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Articles 243
Articles 243
Articles 243
o Pe
ccer
il
lo
rotass
ic
and ult
r a
potas
sic
rocks
:
Co
a
mpo
nd ge
s
o
i
t
l
io
na
ogic
s
l
i
cha
gni
r
ic
f
a
c
a
te
nc
r
i
e
st
ics
,pe
探教篇 枷
tr
oge
nes
is,
孩资
美数 ;燕玲 瑟那:
一
} 奚戴 笨
鬓
娜瓢
r
a
n
ge
P
o
ft
o
韶只
月
a
n,
哪架 o’
毋瀚
l v
ol
ca
?
tvo
f }
燕恕燃鳃 骊攒
IC 一
共
a勿
,
盆分专丢掀
菇鳌臻熊 铭霆
s
oto
pic
ra, 〕澎蓬〔
{
{
:
O
,
z
S
i
c
.
a
l
d
at
a
su
g
l
} Fi
po
ti
gur
t
as
me
s
s
e
i
du
I一 Vi
c
r
v
i
o
l
n
c
g
a
t
ew
no.
he l
o
f
Mt
as
Mt
t
.
.
Ve
2,0
Ve
s
s
uv
00
uv
i
ye
i
us
us
ars
.
,
ha
It
al
s e
The
y,
r
u
t
pt
mos
he
t
e
d
f
mo
ex
s
tfamo
pl
amo
os
us
e
iv
e
r
u
l
us
y
pti
s
a
e
c
v
e
on
ti
v
r
e
al
was
终钾送影羹
瀚; 一代n
-
1
.ai
o
1
fe
i
na,卿
l
ren
the
and
one i
Hercul
n
79
A.
aneum.
D., which de
stro
yed the
Roma n c
it
ies
of Pompe i
i
?
s.
T
oge
tj t
he}
I兰全乡
二
Gu
pta
and
Yagi
, 1
980)
. The
mos
t f
amo
us
con
ti
nen
tal
ex
ampl
es
冷
inc
lude t
hose in
central
and southern I
tal
y (f
ig. 1),
t
he Eifel
re
gion in
Germa ny, Ug anda, We st
e r
n Aus tr
ali
a, Ind onesia,
s outh
e a
stern
恤t
as
幸)
扣ti 漏 那渊 Spain,
we st
ern US A, and northeaster
n People's Republic
of China.
一 ’一’一’~- - 一 一 研
The Tris
tan da Cun ha,
Ca pe Ve r
de,
and Ma rquesas I
s l
ands
a r
e the
best
known oc eani
c exampl es.
Shos honi
tic
rocks
are a
ssociat
ed with
ri
ch
in
一亡九e刀乞
王
Pot
以衷
I
o
几
aI
}
a i
s口T
opi
c“
u
hnn
a
nd n
i
pat
i
bl
e
e) }nce・
indic&
man y c
ontinenta
l
and oceanic ar
cs.
The mi nera
logical,
ma jor-el
em
ent,
tra
ce-eleme nt
,
and i
sotopic
t
)1"t
17V
")1
17a斤‘ der
ived
eh comp osi
ti
ons of potas
sium- ri
ch rocks ar
e quite var
iable
( s
ee
Yo de r
,
1
986;
Fol
ey
and
ot
her
s,
1987
).
Cons
equ
ent
ly,
a
pl
eth
ora
of
ge
net
ic
i
m
_
J
_
.
-
t
h
-
e
-
-
d
_
e
l
.-
,
. hy pothes e
s ha ve be e
n proposed in th e pa st i
n order t
o e xpla i
n th e
ma n
y c omp os i
tion al
od dit
ies of t
h ese ma gma s .
Thi s
,
together wi t
h a
co nfusing and abu nda nt nome nc lature that has pro d
uc ed a larg e
numbe r of
loca l
na me s, ha
s con tr
ibut ed to rend eri
ng po t
ass i
c ro c
ks as
mys terious pe trological objects and to ma king t
he pr o
blem of their
ge nesis obsc ure. Mo reove r, t
he disc overy of dia
mond s i
n some
一
羹羚t
l
ut
i
L
it
I 艇黔熟瓤 pot
ele
a
s
me
sic
nt
r
mi
oc
n
ks
era
,
l
i
t
z
he
atio
as
n,
so
a
c
n
ia
d
t
t
i
on
he s
of
u r
po
ge
tas
of
s
h
ic
yp
ma
othe
gma
ses
t
t
i
s
h
m
at
s
an
ma
d
ll
ra
me
re
l
-
t
fracti
o ns of po tassic comp ositi
o n ha ve migr ated thr
oug h the ma ntle
an d ha ve bee n a ma in proc ess of ma nt l
e evolution toge t
he r hav e
I
ntroduct
ion inc r
ease d the i
nt erest i
n po tassi
c ro cks we ll beyond the sc ope of
simpl y explaining these exotic li
thol og ies.
Rt
a
ss
iu
m-r
i
ch
r
oc
ks
a
re
l
imi
t
ed
i
n
ab
und
an
ce
b
ut
a
re
wi
de
sp
re
ad In th
is ar t
icle,
I wi l
l summa r i
z e som
e of the mo st pro mine nt
g
eogr
aphi
cal
ly.
The
y i
ncl
ude
vol
cani
c,
hypa
bys
sal
, a
nd
plut
oni
c ch ar
ac teri
sti
c s of po t
a s
s i
c rocks ,
and I will outli
ne a ge n
e ral pi
c t
u re
bodi
es t
hat a
re f
ound i
n s
ever
al t
ect
oni
c envi
ronment
s, s
uch as of t
he pe t
rog en etic hypotheses .
I a lso wi ll address the i
mp li
cations
c
onti
nen
tal
cr
a t
ons
, p
ost
col
li
sional
ar
eas,
ac
tiv
e oro
genic b
elts
, a
nd, tha t
studies of pot as
s i
c ma gma t
ism ha ve on the comp rehe nsion of
t
o a mi
nor ext
ent
, oce
ani
c intr
apl
ate s
ett
ings
(see,
for exa
mpl e, large-sca l
e evol utionary proc es
s es in the ma ntl
e.
助i
sod
es,
Vol
. 1
5,
no.
4
,才 ,
p
erc
ent
.
Leuc
it
e,
pl
agi
ocl
ase,
a
nd
sa
nidi
ne
i
n t
he
evol
ved
ro
cks
ar
e
Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ion
and
compos
iti
onal t
he ma i
n sali
c pha s
es . Py roxene (A] -r
ic h di opsid e to salite) i
s t
he
charact
eri
sti
cs mos t typical ma ic
f mi ner al,
wh erea s o li
vi ne is fou nd in sma ll
er
amo unts in the mo s
t
ma ic
f rocks . Ne phe li
n e is a common gr ound-
Co
nv
en
ti
on
al
ly
,
po
ta
ss
i
c
ro
ck
s
ar
e
de
i
fne
d。、t
h
ose
t
ha
t
ar
e
c
har
ac
- ma
ma
s
g
s
ne
p
t
ha
it
e,
se.
Ph
hail
yn
log
e,
o
pi
a
te,
nd a
bi
pa
ot
t
it
it
e
e,
a
p
re
a
p
rga
r
es
s
e
it
nt
ic a
as
mphi
mi no
bol
r
e,
or
t
a
i
c
ta
c
ni
es
um-
sory
t
eri
zed by a mo lar K20/ Na2O rat
io that
is
aroun d or sl
ightly higher
mi n
e ral
s i
n roc k
s having various deg rees
of evo lution. Roma n-type
t
han unity
at Mg O>3 wt
percent. The rest
ri
ction in t
he MgO content
ult
rapo t
a ssi
c rocks c
ommon l
y are associa t
e d wi t
h vol canic rocks th
at
i
s req
uired i
n orde r
to exclude t
hose rocks (
suc h as
so me t
rachy te
s,
are
less strongly
en riched in
K, O. The se a re known a s
pot as sic seri
es
daci
tes, a
nd rhy olit
es)
that
hav e
high K2 0/Na 2O rati
os a s
a result
of
rocks and c
losely resembl e ar
c sh osho nites ,
ev en th ou gh the pota ss
ic
normal evo l
uti
on ary processes and t
hat ma y not i
mpl y a po tass
ic
seri
es roc ks ar
e slightly mo r
e enr iche d in p otassium.
nat
ure for t
heir pa r
ental ma gma s. The t
erm "uttra
po tassi
c" is r
e-
ser
ved for the rocks that ha v
e K2 0>3 wt p ercent a
nd mol ar Lamp roi
tes are fou nd a
s lav as, tuffs,
a nd hy pa b
ys sal
bod i
e s
of
K20/Na 2o>2. 5.
