University Of Engineering and Technology

Workshop
Technology
(Assignment of Machine Lab)

Submitted By:
Syed Muddassir Raza Naqvi
(2018-I.M.E.-24)
 Safety Precautions of Machine Lab
Mentioned below are some of the necessary measures that students must abide by to maintain
a safe and secure environment of studying inside the laboratory. These precautions include:

Never Use a Machine If You Are NOT Trained – Always Get Training Before
Operating Any Machinery.
You must attend general safety training and specific training on the machine you intend to
use. If you are unfamiliar with a particular tool or instrument, do not use it until you are
properly trained on its usage.
Never Work Alone – Always Use “Buddy System.”
At least two adults must be in the shop when power tools are being used. You must get
permission from your Supervisor for off hours and weekend work if the shop permits off hour
work.
Never Use Machine When Impaired - Be Sober and Smart.
This includes when you are sick, too tired, stressed or hurried to work carefully or on
medication that could make you drowsy.

Never Start Work If You Cannot Do The Job Safely- Just Don’t Do It.
There are limits to what we can build here, and how safely you can do it in hurry.

Never Wear Open Toe Shoes - Use Closed-Toe Shoes in the Shop.
Tools, chips and fixtures are sharp, and often hot. Shoes will help protect your feet from
injury. Leather shoes are preferred when welding.

Never Work Without Proper Eye Protection -Always Wear Appropriate Safety Glasses
or Goggles When Working or Cleaning Tools.
Prescription glasses with plastic lenses must meet ANSI Standard Z87.1 for safety.

Never Work With Loose Hair, Jewelry, etc. –Always Remove or Secure Anything That
Might Get Caught in Moving Machinery.
Long hair, necklaces, ties, dangling ID badge, jewelry, loose clothes, watch or Rings, may get
caught in tools can drag you along resulting in serious injury or death.

Never Bring Hands Close to Sharp Objects – Always Keep Your Hands At a Safe
Distance From Sharp Tools.
Make sure that nothing that you do will cause you to be cut.

Never Create a Dusty and Smoky Environment - Dust, Chemicals and Smoke Can Be
Dangerous to Your Health, so Work in Well-Ventilated Areas, Minimize Contamination
and Use Appropriate Protective Equipment (PPE).
Ensure the shop is well ventilated and appropriate PPE is used when working with machines.
Never Be Shy To Seek Help –Always Ask
If You’re Unsure About The Safe Operation of a Tool or Any Aspect of a Job – Have Shop
Staff Check The Tool or Work With Which You Are Unfamiliar.
Exercise common sense and clarify before starting work
Never Leave Your Work Area in Mess – Always Clean Up After Yourself.
Before you leave your work site all tools must be returned to the toolbox, the machine
cleaned and wiped down and the floor swept. Leave 10-15 minutes for cleanup at the end of
your shift.

Never Remove Safety Guards – They are Present for Reason.

You must ensure that safety guards are in place on moving parts before you start working.

Never Use Gloves While Using Rotating Equipment – Remove Them Before Starting
Work.
Gloves can get entangled in rotating machine parts resulting in serious injuries.

Never Leave Broken or Damaged Tools or Abnormal Equipment Unreported – Always

Inform Your Supervisor to Remove That from Service and Get It Repaired.
Broken parts or equipment can result in serious injuries and delays. Make sure you tag the
broken or damaged equipment and inform your supervisor or shop manager to get it repaired
before next use.

Never Make any Adjustments to a Machine When it is in Operation. Before Making

Adjustments Always Talk to Your Supervisor For Permission.
Make sure you are competent and have permission from your supervisor. Ensure power is off,
equipment is properly locked out and safety devices are in place.
 Vernier Calipers

Instructions on use

• The Vernier caliper is an extremely precise measuring instrument; the reading error is
1/20 mm = 0.05 mm.
• Close the jaws lightly on the object to be measured.
• If you are measuring something with a round cross section, make sure that the axis of
the object is perpendicular to the caliper. This is necessary to ensure that you are
measuring the full diameter and not merely a chord.
• Ignore the top scale, which is calibrated in inches.
• Use the bottom scale, which is in metric units.
• Notice that there is a fixed scale and a sliding scale.
• The boldface numbers on the fixed scale are centimeters.
• The tick marks on the fixed scale between the boldface numbers are millimeters.
• There are ten tick marks on the sliding scale. The left-most tick mark on the sliding
scale will let you read from the fixed scale the number of whole millimeters that the
jaws are opened.
VERNIER CALIPER

