew away.
(when, and, then)
March-88 : The police had hardly left the ground… the bomb exploded.
(when, then, that)
March-89 : The plan had hardly taken off… it began to roll violently.
(when, then, than)
Oct. – 89 : The stage programme had hardly begun… the audience started
shouting. (as, when, since)
VF AWL BF,L HuIFVMDF\ OST when H VFJL XS[
3. Adverb clause of purpose sC[T]JFRS lS|P pPf
chief conjunction sD]bI ;\IMHSMfo
that, in order that, so (that) lest, in case etc.,
1. Ramu is working hard so (that) sH[YL SZLG[f he may pass his examination)
2. Make a note of it lest you should forget.
GM\W 85SFJL ,M4 GCL TM ZB[G[ TD[ E},L HXMP
4. Adverb clause of reason. sSFZ6JFRS lS|P pPf
chief conjunction sD]bI ;\IMHSMfo
because, since, as, for =
1. He passed his examination because he worked hard.
2. Since you say so, I must believe it.
TD[ SCM KM V[8,[ DFZ[ DFGJ]\ H HM>V[P
3. As it was raining heavily, we postponed our programme.
JZ;FN HMZNFZ JZ;TM CTM V[8,[ VD[ VDFZM SFI”S|D D],tJL ZFbIMP
5. Adverb clause of result : s5lZ6FDJFRS lS|P pPf
chief conjunction sD]bI ;\IMHSMfo
that, so (that), so (such) … that
1. He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
T[ V[8,]\ WLD[ AM(IM S[ AC] VMKF T[G[ ;F\E/L XSIFP
2. The lion was so fierce that no one tried to go near it.
[ 65]
3. So terrible was the cyclone that whole roofs were ripped off.
J\\8M/LIM V[8,M HMZNFZ CTM S[ VFBF KF5ZFG[ KF5ZF p0L UIFP
6. Adverb clause of comparision : sT],GFJFRS lS|P pPf
chief conjunction sD]bI ;\IMHSMfo
as, as…as, not so…as, than, the…the etc.,
1. I am taller than you (are)
2. He is as clever as Ramesh.
3. The more he gets, the more he demands.
sGM\W o ;DF\TZ JWFZM S[ 38F0M NXF”JJF G\P # GM 5|IMU K[Pf
T[ H[D H[D JWFZ[ D[/J[ K[4 T[D T[D JWFZ[ DF\U[ K[P
7. Adverb clause of condition : sXZTJFRS lS|P pPf
chief conjunction sD]bI ;\IMHSMfo
( If, Unless, )
1. If you work, you will pass. HM SFD SZXM TM 5F; YXMP
2. Unless you work, you will fail. HM SFD GCL\ SZM TM GF5F; YXMP
If VG[ Unless
If ç HM VG[Unless = HM GCL
VF A\G[ lJZMWL XaNM CMJFYL JFSI ~5F\TZ SZTL JBT[ GLR[GF lGIDM ;DHJF H~ZL
K[P
1. If-clause DF\ HIFZ[ GSFZFtDS JFSI CMI tIFZ[ SM> 5lZJT"G YT]\ GYLP H[D S[ o
If you don’t read, you will fail.
Unless you read, you will fail.
2. 56 HM If – clause DF\ CSFZFtDS JFSI CMI TM lJZMWL VY” D}SJM 50[ K[P H[D S[4
If you read, you will pass.
Unless you read, you will fail VYJF you will not pass.
;FNF JT”DFGSF/GM GSFZ SZJF\ do, does GF ;CFISFZS lS|IF5N J5ZFI K[P H[D S[4
He goes – He does not go.
I go – I do not go.
Unless CSFZFtDS JFSI CMJFYL T[G[ VFJF ;CFISFZS lS|IF5NGL H~Z ZC[TL GYLP
V[8,[ Unless JF/F JFSI CSFZFtDS CMI VG[ if-clause DF\ O[ZJJFG]\ CMI tIFZ[ do-
does VJxI D}SJF\ HM>V[ o H[D S[P
Unless he reads, he will fail.