Ho we ver
, the t
errns "pota
ssic" or "potassi
u m
-rich" ultr
ama ic
f to int
e nned iate compo siti
on. The y ha ve very high pot as
-
ote
f n are used loo s
ely t
o i
nd ic
ate b
oth p
otassic and ultr
apot ass
ic si
um contents and K, O/Na ,O ratios a nd low A1.03 ,
Na 20, an d CaO
roc
ks. Th i
s practice will
be followe d s
ome ti
mes
in t
his pape r. contents, gener a
lly lowe r than 10-1 1 wt
pe rc e
nt , 1.5 -2 wt pe r
c ent,
Th e wide comp ositi
onal variabil
it
y of potassic
ro cks has
ma de and 6-8 wt percent,
re s
pe c ti
vely.
MgO i
s hi gh to ve ry hig h, in places
t
hei
r cl
assi
icat
f ion
a di
icul
f t t
ask,
and
a cons
ens
us
is
sti
ll
far
from up to 20-2 5 wt pe rcent . Mos t l
a mpr oites are pe ralkalin e [molar
being r
eac hed (
Mi tch ell
and Ber gman,
1991). Ho we ver,
the clas
s i
fi
- (Na20+K2 0) /
Al 201 >l j . The l amp roite mi ne ralogy c on sist
s o f
highly ma gn esi
an o l
ivine ,
a l
umi num- po or dio psidic py rOX eD e, phlog-
cati
on scheme s put
forth by various
au t
hors (Saha ma ,
197 4;
Ba r
ton,
1979 ;
Mitche l
l, 1985;
Fol e
y and others
, 1987 ) recognize four main opit
e, san idi
ne, a nd p ot assi
um- richtent e. Le uc i
te a lso ma y b e
groups of potassi
c and ult
rapotassi
c rocks. Th ese incl
ud e shoshon- present, wh ereas pl
a gioc l
ase t
yp ica l
ly is a bsent . So me lamp roit
es
contain unc ommon tit
ani um- , ba nu m- , a nd zircon ium- ric h pha s
es
i
tes, Roma n-type ult
rapo ta
ssic rocks, l
amp roites, and kama fugite
s.
Kimb erl
ites could be c o
nsidered t
o represent a n addit
ion al
group, s
uch
as
pe
rov
ski
f
e I
(
Ca,
Na,
Fe-
十,Ce
)(
Ti,
Nb)
031
1
je
ppe
it
e l
(
K,Ba
)2
especia
lly the grou p-two mica ceous ki
mbe rlit
e s, which have K,O
contents
up to
abou t 4 wt per
ce nt
a n
d K20/ Na 2O rati
os comp arable
to
t
hos e o
f lamp r
oites (for
exampl e, s
ee Mi t
che l
l, 1988) . mal colite J(Mg, Fe)Ti ,05 J (Mi tchell, 1985 ).
The se u nc ommon ph ase}
r
efle ct t
h e high de grees of enric hme nt
i
n th
e comp on ent ele
me nts
ol
These groups do n ot
cov er
all
the p
ota s
sic co mpos
iti
ons t
hat a
re
f
o und i
n n at
u r
e. In fact, se
ver al
rock ty
pe s
ha ve transi
ti
ona l c
har a
c- t
h e la mp roiti
c ma gma . Some 'OW-S' 02, hi
gh -MgO la mp r
oites c on-
t
a in diamon ds .
La mp roites a r
e present
in con ti
ne ntal
intrapl
a t
e en vi-
t
er i
sti
cs between the di f
ferent groups,
and their cl
a s
siic
f a t
ions and ronme nts suc h as We stern Au stra
lia, Wyo mi ng in the USA. an d ir
。。~ 。。。1。,1
1,。 。r。 。 _ - -
_F
A_k}t
}
pos tcoll
isio nal
a re
a s includ ing Co rsica, southe astern Spa in, and cen-
t
ra l It
aly.
Some of them ma y c ontain ma n t
le-de r
iv ed xenolit
hs .
Mi
ner
alog
y and
maj
or-
ele
ment
che
mis
try Kama fugites a re n ame d from t
he katu ngite-ma furit
e-uga n
ditt
series lava s cr
op ping out
in eas t
e r
n Af rica, whi ch is the type loca li
t)
Some repr esentati
ve ma jor-
and tr
ace-eleme n
t analyse s
for potassi( for these roc ks. Sma ll amou nts of
ka ma fugitic rocks also ar
e fou nd ir
and ultrapotas si
c rocks are give n i
n t
able I. a few othe r places (see Fo ley and othe rs, 1987 ), not ably i
n cen tr
a
Sho shoni ic
f roc ks are the l
east
en ric
h
e
d i
n pota s
sium. The ) Italy, wh ere they a re associ at
e d with t
he Roma n-typ e volcanic roc k}
contai
n abo ut
2-3 wt
p e
rcent
K2 0 and
ha ve K20/Na 2O aroun d unity (Pe ccerill
o and others, 198 8). Ka ma fug it
es are strong ly unde rsa t
u-
Ac cor
di ng to Mo rrison (1980) ,
shoshonites
should cons is
t
o nly of t
h( rated in sili
ca and c ontain ka ls
ili
te and me lil
ite a s typical s al
i(
rocks
tha t are associated with ca l
cal
kaline vol
canic roc ks
a l
ong c
o n pha ses; J eu ci
te a lso ma y b e p re sent. Ma fic mi ne rals
i nc lud(
vergent plate b
ou nda ri
es .
Su ch ro
cks t
yp ic
all
y hav e hig h A120 ma gn esium- ri
ch o
liv i
ne and dio psi
d ic t
o sal
itic pyt ox ene. Mon ti
c el
(I今2 0 wt per c
e n
t), lo
w Ti02 (
<1. 2
-1 .3 wt
pe r
cent ),
a nd i
n th( l
it
e
(Ca
MgSi
O,)
,
phl
ogo
pit
e,
and
per
ovs
kit
e
may
be
pr
ese
nt.
Ka
ma
ma fi
c rang e, a h
igh a bund a
nc e ot
Ca O (10-12 wt percen t
).
Ho we ver f
ugi
tes
shar
e an
ult
rapot
ass
ic
nat
ure with l
ampr
oit
es,
as
wel
l
a s
lom
in more gener al
te
rms (
Joplin, 1968),
sho shonit
es
also include ro
c k: a
bundance
s of
A12
03
and
Na20 a
nd high MgO,
but
kar
naf
ugi
tes h
av(
that are mo de r
ately nch in po t
assi
um bu t a
re f
oun d awa y fron hi
o,h
CaO
hin
to IS
w t
nercentl
i-
Xenol
iths
of
m antl
e oripin
also
art
volcanic arcs, such as t
hos e along the East Africa rit
f v alley tha
repres
e nt
the po ta
ss i
c equi
va l
e nts
of sodium-transi
tion ai
roc ks- Th (
s
hos
honi
ti
c vol
cani
c s
uit
es
consi
st
of
shos
honi
ti
c bas
alt
s,
lat
it
e,
an(
t
rac
hy t
e t
o rhyoli
t
e.
Th e
se r
ocks
are
ma fi
c t
o in
ter
me dia
te
in
c o
mpo Mi
nor-
and
trac
e-e
leme
nt
geoc
hemi
str
y
s
it
ion and r
ang e
f
rom sl
ight
ly oversatu
rat
ed in
to
slig
htl
y undersa
tu
r
ate
d in s
ili
ca.
