ACTIVITY NO.

01 PUMPS

Subject of Technical Report

Date Submitted: June 16, 2020

Plasencia, Jerome G.

TMEC 5-1
 Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal Pump Parts

 Figure 0.1: Schematic Diagram of Centrifugal Pump

Definition of each part in the Centrifugal Pump

1. Bearing – Isolators allow increased pressure created by normal pump operation to vent
through the seal.
2. Bearing House – Casing for the bearing
3. Coupling – is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends of the purpose of
transmitting power.
4. Electrical Motor – is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
5. Fan – is a machine that is used to create flow within a fluid, such as air.
6. Gland – is a device that stops a fluid leaking along a rotating shaft or reciprocating rod
passing through a boundary between areas of high and low pressure.
7. Impeller – is a rotor used to increase the pressure and flow of a fluid.
8. Motor Shaft – is a machine which is directly connected with the crank-shaft of the
engine.
9. Packing – is a substance or material used to completely seal joints so that no gas or liquid
can escape from them.
10. Pump Shaft – The rod that connects the motor to the impeller.
11. Rotor – is the rotating cylindrical part of a machine, placed inside the stator with a
narrow air gap in between to allow for smooth rotation.
 12. Shaft – is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to
transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a
machine which absorbs power.
13. Stator – is the stationary part of a machine in the form of a hollow cylinder inside which
the rotor will be placed with a narrow air gap between them.
14. Stuffing Box – is an assembly which is used to house a gland seal. It is used to prevent
leakage of fluid, such as water or stream, between siding or turning parts of machine
elements.

List of Materials

1. Impeller – It is the rotating part of the pump. The impeller is mounted on a shaft and the
shaft of impeller is again connected with the shaft of an electric motor. It is rotated by the
motor and consists of series of backward curved blades.

2. Casing – It is an air tight passage which surrounds the impeller. The design of the casing
is done in such a way that it is capable of converting the kinetic energy of the water
discharging from the outlet of the impeller into pressure energy before it leaves the casing
and enters into the delivery pipe.

Commonly three types of casing are used in centrifugal pump and these are:

i. Volute Casing: It is a spiral type of casing in which the area of flow increases
gradually. The increase in area of flow decreases the velocity and increases the
pressure of the liquid that flows through the casing. The volute casing is shown in
figure above:

ii. Vortex Casing: In vortex casing, a circular chamber is introduced in between the
impeller and casing. This is done in order to prevent the loss of energy due to
formation of eddies. The efficiency of the vortex casing is more than that of the
volute casing.

iii. Casing with Guide Blades: In this casing, the impeller is surrounded by series of
guide blades. The guide blades are mounted on a ring which is called as diffuser. The
 design of the guide vanes is kept as such that the water which is leaving the impeller
enters the guides without shock. The area of the guide vanes increases; this helps to
decrease the velocity of the liquid and increases its pressure. After guide vanes, water
passes through the surrounding casing. In most of the cases, the casing remains
concentric with the impeller.

3. Suction Pipe with Foot Valve and Strainer – A pipe whose one end is connected with the
inlet of the impeller and the other end is dipped into the sump of water is called suction
pipe. The suction pipe consists of a foot valve and strainer at its lower end. The foot
valve is a one-way valve that opens in the upward direction. The strainer is used to filter
the unwanted particle present in the water to prevent the centrifugal pump from blockage.

4. Delivery Pipe - It is a pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and
other end is connected to the required height where water is to be delivered.

Principles

The centrifugal pump crates an increase in pressure by transferring mechanical energy

from the motor to the fluid through the rotating impeller. Fluid enters the pump through the eye
of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is accelerated radially outward from the
pump casing. A vacuum is created in the impeller eye that continually draws more fluid into the
pump. The centrifugal force hereby increases the fluid velocity and consequently also the kinetic
energy is transformed into pressure which in turn lift the fluid against gravity. The energy
created by the pump is kinetic energy according to the Bernoulli Equation

Important Components

1. Impeller – It is a wheel or rotor which is provided with a series of backward curved

blades or vanes. It is mounted on the shaft which is coupled to an external source of
energy which imparts the required energy to the impeller thereby making it to rotate.
2. Casing – It is an airtight chamber which surrounds the impeller. It is similar to the casing
of reaction turbine.
3. Suction pipe – It is a pipe which is connected as its upper end to the inlet of the pump or
to the center of the which is commonly known as the eye. The lower end of the suction
 pipe is dipped into liquid in a suction tank or a sump from which the liquid is to be
pumped or lifted up. The lower end of the suction pipe is lifted with a foot valve and
strainer.
4. Delivery pipe – It is pipe which is connected at its lower end to the pump and it delivers
the liquid to the required height. Just near the outlet of the pump on the delivery pipe a
delivery valve is provided.
 Piston Pump

Schematic Diagram and/or layout of the system

Types of Piston Pumps:

 1. Lift Piston Pump

In this type of pump, the piston above stroke can draw fluid with the help of a control
device which is named as valve into the below portion of the cylinder.

2. Force Pump

In this type of pump, the piston pumps upstroke can draw fluid throughout an inlet valve
to the cylinder (tube). On top of the down stroke, the fluid level can be discharged via an
exit valve into the outlet tube.

3. Axial Piston Pump

This is pump is a PD (positive displacement) pump and it has several pistons within a
circular array of a tube block. This block can be driven to turn its symmetry axis with an
important shaft which is associated with the pumping pistons. These pumps can be used
like an automotive air conditioning compressor, a separate pump, otherwise a hydraulic
motor.

4. Radial Piston Pump

This pump is one kind of hydraulic pump, and the working pistons expand within a radial
track symmetrically in the region of the drive shaft, in disparity in the direction of the
axial piston pump.

