SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF ICT FACILITIES IN

AHAMADU BELLOUNIVERSITY COMMUNITY

BY

IDRIS ABBA
U13LS2136

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND

INFORMATION SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE (BLIS)

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

FACULTY OF EDUCATION,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,
ZARIA

AUGUST, 2016
 DECLARATION

I, IDRISAbba hereby declare that this project is my personal research work.

It was never presented anywhere, either wholly or partially, for the purpose of the

award of a higher degree. All the quotations and sources of information are,

however, duly acknowledged by means of references

_______________________ ______________________
IDRIS ABBA DATE
U13LS2136

ii
 CERTIFICATION

This project titled: “social consequences of ICT facilities in Ahamdu Bello

university community by IDRIS, Abba meets the regulations governing the award

of the degree of Bachelor at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and is approved for

its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.

_______________________ _______________________
DR. ADULLAHI I. MUSA DATE
(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)

_______________________ _______________________
DR. BABA S. ADUKU DATE
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

iii
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this Work to the Almighty Allah, for “His time is the best” also to my

mother LARABA MUHAMMED KASKINDIM, and my two late sisters

FATSUMA BALA and RASHIDA HAMZA.

iv
 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I will like to start by paying tributes to almighty ALLAH for his mercy,

guidance, and protection bestowed upon me in the course of conducting this

project work from the beginning to the last of it. For ALLAH he is helper, all

knower, supreme, creator, protector and owner of the universe.

Also my heartfelt, esteem gratitude and special appreciation goes to my

intellectual, versatile, dedicated and ardent scholar of qualitative research in person

ofDr. ABDULLAHI I. MUSA who brushed my brain ON what it is to do what is

right and what it is behind the consequences of doing what is wrong in all sphere

of life. Sir, your supervision does not only guide my project work but also my

personal life. Nonetheless, for Dr. ABDULLAHI I. MUSA is extra ordinary

special in the way and manner he treated and guided me throughoutthis research

work process. Therefore, I firmly remained grateful to you for imparting me the

best knowledge that is internationally competitive.

I will also like to use this opportunity to appreciate the effort of my mentor

and role model MALAM YUSUF AHMED (KIL) who had in various capacities

put me through the right channels of successful academic activities which resulted

in successful accomplishment of this great task. For this, I am very thankful and

appreciative to his effort. His constructive and intelligent guidance is impressive to

my mind.

v
 Furthermore, my dully and precious thanks goes to my parents who prays for

me always to see that I overcome all the hardships I may encounter in the course of

this study, luckily enough ALLAH had answered it. Notwithstanding I will not

forget the monetary and nonmonetary contribution of my siblings such as

HALADU IDRIS, UMAR IDRIS(TELA), ALHAJI IDRIS, KAWULE IDRIS,

ISAH IDRIS, TATA IDRIS, AMINA IDRIS, ANNA IDRIS, GAMANDI IDRIS,

MAIMUNA IDRIS, TALATU IDRIS, AISHA IDRIS, ZAINAB IDRIS,

KHADIJA IDRIS. JIDDAH BALA AND TWO OF MY LATE BELOVED

SISTERS, FATSUMA BALA AND REASHIDA HAMZA (May ALLAH

continues to make their souls rest in perfect peace). Your contribution to my study

remained unforgettable.

My profound gratitude also goes to my friends such as AMINU SA, IDU

(my best and trust friend), MUSA NURA MUHAMMED, ABUBAKAR

GADAKA (DAMBU), ADAMU ABDULLAHI, HAMZA SAMA’ILA,

ABUBAKAR MAINA GWANI (prince) and others whom I am unable to mention

because of their numbers. I thank you all for encouraging me with your advice to

endure all the challenges of this study. Your contribution strictly remained

memorable.

Lastly, I will not forget to acknowledge you my angel (ZARA, U. ALIYU).

For you my angel you are very special particularly on your constant and

vi
consistentadvice of encouragement on this project work. You surely played an

important role in moving this work to it final stage of completion. Your words of

advice and encouragement remained very fresh and stable to my memory.

vii
 ABSTRACT

This research was carried out to uncover the social consequences the people in
ABU community encounter in using ICTs. To achieve the objectives of this study,
the following research question were asked: what bad experience do people in
ABU community encounter in using ICTs? However, a qualitative research method
was adopted for the study, furthermore, interview were used as an instrument for
data collection. The researcher interviewed 11 respondents, from the population of
the study who were all genuine people of ABU community. Similarly, data was
collect from the eleven (11) interviews which were transcribed, read, examined,
re-examined using an analytic inductive process. However the study discover
disputes, health problem, poor academic performance, individualism, dishonesty
and others to be the social consequences the people in ABU community encounter
in the course of using ICTs specifically computer, mobile phone or tablet. It was
however, recommended that people should use or handle the ICTs wisely by
adopting the ethical and legal use of them so as to avoid quarrelling among users.
Also people should reduce excessive use of the ICTs so as to avoid being
individualized or isolated from engaging in the midst of people, furthermore, the
study recommended that users of ICTs especially students should stop using them
when they go for lectures or when they are in the library to read. Consequently,
the study recommended that people should stop cheating, lying, deception and
other wrongful behavior through using ICTs as doing that is susceptible to bad
moral behavior in the community.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page………………………………………………………………………….i

Declaration.............................................................................................................ii

Certification..........................................................................................................iii

Dedication.............................................................................................................iv

Aknowledgements..................................................................................................v

Abstract...............................................................................................................viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background To The Study............................................................................1

1.2 Statements Of The Problems........................................................................3

1.3 Research Questions.......................................................................................4

1.4 Objectives Of The Study...............................................................................4

1.5 Significant Of The Study..............................................................................4

1.6 Scope Of The Study......................................................................................4

1.7 Limitation Of The Study...............................................................................5

1.8 Operational Definitions Of Terms................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO:REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................8
ix
2.2 The Roles Of Icts..........................................................................................8

2.3 The Social Consequences Of Icts...............................................................10

2.4 Previous Studies..........................................................................................16

2.5 Summary Of The Review..........................................................................26

CHAPTER THREE:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................29

3.2 Research Methodology...............................................................................29

3.3 Research Design..........................................................................................30

3.4 Population Of The Study............................................................................30

3.5 Sample And Sampling Techniques.............................................................31

3.6 Instrument For Data Collection..................................................................32

3.7 Procedures For Data Collection..................................................................32

3.8 Procedures For Data Analysis.....................................................................33

3.9 Gaining Access...........................................................................................34

3.10 Rigour In Qualitative Research...................................................................34

CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................41

x
4.2. Interview Analysis......................................................................................42

4.3 What Are The Bad Experiences Do People In Abu Community................42

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................57

5.2 Summary Of Findings.................................................................................57

5.3 Implication And Recommendation.............................................................61

5.4 Recommendation For Future Research.......................................................70

Bibliography………………………………………………………………71

Appendix..............................................................................................................74

xi
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the Study

A lot of people today are suffering with social and health related

consequences as a result of persistent and excessive use of ICTs. In (2007) a

survey was taking in Australia the result shows that over 2500 people who

excessively used computer with regular exercise still gained weight. (Sowders,

2011). In the same vein, a study conducted(2013) at the London school of hygiene

and tropical medicine and queen marry university of London, the researchers

sampled 390 cell phones and hands, to measure the level of bacteria. The result

showed that 92% of the cell phones sampled had bacteria and then 82% of hands

had bacteria and 16% of cell phones and hands had e.coli fecal. (Borreli, 2013).

Similarly, when laptops are put on lap, the radiation can reduce sperm quality

which may leads to poor reproductive capacity. (Burrell, 2010). Moreover,

excessive use of ICTs are prone to many diseases such as eye strain, obesity, risk

of chronic pain and illnesses, poor blood circulation, musculoskeletal, repetitive

stress injury in hands and wrist and tendency to be affected by cancer (Anderson,

2013, Liztte, 2015&Burrellm 2015). Also, inappropriate proper handling, use and

disposal of ICTs can cause cancer diseases among people. (the Nigerian minister of

communication and technology, 2014). Furthermore, mobile phones as ICTs uses

transmitting radio waves through a series of base stations, and radiofrequency

1
waves are electromagnetic field that cannot break chemical bonds which may

cause ionization in human body (WHO, 2010).

However, in the side of our social lives, A study reveals that, an average

American spends 144 minutes a day using his or her phone during a 16 hour

period, with estimated six billion subscriptions worldwide (Borreli, 2013).

Meanwhile, excessive use of these devices have negatively resulted in social

isolation, high stress level, exposure to excessive viewing of pornographic films

among children and youths, high level of deceit, lack of privacy, addiction to

games and social networking, ill effect on education which leads to poor

performance of academic activities as well as emotional stresses. (Singh, 2014

Borrelli, 2013&Fla, 2015). Similarly, in Nigeria a study of 884 students at different

universities have conducted, which indicated that youths in Nigeria are spending

too much time on social networking side at the detriment of other things such as

their studies. (Journal of humanities and management science, 2015).

Consequently, many studies investigated ICTs from different perspectives

such as in terms of their cost, technical expertise, importance, educational role,

health effects etc. But in spite of these studies, the problems of ICTs still persist. In

regard to these, There is a need to uncover the social consequences of ICT

facilities, because without uncovering the social consequences of ICTs, there is no

how we can design and effective information and communication program that will

2
suit individuals to reduce the adverse consequences of people getting infected from

ICTs. Therefore, this research will explore the social consequences of ICT

facilities among the people in ABU community.

1.2 Statements of the Problems

ICT facilities, plays significant role to the teaming lives of the people

Through ICTs the world now has become a global village. Many of our economic,

educational, agricultural, administrative, financial, health and social activities have

changed and is still changing due the impact of these facilities. (okoye, 2012)

However, in spite of the advantages of ICTs, we still encounter some

disadvantage of it, specifically the inter-subjective relation consequences among

family, peers, friends and love ones. Because, a lot of people today deliberately or

otherwise ignore the ethical and moral use of mobile phones/ computers thereby,

crossing their limit to arrogantly answer other people incoming call without their

permission, some do even checks others computers or mobile phones to see some

private things which ideally they are not entitle to. These practices have resulted in

conflicts, misunderstanding or disagreement among people which leads to serious

break off in marriage, relationship, and friendship. However, this study will

uncover the social consequences specifically the inter-subjective relation

consequences brings by mobile phone, computer and tablet about the adoption and

use from individuals who experience it.