They
have a
mine r
alogy
that
i
s dominat
ed by
diopsi
di( In general t
erms , potassic and ultrapotas si
c rocks are cha r
ac t
eri
z e
i
t
o s
a l
it
ic cl
inopyr
oxene a
nd plagi
oc l
ase.
Olivin
e i
s a
commo n phas( by high t
o extreme enri
c hme nt in t
he so-
ca l
le d inco mpa ti
ble cle
i
n the most maf
ic
rocks;
biotit
e a
nd s
ani
dine are pr
esent i
n thi men ts.
The se are the eleme nts having a charge and i
oni c si
ze tha
i
nter
medi
ate
rocks make them un able t
o ent
e r
into t
h e latt
ice of
th e ma in rock-forminj
Ro ma n-t
yp e u
lt
rapotas si
c ro cks ma ke up t he we l
l-knowi miner a
ls i
n the upp er ma ntle. These i
n c
omp at
ible e l
e me nts
are espe
l
euci
te-teph r
ite, l
euc i
tit
e, a nd le
uci t
e-phon oli
te serie
s .
Th ese rock cia
lly the
large ion lithophi l
e ele
me nts (
LI LE), pota ssi
u m (K) ,
rubid
t
ypicall
y are found in th
e Roma n Province of centr
al
I
ta l
y (Pecceril
l( ium (Rb ),
cesium (Cs ),
bar i
um (
Ba ) ,
thorium (Th) , and ura n
ium (
U)
an
d Ma nett
i, 1985) and in some Ind onesian volcanoes
(for e
xa mp l
e and the l
ight rare-ear t
h eleme nts (LREE) ,
lanthanum (La ),
ceriui
i
Vame and Fod en, 1 986) . Recently repor t
ed occurrences includi (Ce), pras
eo dymi u m (Pr), and neod ymium (Nd)
t
hose in nor t
h east
ern Chi na (
Wa ng and oth e
rs ,
1991 )
and central A common grap hi
c system used to displa
y t
he abs ol
u t
e a n
,
ea
stern Pa ragua y (Co mi n Ch iaramo nti and o thers, 1 992). Th rel
ative abun danc es o t
eleme nts in i
gne ous rocks is one t
hat gi
v e
Roma n-t
yp e ultr
a p
otas s
ic rocks ar
e undersaturat
ed in sil
ica,
maf ic
ti norma li
z e
d pl ot
s i
n which t
he e
leme ntal a
bun da nces
of the rock ar
i
nter
me diate in comp ositi
o n, r
ich in A1203 (12-20 wt p
erc e
nt )
, an( divi
d ed by the c on centrati
on val
u es ot
a r
eferen ce ma tena l
. Chon
de
pleted in T'02 (
ge ner
ally <1.2 wt percent )
.
Th e ma fi
c types hav dri
tic abunda nces or c a
lculated primor dial ma ntle comp os i
tions ar
i
hi
jyh
CnO-
tvni
cAl
v ar
oji
nd
10-13
wt
ner
cent
: Na.
0 i
s around
2-3
w used gen e
rally as normal izing values .
Figure 2 repor t
s the patt
erns 0
Derpmher
199.
245
Ta
ble
1.-Ma
jor
- an
d t
rac
e-e
leme
nt
compo
sit
ions
o
f r
epr
ese
ntat
ive
pot
ass
ic
roc
ks.
I
SH-AAI a
nd SH-AA2:
shosho
niti
c basalt
and s
hoshonit
ic l
ati
te
from t
he Ae
olia
n ar
e;
HKS-MA and HKS-PH: Roman-t
ype high-
p
otas
sium
l
euc
ite
tephr
ite and
leuc
ite phonoli
te
from cen
tral I
tal
y; KAM-SV and KAM-CU:
kar
nafu
git
ic
rocks
fro
m central
It
aly;
KAM-EA:
kamaf
ugi
ti
c r
ock
f
rom
eas
ter
n Af
ric
a;
LAM-CO
and
LAM-OR:
l
amp
roi
ti
c
roc
ks
fr
om
Cor
si
ca
and
ce
ntra
l I
tal
y;
LM-AUI
and
LM-AU2:
l
ow-si
li
ca a
nd bi
gb-
sil
ica
l
amproi
tes f
rom Wes
tern Austr
ali
a. Da
ta f
rom Bell
and Powell
(196
9),
Mit
chel
l
and
Bel
l
(197
6),
Pecc
eri
ll
o an
d o
the
rs (
1988),
Jaque
s and
oth
ers
(1989),
and
author's
unpubli
she
d data.
Abbrevi
ation:
LOI ,
l
oss
of
i
gni
ti
on3
nU
甘 “ ‘..山
应八
”U
门J曰
了U .且孟
甘 “ 八U
盆n
下七
S
amp
le
jll
S
O-AA
1 SH-
AA2 H
IS-
KA HK
S-P
H K
AM-
SV K
AM-
CU K
AM A L
AM-
CO L
AN-
01
.
.
‘毛孟
1 2 3 ? 8 9
..二 几”甘 甲. 价‘
几“. 几U口 弓 』 几曰甘 八U口 ‘.二 自吸甘 曰了‘ ..口 .J口 孟已. 月占. 八U
八“. 内口 八U
.
.“. 八仙甘 跪”臼 ‘“叮 介.幼 几UJ n“甘 内勺甘 J压. 口‘
户卜日 nO
曲资口 ‘.‘ 曰了. .卜口 几了曰 几曰U 几“. ‘已J 介U甘 几M. ‘.几 品了自 几”.
J已‘
no
丹U口
内切.
口几甘
命扭叮
‘三.
‘
户已‘
n甘U
‘口
山.
‘.
.
目乍.
八月甘
nU
几廿
月已‘盛几‘ , 自 .‘日
‘口
,二
.
.二
TiOz 4.76 2.37 1.43 2.65
.
.
,
,.占
心.
月加U
.盆. 几 U
几“甘 目盯甘
O甘 白J曰 ,口 八U ,‘L .
自吸叮
心.孟
叨t占
,.盆
目魂甘
,自
心
盛.止
.二
工
A1103 8.21
10.47
11.is 4.38
…
.
月,
nU 口‘日 .』口 .‘
勺‘
,口
月‘
自卜U
古
口 盛二飞 八n. 口』U 八U nJ翻 nJ白 岛
.上
?.58
2.
17
1。
74
3.
40
出.
.
.
‘.
二已.
虎卜U
丹nU
n月 仲 n月U
内“甘
J.. 八目U
工
卜口
Feo 4.55
2.
52
3.
32
4。
27
…
.
-
..
几“甘
‘.1
.
月‘
拍』U
妞no 0.18
0.
08
0.
08
0.
10
山.
‘吸
.
,
J怪
口..
‘.1
口介甘
自.日
跳,自
‘
心.上
血J
月 ‘,
.孟
d 八U ..1 自砚公 斑』臼 nU .1‘
口 通已通 ..口 曰了
,
甘
go 9.76
6.
38
8.
78
22.
93
口
血.
…
目.
对.
八“甘 ,.人 n民甘 二盈‘ .‘. 几U叮
‘口二
,.几
1.几
几U
nn甘
‘口
6”甘
‘f 占
』甘 ‘.二
,‘人
月了.
6资‘
由1 ‘
C&O 1
3.98
3.
64
3.
60
5,
71
…
‘.
已.
自
‘.
.
自.
J已. .
价J自
‘J 介ljl l
几“ 甘 nU
几嗯臼
通 几 n皿U ‘
,卜J
的J白
口 .弓口 nU J
NA2
0 I.28
1.
06
1.
56
0.
09
.
已.
.
.
.
舀』U
, .几
丹几甘 八U
托 』 八”. 6”口 八”.
.几 n甘 勺r 几11甘
丹甘U
月1
目』U 月
K20 7.29
10.
49
7.
43
4.
26
‘.
山.
门.
..
.
‘已. 6曰甘 nU日
月上 虎“甘 .,自
”. ‘
‘日 已7曰 ,上
几IIU
.‘曰
二. 日.. ,.
..‘ .
.已‘
“U
内llU
U
P2os I.
09
0.82
0.70
0.88
…
..
