Topics covered

• Introduction to engineering drawing and

graphics
• Types of lines
• Types of projection
• Principles and methods of projection
• Planes of projections
• Orthographic projections
• Projection of points
• Projection of straight lines situated in different
quadrants
 Trace of a line
• When a line is inclined to a plane, it will meet
that plane, produced if necessary. The point
where the line or line produced meets the plane
is called trace.
• The point of intersection of the inclined line with
the H.P. is called Horizontal Trace or simply H.T.
• The point of intersection of the inclined line with
the V.P. is called Vertical Trace or simply V.T.
 Important points regarding traces
of a line
• If a line is parallel to any of
the plane, it has no trace
upon that plane.
• e.g. If the line is parallel to
horizontal plane then that
line will not meet H.P and
hence there will be no H.T.
and only V.T.
 Trace of a line perpendicular to
one plane and parallel to the other
• Since the line is perpendicular to one plane and
parallel to the other, the trace of the line is
obtained only on the plane to which it is
perpendicular, and no trace of the line is obtained
on the other plane to which it is parallel.
Fig : Trace of line parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP
Fig : Trace of a line perpendicular to the VP and parallel to HP
 Traces of a line inclined to one
plane and parallel to the other
• When the line is inclined to both reference
planes, the trace of the line is obtained on both
planes.
Fig : Horizontal trace of line AB
Fig : Vertical trace of line AB
Traces of a line inclined to both the
reference planes
PROJECTION OF PLANES
 PLANE

Plane figures/surfaces have only two dimensions i.e. length and

width. It has negligible thickness.

A plane is formed when any three non-collinear points are joined.

 TYPES OF PLANE FIGURES

SQUARE RECTANGLE TRIANGLE

CIRCLE TRAPEZOID PARALLELOGRAM

PENTAGON HEXAGON DIAMOND

 TYPES OF PLANES

1) Perpendicular Planes
Planes which are perpendicular to one of the principal planes of
projection and inclined or parallel to the other

2) Oblique Planes
Planes inclined to both the reference planes
 TRACE OF PLANES

Horizontal Trace
The intersection line of the plane surface with H.P

Vertical Trace
The intersection line of the plane surface with V.P
 PROJECTION OF PLANES

If a plane surface is held parallel to a plane of projection, so that it

will be perpendicular to other two planes of projections:

The view of the plane surface, projected on the plane of

projection to which it is perpendicular, will be a line, called line view
of plane surface.

The view of the plane surface, projected on the plane of

projection to which it is parallel, will be in true shape because all
the sides of the plane surface will be parallel to that plane of
projection.
a) Projection of Plane PERPENDICULAR to V.P and PARALLEL to H.P
EXAMPLE:-
An equilateral triangle ABC of 50 mm side has its plane parallel to H.P
and side AB parallel to V.P Draw its projections when the corner C is 15
mm above H.P and 45 mm in front of the V.P
b) Projection of plane Perpendicular to H.P and Parallel to V.P
EXAMPLE:-
An equilateral triangle ABC of 50 mm side is parallel to and 15 mm in
front of V.P, its base AB is parallel to and 75 mm above H.P, Draw the
projections of the triangle when the corner is near the H.P
C) Projection of plane Perpendicular to both H.P and V.P
EXAMPLE:-
A semicircle of diameter, CD = 50 is kept in the 1st quadrant such that
its diameter is perpendicular to V.P and H.P, Draw its projections, when
the diameter is near V.P, distance of diameter from H.P is 15 mm and
from V.P is 20
d) Projection of plane Perpendicular to V.P and Inclined to H.P
EXAMPLE:-
A thin hexagonal plate of 15 mm sides is inclined at 45° to the H.P and
perpendicular to V.P, two of its parallel edges are parallel to V.P. One
edge of the plate is on the H.P and 15 mm in front of V.P.
e) Projection of plane Perpendicular to H.P and Inclined to V.P
EXAMPLE:-
Draw the projections of a circular plane of 30 mm diameter. The plane
is inclined a an angle of 45° to V.P. The center of the plane is 25mm
above the H.P.
 PROJECTION OF OBLIQUE PLANES

When the plane is inclined to both the reference planes, its

projections are drawn in three stages

First stage, the plane is assumed to be parallel to H.P

Second stage, it is tilted so as to make the required angle with the

H.P, its Front View in this position will be a line while its Top View
will be smaller is size

Third stage, the plane is turned to the required inclination with the
V.P, only the position of the Top View will alter.
Its shape and size will not be affected
EXAMPLE:-
Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 20 mm side, having one
of its sides in the H.P and inclined at 45° to the V.P; and its surface
making an angle of 30° with the H.P