3
1.3 Research Questions

The following is the research questions to this study:

1. What bad experiences do people in ABU community encounter in

using mobile phone, computer or tablet?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The following will constitute the objectives of this study:

1. To determine the bad experiences which the people in ABU

community encounter in using mobile phone, computer or tablet.

1.5 Significant of the Study

The significant of the study lies on the advantageous facts it presents.

The findings of this research will of course contribute to the existing literatures.

It will also alert people worldwide about the social effects of ICTs,

especially the inter-subjective relation, so as to be very careful when using them.

Lastly, the study will provide a model on how, where and when to use ICTS

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study will be delimited to the people in ABU community with

considering the social consequences bring about by computer, tablet or mobile

phone only as ICT facilities.

4
1.7 Limitation of the Study

The main possible constrain to be experience in the conduct of this work is

time factor, because it’s not easy for one to be doing his/ her IT and at the same

time conducting his/her project work.

Secondly, there is issue of difficulty in getting literatures over the internet.

Some literatures require money for one to be able to access them. And as student

concern this is tedious.

1.8 Operational Definitions of Terms

The following are the operational definitions of terms used in this study:

1. ASSESSMENT: a judgment about something base on the understanding of

it situation.

2. KNOWLEDGE: means information in mind. It can also be referred to as

general possession of awareness of information, facts, ideas, truth or

principles.

3. AWARENESS: noticing or realizing something exist because you notice it

or realize that it is happening.

4. CONSEQUENCES: this means the result or outcome of a particular cause

of action especially the negative side.

5. ICT: this stands for information and communication technology.

5
6. FACILITIES: something designed or created to provide a service or fulfill

a need by ensuring things done easily.

6
REFERENCES
Ali, K. Sathiyasekoran, B. (2006). Computer professional and carpalturnel
syndrome ( ICTs) international journal of occupational and ergonomics 12
(3): 319-25.p PMD 16984790.

Bhatnager, S. (2000).Social implication of ICT in developing countries.Lesson

from Asia, success story.The electronic journal on information system in
developing countries (EJSISDC) 1 (4)1.1-9.

Borreli, L. (2013). Five reasons why cell phones are bad for your health. Retrieved
on 26thoct, 2015. From http://medicaldaily .com.

Burrell, B.( 2015). Cell phone danger to male fertility.Available@

http://www.elecrictsense.com /657/ research-reveals-cell phone-danger-to-
male-fertility.

Castells, M. (1999) .social implication of information communication

technologies. Retrieved from http://glotta.ntua.gr/15-social/knowledge-
social/castells .

Feverstien, M.etal (1999). Clinical management of carpalturnel syndrome.A 12

year review of outcomes.American journal of industrial medicine 35 (3)
232-45p.

Grabianoski, E. (2007). How computer addiction works. Retrieved on 24 oct,

20015. From http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/bsics/computer-
addiction.htm

Okoye, m.(2012). Social implication of ICTs: views of academic libraries in

nigeria. Also available at
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/philprac/ISSN1522-0222

Sawders, B.(2011). The negative effects of computer on health. Retrieved on 25

oct, 20015 from http://www.health&medicineentertainment&humor.com

Whistro, m.(2001). Ergonomics, musculoskeletal disorder and computer works.

(Pdf) oxford journals .org oxford university press. Retrieved 27 th 0ct,
2015.

7
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews literature considered related to the areas of the study, the

review will be presented under the following subheadings:

2.2 The role of ICTs

2.3 Social consequences of ICTs

2.3 Previous studies

2.4 Summery of the review.

2.2 The Roles of ICTs

ICTs have emerged as one of the defining technologies that play significant

roles to people’s social, economic and educational activities (Hyllegard et al,

2011,Sollysms, 2015&Deshmuk, 2013). Thus, below are some of the roles ICTs

plays to some major areas of human activities:

(a) Social interaction:

With the advent of ICTs the pattern of people’s social interaction has

significantly changed and is still changing. These is because, the use of social

networking sites platform such as face book, tweeter, 2go, whatsapp, Instagrams as

a product of ICTs has improve workable interaction and good human relation

8
among people globally (Hyllegard et al, 2011).Equally, with theuse of mobile

phone as ICTs,Peopleare able tocommunicate with other people across the

globe.These practices have revolutionized our society specifically in terms of how

people are excessively used and interact with them. This is because in 1995, close

to 34 million people in the United States had a cell phone as ICTs, and as of 2007,

the number of subscribers was 255 million, or 84 percent of the U.S population

(Statistical Abstract of the United States Census Bureau, 2009). This has strongly

shown how people are making use ofICTstoimprove their social interaction.

(b) Economic activities:

The use of ICTs has remarkable impact on the economic activities; this is

because with the use of ICTs government and other private organizations are able

to manage their resources economically. This is to say, before the advent of

computer government and other nongovernmental organizations do employ large

number of workers, But now the use of computer has make almost all work

easier.However, the introduction of treasury single account (TSA) is also helpful to

many organizations. Because, with the advent of it, all the taxes and revenue

collected from people will be under one central account. This will of course make

the economy to be financially vibrant (Sollysms, 2015).

9
(c) On education:

The use of ICTs has significant impact in education, especially in the area of

teaching learning and research. This is because; the use of computer, microphone

and projector etc as ICTs assists teachers to deliver meaningful lessons in classes

to their students. They also engage in research and preparing teaching material and

participating in online forums and online conferences in order to add knowledge to

their area of specialization. Similarly, students also engage in online tutoring,

where they normally logs in to their tutor through internet and ask questions

relevant to their needs and the teacher replies it by writing on smart board or using

PowerPoint presentation. Furthermore, researchers are also making good use of

internet to get powerful information/ material related to their area of research work.

Consequently, the use of ICTs has giving room for e- learning and e-examination,

these to a great extent plays significant role to educational activities of the people

(Deshmuk, 2013).

2.3 The Social Consequences of ICTS

ICTs are considered to be powerful tools that have remarkable roles among

people. However, in spite of their significant roles to individuals, yet they still

remains a source of creating negative social consequential effects to people ranging

from addiction, health effects, crimes, pollution, deceit, social isolation, exposure

to pornographic films among children, obesity, lack of social skills and a host of

10
others (Rob Kling, 1996 &Hosale, 2013). Thus, below are some of the bullet points

about negative social consequences of ICT facilities to individuals:

(a) Social isolation:

This is characterized by a lack of contact with other people in a normal daily

living, such as the workplace, with friends and other social activities. Due to

persistent use of ICTs a lot of people today, forms the habit of individualizing

themselves by walking around in their own little world, listening to their iPods or

staring at the screen of the latest mobile device even when they are in a group. This

is a serious problem that has negative consequential effects on physical interaction

among people (Roogirl, 2013).

(b) Lack of privacy:

The internet has stripped the world of privacy. Long gone are the days of

having an unlisted telephone number and staying offline to keep your information

safe from prying eyes. With a few flicks on keyboard the average person can find

any ones address and contact information. For those with more sinister intentions,

the use of phishing, viruses and hacking helps those to find any information they

wish to obtain. Additionally, people have no sense of privacy online. They don’t

think twice about tweeting every move they make, therefore, they freely give out

their location on Google map and putting their entire life story on face book.

11
Meanwhile doing that can make their enemies to harm them and putting their

selves in a great danger (Hosale, 2013).

(c) High Level of Deceit:

On the flip side of having no privacy, people use the internet to deceive

others. Most people don’t dig too deeply when doing a search on someone to check

them out. By creating a few false profiles, people are able to pretend to be

whomever they want. People are being “catfishes” on dating sites. Similarly, yahoo

boys always hang on, to cheat people millions of naira which make those victims

to face critical financial burden that will affects their normalcy in the society.

(Zone alarm 2015 &Imohiosen, 2007).

(d) Constant Distraction:

When we are focused on a device instead of what’s going on around us we

miss a great deal. Think of the number of times you have been texting or talking to

a friend and missed the opportunity to flirt with the hot guy standing beside you.

There is also a rise in the number of injuries incurred by people texting while

walking or deriving (My daily alert, 2014&hosale, 2013).

(e) Addiction:

People are not only dependent on technology they are also addicted to it.

Studies have shown that when cell phones are taken away subjects heard or felt

fathom vibrations, continuously reached for phones that weren’t there and became

12
fidgety and restless. Similarly, the way we treat and interact with our devices is

often impulsive and uncontrollable. This is because the levels of our use and

interaction with these devices have driven a wedge between intimate and direct

conversation and communication. It is becoming an addiction that is impeding

personal well-being, causing unnecessary anxieties and pressures. It is suggests

that there is needs to create a balance between time spent with these devices, and

without them. Without a set balance, people will continue to become more

obsessed and consumed by technology, and there is a concern that humans will

lose all closeness and affection that can come from personalized conversations

(Burrel, 2010&Grabiansoski, 2007).

(f) Lack of Sexual Boundaries:

Exposure to sexual content is more likely to happen at a much younger age.

Before the internet, the only chance a child had of being exposed to pornography

was if their dad didn’t hide his Playboy magazine well enough. Now, well, let’s

just say you pray your filters are doing their job when your kid searches for “Puss

and Donkey” from Shrek. Sexing is also a concern with technology being used at

such a young age. There is no way in hell a girl would have taken a nude photo of

herself and handed it to a guy before the popularity of texting. Yet, using your

phone to snap a quick boob shot and texting it to your boyfriend seems to be no big

13
deal. Therefore, these practices have led to the emergence of attitude considered

socially bad and unacceptable among our youths. (wpbf, 2015).

(h) Loss of Hearing and Eyesight:

Using headphones and ear buds can cause people to lose their hearing over

time. Likewise, straining your eyes looking at computer and device screens can

cause people to need glasses much earlier in life. (Osuagwu&Ikerionwu, 2010).

