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    Lec3 EEE13 2s1617

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    Nikko Angelo Dela Rosa
    This document provides an overview of process management and system calls in Unix-based operating systems. It discusses how system calls allow applications to communicate with hardware and describes common system calls like fork(), exec(), wait(), and exit() that are used to create and manage processes. It explains how processes are organized in a tree structure and how copy-on-write is used to optimize sharing of memory between related processes. The document also notes how system calls return error codes and the errno variable is used to check for errors.

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    Lec3 EEE13 2s1617

    Uploaded by

    Nikko Angelo Dela Rosa
    20 views27 pages
    This document provides an overview of process management and system calls in Unix-based operating systems. It discusses how system calls allow applications to communicate with hardware and describes common system calls like fork(), exec(), wait(), and exit() that are used to create and manage processes. It explains how processes are organized in a tree structure and how copy-on-write is used to optimize sharing of memory between related processes. The document also notes how system calls return error codes and the errno variable is used to check for errors.

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    Lec3_EEE13_2s1617

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    This document provides an overview of process management and system calls in Unix-based operating systems. It discusses how system calls allow applications to communicate with hardware and describes common system calls like fork(), exec(), wait(), and exit() that are used to create and manage processes. It explains how processes are organized in a tree structure and how copy-on-write is used to optimize sharing of memory between related processes. The document also notes how system calls return error codes and the errno variable is used to check for errors.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    20 views27 pages

    Lec3 EEE13 2s1617

    Uploaded by

    Nikko Angelo Dela Rosa
    This document provides an overview of process management and system calls in Unix-based operating systems. It discusses how system calls allow applications to communicate with hardware and describes common system calls like fork(), exec(), wait(), and exit() that are used to create and manage processes. It explains how processes are organized in a tree structure and how copy-on-write is used to optimize sharing of memory between related processes. The document also notes how system calls return error codes and the errno variable is used to check for errors.

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    of 27

    EEE 13 LECTURE 3

    PROCESS MANAGEMENT
    SYSTEM CALLS
    MOTIVATION

    WHAT IS THIS LESSON FOR?


    Goal 1: Find out how to maximize hardware utilization in
    Unix-based systems

    

    Goal 2: Understand how Unix-based machines handle
    multiple tasks all at the same time
    MOTIVATION

    HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF UNIX-BASED OPERATING SYSTEMS

    ▸ Created in 1969 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson

    ▸ Ported to different CPU architectures

    ▸ UC Berkeley contributed in the development of TCP/IP,


    Virtual Machines, and Demand Paging in Unix

    ▸ Linus Torvalds created Linux out of Unix in 1991

    ▸ Oldest commercial software that is still being used today?


    MOTIVATION

    WHY USE UNIX-BASED SYSTEMS?

    ▸ Stable

    ▸ Robust

    ▸ Powerful

    ▸ Scalable

    ▸ "Everything is a file"
    MOTIVATION

    OVERVIEW OF UNIX
    SYSTEM CALLS

    WHAT ARE SYSTEM CALLS?


    System calls are API (Application Programming Interfaces)
    that allow applications to communicate and use underlying
    computer hardware.

    They allow the kernel to give instructions to the hardware in


    behalf of the application.
    SYSTEM CALLS

    WHY REQUIRE A LAYER OF ABSTRACTION?


    Security and Stability!
    SYSTEM CALLS

    HOW ARE SYSTEM CALLS MADE AND ACCESSED?


    System calls are made using C and Assembly language. They
    are packaged as part of the standard C library.

    The standard followed in developing System calls are


    defined in what is called the POSIX (Portable Operating
    System Interface) standard.
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    HOW DO SYSTEM CALLS "ENHANCE" THE UNIX EXPERIENCE?

    Image Taken From: https://www.guru3d.com/miraserver/images/news/2008/bottom.jpg


    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    SOME TERMS
    ‣ Process - a running program

    ‣ Thread - a lightweight process



    Note: In Unix, Process == Thread
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESSES THAT THE OS MANAGES


    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    HOW TO CREATE A NEW PROCESS?

    Image Taken From: https://www.cs.uic.edu/~jbell/CourseNotes/OperatingSystems/images/


    Chapter3/3_08_ProcessTree.jpg
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    HOW TO CREATE A NEW PROCESS?


    System calls to create a new process:

    > fork()

    > exec() family functions

    

    System call to terminate a process:

    > exit()

    

    System calls for parent to check the status of a child process:

    > wait(), waitpid() and other wait() family functions
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    LIFE OF A PROCESS
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    REQUIREMENTS IN PROCESS CREATION


    ‣ Each process is given a unique process id

    ‣ Allocate memory for the process

    ‣ Initialize Process Control Block

    ‣ Set appropriate linkages

    ‣ Create or expand data structures


    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    HOW TO GET PROCESS ID?


    ‣ getpid() - get the process id of the calling process

    ‣ getppid() - get the process id of the parent of the calling


    process
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    FORK() - CREATE A CHILD PROCESS

    PROCESS

    CALL
    FORK()

    PARENT CHILD
    PROCESS PROCESS
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    FORK() RETURNS TWO VALUES!

    PARENT CHILD
    PROCESS PROCESS

    Sees pid of the child process Sees pid value of 0

    Has its own copy of the Has its own copy of the
    variables in the original variables in the original
    process process
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    REMEMBER, THE PROCESSES ARE ORGANIZED LIKE A TREE

    PARENT
    PROCESS

    CHILD
    PROCESS
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    WOULDN’T IT BE WASTEFUL TO HAVE BOTH PROCESSES HAVE A COPY OF THE SAME VARIABLE?

    EXACTLY!

    

    That’s why there’s a technique called Copy-on-Write (COW)

    Parent and child initially have and use the same variables
    until any of them edits the shared variable
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    WOULDN’T IT BE WASTEFUL TO HAVE BOTH PROCESSES HAVE A COPY OF THE SAME VARIABLE?

    PARENT CHILD
    PROCESS PROCESS

    reads SHARED reads


    VARIABLE

    writes
    PARENT CHILD
    reads
    PROCESS PARENT CHILD PROCESS
    reads
    VARIABLE VARIABLE
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF A SYSTEM CALL FAILS?


    System calls typically return the value -1 upon failure, and
    they also edit the errno global variable to the appropriate
    error value accordingly
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    HOW DO WE CHECK FOR ERRORS IN SYSTEM CALLS?


    Use the errno global variable and the perror() system call

    

    The errno global variable is an integer used to easily pass
    error values across your program and your system

    The perror() system call is a function used to interpret the


    errno global variable so that the error can be seen in a
    human-readable format
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF A PARENT TERMINATES BEFORE THE CHILD?

    PARENT CHILD ZOMBIE


    INIT
    PROCESS PROCESS PROCESS

    Will be orphaned
    Adopts

    ORPHAN
    PROCESS
    PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CALLS

    HOW TO PREVENT PREMATURE TERMINATION OF THE PARENT?


    Use the wait() system call in the parent process to
    guarantee that the child process will terminate before the
    parent process.

    It is normally the parent process’ responsibility to collect the


    remains of the child process once it terminates, but the init
    process (PID = 1) can handle cleanup if the parent process
    does not.
    QUESTIONS?
    SEE YOU
    THURSDAY :D

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