..
J.
日
-
舀IIU
八Ij. 八U.
”甘 八U
..1 丹勺口
内U
比”甘
U口 几U
蕊”甘
户几口
目 r
LOI 3。07
2.0
7
2.
07
8.
19
:
:
..
-
内n甘
月U口
几甘
几11甘
月U曰
nU.
户介叮
几”.
血“U
, .‘
, 卫占
口.二
, . ‘
舀.几
甘 .占
八仙叮
肠J
n M 臼
几
Tot
al 9
7-97
9
9.9
6 1
00.
00
97。
84
口
叮
门.
:
cs 肠 舒 肚 肠 u 恤 ce 湘 防 血 饰 孔 加 Y 朴 九 盯 女 Ni co cr 介
内U.
口‘
66, 340 33 74 7 15 91 9
3
曰了. .咨口
八U. 曰』U
,工
11
n月U
虎叭U
nU
nlj甘
心
‘月1
咭 健 人
.
‘.月
心 .几
‘
价J自 月』U
..‘ 弓 白
二
2500 1267 1175 835 1
030
‘
口
白J‘
‘.人 ,口 ,.刀』 八从} .吃口 口‘口 ,.孟 几“” 益U} 自”甘 拍卜U .
.
口口
.
0 183.0
149。
0
118.0
.
.
八U
, .卜
占
.
几11甘 .‘公
a已压
.
I2. 22. 6 20.3 41.0 20. 4 19.0 291
0 11.2
.
的了曰 几曰甘 ‘.1 ,口
吕““. 几”即
肠了曰
八”甘
‘.占
八幼
口』U
2. 3. 00 3.33 ?. 60
4. 98 2.50 3.
30 2.60
‘.
…
..
‘.几
口nU
月叮
口‘
几U曰
0. I.12 1.41 2.90 I. 79 0.80 1.
10 0.81
:
Jt. nU
…
丹勺.
白吸口
,习
‘且.占 , 峥
晶砚叨 已1公
.
人口
行..
门‘、
n甘
, 口
,
…
目j自
口吕 . 门了曰
八』 U
n月甘
月1 者几已 ‘‘‘ 日.. 几曰切 J吕
几、U 二 甘
几“甘
I.
39
1.5
0 0.90 3.12 0.86 3.
90 1 8-70 3.00 Z.
60
11.
00
..几 盆hU 拍hU 目咨U 月M替
4.
0 5.? 5.3 17.2 911 25.0 10.3 25.0 18.
0 17.0
1盆孟
几盆U
二” 叮
6j目
n
几U曰 nU n.
的 户曰
八”甘
品U仙
‘
介、U
3
50
825
605
1
351
787
575
月目U
丹U口
d.
六U口
,d
几
工卜臼
12 153 80
,
271 307 980
,心
口
介.
而1
』甘
.山
U
公
口
J .nU .k甘
价了曰
,自
,自
蕊心叨
比』U
月n甘
口
no
』
门
工
,口
‘月.舀
卜日
.
i
ncompat
ible el
eme nt
s,
normali
zed t
o a pri
mordial
ma n
tle
compo si
- Ka
maf
ugi
ti
c r
ocks
have
var
iabl
e i
nco
mpa
tib
le-
elemen
t p
att
ern
s
t
i
on, f
or
represent
ative p
otass
ic
and ul
trapotass
ic
rocks.
Roman-type (
ig.
f 21
3).
Th
ose
fr
om
eas
te
rn
Afr
ica
hav
e a
conv
ex-
upwa
rd
pat
te
rn
r
ocks
have fra
cti
ona te
d (th
at
is,
ste
ep) patt
erns s
howing hi
gh abun- with
n o t
it
anium anoma l
y and hi
gh niobi
um a
nd tant
alum c
oncentr
a-
d
ances
of LILE and are
rel
ati
vely d
epleted
in t
he hig
h fi
eld
-st
rength t
ions, and they cl
osel
y resemble intr
aplat
e socl
i
um- al
kal
ine r
ocks
e
lement
s (
HFSE)
, t
ant
alum
(Ta)
, ni
obi
um (
Nb),
zi
rconi
um (
Zr), (
for ex a
mpl e, Wood, 1979 )
. By contra
st,
karnafug
iti
c ro
cks fr
om
h
afni
um
(
Hfi,
a
nd
t
ita
niu
m ji
).
The
def
ici
enc
y i
n HFSE
i
s t
ypi
cal
of centr
al
Ita
ly ha v
e negati
v e ano
ma lies
of ti
tani
um, ni
obium, and
s
ubduct
ion-
rel
ated
rocks
(Pear
ce,
1982)
and
als
o has
been
obs
erved t
an t
alum a
nd are i
ndis
ti
ngui s
habl
e from Roma n-t
ype hig
h-pota
ssi
um
i
n
po t
ass
ic i
ntrusi
ve
rocks
and vol
ca n
ic
rocks
that
ar
e a
ssoc
iat
ed wit
h rocks.
o
ld or
ogen i
c are
as i
n a
nu mber o
f pla
ces suc
h as
the Scot
tis
h Cale- L
amproi
tes
from zones
o f rece
n t
oroge
nesis,
such as
Corsi
ca,
d
onicl
es
(Thomps on
and Fowler,
1986),
Note
that
negati
ve
anoma l
ies c
ent
ral
It
aly,
and sou t
heast
ern Spai
n, have st
eep patt
erns
showing
o
f HFSE ar
e shown as well
by shos
hon i
ti
c r
o c
ks from th
e Aeoli
an n
ega
tiv
e anoma l
ies of HFSE, bari
um (Ba),
and st
ronti
um (
Sr).
In
i
sl
ands (
fig.
2A) g
ene
ral
te
rms ,
th
es e pat
ter
ns are very s
imila
r t
o those
that
t
ypica
lly
E
pis
ode
s,
Vol
. 1
5,
no.
4
246
1000
*
称
之曰子曰自名0芝日 八、留QO名
1砚1洲〕 : 厂’*
100
翰热气 少、
爷
100
帐 米・
・一平
10
10
A 。 Rb
Ba
"
U K
Ta
Nb
La
Cz
Sr
Nd
P Hf
Zr
SM
Ti
Th
Y C 。 Rb
Ba
Th
U K
Ta
Nb
La
Ce
Sr
Nd
P Hf
Zr
Sm
Ti
Tb
Y
田曰』2一
山曰}2〕
1000
1000
丈芝 曰子
、芝 〕侧目
曰0名0芝田 a、园口0国
100
(目 0芝国 a、国VO国
100
10
10
日 D Cs
Rb
Ba
Th
U K
Ta
Nb
La
Ce
Sr
Nd
P Hf
Zf
Sm
Ti
Th
Y
Cs
RbBaThU
KTaNb
La
CcSrNdP
HfZT
Sin
Ti-
nY
Figure
2.-Pat
ter
ns of
inc ompatible
elements normalized
to a pn- 户om baseme nt
in centr
al It
aly
(ci
rcles
); data
from table
1 ,
Ve n-
mo rd
ial
ma ntle composit
ion (
Wo od,
1979)
fo r some r
epresentative tur
ell
i and
others (1984),
Nixon and others (
1984), and Sandr o
potas
sium-nc h rocks.
A, Sho s
honi t
ic (
circl
es) and Ro man-type (as- Conti
cell
i (
un publi
shed d
ata, 1
989 )
. D, Lamproiti
c r
ocks from
ter
isks
) r
ocks ;
da t
afrom table 1.
B, Kama fugitic
rock s
from central Weste
rn Australi
a (t
riangles
) an
d Leucite Hill
s,
Wyo ming, in the
It
aly
(cir
cles)
a nd eas
ter
n Afiri
c a
(open squares),.
dataf
rom table I. west
ern USA (c
ircl
es);
data户o i
n tabl
e I and Vollmer and others
C, Lampr o
ihc rocks
from Cor si
ca (t
riangle
s ), cent
r a
l It
aly (ope n (1984).
squares
), a
nd s out
heast
er n Spa i
n (ast
erisks
);
gne is
ses and schists
are shown by up pe r
crustal
rocks l
ike pe l
it
es or thei
r me t
amo rphic ati
ve anoma l
ies of
HFS E s
eem t
o be t
he ma in way to discr
imi na
te
equivalents (
fig, 2Q (
see Con t
icel
li
a nd Pecceri
llo, 1
992) .