(i) Shortened Attention Span:

The use of social media has shortened our attention span from 12 minutes to

5 minutes. Constant news feeds, getting information in 140 characters and videos

that are 10 minutes or less has literally rewired our brains. People who are online

an average of 5 hours a day have trouble remembering people’s names, forget pots

on the stove and even their own birthday (Hosale,2013).

(j) Poor Sleeping Habits:

Some of the negative effects of technology can be linked to the effect it has

on sleep habits. We get sucked into online activities that keep us up too late and the

constant stream of information can make it difficult to turn off our brains. This is

always bringing problems to the work we supposed to do in the day time. Also, the

ambient glow from screens can affect the release of melatonin, the sleep chemical

(Listovative, 2014 & Daniel, 2012).

14
(k) Lack of Social Skills:

The use of online social media outlets causes us to meet face-to-face with

much less frequency resulting in a lack of much needed social skills. We lose the

ability to read body language and social cues in other people (Newswise, 2015).

(l) Increased Bullying:

The use of technology has caused an increase in bullying and escalated the

degree of severity. Kids are no longer able to escape their tormentors once they

reach the safety of their own homes. Bullies infiltrate the security of their victims’

homes through online avenues. It is also easier to get more kids involved in

bullying because people are more likely to say things online that they wouldn’t say

in person. The increase in cyber-bullying has also led to an increase in teen suicide

(Singh, 2014)

(m) Pollution:

With the rapid-changing world of electronics and technology, the turnover

rate for upgrades is staggering. This constant stream of out with the old, in which

the new is adding to the levels of toxicity in our air and land. E-waste is not always

disposed of properly, causing deadly chemicals to leach into the ground. Plants that

manufacture the electronics are emitting toxic fumes into the air. Plus there is little

to no regulations on the disposal of personal E-waste (Imohiosen, 2007&osinbanjo,

2007).

15
(n) Obesity:

The more time people are spending engrossed in video games, talking to

friends online and watching funny cat videos on YouTube, they are spending less

time being active or exercising. Also the likelihood of mindlessly eating unhealthy

food increases as people are hypnotized by the latest episode of Honey Boo Boo

(Hosale, 2013).

2.4 Previous Studies

In a study aimed at exploring the social implication of ICTs which was

conducted in a university of Nigeria-Nsukka, the following research questions

were asked: What are the social implications of ICTs? What are the factors

facilitating favorable social implications of ICTs? What are the factors that pander

to unfavorable implications of ICTs? What are the problems affecting social

implications of ICTs? What are the strategies for enhancing favorable social

implications of ICTs? Also the study adopted the descriptive survey method as a

methodology. The area of study is Nigeria. Population of study consisted of

academic librarians in four Federal University Libraries of South East Nigeria.

Similarly, the study come up with the following findings: Respondents accepted

Internet as having very relevant social implications in expanding existing social

networks. Internet was rated the most beneficial factor of social implications of

ICTs. However, issues relating to inducement of mass unemployment in

16
developing countries, promotion of social exclusion, aiding of mass destruction of

property and inducement of organizational stress by ICTs were not accepted by

respondents. Their views imply that acquisition of ICT skills is a gateway to mass

employment in developing countries. Respondents’ rejection of promotion of

social exclusion by ICTs implies that with acquisition of ICT skills by citizens of

developing countries, there could be social inclusion and cohesion. In the same

vein, Respondents accepted that all the factors listed under unfavorable social

implications of ICTs could play negative roles. They identified passion for cultural

neo-colonialism as the greatest factor. The implication is that ICTs play positive

and negative roles. While positive implications of ICTs should be projected, the

negative aspects should be eschewed. Consequently, the study recommended that,

Nigeria and other developing countries should embrace ICTs in all their

ramifications in order to solve mass unemployment plaguing their nations.

Acquisition of ICT skills by these countries could also narrow digital divide

between developing and developed countries. Nigerian government and other

developing nations should provide facilities for dissemination of current

information. Provision of conducive environment to conduct research and facilities

for unfettered communication are necessary since these factors are crucial to

favorable social implications of ICT. Finally, Nigeria and other developing

countries should equip their citizens with Internet skills. This is necessary since

17
lack of Internet skills has been identified as the greatest problem affecting social

implications of ICTs.

In a study conducted to investigate the social consequences of ICTs on the

effects of social networking sites on academic performance in Girne American

university, north Cyprus. The following research question was asked: To what

extent do the students of GAU, north Cyprus uses the social networking sites?

How does the social networking sites as a platform can be used for educational

learning to GAU students? Furthermore, the study was conducted using

questionnaire as a methodology, which was distributed to about 50 GAU students,

both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Similarly, the study come up with

the following findings: About 48% of the respondent uses SNS for downloading of

music, posting of photos and chatting, while about 52% uses SNS for research,

submitting of assignment and articles. This shows that more student use SNS for

academic work rather than for just leisure. secondly,85% of the respondent

believes that social networking sites is an effective tool for e-learning, while 14%

thinks otherwise, and 1% did not respond to the question. Student who support,

thinks that with SNS one can easily submit assignment, without necessary going to

meet lecturer face to face. Student can interact with other student on a particular

subject and share ideals. Thirdly, about 50% says social network sites does not

affect their study time, while the other 50% says the social networking sites affect

18
their study time. Especially when they want to study that is when someone will

send them a message. so, if you have planned to study for 3 hours and you chat for

say 45 minutes, your time of study has already be cut short by 30 minutes, and if it

continues like that it will lead to low grade. However, the study recommended that,

students should use the SNS effectively to improve their academic performance.

Since it has been shown in the findings that the use of SNS does not affects their

academic performance. In the same vein, the university is advice to upgrade the

level of it internet connectivity so as to enable the students use the SNS effectively

and efficiently. Lastly, the study recommended the users of SNS to make use of it

moderately so as to escape the occurrence of tempering their studies which will

have negative consequential effect on their grade.

In a study conducted in UNITEC institute of technology New Zealand to

discover the social consequences of mobile phones as ICTs, The following

research questions were asked: What is the overall perception of Parent / care

givers on their teenagers’ mobile phone usage? What is the level of mobile phone

usage among teenagers? What is the effect of texting on teenagers? Nonetheless,

the methodology adopted is a mixed methods approach employed to explore the

research problem and Quantitative data was collected through questionnaires.

However, the findings of the study are: the overall findings from this study reveal

that parents/caregivers ’perceptions of teenagers’ mobile phone usages are not

19
satisfactory. Although they express a mixed opinion, they lean towards negative

impacts. A very high number of interview participants expressed the view that

negative impacts outweighing positive purposes with teenagers’ mobile phone

usage., Teenagers possessing mobile phone/s were 96.5% (n=111). A further

breakup of age groups indicated that all the 17-19 olds had mobile phones. In

addition, not possessing mobile phone/s is higher in the age bracket 15-16 year

olds when compared to 13-14 olds and On the negative side, PACG express that

teenagers are addicted and obsessed with texting, while some of the PACG feel

that it distracts the teenagers from their study time and other important activities.

Some PACG hold the service providers responsible for this because of texting

plans. Bullying and abusive messages have been perceived as the major problem

Mediated by mobile phones. PACG express that teenagers with their mobile

phones are out of control for them. Consequently, the study recommended that,

Mobile phone makers and service providers should make research on the social

context of teenagers’ mobile phone usage and then promoting products or services

suitable to the research findings, Media should take leading role in bringing to the

knowledge of the general public about the negative consequences of mobile phone

usage and tips to tackle such consequences. Also parent should Allow teenagers to

use mobile phones by setting a minimum age limit (either legally or PACG to

20
consider when it is appropriate) and by providing education (making the teens

understand the negative impacts and the best ways to deal with them.

In their effort to uncover the health effect of computer as ICTs, in the

Department of Technology Management IIU, Islamabad Pakistan Mechanical and

Aeronautical Engineering Department, UET, Taxila Pakistan. The research

questions were asked: What is the association between the extent of computer use

(per day) and carpal tunnel syndrome, computer Stress syndrome, computer vision

syndrome and musculoskeletal problems? To what extent does the simultaneous

occurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome, stress, computer vision syndrome and

musculoskeletal disorders affect computer users? However, the methodology

adopted in this study is a field survey approach as primary data source for

investigating the research problem. The sample in this exploratory study consisted

of 120 employees and students. Self-administered questionnaire was used as an

instrument. The study’s findings further confirmed that computer related health

disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, stress, computer vision syndrome and

musculoskeletal disorders occur simultaneously among prolonged computer users

such as employees and students. The simultaneous occurrence of carpal tunnel

syndrome, stress, computer vision syndrome and musculoskeletal disorders is more

among employees than students and those who are both employees and students.

Employees who use computer daily for more than and treating of these four hours

21
are more likely subjected to the risks of all these four health disorders. The study

recommended that by observing some rules of using computer, minimizing

disorders are possible.

Another study was conducted in UTAH state university Logan Utah, which

examined the social effects of mobile phones as part of ICTs in their use and

psychosocial development among emerging adults. The following research

questions were asked: does the acquisition or possession of a mobile phone relate

to measures of trust, Autonomy, initiative, and industry? Do the age at acquisition

and the length of ownership of a mobile phone correlate with measures of trust,

autonomy, initiative, and industry? Does adolescent identity status (achieved,

moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion) correspond with the monthly average of

text messages sent/received and/or voice-to voice phone minutes used? Does the

frequency of cell phone use (number of text messages sent and number of used

voice-to-voice minutes) correlate with attitudes toward friendship and the number

of individuals considered as “good friends? Do cell phone distractions (number of

times used during class, used for cheating, used for taking, sending, or receiving

inappropriate pictures, and taken by an administrator/teacher) relate to school

achievement and school attendance? Does adolescent identity status (achieved,

moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion) correspond with reasons for using text

messaging?