[ 66]
Modal auxiliaries
T[JL H ZLT[
U]HZFTL EFQFDF\ indirect G\F lGIDMG[ VF56[ RF{SS; ZLT[ J/UL ZC[TF GYLP
NFPTP T[6[ SCI] o ïC]\ HFp\ K]\ð VF JFSIG]\ indirect VF56[ +6 ZLT[ SZLV[ KLV[P
s!f T[6[ SCI] S[ T[ HFI K[P s;FR]f
sZf T[6[ SCI] S[ C]\ HFp K]\ sBM8]f
s#f T[6[ SCI] C] HFp K]\ sBM8]f
VF ZLT[ SIFZ[I VF56[ ;\IMHS that sS[f D}STF GYL VYJF T[ G[ AN,[ C]\ 56 D}SL N>V[ KLV[
[ 72]
56 V\U|[_DF\ VF V\U[GF lGIDM AC] H S0S K[P tIF\ HZF 56 O[ZOFZG[ VJSFX GYLP p,8] O[ZOFZ
YTF\ 36M VGY” YFI T[JF JFSIMGL ZRGF Y> HFI K[P
56 HM TD[ He says that I am a fool V[D U]HZFTLGL DFOS AM,M TM V[GM VY” V[D YFI S[ TD[
5MT[ H D}B” KM V[8,[ direct-indirect XLBTL JBT[ U]HZFTL V\U|[_ EFQFGF VF 5|IMUGM TOFJT
;D_ ,[JM H~ZL K[P H[YL U]HZFTL EFQF 5|IMUDF\YL VFJTL E},M lGJFZL XSFIP
Direct – Indirect
lGIDM
[ 73]
ç N®q8F\TM ç
5FK/GF +6[I lGIDM 5FIFGF VG[ B}AH VUtIGF K[P T[G[ TD[ GLR[ D]HA ;FNL EFQFDF\ 56
UM9JL XSMP
!P HM JFSIGL ACFZ JT”DFG S[ ElJqISF/ CMI TM V\NZGF SF/DF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
ZP HM JFSIGL ACFZ E]TSF/ CMI TM V\NZ JT”DFGGM E]TSF/ YFI K[P
#P HM JFSIGL ACFZ E]TSF/ CMI VG[ V\NZ 56 E]TSF/ CMI TM V\NZ 5}6” E]TSF/ YFI K[P
[ 74]
lGID $ o HM E]TSF/DF\ CMI 56 DF\ lS|IF ;GFTG ;tI S[ J{7FlGS CSLST ATFJJL CMI TM
lS|IF5NGF SF/DF\ O[ZOFZ YTM GYLP
GM\W o VF lGID p5ZGF A\G[ lGIDMGM V5JFN K[P V[ J:T] :JFEFlJS K[ S[ ï5’yJL UM/ K[Pð G[
AN,[ VF56[ ï5'YJL UM/ CTLð V[D SNF5L SCL G XSFV[P
[ 75]
Direct Indirect
24 - auxiliaries
The best way to master the use of modals is to observe how they are used
in situations and to practice making sentences like the ones you hear , always
1 am
2 is
3 are
4 was
5 were
6 has
7 had
8 have
[ 77]
9 do
10 did
11 does
Modal auxiliaries
12 shall
13 should
14 will
15 would
16 can
17 could
18 may
19 might
20 must
21 ought to
22 need
23 dare
24 used to
(Primary auxiliaries)
I am a teacher.
I am going.
I have a pen.
[ 78]
I have gone.
I do my work.
I do not go.
I am going.
He is going.
He was going.
I have gone.
I had gone.
Do I go ? I do not go.
( modal auxiliaries)
(modals)
( Auxiliaries)
(perfect) (perfect continuous)
I shall have gone I shall have been going
I should have gone I should have been going
he will have gone he will have been going
he would have gone he would have been going
he can have gone he can have been going
he could have gone he could have been going
he may have gone he may have been going
he might have gone he might have been going
he must have gone he must have been going
he ought to have gone he ought to have been going
[ 81]
I shall go we shall go
you will go you will go
he will go they will go
(colorless future)
1 if today is Monday, tomorrow will be
Tuesday.
2 colored future
All right, I’II come.
I won’t do it again.
will I do ?
(Am I likely to be suitable ?)
3 In question tags :
let us go, shall we ?
4 suggestions : shall we go by car ?
offers : shall I help you ?
advice : which pen shall I
buy?
order : how shall I go ? by
bus or train ?
shall will
1 simple futurity 1 simple futurity
I shall come tomorrow he will come tomorrow
2 colored future 2 colored future
promise, willingness, determination
will I do ?
8 requests
down ?
[ 86]
(be + infinitive)
ram and shyam are meeting tonight by the end of December I shall have been
the school opens on 17th June. this tense emphasizes the duration of
(LESS DEFINITE AND MORE CASUAL) . a future event for a present situation which
I WILL BE SEENING YOU TOMORROW . reaches into the future. two time expressions
W. STANNARD ALLEN
(stock phrases)
the train leave at 6:0’clock
(habitual present)
(command compulsion obligation)
(want or wish)
colorless future
Shall I ? (is this your command ?) will you ?
(do you wish ?)
(unformity) shall-should will-would (I will, I
would) shall-should will-would
colored future volition be going to, be +
infinitive (am to go), have + inf (have to go)
[ 88]
(1) be going to
(intention) (prediction)
intend means what (to have a particular
or plane in mind)
Hadley chase
Myra’s eyes glittered. “I’m going to tell
you what you’re going to do .
[ 90]
be + infinitive
1 to convey orders or instructions
2 to convey a plan
no one is to go without the permission of
the head mistress
you are to stay her, Rita
to convey a plan :
the marriage is to take place next week.
I am to go: we are to go
you are to go you are to go
he is to go they are to go
I was to go we were to go
you were to go you were to go
he was to go they were to go
[ 92]
obligations
MUST, OUGHT TO SHOULD.
SHOULD
you should respect your parents
OUGHT TO
have + infinitive
obligation must have to
[ 93]
I am to go we are to go
you are to go you are to go
he is to go they are to go
I was to go we were to go
[ 94]
I have to go we have to go
you have to go you have to go
he have to go they has to go
I had to go we had to go
you had to go you had to go
he had to go they has to go
I shall have has to go we shall have have to
go
you will have to go you will have to
go
he will have to go they will have to
go
[ 95]
be + infinitive - be + going to
I am to write we are to write
you are to write you are to write
he is to write they are to write
I am going to write
we are to write
you are going to write
you are to write
he is to write
they are going to write
[ 96]
obligation no obligation
present must have to don’t/doesn’t have to
have (got)to
future must shall/will shall not/ won’t
have to have to
past, had to didn’t have to
hadn’t (got)to
[ 97]