List of Materials

The materials used to design the piston-pump mainly depend on the application of a
pump. The casing and cylinder materials must have sufficient strength as well as they have to
hold up adjacent to the operating environment conditions. Materials to get in touch with the
pumped media require to resistant for any rust-induced with the liquid. Some type of materials
used in this pump is discussed below.

 Cast iron offers high tensile power, robustness, and scratch resistance equivalent to
high force ratings.
 Plastic materials are cheap as well as offer a wide resistance toward rust as well as
chemical attack.
  Stainless steel alloys and steel give safety against rust and chemical and they have
superior tensile powers compare with plastics, equivalent to superior pressure ratings.
 Other types of materials used to design the pump mainly include aluminum, brass,
bronze, ceramics, and nickel-alloy.

Principles of operation

Piston pumps and plunger pumps are positive displacement pumps, meaning they use
contracting and expanding cavities to move fluids. Specifically, they are reciprocating pumps,
which have cavities that expand and contract in a reciprocating (back and forth; up and down)
motion rather than a circular (rotary) motion.

Piston pumps and plunger pumps use a mechanism (typically rotational) to create a
reciprocating motion along an axis, which then builds pressure in a cylinder or working barrel to
force gas or fluid through the pump. The pressure in the chamber actuates the valves at both the
suction and discharge points.

Definition of each part in the system of Piston pump

1. Pump shaft – is the central component of a centrifugal pump rotor and carries the
impellers,
2. Swash plate – is a device that translates input via the helicopter flight controls into motion
of the main rotor blades. Because the main rotor blades are spinning, the swashplate is
used to transmit three of the pilot's commands from the non-rotating fuselage to the
rotating rotor hub and main blades.
3. Cylinder block – is the structure which contains the cylinders, and other parts, of an
internal combustion engine. In an early automotive engine, the engine block consisted of
just the cylinder block, to which a separate crankcase was attached.
4. Valve plate – is the material, usually flat or nearly so, that makes up the valve assembly.
It needs to be durable and strong, and in many cases also resistant to heat, pressure and
corrosion.
5. Piston – is a moving disk enclosed in a cylinder which is made gas-tight by piston rings.
6. Piston chamber – is that part of an internal combustion engine or a reaction engine in
which the fuel/air mix is burned.
7. Inlet – is a tube, valve, or other part through which a fluid enters a device or machine.
8. Outlet – a pipe or hole through which water or gas may escape.
 Gear Pump

Figure 0.2: Schematic Diagram of Gear Pump

List of Materials

In terms of construction materials, gear pumps can be made from a wide variety of
materials, ranging from bronze, iron and stainless steel to cast iron, depending on the application
and fluid properties (abrasive, corrosive etc.)

Principles of operation

A gear pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It moves a fluid by repeatedly

enclosing a fixed volume using interlocking cogs or gears, transferring it mechanically using
cyclical pumping action. It delivers a smooth pulse-free flow proportional to the rotational speed
of its gears.
 Gear pumps use intermeshing gears to pump various types of liquids. Typically, one gear
is the driver and the other is freewheeling. The gears have very tight tolerances so that the fluid
being pumped cannot pass through them. Common uses for gear pumps include high pressure,
metering, and flow control applications.

Definition of each Part of the Gear Pump

1. Case seal – is a device that helps join systems or mechanisms together by preventing
leakage (e.g. in a pumping system), containing pressure, or excluding contamination.
2. Drive gear – is a rotating machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel,
inserted teeth (called cogs), which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque.
3. Suction port – a pump for raising water or other fluid by suction. It usually consists of a
cylinder containing a piston fitted with a flap valve.
4. Drive shaft – is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually
used to connect other components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly
because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them.
5. Mounting flange – is an external or internal ridge, or rim (lip), for strength, as the flange
of an iron beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam; or for attachment to another object, as
the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera; or
for a flange of a rail car or tram wheel.
6. Pressure port – provides an effective static pressure inlet for a barometric pressure sensor.
The unique parallel plate design effectively slows air velocity at the pressure inlet.
7. Bushings – is a type of vibration isolator. It provides an interface between two parts,
damping the energy transmitted through the bushing.
8. Idler gear – is a gear wheel that is inserted between two or more other gear wheels. The
purpose of an idler gear can be two-fold. Firstly, the idler gear will change the direction
of rotation of the output shaft.

Types of Gear Pump

1. External Gear Pump

An external gear pump uses two external gears (Figure 1, below) that displace
non-lubricating fluids (gears are oil lubricated). The mechanism is usually driven by one
of the toothed gears. Which in turn drives the other. Three factors are involved in the
regulation flow: volume cavity between the teeth, speed of gears, and the amount of fluid
that slips back to the inlet (tolerance dependant) via the mechanism. There are three main
types of external gears: spur, helical and herringbone. Helical and herringbone deliver
more flow at high pressure while also being quieter, but may require a greater inlet
pressure than spur.

Figure 0.1: External Gear Pump – Exterior-bearing type.

2. Internal Gear Pump

An internal gear pump uses internal and external gears (Figure 2, below). The
gears themselves are lubricated by the fluid, which is of a lubricating nature. The
internal design is seen as being reliable, easy to operate and maintain – due to only
two moving parts being present. Only one drive gear is required for the mechanism to
function but it is possible to use two. The pump will usually contain at least one
bushing. The design can also be modified to include a crescent shaped portion that
improves performance when pumping high viscosity fluids (Figure 2). Internal gear
pumps have relatively low speed and inlet pressure requirements.
Figure 0.2: Internal Gear Pump - Interior-bearing type