22
 Furthermore, the methodology adopted in the above study was a cross-

sectional research design of students enrolled in specific introductory courses at

Utah State University. Assessment involved a questionnaire-based paper-pencil

self-rep. the finding also revealed that, 99% (n = 700) of this sample had a cell

phone. It was also found that psychosocial maturity had a curvilinear relationship

with the age of cell phone Procurement and length of cell phone ownership. For

both males and females, psychosocial maturity was related both to the age at which

they procured their first cell Phone and length of ownership. It was found that

psychosocially maturity was a more Significant factor for male procurement and

length of ownership than it was for females. The four identity scales were more

correlated with average monthly text Messaging than voice-to-voice minutes.

Those categorized in the foreclosed identity Status used text messaging less than

participants in all other statuses. The monthly average of voice-to-voice minutes

correlated with the reported number of good friends; While text messaging was

more correlated with friendship attitudes. Using a cell phone in class was

negatively related to school achievement and Attendance; and especially

pronounced finding among males. Those categorized into Different identity

statuses used text messaging for different purposes. For those in the achieved

status, they were more likely to use text messaging to encourage others and less

Likely to use it for an escape. While those classified in the moratorium and

23
diffusion Statuses were more likely to use it for appearance, escape, and meeting

other format. Subsequently, the study recommended that, is good to use more than

self-report data in establishing reported cell phone use among adolescents. Phone

records, perceptions of cell phone use by intimate others, and observations of

behavior in naturalistic settings would help to establish more reliable reports of cell

phone use. This is a crucial step for future studies seeking to establish relationships

between any variable and cell phone use. This study was a first step in determining

ranges for future questionnaires investigating cell phone use. With this information

more accurate interval/ratio scales could be developed for future studies.

In an attempt to explore the social consequences of ICT facilities, a study

was carried out in Elon University to gouge the level of student’s cell phone

addiction and their opinion about it. However, the study succeeded in raising the

following research questions: Are college-age students addicted to their cell

phone? What are obvious traits that show addiction to cell phones? What

psychological effects do people feel when they are disconnected? Thus, the

methodology used in this study was Field observations and a survey were

conducted to gauge the level of engagement that Elon University students have

towards their devices, and with each other in face-to-face situations. Additionally,

this study come up with the following findings: More than half of the students

surveyed said they believe they are addicted to instant and constant communication

24
(56.9%). Students reported feeling disconnected (77.4%), naked (25.8%) and

stressed (25.8%) when they didn’t carry their cell phones, secondly, Regarding the

question on what were obvious traits that show addiction to cell phones, young

adults feel the constant need to check their cell phones for any form of contact

from family, friends and work. Of the students surveyed, 44 percent agreed with

the statement, “When I walk across campus, the majority of people are on their cell

phones. Thirdly, in an effort to find out what psychological effects people felt

when they were disconnected, the study asked students to identify feelings and

emotion associated with the absence of their cell phones. One student reported

that” without a cell phone, the students had a feeling of missing out, commonly

known as FOMO (fear of missing out).” In today’s society, about 77% student

studied said they felt disconnected, while others said they feel free without their

devices. Lastly the study recommended that, these devices have driven a wedge

between intimate and direct conversation and communication. It is becoming an

addiction that is impeding personal well-being, causing unnecessary anxieties and

pressures. Therefore, it suggests that there needs to be a balance between time

spent with these devices, and without them. Without a set balance, people will

continue to become more obsessed and consumed by technology, and there is a

concern that humans will lose all closeness and affection that can come from

personalized conversations.

25
2.5 Summary of the Review

The chapter reviewed literatures that are related to the area of the study.

From the Review, the concept of ICTs were discussed both its positive and

negative effects. The study further reviewed some literatures on some selected

ICTs such as computer, mobile phone, television and internets. Similarly the study

broadly reviewed literatures related to the social consequences of ICTs with a

special focus on the negative side effects brings about by those device.

However, the studies reviewed, are mostly related to the present study. They

explore most of the social consequences of ICTs which include: social isolation,

addiction, poor sleeping habits, obesity, deceit, exposure to pornography to

mention but few. Consequently, the social consequences of ICTs facilities

especially the inter-subjective relation consequences bring about by computer,

mobile phone and tablet among Ahmadu Bello university Zaria community is the

focus of this present study. Finally, it must be noted that most of the work

reviewed in this study emanate from other countries that are more advanced in

Information Technology.

26
REFERENCES

Bhatnagar, S. (2000). Social implications of information and communication

technology in developing countries:139-146.

Brian, S. J. (2013, Sep 02). Two days with no phone. Scholastic Action, 37, 4-6.
Retriev from http://search. proquest.com/docview/1432704113?
accountid=10730

Campbell, S. W. (2006). Perceptions of mobile phones in college classrooms:

Ringing,

Campbell, Scott W. 2006. ‘Perceptions of Mobile Phones in College

Classrooms.’Communication

Campbell, Scott W. 2008. ‘Mobile Technology and the Body: Apparatgeist,

Fashion, and Function.’ Pp. 153–64 in Handbook of Mobile Communication
Studies, edited by James E. Katz. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Castells, Manuel 2007. ‘Communication, Power and Counter-power in the

Network Society.’ International Journal of Communication 1: 238–66,
http://ijoc.org/ojs/index.php/ijoc/article/ view/46 (last accessed April 7,
2007).

Cheating, and classroom policies. Communication Education, 55(3), 280-294.

Education 55: 280–94.

Foley, P. (2004). Does the Internet help to overcome social exclusion? Electronic
Journal of e-Government, 2 (2),

Hosale, s. (2013), 25 negative effects of technology. Retrieved January, 2 nd

2016 from http://roogirl.com/25-negative-effects-of-technology/

Lessons from Asia success stories, The Electronic Journal on Information Systems
in Developing Countries.(EJISDC) 1(4) : 1-9.

Mataconis, Doug. “91 percent Of American Adults Own A Cell Phone, Majority of
Them Own A Smart-phone.” Outside the Beltway.N.p., 6 June 2013. Web.
28 Oct. 2013.

27
Morrill, T. B. (2009). Cell phone use and psychosocial development among
emerging adults. (Order No. 3379281, Utah State University). ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses, 164.Retrieved from http://
search.proquest.com/docview/305011871?accountid=10730. (305011871).

Mozes, Alan. “Can Excessive Cellphone Use Become an Addiction?” US News.

U.S. News & World Report, 04 Dec. 2012. Web. 7 Oct. 2013.

Okoye, m.(2012). Social implication of ICTs: views of academic libraries in

Nigeria. Also available at
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/philprac/ISSN1522-0222

28
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the methodology used in conducting the research.

This Includes the research method adopted, research design, population of the

study, sample and sampling techniques, Instruments for data collection, procedures

for data collection, procedure for data analysis, gaining access and rigor in

qualitative research.

3.2 Research Methodology

Research methodology refers to the manner of collecting research data

(burn& grove, 2005). However, Qualitative research method was adopted in this

study; this is because, it will be used to gain an understanding of underlying

reasons, opinions and experiences associated with the use of computer, mobile

phone and tablet among the people in ABU community. However, Qualitative

research is seen as any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by

means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification (Strauss & Corbin,

1990:17). Qualitative research takes place in the natural setting. By making the

researcher often goes to the site of the participants to conduct the research. This

enables the researcher to be more detailed about the individual or place and be

highly involved in the actual experiences of the participants (Creswell 2003:181).

29
3.3 Research Design

Research design is a detailed outline on how an investigation will take

place. So for this reason, a Case study research design was adopted. It is an in-

depth study of particular situations that focuses on gaining an in-depth

understanding of a particular entity, group, individual or event at a specific time.

(Shuttleworth, 2008&Larla Willing, 2008). Similarly, Case studies present data

that is usually gathered through a variety of means including but not limited to

interviews, observations, audio, video data and document collection. The goal of

collecting data through a variety of means is both to enhance the theory generating

capabilities of the case, and to provide additional validity to assertions made by

either the researcher or the participants in the case itself. Also, Case studies tend to

be bounded in some discrete way by examining a specific or a set of individuals,

organizations, schools, departments or events (Stake, 2005).

However, a case study research method is found appropriate for this study,

because it can effectively be used to examine the social consequences of ICTs,

specifically the inter-subjective relation consequences brought by computer and

mobile phone and tablet among the people in ABU community.

3.4 Population of the Study

Population of a research is referred to as the universe; and it is defined as the

entire group whose characteristics are to be estimated ( Ndagi, 1991). Therefore,

30
forthe purpose of this study, the people in ABU community constitute the

population. Furthermore, The choice of these population groups is based on the

fact that most of the people in ABU community have a mobile phone, computer or

tablet as such they must have some experiences encountered while using them.

Therefore, those experiences or opinion will immensely fit the research question.

3.5 Sample and Sampling Techniques

Sample is a subset of your population by which you select to be participants

in your study. A sample is a subset drawn to represent the relevant attributes of the

whole set. This may not necessarily be an individual; it may be an object, events

etc (Polit and Beck 2001). It is a proportion of an entity or a subset. The essential

requirement of any sample is that it must be as representative as possible of the

entire population (Rudolph, 2002).

However, the sampling technique adapted to this study is a purposive

sampling technique. This involves selecting participants who are best able to help

the researcher understand the problem and answer the research question (Creswell,

2003). In purposive sampling, the researcher decides what information is needed

and seeks informants that are most likely to provide information that can answer

the questions of the study (Krippendorff, 2004b).

Equally, Purposive sampling is appropriate for this study because it offers a

frame for identifying sources that will uncover the social consequences of ICTs

31
specifically the inter-subjective relation consequences brought by computer and

mobile phone among the people in ABU community.

3.6 Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument adopted to collect data for this study is a semi-structured

interview and the use of digital recorder and mobile smart phone to record the

interview process. The semi-structured interview involved the researcher

personally interviewing the responded based on the structured set of questions that

has been prepared before the interview (Bryman 2007:315). This will enable the

researcher to explain or elaborate on any question that was not well understood by

the respondents. However, this method of data collection will be adopted because

the type of data required for the research is largely qualitative in nature.