Some of between int
raplat
e and subducti
on-re
lat
ed potass
ic r
oc ks.
Ho we ver
,
thes
e f
eat
ur es,
suc h as
ne gat
ive
spikes of ni
obium a nd
stront
ium,
also it
mus t be not
ed t
hat rocks t
hat ar
e ve ry simil
ar to Roma n- t
ype
are observed in l
a mproi t
es fr
om Leu ci
te Hills i
n Wyomi ng in the volca
nic rocks,
c ont
a i
ning negativ
e a noma lie
s of HFSE, have
weste r
n USA a nd from We st
ern Australia
(fi
g.
2D) been found recentl
y in zones
that a
re awa y from rec e
nt or acti
ve
Lamp roit
e s
a nd kama fugit
es contain t
he highes
t abundances of subducti
on (
for example, th
e Sapu c
ai graben i
n Paraguay; Comi n
the fer
rorna g
ne sian t
race elements nickel (
Ni )
and chromium (Cr) Chiaramo nt
i an
d others,
1992).
This makes the r
elat
ion s
hip between
(s
ome t
ime s mor e than 1,
000 p
arts per mill
ion), but s
c an
dium (Sc) geochernica
l si
gnature
s and tec
tonic
set
tings more in
triguing.
rare
ly e xceeds 20 -25 part
s per
mi lli
on (
Mi tc
he ll
an d Bergma n,
1991
)
I
n
summa r
y, t
he degree
of enri
chme nt
in
the i
ncomp ati
ble el
e- St
ront
ium, ne
odymi
um,
l
ead,
and
oxyg
en
i
sot
ope
ments of pot
a s
sium-ri
ch rocks essent
ial
ly depends on thei
r main ge
ochemis
try
pet
rolog
ical charact
eri
sti
cs, es
pe ci
all
y t
he abundance of K20. In
cont
rast
, t
he s
tyle o
f i
ncompa t
ibl
e-element e
nrichment,
especi
ally t
he Wor
ldwi
de,
po
tas
sium-
ri
ch
roc
ks
deine
f two
dis
tin
ct
tre
nds
on
a
LILE/HFSE r
ati
os ,
see
ms t
o be a
functi
on of t
he ge
ologic s
etti
ng in 8
7S
r
/86
Sr-
1
43Nd
l
14
4N
d
di
agr
am
(ig.
f 3)
.
One
t
rend,
f
orme
d b
y t
he
which p
otassi
c rocks have
be e
n g
ene r
ate
d.
This makes some rocks Smo
ky
But
te
(
Mon
tan
a)
and
Leu
cit
e Hi
ll
s (
Wyo
min
g)
USA
l
amp
roi
-
f
rom
dif
fer
ent
t
ect
oni
c envi
ronment
s l
ook
simi
lar
i
n t
erm s
of
i
ndi
vid- t
es i
n t
he
wes
ter
n USA and t
he Gr
eenl
and l
arnDroi
tes. di
sr)
lavs
ual
maj
or-el
ement
cha
ract
eris
tic
s but
st
ri
kingl
y di
ffe
rent
on
the
bas
is r
el
at
iv
ely
l
ow
1
7S
r
/8
6S
r
an
d v
ari
abl
e
but
g
ene
ral
l
y l
ow
neo
dymi
ur
r,
of
some t
rac
e-e
lement
abundances
and r
ati
os.
In
part
icul
ar,
t
he
neg- i
sot
opi
c r
ati
os.
Th
e s
econd
tr
end
i
s de
fine
d b
y t
he
bul
k of
pot
ass
ic
Decem ber
1992
247
a
nd ul
t
rapo
tas
sic r
ocks
and by g
roup-t
wo micaceous
kimberl
it
es.
It R 5130
s
hows mor
e v
ariabl
e st
ront
ium and n
eodymium i
sotopi
c r
ati
os a
nd
p
oin
ts
to
th
e i
sotopi
c co
mpos i
ti
on of
the
upper
cru
s t
.
Lead
i
sot
ooi
c r
ati
os
are
shown
in
igur
f e 4.
Cent
ra
l
It
alv
Dot
assi
c
r
ocks h
a ve l
owe r
20
7P
h/2
0
4P
h ra
tios t
han s
odium-alkal
ine r
ocks of 0.
5125
e
ast
ern Af r
ica (
Voll
me r
, 1977; 1989).
Some l
a mproit
es f
rom int
ra- 七
之
p
lat
e set
tings, s
uch
as We s
te r
n Au st
ral
ia,
Gaussbe
r g
(East
Antarc- 享
t
ica
), and th e wes
ter
n USA, ha v
e a r
elat
ivel
y wi de rang
e o f
2
07
P
b/
20
4P
b a
nd
po
orl
y
va
ri
ab
le
2
06
P
h/
2
0
4P
h
i
sot
opi
c
si
gna
tu
res
. 勺
Z 0
1 .
512
0
Oxygen
isot
opic
rati
os
of
potas
sic
rocks
are
ver
y var
iabl
e. Mu
ch
o
f t
his
va
riab
ilit
y may be an
eff
ect
of cr
u s
tal
cont
aminati
on dur
ing
t
he
ti
me t
hat
ma gma ri
ses
to t
he
surf
a c
e.
Howe ver,
maic
f ro
cks a
lso
s
how
a t
ende
ncy
to
hav
e hi
gh
81
80
wi
th
res
pec
t t
o ot
her
bas
alt
ic 0.
5115
r
ocks.
It i
s sti
ll und
er deba
te a
s to whe t
her t
his
d epends on t
he
c
haract
eri
sti
cs of
the
source
or on a
s s
imilat
ion
processes t
ha t
si
gni仁
i
cant
ly modify the oxygen i
so t
opic comp osi
ti
on bu t have minor 0.
704 0 70月 0.
712 0_716 0.
720 0.
724
e
ffec
ts
on ma}
lor-
and
tra
ce-el
eme nt
chemi s
tr
y and
radiogenic i
sot
opic
c
ompos i
ti
on (see Turi
a n
d others,
1 986;
Holm and Mu n ksgaar
d, 87Sr
/
86Sr
1
986;
and
ref
erences
ther
ein)
.
Figure 3.-St r
ontium-ne o
dy mium is
otopic vari
ations i
n potassi
c
and ult
rapotass
ic r
ock s
. Dataf
rom Sandro Conticell
i
(unpublis
hed
data,
1989), Nelso
n and others
(1986), Foley and othe
r s
(1987)
,
Pe
troge
nes
is Nelson (19
92 )
, and re
ferences t
herein.
Ab brevia
tions:
C., ce
ntral
;
E., e
ast;
S., s
outh; MORB, midoc
e anic
-ridge basalt
.
Hi
stor
ica
l pe
rspe
cti
ve
EAST A FRICA
The genesis of
potassi
um-ric
h magma s has b
een one of
the most
0
debat
e d
iss
u e
s of i
gneous
pet
rology.
Th e
mo st
puz
zlin
g char
acteri
st
ic
W
E
S
T
E
R
NA
O
U
S
T
R
AL
I
A
/
I
S
15.