PARTS OF VERNIER CALIPER

1. OUTSIDE JAW: Used to measure external diameter or width of an object

2. INSIDE JAW: Used to measure internal diameter of an object
3. DEPTH PROBE: Used to measure depths of an object or a hole
4. MAIN SCALE: Scale marked every mm
5. MAIN SCALE: Scale marked in inches and fractions
6. VERNIER SCALE: Gives interpolated measurements to 0.1 mm or better
7. VERNIER SCALE: Gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch
8. RETAINER: Used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a
measurement

WORKING:

The vernier caliper is a measurement device used to measure the distance between
two sides. It is called a "vernier caliper" because is uses a vernier scale. Vernier Calipers are
very useful because they provide much better and accurate measurements when you need
to measure irregular and odd shaped objects such as balls, cylinders, tubes, etc. Most
vernier calipers provide measurements accurate to a hundredth of a millimeter (.01 mm).
 Micrometer Screw Gauge
You can use a Micrometer to measure small (>2.5 cm) diameters that can fit within the 'jaws'
of the screw-gauge

• Place the wire between the anvil and spindle end as indicated in the diagram.
• Rotate the thimble until the wire is firmly held between the anvil and the spindle.
• The ratchet is provided to avoid excessive pressure on the wire. It prevents the spindle
from further movement - squashing the wire!

To take a reading:

1. First look at the main scale. This has a linear scale

reading on it. The long lines are every millimeter the shorter
ones denote half a millimeter in between.
2. On the diagram this reading is 2.5 mm
3. Now look at the rotating scale. That denotes 46
divisions - each division is 0.01mm so we have 0.46mm from
this scale.

The diameter of the wire is the sum of these readings: 2.5 + 0.46 = 2.96 mm

Sensitivity of the reading

You can read to half a rotating scale division - to within 0.005mm - but no more than that.
That assumes you have experience and confidence in using the instrument +/- one division is
more realistic.
 Lathe Machine

A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the work piece on its axis to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with
tools that are applied to the work piece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis
of rotation.
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, Thermal spraying parts
reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery.

A right-hand turning tool bit is shaped to be fed from right to left. The cutting edge is on the
left side of the tool bit and the face slopes down away from the cutting edge. The left side and
end of the tool bit are ground with sufficient clearance to permit the cutting edge to bear upon
the work piece without the heel rubbing on the work. The right-hand turning tool bit is ideal
for taking light roughing cuts as well as general all-around machining.
The round-nose turning tool bit is very versatile and can be used to turn in either direction for
roughing and finishing cuts. No side rake angle is ground into the top face when used to cut
in either direction, but a small back rake angle may be needed for chip removal. The nose
radius is usually ground in the shape of a half-circle with a diameter of about 1/32 inch.
The right-hand facing tool bit is intended for facing on right-hand side shoulders and the right
end of a work piece. The cutting edge is on the left-hand side of the bit, and the nose is
ground very sharp for machining into a square corner. The direction of feed for this tool bit
should be away from the center axis of the work, not going into the center axis.
IMPORTANT MACHINES
TYPES OF LATHE MACHINE

1. Turret Lathe
2. Engine Lathe

TURRET LATHE:
The turret lathe is a form of metalworking lathe that is used for repetitive production of
duplicate parts, which by the nature of their cutting process are usuallyinterchangeable. It evolved
from earlier lathes with the addition of the turret, which is an index able tool holder that allows
multiple cutting operations to be performed, each with a different cutting tool, in easy, rapid
succession, with no need for the operator to perform setup tasks in between, such as installing or
uninstalling tools, nor to control the tool path. The latter is due to the tool path’s being controlled by
the machine, either in jig-like fashion, via the mechanical limits placed on it by the turret's slide and
stops, or via electronically-directed servomechanisms for computer numerical controllathes. It is a
semi-automatic machine.

ENGINE LATHE:
A metal lathe or metalworking lathe is a large class of lathes designed for precisely
machining relatively hard materials. They were originally designed to machine metals; however, with
the
adv
ent
of
plas
tics
and other materials, and with their inherent versatility, they are used in a wide range of applications,
and a broad range of materials. In machining jargon, where the larger context is already understood,
they are usually simply called lathes, or else referred to by more-specific subtype names (toolroom
lathe, turret lathe, etc.). These rigid machine tools remove material from a rotating workpiece via
the (typically linear) movements of various cutting tools, such as tool bits and drill bits.

COPY LATHE
A machine used for the reproduction of plane and curved surfaces from a master
(template, pattern, model, or blueprint) on products made of various materials.
Copying lathes are made for plane, contour, three-dimensional, and combined
profiling with a mechanical, hydraulic, electric, or photoelectric servomechanics

PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE

BED:
The bed of the lathe provides the foundation for the whole machine and holds the
headstock, tailstock and carriage in alignment. The surfaces of the bed that are finely
machined - and upon which the carriage and tailstock slide - are known as "ways".
Some beds have a gap near the headstock to allow extra-large diameters to be turned.
Some very large lathes have a "sliding bed" where the upper part, on which the carriage and
tailstock sit, can be slid along a separate lower part - and so make the gap correspondingly
larger or smaller

CHUCK:

A device that holds a workpiece in place as it rotates. The chuck commonly has three or four jaws
that can be adjusted to fit various sizes of parts.