3.7 Procedures for Data Collection

Data was collected using interview from the respondents. However, the

researcher introduced the topic by writing the topic and his mobile phone

numbers on 10 a cardboard papers stating that whoever, has an experience in

relation to the topic should kindly contact him and placed those cardboard papers

in a strategic point within the university community. Furthermore, most of the

people in the community had contacted the researcher but only 11 of them were

opportune to be interviewed. Moreover, the researcher introduced himself to the

respondents and explain to them the purpose of the study and thereafter requested

32
them to participate in the interview process. Each respondent was interviewed for

25-45 minutes in a convenient manner and it was done base on the structured

questions that has been prepared for the interview. However, while making the

interview the researcher used a smart phone in recording the responses of the

respondents. Finally, the researcher after the interview thanked the respondents for

given him their fruitful time in answering his question.

3.8 Procedures for Data Analysis

Data collected from the interview, was analyzed using thematic analysis.

This is because; it is used in qualitative research and it focuses on examining,

pinpointing and recording patterns or themes within data. However these themes

are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon

and are associated to a specific research question. Moreover thematic analysis is

performed through the process of coding in six phases to create and established

meaningful patterns, these phases are:

(a) Familiarization with data

(b) Generating initial codes

(c) Searching for themes among codes

(d) Reviewing themes

(e) Defining and naming themes and

(f) Producing the final report (bondage, 2001&, braun and Clarke, 2006).

33
3.9 Gaining Access

Gaining access involves convincing people that the researcher has decided

upon on who should be the informants that would provide information in

conducting research (Feldman etel, 2003). This would require the researcher to talk

to many people by developing rapport with them and be in a position to learn from

them. Therefore, gaining access is not a simple task where it requires some

combination of strategic planning, hard work and luck (van maan&kolb, 1985).

Similarly buchnan et al (1988) developed a three-access model: getting in, getting

out and getting back. At the getting in stage, researchers are expected to be clear

about their objectives, time and resources. Once access has been gained it becomes

necessary to renegotiate entry in to the actual lives of the people in the

organization, whereby having basic interpersonal skills and procedures such as

good appearance verbal and nonverbal communication plays an important role

(burgess, 1984). As for getting out stage, the best strategy is agreeing on a deadline

for the closure of data collection process. Finally, the option of returning back for

further fieldwork should be maintained, thus, the researcher must be able to

manage the process of withdrawal from the organization favorably (Buchanan et al

3.10 Rigour in Qualitative Research

Rigour refers to the correct use of research method and is an important

aspect of the quality of research processes and outcomes (Ezzy, 2002). The

34
trustworthiness or validity of the research findings is an important concern in any

research study (Creswell, 1998). In determining the trustworthiness of qualitative

studies, researchers must consider the data collection, analysis, and interpretation

methods used. Questions asked involve the extent to which the study accurately

captures the perceptions of the participants; whether other researchers would reach

similar conclusions based on the data; whether the analysis process is flexible

enough to account for variations in experiences; and the degree that study elements

were sufficiently described to allow for comparison to other populations and study

findings. Triangulation of data, member checking, thick description, theoretical

sampling, peer debriefing, and auditing were some of the techniques used to ensure

trustworthiness of the present project.

Triangulation

Triangulation is a technique used to increase the trustworthiness of

qualitative research (Lincoln &Guba, 1985). Triangulation refers to the process of

comparing results from different sources, or gathered using different methods, to

validate findings. In the present study, multiple participants were included and

their experiences were compared for similarities and differences. The theory

developed was based on the accumulation of common experiences, rather than data

unique to any one participant.

35
Member Checks

Maxwell (1996) states that member checking, or soliciting feedback from

participants, is the single most important way of ruling out the possibility of

misinterpretation of the meaning of what they say and the perspective they have on

What is going on . In the current project, each participant received the transcript of

her interview. This was achieved by the researcher’s summary, paraphrasing or

repeating the participants’ words. The researcher asked the participants whether the

interpretation was a true or fair reflection of their perspective. This was carried out

both during data collection and analysis.

Thick description

Creswell (1998) states that rich, thick description of study elements allows those

reading the study to decide if results can be transferred to other populations of

interest. Detailed information about how the participants were recruited and the

criteria for participation were outlined in this chapter. After interviews, summary

field notes were taken that included a review of the information provided by the

participant, as well as researcher reflections regarding the convergence and

divergence of the information provided in the interview in regard to previous

interviews. Information about the interview setting and significant events that

occurred during the interview will be documented. Records also were kept

36
throughout the data analysis and interpretation process documenting the

development of the emerging theory from its initial to final draft.

Credibility

Credibility indicates that findings are trustworthy and believable, that they

accurately represent the data and describe the phenomenon studied (Corbin &

Strauss, 2008). In grounded theory, credibility is largely embedded within the

constant comparative method of data analysis. Data collection and analysis are

interrelated processes that continued until each category was saturated, thereby

continually verifying data. Member checking is the most crucial technique for

demonstrating credibility. Member checking involves taking the study findings and

Interpretations back to respondents for their reactions to the accuracy and

relevance of the findings (Creswell, 1998; Lincoln &Guba, 1985).

Transferability

Transferability is the applicability of the findings in other contexts or at

some other time or with other participants (Lincoln &Guba, 1985). Lincoln and

Guba (1985) contended that advancing hypotheses together with a thick

description of the time and context in which they were found to hold allows others

to make decisions regarding transferability. Thus, it is the responsibility of the

investigator to provide the database that makes transferability judgments possible

for other investigators (Lincoln &Guba, 1985). Thick description will be provided

37
in chapter four of the findings and several quotes will also be used. In addition,

providing sample characteristics and an audit trail should assist the individual in

making transferability (applicability) judgments to other similar groups.

Dependability

Dependability refers to reliability (replicability) or consistency of findings

(Lincoln &Guba, 1985). Explaining in detail how conceptualizations were arrived

at enables others to follow the analyst’s path of logic and that it is a plausible

explanation for what is going on (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). An inquiry audit is one

technique outlined by Lincoln and Guba (1985) to establish dependability (of both

the process and product of inquiry). Dependability was established through an

audit trail, that is, detailed records of the research process and product (e.g., data,

findings, interpretations). The audit trail included raw data (e.g., interview

recordings and transcripts, written field notes), a codebook (list of codes), several

types of memos such as theoretical memos (e.g., concepts, hypotheses, categories,

interpretations) and methodological memos (e.g., interview guide revisions,

procedural decisions).

Conformability

Conformability refers to neutrality or the objectivity of data, that is, the

characteristics of the data are confirmable (Lincoln &Guba, 1985). It is the degree

to which the findings of an inquiry are determined by the respondents and

38
conditions of the inquiry and are not the biases and perspectives of the investigator

(Lincoln &Guba, 1985). Conformability was established through an audit trail, as

described in establishing the dependability of the inquiry.

39
REFERENCES

Braun c. (2006), how to use thematic analysis. Retrieve 11 th February 2016 from
https://sites.google.com/site/howtousethematicanalysis/

Cresswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed

Method Approaches. Thousand Oaks, California, Sage Publications, Inc.

Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among

five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Feldman, m., & J. Berger, m. (2003). Gaining access: a practical and theoretical
guide for qualitative researchers, California: Alter Mira press.

Gillham, B. (2000). The Research Interview.New York: Continuum.

Shenton, A. &Hayter, s.(2004) strategies for gaining access to organizations and

informants in qualitative studies. Education for information 22, 223-231

Stake, R. E. (2005).“Qualitative case studies.” In Denzin, Norman K. & Lincoln,

Yvonna S. eds. The sage handbook of qualitative research. 3rd ed. Thousand
Oaks, CA: SAGE. pgs.443-466.

Tellis W. (1997). Introduction to Case StudyThe Qualitative Report, Vol.3(2).

Retrieved on 13/02/2016 from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-
2/tellis1.html.

Yin, R.K.( 1984) Case Study Research, Design and Methods. Beverly Hills,
California :Sage Publications

40
 CHAPTER FOUR

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter analyzed the findings derived from the data gotten from the

interview conducted on people in ABU community regarding the bad experiences

they encountered in using ICTs. however, Data in the form of phrases and

sentences about the bad experiences of people in ABU community associated with

the use of ICTs specifically mobile phone, computer or tablet, were collected from

eleven (11) respondents of which are all genuine people of the community who

have the experience about the question asked during the interview. Furthermore,

the responses, gathered from in-depth interview of the respondents were

transcribed word by word, or precisely, verbatim. The data collected were

presented in a Microsoft word table template. The responses provided multiple

views and insights into the bad experience of people in ABU community in regard

to the use of ICTs. Hence, the table produced seventy (70) codes, fourteen (14)

sub-categories and six (6) categories. It is upon these categories and the sub-

categories that the findings and analysis of this study was designed.

41
4.2. Interview Analysis

Each of the eleven (11) interviews were transcribed, read, examined, re-

examined using an analytic inductive process whereby the “researcher works back

and forth between the themes and the database until the researcher has established

a comprehensive set of themes” (Creswell, 2013 p. 186). As a result, while

reading the transcribed interviews, the researcher underlined sentences, phrases,

and words that best described the respondents’ actions, thoughts and

understanding of the social consequences of ICTs .Meanwhile, an iterative

method was used to employ a series of steps for coding the highlighted narratives

(Krathwohl, 1998). Following these steps, the researcher read through the

narratives looking for variances and similarities in the narratives.

Fourteen codes (14) reoccurring topics were hence identified as sub-

categories for the bad experience the people in ABU community encounter in

using ICTs. The fourteen sub-categories were then further collapsed into six (6)

emergent categories.

4.3 What are the Bad Experiences do People in ABU

CommunityEncounter Regarding the Use of ICTs.

The respondents were asked to share the bad experience they encounter in

using mobile phone, computer or tablet. However, seventy codes (70) were

42
generated from their responses. Moreover, Out of those seventy codes (70), six

(6) categories emerged which can be seen below:

1. Disputes

2. Health problem

3. Poor academic performance

4. Individualism

5. Dishonesty

6. Others

Category one: Disputes

This category discusses about the bad experiences in the using ICTs among

people in ABU community to be a disputes. Meanwhile, a dispute here has to do

with a series of disagreements, fights or misunderstanding that occur among

friends, family and loved ones. Furthermore, this category was divided into

four:Break off in relationship, Misunderstanding with friends’ relatives and

loved one, Causes quarrelling among friends, family and loved ones and Creates

divorce among couple:

1. Break off in relationship:

This Involves total separation or stoppage of relationship between two or

more people as a result of using mobile phone, computer or tablet. So to prove this,

one of the respondents stated that:

43
 Because of mobile phone I lost my fiancée this is
because I saw a romantic text of someone on my
fiancés mobile phone of which when I saw I was
charged to the core.