8 CENT RAL
t
ha t
ea rl
y p
e t
rologis
ts
consi
der
ed wa s
the
high a
bundance
of
elements I
TALY
l
ike pota
ssium,
rubi
djum,
thori
u m,
a n
d u
ranium,
which t
ypi
c a
lly
are PAL
enr
iched
in
crus
tal
rocks,
in
maf
ic
bas
alt
ic
rocks
under
sat
urat
ed
in
si
li
ca of obvious subcrust
al or
igin. Is
otopic s
tudies
(Hu r
ley
a nd
ot
hers,
1966) added a
dditi
onal
problems by indi
f ng t
hat
some po
ta s
-
si
c ro
cks from ce
ntral
Ital
y had str
onti
um isot
opic si
gnatur
es
that G
AUS
SB
ERG
0
膺右
were
closer t
o crust
al
values
than to mantl
e values,
a
in
f din
g con-
ir
f med by success
ive i
sotopi
c i
nvestigat
ions (
for e
xamp l
e, Hawke s
- 15_
6
。 ND ONFSI
A
wor
th
and
Vol
lmer,
1979)
.
q头寸
台
Th e fi
rs t
attemp ts t
o e
xplain potas s
ic ma gma tism date back to
0囚、qdL
the beg i
n ni
n g of the century whe n Da ly (191 0)
sugg es t
e d that p
ot a
s-
sic ma gma s we re the pr oduc t
s of the assimi l
a ti
on of ca rbon at
e rocks
L
E
U
CI
T
E
II
L
},
j
oN
rane an Seri
e s,"
a s pota s
s i
c rocks we re name d at
that
time.
Ac cording PRA IRIE
CREEK
to Rittma n,
po tassic ma g ma s
we r
e the produ cts of t
h e as similati
on of
carbo nate rocks
by t
rachy ti
c ma gma s, wh ich,
in turn, we re derived O
from a sodium- alka line basalt by fract
iona l
c rystall
iza ti
on proc e
s s
es. SM OK Y
BI门 甲
】F
In t
his
frame wo rk, the hi
gh content of potassium in the Somma -
Ves
t
a
s
ra
s
tr
c
e
uvi
hy
be
ng
t
i
t
us
e,
ng
hen
r
oc
wh
a
e
ks
e
p
r
r
e
wa
as
od
d by t
uc
h
s
t
t
ex
h
p
e u
of
e pr
la
i
c
es
n
nd
a
e
r
n
e
e
d
r
bo
s
a
a
na
ce o
s
t
ur
t
be
e
a
f
i
t
i
s
t
ng
on i
ynt
hic
e
inhe
n s
xi
k c
s.
a
r
r
i
t
i
l
e
i
Th
bo
d
c
f
e
na
r
t
om
a wa
hy
e s
po
e
th
s i
t
e
nt
h
qu
e
es
e
e
r
i
nc
vo
pr
s
e
l
e
v
t
e
e
wa
s i
d
d
s
n
15_
2
夕一,
16 17 18 19 20
即i
sod
es,
Vol
.万,n
o.
4
248
In the
fol lowi ng ye
ars ,
the hyp othe ses
that be ca me po pul ar we re Exp erime nt
a l
inve s tigation s on na tura l
roc k syste ms (
se e Edga r,
based on gase ous trans f
e r and me tasomat ic cha n ge s of eithe r ma ntle- 1
98 7;
Ed ga r and Vu ka di no vic, 1 992; Fol ey, 1992 a, for a revie w)
or crust-derived ma gma s. Howev er, as not ed by Car mi cha el (1967 ), demo ns t
rate d that ma n y ultrapo tas si
c ma gma s we re i
n e quilibr i
um at
it
wa s a my stery as t
o how such a r andoml y ope ra ti
ng p roc ess cou l
d high pr essure wi t
h phl o go pite-p yrox e nite assembl a ges , rathe r than
produ ce simi l
a r comp os itions wo r l
d wide for
p otas sic roc ks . with nor ma l pe r
idot i
tes . Ad dition ally,
th eor et
ic al
g eoc hemi c al mo d-
Mu ch mor e con straine d mod e ls
we re pr opo se d by Ha rris
(1957 ), cli
n g s
h owe d that an enr ich ed ma nt l
e sou rce wa s
requi red in orde r
to
O' Hara and Yod er (1967 ) , and Ka y an d Ga st (19 73 ). Al l thes e acco un t f
o r inc o
mpa tibl e-elemen t conc e ntration s
in potas s
ic basa lt
s.
hypo thes e
s sh ared t
he obvi ou s assertion tha t, bec aus e of t
he ir ma ic
f The se li
n es of ev ide nce led to the c onc lusi
on t
ha t the up per
cha r
ac t
e ri
sti
c s, the gen es i
s of t
he primi ti
ve po tass i
c ma gma s wa s t
o ma nt l
e i
s he teroge neous at
a smal l
sc ale b ecaus e of the introduc tion
be plac ed with in the up pe r ma ntl
e. of me tasoma tizi
ng agen ts tha t a re rich in i
n compa tible eleme nt s
.
Ha rri
s ( 195 7) sugg este d a zone
-reini
f ng pro ces s for th e gen era- Howev er, the na t
ur e an d or igin of the me tasoma ti
z ing ag ents a r
e st
il
l
ti
on of
po t
a ssic ma gma s . Zo ne refining is a techni q ue us ed in t
h e a ma tter fo r disc ussion. In ge ne ral t
e rms ,
sil
icate mel ts or lo w-
st
e el
in dustry to purify me tal bars by me lt
ing the m a t one en d and den sity ga seous lu
f ids r epr esent two e xtreme poss i
bi li
ties. Th eor eti
-
succes sivel
y allowi ng the me lt t
o cross
the whol e bo dy of the me tal
cal and exp erime nta l
studi e s on lui
f d lo
f w in p orou s me diums at high
by movi ng the heat
sou rc e. Thi s proc es s ex ploits the prop erty of
imp uriti
es
to e nter pre ferentially int
o the liqu id pha se du ring t
h e press ure (fo r exampl e, Wa tson and othe rs, 199 0) sugg est tha t
lo w-
partial me l
ting of
me ta l or
any crys tal
line solid. The zo ne- r
e ini
f ng visco sity silica t
e or c arbon ate me lt
s mi g rate mo re easil
y t
ha n do
gase ou s lui
f ds wi thin th e u pp er ma ntle.
proces s applied to potas sic ma gma tism sug ge sted tha t a diapir of
mol ten ma terial ascendi ng throug h the ma n tl
e wo uld rise adiabati- Ac cordi ng to Mc Ke nzie (198 9) , m
elt fracti
on s sma ller tha n I
cally
by me lti
ng the roof roc ks
at it
s top a nd by crys tallizing mi nerals perc ent
ma y be m o bile w ithin the up pe r m an tl
e. T h ese
liqu ids are
at i
ts bas e
. The process wo uld be able to swee p up a ll
the impu ri
ties lik
el y to be pre s
en t with in th e su blithos ph eric ma nt l
e a
nd. b eing less
(t
ha t
is,
incompa tible eleme nts)
from t
he ma ntle tha t
wa s cros sed by den se than the ho st ro ck s, h av e
a ten de ncy to sep a
r ate fro m the
the diapir.
As a result,
th e mi grating mel t
wo ul d b ecome e nriche d in ma trix a nd mi gr
a te up wa rd. As a res ult of the ir
sma ll
v olume, they
incomp ati
ble e leme nts an d wou l
d attain ultrap otas sic co mpos iti
on. cann ot tr
a nsp ort mu c h hea t a nd, ac co rding ly, free ze re adily wh en
O' Ha ra a nd Yod er ( 1967 ) s ugg es t
ed t h at p otas sium a n t
d hey enter into t
he relativel y coo l l
itho} phe ric ma n tl
e.
Be caus e these
incomp ati
ble-el emC Dt enr ich me nt in subc rus t
a l ma g ma s ma y be de- m elts
are
form ed by
s m a l
l de gre es
o f
p artial
m elti
n g
o fm
an tle r
o ck s
,
ri
v ed from i
n trama ntle frac ti
on al
c rystalli
za ti
on of omp ha citic pyrox - they mus t
be ric
h in inc ompa ti
b le eleme nts and v
ol atil
e comp ou nds.