HEAD STOCK AND SPINDLE:

The headstock contains the headstock spindle and the mechanism for driving it. In the belt-
driven type, the driving mechanism consists of a motor-driven cone pulley that drives the
spindle cone pulley through a drive belt. The spindle can be rotated either directly or
through back gears. When the headstock is set up for gear drive, the bull-gear pin is pulled
out, disconnecting the spindle pulley from the spindle. This allows the spindle to turn freely
inside the spindle pulley. The drive belt turns the spindle pulley, which turns the back-gear
set, which turns the spindle. Each drive mode provides four spindle speeds, for a total of
eight.

TAIL STOCK:

The primary purpose of the tailstock is to hold the dead center to support one end of the
work being machined. However, the tailstock can also be used to hold tapered shank drills,
reamers, and drill chucks. It can be moved on the ways along the length of the bed and can
be clamped in the desired position by tightening the tailstock clamping nut. This movement
allows for the turning of different lengths of work. The tailstock can be adjusted laterally
(front to back) to cut a taper by loosening the clamping screws at the bottom of the
tailstock.

APRON:

The apron is attached to the front of the carriage and contains the mechanism that controls
the movement of the carriage and the crossslide.

CARRIAGE:

The carriage is the movable support for the cross feed slide and the compound rest. The
compound rest carries the cutting tool in the tool post. The carriage has T-slots or tapped
holes to use for clamping work for boring or milling. When the carriage is used for boring
and milling operations, carriage movement feeds the work to the cutting tool, which is
rotated by the headstock spindle.

LEAD SCREW:

The lead screw is used for thread cutting. It has accurately cut Acme threads along its length that
engage the threads of half-nuts in the apron when the half-nuts are clamped over it. The lead screw
is driven by the spindle through a gear train. Therefore, the rotation of the lead screw bears a direct
relation to the rotation of the spindle.

FUNCTIONS OF LATHE MACHINE

STEP TURNING:

Turning is the removal of metal from the outer

diameter of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. Turning
is used to reduce the diameter of the workpiece,
usually to a specified dimensionand to produce a
smooth finish on the metal.

TAPER TURNING:

An operation performed on a lathe that feeds a tool

at an angle to the length of the workpiece in order
to create a conical shape.

STRAIGHT TURNING:

Itis an operation of removing excess amount of

material from the surface the surface of the cylinder
work piece. In this operation, shown in fig., the work
is held either in the chuck or between centers & the
longitudinal feed is given to the tool either by hand
or power.

FACING:
This operation is almost essential for all works. In this operation, as shown in fig., the work
piece is held in the chuck and the facing tool is fed from the center of the work piece
towards the outer surface or from the outer surface to the center, with the help of a cross-
slide.

THREADING:

A method of producing screw threads that uses a

single-point tool to cut a blank or workpiece as it
rotates on a lathe.
t

KNURLING:
A forming process that adds a pattern on the
exterior of a workpiece, either for cosmetic reasons
or better handling.

CUTTING TOOLS USED IN LATHE

MACHINE

SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL:

A cutting tool that uses a single cutting edge to

remove material. It can also be used to increase the size
of hook or boring multiple Pont cutting tools have two
or more cutting edges

RIGHT SIDE CUTTING TOOLS:

It is called right side cutting tool because it cuts from

right side to the left.

PARTING AND THREADING TOOL:

Parting uses a blade-like cutting tool plunged directly

into the workpiece to cut off the workpiece at a specific
length. It is normally used to remove the finished end of
a workpiece from the bar stock that is clamped in the
chuck. Other uses include things such as cutting the head off a bolt.

SINGLE TIP KNURLING TOOL:

These knurling tools will produce straight curls using 30

degree RH diagonal knurling die with a straight knurling
die.

BORING TOOLS:

This is a long ball used to position a single point tool

for boring purposes. Boring is used to enlarge a
preexisting hole and to ensure that it is co centric to
the central line.

THREADING:

It is a type of single point tool fitted with a tool bit used

for threading and grooving operations. It basically forms
threads on a part of metal surface.

Workpiece Diagram
 All readings in millimeters (mm)

1)

110 mm

Diameter of raw material is 26mm approximately

2)

18 22

20

3)

16

40

4) Core dia. 13

15

5) Taper angle 5O approximately straight knurling

11 T.P.I. BSW