Similarly another respondent revealed that:

My friend’s relationship with her boyfriend was

broke off due to mobile phone because the guy saw
a text message of another guy from her phone
which made him angry to be thinking whether the
girl is cheating on him.

Another respondent disclosed that:

My friend stopped dating his girlfriend because of

mobile phone because the girl is seriously
disturbing him with calls and as for him he was so
tied off with frequent receiving of calls. This made
them to be encountering problems which latter led
to their break off.

Another respondent opened that:

MY friend got separated with his girlfriend

because of mobile phone because; sometimes
when he opens the inbox of her phone he used to
see some love messages of other guys.

44
2. Misunderstanding with friends relative and love ones:

This has to do with minor dispute or disagreement between two or more

people through the use of mobile phone computer or tablet. However concerning

this, one of the respondents said:

Because of mobile phone I encountered a

misunderstanding with my younger brother. The
boy took my phone without my permission that
resulted in misunderstanding between us.

Similarly, another respondent said:

Computer was a source of making me being

annoyed with my brother. Because, he collected it
from me for him to watch unfortunately the
motherboard burned for this if is see him I feel
very annoyed.

In the same vein, one respondent told that:

I am encountering misunderstanding with some

of my relatives because I refused to give them my
system. Because of this we usually engaged in
misunderstanding.

Also one respondent added that:

My friends use to be angry with me Because I

refused to give him my system and when I give
him, he don’t handle it with a completes care this
was the reason why he used to be angry with me.

Another respondent was quoted as saying:

I had a misunderstanding with my girlfriend as a

result of mobile phone. And this happened because

45
 she saw a picture of my course mate in my phone
thinking that is the picture of my other girlfriend.

Another respondent went on to say:

I have had a misunderstanding the regard to my

relationship with my friends which were as a
result of mobile phone. Because am always the one
calling them, they don’t call me and for this I
called to tell them never to call me for whatever
reason, and as for me too I will not call them.

3. Causes quarrelling among friends, family and loved ones:

This entails an angry dispute, fight or unwanted argument between two or

more people which is usually happen as a result of the use of computer, mobile

phone or tablet. To prove this, this was what one of the respondents said:

I quarreled with my boyfriend last week due to

mobile phone. Because I called him and he was
not picking the call and also he failed to call back.
For this, I was so sad and that led to quarrel
between us.

Similarly another respondent said:

We once engaged in quarreling among ourselves

because someone else of whom we don’t know
entered our room and stole our friend’s tablet.
That has led to quarrel among us.

46
Another respondent disclose that:

My elder brother quarreled with his wife because

he opened her phone and saw a text message of
someone.

Another respondent stated that:

Am always in quarrel with one of my friend,

because he used to take my phone and be playing
games with it and I hate that.

One respondent also disclosed that:

Because of my computer I quarreled with my

younger sister because, she took my system
without my permission and broke the screen.

4. Creates divorce among couple:

This involves complete separation or marriage breaks off between husband

and wife because of cheating or deception or anything related to that. The use of

ICTs specifically computer, mobile phone or tablet has led to the emergence of

rampant divorce among couple. However to support this, one of the respondent

said:

My friend divorced his wife because of mobile

phone because the wife is cheating him by using
her mobile phone to call other people to come and
have sex with her.

47
Additionally another respondent said:

I divorced my wife because of mobile phone

because after the marriage, I discover that she was
cheating on me by cramming some numbers to call
other people.

Another respondent revealed that:

My neighbor divorced his wife, as a result of

mobile phone. Because he listened to one romantic
conversation in the wife’s phone which she did
with someone else.

Category two: health effect

This category discus the social consequences of

the use of ICTs to be health effect, Health effect
encompasses unhealthy condition, resulting from
harm or pains which are encountered while using
computer, mobile or tablet. Therefore, the
category is consisted of three related sub –
categories which are: tools for causing accident,
health problem and tools for criminal activities.

1. Tool for causing accidents:

This has to with influence of mobile phone or

tablet in distracting individuals or drivers from
concentrating fully on what they are doing thereby
causing accident which will lead to harm or even
lost of lives. However, one of the respondents
stated that:
Mobile phone nearly caused car accident, because
my driver lost control while attempting to charge
his phone, while driving he ran over a ramp
resulting in tire burst.
48
Another respondent stated that:

I one day wounded my leg due to using this mobile

phone; this is because I was walking and still
chatting.

2. Health problem:

This has to do with lack of general condition of the body or mind,

especially in terms of the presence or absence of illnesses or injuries, therefore

computer mobile or tablet bring about health problem as stated by one of the

respondents:

I use to have a sleepless night as a result of mobile

phone This is especially if I went home for break
because of the constant chatting I was doing and
sometimes games of which I know is a serious
problem to my health.

Another respondent has stated that:

Using mobile phone, my roommates are disturbing

my sleeping especially in the mid nigh When they
are doing a free call with their girlfriends

Similarly, a respondent said:

When I work so long in on my system, I don’t use

to see clearly. The screen light is affecting my eyes

49
Another respondent has stated that:

I read that, the use of laptop has implication on

human reproduction Because base on what I read
from one article that the emission coming out from
the computer engine do reduce human
reproduction capacity

3. Tools for criminal activities:

This has to do with using the ICT facilities to

commit illegal act or atrocities in the society
which will make the society to lose peace and
people health to be negatively affected. Thus, to
testify this, one of the respondent disclosed that:
My friend’s friend was killed as a result of using
mobile phone This was because she falls in love
with a guy through face book .

Another respondent said:

My mother’s sister was engaged in terrible trouble

with soldiers as a result of mobile phone. Because,
my mother’s sister collected a message from
someone in a motor park, unknown to her that it’s
a mobile phone together with a bomb inside the
message.

Another respondent revealed that:

I watched a TV program where Mobile phone was

used in kidnapping an old woman because there
was a day, I watched an interview in channel TV
with one old woman who was a former minister in
this country, the kidnappers used mobile phone in
the process of kidnapping he

50
Another respondent also disclose that:

I read that Mobile phone was used in exploring

bomb in a mosque as I read, the last year Juma’at
Kano bomb blast had happened with the aid of
mobile phone.

Category three: poor academic performance

This category which has no related sub categories discusses about the bad

experiences in using ICTs among people in ABU community to be a Poor

academic performance. And this has to do with in ability of students to pay

attention to their academic activities as a result of frequent and persistent use of

ICTs specifically mobile phone, computer or tablet which will lead incompetency

and poor productivity. Moreover, to verify this, one of the respondents revealed

that:

My mobile phone is distracting me from reading

Because I used to chat with my friends and
relatives through whatsapp especially if the class I
went to read has a wireless network.

Another respondent said that:

I was sent out of the class by our lecturer; because

of mobile phone Because, that time my phone rang
and for that I missed the class which made me gets
a poor result on the course.

51
Another respondent also revealed that:

I heard A father warning his son about playing

games, (Because the boy is addicted to game using
mobile phone therefore he don’t concentrate on
his studies).

Category four: individualism

This category which has no related sub-categories also discusses the bad

experience of people in ABU community to be individualism. However

individualism here has to with isolation of oneself from engaging in the midst of

people as a result of excessive use of ICT facilities. One of the respondents

revealed that:

Mobile phone, computer or tablets affect our

physical interaction because Sometimes you can
see that me and my friends will be together in a
room or somewhere else, but no one will talk to
each other, for good an hour or even more than
that, because every one of us is busy chatting,
browsing, face booking and so on with people that
we don’t even know who really they are.)

Another respondent said that:

Mobile phone or computer bring in us

forgetfulness and isolation. Because one day due
to the chatting I was doing it got to a point that I
forgot to drop where I was supposed to drop, the
buss kept moving.

52
A respondent stated that:

Computer, mobile phone or tablet are making us

lazy, especially in the area of making physical
visitation because We hardly visit our relatives as
we do before we can only call them of which there
are a lot of thing that cannot be said through
phone. So at times we do ignore them. So to be
honest with you we are misusing these devices.

Category five: dishonesty

This category discusses the bad experience of people in ABU community

associated with the use of mobile phone, computer or tablet to be “dishonesty”.

Furthermore, dishonesty here refers to lack of trust or sincerity over certain issue

as a result of using ICTs. However, the category is made up of three (3) related

sub-categories which are: encourage people to cheat, encourage people to lie and

encourage deception among people.

(1) Encourage people to cheat: this involves showing unfaithful behavior or un

fair trick to someone as a result of using computer, mobile phone or tablet. Thus,

one respondent stated that:

My girlfriend thought that I was cheating on her

Because of seeing other girl’s pictures in my
phone.

Another respondent said that:

I was cheated three thousand naira 3000 by yahoo

boys in the course of using mobile phone, because
53
 I saw a message in my phone that I should
recharge 3000 to get 6000 thousand and when I
did so, I see nothing in my account.

2. Encourage lying.

This has to do with telling information that is completely far away from the truth

which is usually practice by people in the course of using ICTs. However, one of

the respondent stated that:

Because of mobile phone I one day lied in front of

my younger brother which I ended off in shame.
The boy was there when I was called by my dad
and instructed me to drive them to school,
unfortunately for me I lied to him that I was not at
home in the presence of the boy. When I said that,
the boy quickly responded “yaya I will tell dad you
are at home, you just lied to him.

3. Encourage deception among people:

This involves tricking or misleading people over certain issues. One of the

respondents revealed that:

I was really deceived by one guy from Zamfara

state using mobile phone, I met the guy through
2go we fall in love with each other, I put all my
trust on the guy thinking that he will marry me but
at last that was not the case. The guy refuse to visit
me, I tried all I could for him to visit me but he
refused. He even stops calling me. For this if I
remember I used to be very angry.