In fac t
,
both these comp one n ts st
r ong ly p artit
ion i
nto the li
q uid ph ase
ene an d garn et (eclogite fra cti
on ation) from a ba saltic ma gma.
durin g p arti
a l me l
ting, and th eir a bun da nc e i
n the me l
ts incre ases as
Fin al
ly, on the bas i
s of trac e-el
e me nt qu an tit
a ti
v e mod e
li
ng,
the de gree of partial
me lting de cr eases . Me t
a soma tic me l
ts also are
Ka y an d Ga st (1 973) sugg ested th at t
he hig h e nrichme nt in inc om- char acterized bv hi2h ratios of el ement s havi n2 different de2rees of
patible e l
eme n ts and t
he st
rong fra ct
iona tion of
r are-ea rth e l
e me nts
i
ncompat
imi
tty,
sucn
as
KL)
/,)
r ane
i
Nu/
om ,
wni
cn
give
nign }
,
r/一*
3r
(
RLE)
i
n p
ota
ssi
c
has
alt
s
was
an
ef
fec
t
of
v
ery
l
ow
de
gre
es
of
pa
rti
al a
nd
lo
w
1
43
N
d/
1
4
4N
d
is
oto
pic
ra
ti
os
as
t
hey
age
mel
ti
ng of
garnet
-bear
ing
peri
doti
ti
c mantl
e.
In orde
r t
o obta
in
the
LREE en
richment of
some u
ltr
apot
assi
c r
ocks,
they ca
lcul
ate
d t
hat On cooling, metas
o matic mel
ts yiel
d vei
n
s t
hat are ri
ch i
n
l
ess
t
han I
perce
nt
of
part
i
al
me l
ti
ng of
a
normal mantl
e was
nec
es- phl
ogo pi
te
an d P
otass
ium-ric
ht er
it
e
and t
hat
ma y
contain
in
compa tibl
e-
el
eme nt-
ri
c h acces
sory phas
e s s
uch a
s apat
ite. Gaseous
lui
f ds
li
be r
-
sary.
at
ed duri
ng melt
crys
tall
izat
ion ent
er
the wal
l
rocks
and cause p
er v
a-
T
hese
hy pothes
e s
raised a
seri
es o
f obJ
ecti
ons r
egard
ing bot
h the si
ve
m et
asomat
ism
around t
he vei
ns.
M et
asomat
ic
miner
als
have
geocherni
cal
and phys i
cal aspect
s of
ma gma ge
ne r
ati
on and s
egrega-
l
o we r mel t
ing t
emp eratur
es than the
s urroundin
g mantl
e rocks; a
c-
ti
on.
Howev e r,
the s
trong est
drawb a
ck was t
hat
the
high
and vari
able
cordingly,
c r
ustal
stret
ching or the upr i
se of i
sotherms due t
o an
st
rontium i
so t
opic signatures of matic
po t
ass
ic ma gmas were not
i
mp inging hotsp
ot ,
f
or ins
tance, may produ ce
prefere
ntial
me l
ting
of
expla
in e
d.
In fa
ct,
the general
view preva
lent
at
t
ha t
t
ime
wa s
thatt
he veins and t
he consequent
ge nera
tion of potass
ic magma s.
ma nt
le had a homoge neous l
y low st
ront
ium isot
opic c
ompo sit
ion,
1
7ST
/1
6S
r
va
lue
s c
lus
te
ri
ng
ar
oun
d 0.
703
-0.
704
. No
r wa
s i
t
li
ke
ly Th e numb er of potas
sic veins present wit
hin the li
thospheri
c
t
ha t
the radi
ogenic i
sot
opi c si
gn a
tu r
es were der
ived fro
m cr
usta
l ma ntle is a functi
on of
both t
he pr
ev ious par
tial
me lti
ng hist
ory
of locahz ed mantle doma i
ns and t
he time i
nvolved.
Cons equentl
y,
as
s i
mi l
ati
on, a
s very
la
rge amounts of
upper crust
al
ma ter
ial
(s
ome-
t
hic k met asomati
c layers
can d
evelop u nder s
table
cratons,
whe re
as
t
imes hi
gher t
han 70-80 pe r
cent)
are necessary i
n order
to modi
fy
t
h ese laye r
s
are thi
n or
lacking u
nde r young oc ea
nic c
rust.
Th i
s
si
gnifica
ntl
y the r
adiogenic is
otopic si
gnat
ur es of
potassi
c magma.
explains why potassi
c and ult
rapotass
ic magma s ar
e so rar
e in oc
e-
Obviously,
thi
s st
rongl
y c onf
lict
ed with
the unde r
sat
u r
ati
on i
n si
li
ca ani
c envi
ronm ent
s
and t
he ma ic
f comp osi
ti
o n of
ma ny pota
ssic rocks.
Th e
origin of
me t
asomati
c age
nts i
s l
ikel
y t
o v
ary in dif
fere
nt
t
ect
onic e
nvironme nt
s. I
n crat
oni
c ar
eas,
the a
gen ts
ma y be deri
ved
f
rom part
ial melti
ng of t
he subl
i
thospher
ic man t
le. I
nde ed, mantl
e
Mant
le
met
asor
nat
ism
and
pot
assi
c magmat
ism met
asoma t
ism i
n or
ogenic a
reas
is
l
argel
y a product of
the lui
f ds
or
mel
ts
that
are
rel
eas
ed
from
the
subduct
ed
sl
ab.
Ther
efor
e,
it
is
not
The adv ent of t
he concept
of ma ntl
e me t
asoma t
ism repres
ente
d a un
reasonabl
e t
o e
xpect
that
metas
omati
c a
gen
ts of
di
ffe
rent
ori
gins
t
urning point
i
n our
und e
rst
anding of
potass
ic and
ultr
apotass
ic
ma g- ha
ve dis
tinc
t g
eoche
rni
cal
and i
sot
opi
c c
omposi
ti
ons.
Me l
ts
or
lui
f ds
ma t
ism. Studies
of per
idoti
ti
c xenoli
ths t
hat
ha ve
been t
orn f
rom t
h e i
n or
oge
nic
env
iro
nme
nts
are
li
kel
y t
o be
cha
ract
er
ize
d by
high
upper ma ntle an
d brought
to t
he s ur
face
by high-speed ki
mbe r
li
tic LILE/HFSE rat
ios,
pos sibly as
a conseque n
ce of HFSE-ri
ch residual
and al
k a
ic
f basal
t
erupti
ons p
rovided di
rect
evidence
for
the p
rese
nc e phases bei
n g le
ft i
n th e sl
ab du r
ing melting.
Thi s
hypoth
esis nicely
of minerals ri
ch i
n incompati
ble el
eme nts
, such a
s phlogopit
e,
am- explai
ns the high LILE/ HFSE r
ati
os ot
p otass
ic
rocks t
hat
are found
phibole,
and apat
it
e, wit
hin
the upper mantl
e.
In
s o
me cas
es,
these in
old or
active
oroge nic
a r
ea s.
Add i
ti
ona l
complexiti
es
in
subdu cti
on
mi
ner
als
wer
e f
ound
to
be
concent
rat
ed
in
vei
ns,
wher
eas
in
other
s zones ari
se from t
he fact
that a l
arge variet
y of su
bducted
ma t
e ri
al
t
hey
wer
e di
spe
rse
d t
hrou
ghou
t t
he
roc
k b
ody
(se
e,
for
exa
mpl
e, might be i
n volved i
n me t
as oma t
is
m i
n the upper mantl
e.
This ma te-
Ba
il
ey,
19
82,
an
d Me
nzi
es
and
Hawk
eswo
rth,
19
87,
f
or
a
rev
iew
on ria
l ma y i
n clud
e variously alt
ered sea-
loo
f r basalt
s,
deep-s
e a sedi-
mant
le
met
asomat
ism). men t
s, or, dur
ing c ontinental coll
isi
on, t
hinned conti
nent
a l crust
December
1992
(
Schreyer
and ot
hers,
1987).
I
n t
he la
st
case,
the metasoma ti
c a
gents Kama fugi t
es also have low sodium and aluminum and high
c
an have geocher
nic
al and i
sotopi
c c
omp osi
tions ma t
ching t
hose of Mg O, whi ch poi nt to t
he i
r ge n
erati
o n wi t
hin a refractory typ e of
t
he u
pp er
crust
al
roc
ks, and t
hese
c har
act
eris
tics
wi l
l be
inherit
ed by phlogop it
e-be aring man t
le. Howe ver, t
he i
r high conte
nt
of Ca O sug-
p
otassi
c ma gmas.