54
Another respondent said that:

I have a friend that was deceived by one guy. The

guy is a jobless guy he don’t have anything I think
the guy is a secondary school leaver. But he lied to
my friend that he is a graduate of Bayaro
University Kano, and he is a banker, my friend
agreed and she fall in love with the guy, after
some time, somebody else revealed to her that the
guy has nothing he is just deceiving her.

Also beside love’s deception another respondent had mentioned that:

My uncle was deceived through mobile phone, the

incident happened when somebody called him and
told him that he is a an agent in LACASERA
company, and his number was shortlisted among
those that have worn N500, 000, but before he
could receive such money he must sent N2000
airtime and my uncle sent it to the man. And since
that time up to now nothing has been given to him.

Category six: others.

This category discusses the bad experience of people in ABU community

associated with the use of mobile phone, computer or tablet to be “others”. Others

here encompasses encourage laziness and exposing people to pornography as the

social consequence of ICTs.

55
1. Encourage laziness:

This has to do with the state of been hesitated to perform certain specific physical

activity in using the ICTs specifically computer and mobile phone. moreover, one

of the respondents has said that:

Computer, mobile phone or tablet are making us

lazy, especially in the area of making physical
visitationWe hardly visit our relatives as we do
before we can only call them of which there are a
lot of things that cannot be said through phone. So
at times we do ignore them. So to be honest with
you we are misusing these devices.

2. Exposes people to pornography:

This entails exposing people to bad sexual activities such as visiting pornographic

websites, viewing blue films or images using computer, mobile phone or tablet. To

prove this one of the respondent said that:

Using computer, mobile phone, people download

BF (blue film.). Because I have a friend that I
totally don’t like to open his phone. So long as you
can open it you will begins to see bad images or
film that are unacceptable and disappointing.

Another respondent disclosed that:

These devices exposes our younger ones to

pornography, because I once saw a blue film in
the phone of a young lady, of which when I take a
glance at it I was so shocked considering the
character of the girl and her morality.

56
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

The objective of this research was to uncover the social consequences of

ICTs among people in ABU community. However, an interpretative research

paradigm was adopted using qualitative research methodology. The researcher

interviewed eleven (11) respondents who are all genuine people living in Ahmadu

Bello university community. Furthermore, the chapter elaborates on the social

consequences the people in ABU community encounter in using computer, mobile

phone or tablet. Similarly, it answers the research questions that followed. In the

same vein, it discusses implication of findings of the research. Consequently, the

section concludes by identifying recommendations for future research regarding

the social consequences of ICTs and information programs to increase awareness

on their implications in a wider society.

5.2 Summary of findings

ICT specifically computer, mobile phone or tablets was discovered to be an

agent of creating a lot of social consequences among people in ABU community.

However, the people in ABU community revealed the social consequences of

ICTs to be Disputes, Health problem, Poor academic performance, Individualism,

Dishonesty and Others. Meanwhile, the findings revealed that these problems are

57
posed as a result of mishandling or misusing the ICTs that people formed the

habits of doing. Hence, the chapter concludes with the implications for future

studies regarding the social consequences of the ICTs with recommendations on

how to address such consequences.

Research question: What bad experience do people in ABU community

encounter in using ICTs?

In ABU community people encounter disputes to be social consequence of

using ICTs. In ABU community people encounter break off in relationship which

Involves total separation or stoppage in relationship between two or more people

as a result of using mobile phone, computer or table. Furthermore, In ABU

community people run in to Misunderstanding with friends relative and love ones

which have to do with minor dispute or disagreement between two or more people

through the use of mobile phone computer or tablet. Moreover, In ABU

community people engages in quarrelling with friends, family and loved ones

which happens as a result of using computer, mobile phone or tablet. Moreover, In

ABU community people encounter cases of divorce among couple which was

fueled through as a result of using computer mobile phone or tablet.

In ABU community people encounter health effects to be social

consequences of using ICTs in ABU community people engage in motor accident

58
in the process of charging mobile phone while driven as a result of the use of ICTs.

Also, In ABU community people encounter health problem which usually happens

as a result of constant and excessive chatting all the time which leads to poor

sleeping that has negative effect on general body condition. In the same vein, In

ABU community people encounter cases of criminal activities using mobile phone,

computer or tablet to commit offensive act such as murder which has an overall

effect on functional health stability as a result of using ICTs.

In ABU community people encounter poor academic performance as a

social consequence of ICTs. And this has to do with an in ability of students to

pay attention to their academic activities as a result of frequent and persistent chat

in facebook, watsapp, instagram or 2go. Sometimes they were sends outside the

class by their lecturers when their phone rang. However this is given a tremendous

setback to good academic performance as stated by one of the respondents, and

will lead to incompetency and lack of productivity in the labor market.

In ABU community people encounter individualism as a social

consequence of ICTs. Individualism here has to with isolation of oneself from

engaging in the midst of people as a result of excessive use of computer, mobile

phone or tablet. The people in ABU community are experiencing this problem as

stated by the respondents. However this problem emanated from excessive chatting

through social media platforms such as watsapp, facebook, instagram etc. however,

59
due to this chatting some people in ABU community prefer to stay away from their

friends and family in order to interact with other people that they don’t actually

know their real status. Furthermore, this makes these people to have a difficulty in

physical interaction with other people around them.

In ABU community people encounter dishonesty as a social consequence

of using ICTs. In ABU community people revealed that, computer; mobile phone

or tablet encourages individuals to cheat. However, encouraging people to cheat

here has to do with influencing people to show unfaithful behavior or unfair trick

to others. This may be 419, love cheating etc. Additionally, the people in ABU

community disclosed that computer, mobile phone or tablet encourage them to tell

lies. This will be through chatting, receiving or making call etc. furthermore, the

people in ABU community revealed the social consequences of ICTs to be

encouraging deception among friends family and loved ones, which has serious

threat to good working relationship among people in the community.

In ABU community people encounter others to be the social consequence

of using ICTs. Meanwhile, others here encompass encouraging laziness and

exposing people to pornography as the social consequence of ICTs. In ABU

community people sees ICTs as an agent of posing laziness to them especially in

the area of being feel lazy to make physical visits to their relatives or performing

other physical activities. Consequently, people in ABU community revealed the

60
problem of ICTs as encouraging people to have access to a lot of bad sexy website

where they can download bad pictures or blue films. However, young children and

other adult in the community use ICTs to watch bad videos or pictures which will

trigger immoral behavior in the community.

5.3 Implication and Recommendation

In the course of discussing the findings of the study the researcher advances

possible implications for the findings and recommendations for strategies to

overcome the challenges faced by the people in ABU community regarding the use

of ICTs.

Finding of this study elaborates on the fact that a dispute is one of the

critical social consequences encountered by people in ABU community regarding

the use of ICTs. This is to say that, the people in ABU community stumble upon

break off in relationship, misunderstanding, quarrelling with friends, relatives and

love ones as well as encountering problems of divorce among couple which are all

associated with the use of ICTs. Meanwhile, the beauty of any society lies on its

ability to maintain high level of peace because without peace everything will turns

to be bitter where inconvenience, hardship, and discomfort will be the order of the

day( Mobile phone: friend or enemy, 2009). Hence, the use of ICTs is actually

tempering the much needed peace in our society especially among couple. for

example on 26 march 2016 hot dispute irrupted at Agboyi/ ketu customary court

61
between two couple, where wife was accusing her husband of sending a text

message to one of her childhood friend requesting her to meet him in a hotel,. As

the wife mistakenly saw the text from the husband’s mobile phone, she quickly

rushed to the room they booked in the hotel and caught them red handed while the

husband opposed saying that his wife had just set him up (Nairaland, 2016). Also

in a related development another husband has sadly disclosed that “my wife is on

cell phone, using instagram and facebook 24 hours a day, feels the need to have a

private accounts, hides in the bathroom every night to make comments on

instagram, posts comment on instagram while driving she has a serious problem

concerning this habit and there is no way to reach her, it’s very painful and very

sad that she chooses online life over her marriage., and We always quarrelled

because of that attitudes (family life 2012). However, this is very common

problem, because the use of ICTs results in a lot of inter-subjective disputes in our

society as found by this study.

Meanwhile, to get rid of disputes as a result of using ICTs specifically

computer, mobile phone or tablet among people in ABU community, this study is

recommended that, people should resort to knowing how to use the ICTs wisely

and ethically so as to foster transparency, normalcy, understanding and good

working relationship among the people of the community. Moreover, for people to

know this, effective information communication program has to be design so as to

62
educate people the appropriate manner of using the ICTs in order for them to

escape encountering disputes with one another.

It is also worthy of note to acknowledge that, health problems is another

stressing issue that negatively disturb the people of ABU community in the course

of using ICTs. This is base on the fact that many of them disclosed that they do

encounter eye problem because of the reflection of the computer or mobile phone’s

screen which make them to have a partial sightedness. Aside of that, problems

related to having sleepless night due to constant and excessive chatting, getting

injuries while chatting and walking as well as engaging in motor accidents are all

encountered by people in ABU community in using ICTs. Meanwhile, on august, 7

2014, MrsOmobola Johnson, the Nigerian minister of communications technology

cautioned the general public on the health risk of ICTs specifically mobile phone,

Johnson stated that “the radiation from phones, can cause problem this is why we

are advising the public not to bring phones close to their body or use them in the

rain” (vanguard, 2014).

However, it is of great important to know that there is nothing more

important in the entire life of human beings other than their health. When health is

affected everything will be abnormal and boring in fact health they say is wealth.

So to do away with health problem, this study is recommending people to use the

ICTs in an appropriate time. People should Endeavour to chat with their friends,

63
relatives and loved ones for not more than 2 hours in a day. Furthermore, drivers

should concentrate fully in their driving. They should shun the habits of making or

receiving calls while driving. Also people should stop chatting while walking and

consequently, the reflection of screen light of the ICTs such as computer, mobile

phone or tablet should significantly be reduce to the barest minimum in such a way

that it will not course harm to the eyes.

Aside of that, it is of immense benefit to know that the use of ICTs is

alarmingly constituting downturns or setback pertaining theacademic performance

of students within the ABU community. This is because many of the students have

revealed that, addiction to facebook, watsapp, instagrams and other social media

platforms is taken them away from reading especially when they go to class in the

night or when they are in the lecture halls, some have even reported to have been

sent out of the class by their lecturers because of incoming call tones which led one

of them to get carry over. This is of course a problem that needs proper attention.

Furthermore, in a website titled project and research work, October 23, 2015,

shared that, the use of ICTs encourage people’s addiction to social networking

sites which decrease productivity as so many students end up sending the better

part of their study hours checking those sites. Rather than get their assignment

done, they spend the whole time either tweeting or posting messages on facebook.

This attitude leads to poor grammar usage, problem of carry over, spelling errors as

64
well as reduction in research capabilities (lei and zhao, 2005). Moreover, in

another dimension Penkraft, 15, April 2015, reported that many Nigerian students

lost interest in reading because they are addicted to using mobile phone, computer

or tablets to log on to social networking site. Some hardworking students became

dull as a result of bad company on social networks. Most Nigerian students were

introduced to examination malpractice at social networking sites. It has contributed

to diminish of Nigerian educational standard. That is why we get a lot of certified

illiterates in the country (hub201, 2015).

Moreover, to get out of poor academic performance in using ICTs, this study

recommended that time management associated with the use of ICTs has to be

adopted. Students in ABU community should urge to totally switch off their

phones or put it in silence when they get in to the class. Furthermore, they should

appropriately be advice to halt any form of using social media when they went to

read. They should also strive to strictly follow the instructions of their lecturers

related to their interaction with the devices.

Additionally, individualismis a prevalent problem encountered by the people

in ABU community in regard to the use of ICTs. This is base on the fact that many

of them embark on isolating themselves from engaging in the midst of people

around them as a result of watching movies, playing games, browsing and other

things. However, this problem is making them to be facing great challenge in

65
conducting physical interaction with the people around. Furthermore, (Boehi,

2012) stated that, ICTs is critically challenging our physical interaction by

isolating us. Eg, you walk in to a restaurant and you notice a couple seated near

you, and you will observe that they are not enjoying the opportunity to be together,

because one is patiently waiting for the other to stop talking or texting on cell

phone. Also you are sitting in the stands at a high school football game You notice

that many of the students are not only ignoring the game but they are also ignoring

the friends seated beside them by just embarking on texting with other friends

somewhere else. However, in a related development a wife has disclosed that “I am

usually the spouse waiting for my husband to get off the cell phone, ipad,

instagram, text messaging or other games that hooked him. I am tied of having my

conversations through text messages and would enjoy an old fashioned

conversation that is face to face one. But the truth is that we barely have anything

to say to each other because we are addicted to chatting and texting rather than face

to face conversation (family life, 2012).

However, in order to get proper adjustment from individualism as a

consequence of using ICTs in ABU community, this study recommended that

people should reduce unnecessary watching movies, chatting, playing games and

constant browsing to a minimum standard in such a way that they cannot be anti-

social when it comes to practical and physical interaction.

66
 The finding further revealed that dishonesty is another noticeable problem

encountered by people in ABU community in relation to using ICTs. This is to say

that, the consequences of using ICTs in this community is characterize by cheating

either in form of monetary aspect such as 419 or love cheating, lies and deception

among friends family and relatives. However, honesty is obvious facts that

determine the beauty of any relation irrespective of the community one found

his/her self (Adams, 2012). Thus when people lacks honesty they can likely

commit numerous offensive act which can result in the destruction of the society

(why is important to be honest, 2014). In the same vein, a woman called Stephanie

Atias has cried out by saying “my husband and I have been married for 5 years.

Within the last year there has been a gradual disconnect that I feel we have no

reached the point of no return. This is because, I now feel like I can’t trust him... he

talks to friends from work via text constantly one of them being a woman. I feel

like I am not good enough for him and when I try talking to him about it he just

says he likes to use his phone and he really doesn’t care anymore how much it

bothers me. Our marriage is at breaking point because we don’t have

communication and we don’t spend time together which are two of the most

important things in a successful marriage (family life, 2012). Additionally, in May

15, 2015 a woman called ChiomaMaduagwu from Lagos expressed her anger over

bad side of using ICTs. The woman has disclosed that her Nigerian friend used lies

67
to end her marriage to an American. And he was only succeeded with the aid of

mobile phone (YOHAIG, 2015).

Nonetheless, to crush out dishonesty as a consequence of using ICTs in

ABU community the study is recommended that people should be very sensitive in

revealing their personal information to people they don’t know in the course of

using ICTs. Moreover, people in ABU community should avoid any act of social

media love relationship because of the mistrust nature of it. Consequently, the

people should be inform to stay away from telling lies as doing so will cripple the

moral behaviour of their children in the community.

Subsequently, as part of the findings of this study, encourage laziness and

exposing people to pornography which termed as “others” is regarded to be social

consequence of using ICTs as disclosed by the respondents. Meaning the use of

ICTs has influenced many people in ABU community to be indolent in performing

certain things such as visiting relatives and other social activities. However, in the

other hand, it becomes apparent that using ICTs, people are getting access to many

bad websites which gives them room to download many videos that are immoral to

the society (Olubiyi, 2012). As such these acts can result in unwanted pregnancy,

wrongful sex and other things that will downgrade the morality of the people in the

community especially young ones. Also in a websites called confession Nigeria

.com. on 15, July 2015. A woman posted that, “her husband had really surprise her

68
by opening his laptop and mobile phone to see some pornographic videos which

are all such unwanted ones. The woman continued by saying as he saw such videos

he become very sad and totally hates the husband because when their children see

it as they use to take his phone that will result in problem of immoral behaviour

(confession Nigeria.come, 2015). Moreover, on Nairaland forum websites, one

person called Nzagha on July 11, 2015. Posted that “please help/or advised me on

what to do... it really getting out of hand, I think mobile phone has really, done

more harm to me than good. It makes me procrastinated, It makes me lazy, all the

time phone. No time to do other things even if I get it I will be receiving

notification from facebooks and other social networking platforms, this is really

making me lazy from doing other works” (Nairaland, 2015).

However, to do away with this menace, the people in ABU community are

recommended to be very punctual in making physical visitations to their relatives,

friends and loved ones. They should also avoid chatting especially on facebook and

whatApp anyhow and any time. Lastly, they should be also advice to stop visiting

sexy websites as doing that is vulnerable to the morality of their children. Also the

computer and mobile phone’s manufacturers should resort to manufacturing those

ICTs that can block access to those websites.

69
5.4 Recommendation for Future Research

The need to discover the social consequences regarding the use of ICTs was

investigated by this study and it covers Ahmadu Bello University Zaria as a

community only. However, this study is recommending that there is a stressing

need to study the social consequences of ICTs in one of the geo political zones of

Nigeria like north east so as to uncover those social consequences in a wider

society. Furthermore, much emphasis should be given to finding out the

consequence that is attached to ICTs specifically mobile phone among married

couple. Consequently, this study is recommending that research needs to be

conducted in order to discover how criminal activities are been carry out using

ICTs, In order to reduce the adverse effects of it in the society.

70
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 APPENDIX I

INTERVIEW GUIDE

1. RESEARCH QUESTION:

What bad experience do people in ABU Community encounter in using ICT?

IINTERVIEW QUESTION:

(i) Share with me the bad experience or problem you encounter in using

computer, mobile phone or tablet.

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 APPENDIX II

Table 1: classification of sub categories on the social consequences the people

in ABU community Encounter in using ICTs

1. break off in relationship

2. misunderstanding with friends, relatives and loved ones

3. causes quarreling among people

4. creates divorce among couple

5. tools for criminal activities

6. tools for causing accident

7. disturbs people’s sleeping

8. disturbs people’s reading

9. creates isolation

10. encourage cheating among people

11. encourage lying among people

12. bring about deception among people

13.pose laziness to users

14. exposes people to pornography.

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Table 2: research question: what bad experience do people in ABU

Community encounter in Using ICTs?

1 Disputes
2 Health problem
3 Poor academic performance
4 individualism
5 dishonesty
6 Others

Figure 1: data analysis steps

11 interviews 70 codes 14 sub-categories 6 categories

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Table 3: share with me the bad experience you have encounter in using

Mobile phone, computer or tablet.

Classification Illustrative quotes

1. disputes Erm, I quarreled with my boyfriend last week due to mobile
phone. Because I used to call him and he doesn’t use to pick the
call and also he don’t use to call back. For this, I was so sad and
that led to quarrel between us. Because I was tied of that
attitude. it seems he is showing care free manner on me. So I just
decided to call him and tell him that from now henceforth I will
never call him. If he wishes let the relationship stop I don’t care.
2. health I one day wounded my leg due to using this mobile phone; this is
problem because I was walking and still chatting.And it happened when I
was going to one shop to buy brush, as I was going I was also on
my phone chatting through watsapp, for this I don’t know the
time that one big stone hit my leg.
3. poor I was sent out of the class by our lecturer; because of mobile
academic phone Because, that time my phone rang and for that I missed
performance the class which made me got a poor result on the course.
4. Mobile phone, computer or tablets affect our physical
individualism interaction (cough) em, I encountered this problem because
sometimes you can see that me and my friends will be together in
a room somewhere else, but no one will talk to each other, for
good an hour or even more than that, bruise every one of us is
busy chatting, browsing, face booking and so on with people that
we don’t even know who really they are).
5. dishonesty I have a friend that was deceived by one guy. The guy is a
jobless guy he don’t have anything I think the guy is a secondary
school leaver. But he lied to my friend that he is a graduate of
Bayaro university kano, and he is a banker, my friend agreed
and she fall in love with the guy, after some time, somebody else
revealed to her that the guy has nothing he is just deceiving her.
6. others Erm, Computer, mobile phone or tablet are making us lazy,
especially in the area of making physical visitation We hardly
visit our relatives as we do before we can only call them of
which there are a lot of things that cannot be said through
phone. So because of phones we ignore them. Also, These
devices exposes our younger ones to pornography, because I
once saw a blue film in the phone of a young lady,
77
o
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Research question: What bad experience do people in ABU community
encounter unity encounter in using ICTs?

78