For inst
ance, t
he upper crust
al geocherni
cal and gests t
ha t
this
el eme nt
wa s int
roduced durin
g t
he me t
as oma tic event
i
sot
op i
c signat
ure
s observed in s
ome potassi
c volcanic rocks (
for al
on g wi th po tassium and incompatib l
e e
leme nts (Con ti
ce lli and
e
xample,
in t
he c
entra
l
Ita
ly and Corsi
ca la
mpr oit
e s
) st
rongly in
di- Pecc er
ill
o, 1992 ).
Fu rt
hermo re,
the st
ron g degree of
silica und ersat
-
c
ate
the in
volvement
of upper cr
ustal
roc
ks in mantle
me tasomati
sm urati
on indicates t
ha t t
he karnafu
gites we re g
en era
ted withi n the
(
Peccer
ill
o,
1990;
Cont
icel
li
and
Pecceri
ll
o,
1992)
. cond i
ti
o ns of hi gh pr e
ssure and high COAC02 +H2 0) , wh ich are
By c
on t
rast,
in intra
plate envi
ronme nt
s, me
tasoma t
ic agen t
s known to favo r the ge nera
tion of si
lica-poor,
unde r
satur a
ted me lt
s
proba bly show e
nr i
chme nt
in all
the i
ncompa t
ible el
emen ts, i
nclud- (s
ee Mys en, 19 77; Br e
y, 1978;
Wyl l
ie,
1979) .
i
n g HFSE. Howe ver, I must
poi n
t out
that
subduc t
ion-rel
ated ma t
e- Roma n-type ma gma s
ha ve hi
gh Ca O,
A120
3,
and Na 20 c on t
e nt
s
r
ial can be recycled t
hr ough the upper mantl
e and can be i
nvolved i
n t
ha t r
equire a " f
ertile"
pe r
idotiti
c s
ou rce tha
t
has not und ergon e any
potassic ma gma t
ism long t
ime ate
f r i
ts i
ntr
oduction withi
n the upper si
gn ifi
cant
extrac t
ion of basalt
ic melts before metasomat ism a nd the
ma ntle (Nelson, 1992). In t
his case,
it
is
not s
urprising t
hat pot
a s
s i
c gene r
ation of pot assi
c ma gma s.
ma gma s having arc-
type geoch emical cha
racte
risti
cs ca
n be fou nd
awa y from any acti
ve or recent subducti
on zone.
Ex
per
ime
ntal
pe
trol
ogy
and
pot
ass
ic
magmat
ism Conc
ludi
ng
remar
ks
Ma ntle me tasoma t
is
m prov ides an ade q
ua te ex planation for ma ny
geocher nic al
an d isot
o pic ch aracteri
stics of potas si
c ma gma s .
How- Ge
oc
he
mi
ca
l
an
d
ex
pe
ri
me
nt
al
s
t
udi
e
s
ha
ve
pr
ov
id
ed
ne
w i
ns
i
ght
ever, othe r rel
eva nt characte ri
stics,
su ch as th
e pe t
roche mi cal diver
- in
to
the pet
rogenesi
s
of pot
ass
ic
ma gmas
and have cont
ri
buted t
o our
sit
y in terms of sil
ica s
atur ati
on and of t
he abu nd ance of s
odium unde
rstandi
ng bet
ter
the pr
ocess
e s
of
mantl
e evoluti
on.
The f
oll
ow-
(Na), c alcium (Ca ),
an d a lumi num (M) ,
re q
ui re integration of the in
g main point
s s
eem e ss
enti
al
in or
der
t
o un ders
tand t
he composi-
me t
as oma ti
c hyp o t
hesis .
Ex pe ri
men ta l
st
udi es on synthetic a n
d nat
- ti
ona
l
chara
c t
eri
st
ics
and t
he g
eologic
al
si
gniic
f a
nce of
pota
ssic
ma g-
m as:
ural syste ms (Edg ar, 198 7; Ed ga r
a nd Vu ka dinovi c, 1992;
Foley,
1992a ) ha ve provi ded a we alth of da t
a that
allow us t
o sugge st
an Fi
rst,
the
met
asomat
ic i
ntr
oduct
ion
of
lui
f ds
or
mel
ts
int
o t
he
explana tion for the problems. up per ma n tl
e is c ruc i
al f
or the produ ction of a n e nriche d sou r
ce
We ndl andt and Eggl e r(
1980)
re ported resu lt
s of ex per i
me nta
l ma terial. Me taso ma tic proce sses are be li
eve d to gene rate phl ogo pit
e-
stu
dies on the KAI S'O4 _Mg O_ S'O2 -HZ O-CO, sys t
em, wh ic h corre
- and pot assium- amphi bole-rich veins
th at
me l
t
readily i
n respon se to
sponds to a me tasoma tized, potas si
um- enriche d, phlog opite-be ar
ing cru st
a l s
tre t
c hing or an increa se in tempe rat
ur e. Th e high stron tiu
m
peri
d otite. The y showe d tha t,
in t
h e
pr esence of low total
amou nts
of and low neod ymi um isotopic ratios that cha racteri
z e mos t pota ssi
c
volatil
e ma tter, small degr ees of p a
rtial
me lt
ing wo uld pro duce po- ma gma s ma y b e de ri
ve d either
from th e
time -integ r
a ted evo lution of
tas
sic ma gma s. The stability iel
f d of enstati
te inc r
ea sed as pre ss
ure high Nd/ Sr n a nd Rb /Sr r a
tios of vein ma teri
al
or f
r om the inpu t
of
incr
e ased and ma de t
he se l
iqu ids vary from overs at
ur at
ed to st
rongly mel ts or lui
f ds th at
a re r
el e
a sed by upp er
c rustal ma t
e ria
l
bro ugh t in
to
unders atura t
ed in s
ili
c a a s the depth of melting i ncrea sed. Th i
s the ma ntle as a resu l
t
of the s
u bdu ction pr ocess .
experimen tal wor k clea r
ly highlights the roles of pressure and t
he Sec ond, the me lting of a ve i
ne d ma nt l
e prod
uces p etrologica l
ly
lu
f id-p ha se compo si
tion i
n t
he gen e
ra ti
on of the variable de gr
e es
of va ria
bl e pot ass i
c liqui ds
that dep end n ot only on the depth of me lt
-
sil
ica sa t
ur ati
on in pota ssi
c ma gma s. Ho we ver . i
t doe s no t e
xpl ai
n ing,
th e co mpos iti
on and abu nd anc e of lui
f d ph ases , and th e na tu
re
other pe trologica l c
ha racterist
ics su
c h as the range of the sodium, (fertil
e or refrac t
or y)
of the ma n t
le prot ol
ith but al
so on the d egre e
of
calci
um, a nd alumi num abu ndanc e from l
a mpr oites to Roma n -t
ype pa rti
al
me lt
in g. Th e last determi nes t
he relative amou nt o t the ho st
r
ocks
and
shos
honi
tes. roc k that is inv olve d in the me lting (Be rgma n, 198 7; Fole y, 1992b ).
On e wa y to obtain
sodi um- ,
c alci
u m- ,
and a l
umi nu m- po or mag - The distribut i
on of incompa ti
ble ele me nts in po t
a ssi
c ma gma s i
s
mas wou ld be t
o assume t
ha t
their sour c
e r
egi on wa s de p leted in likely t o r efle ct th e comp ositi
o n of t
h e me tasoma ti
zin g age nts.
t
hese comp one nts. De pleti
o n i
n these el
eme n ts wi thin the upper The s
e, in turn, ha ve variable geoch e rn
ic al signa t
u res tha t de pend
mantle c an
be a chi
eve d
by extracting ba sal
ti
c liqu ids from a " fertil
e" upo n the i
r so urce (tha t i
s , the subdu c
ted slab or sublitho sphe ri
c
I
i
ferzol it
e,
on e t
hat has n ot un d
ergo ne any prev ious me lting eve nt
. ma ntl
e ).
Ho we ver, res i
dua l
ph ase s
c an play a r
ole as we ll
du ring t
he
Exper i
me nt
al s t
udies ( for e xamp le ,
Mys en a nd Ku shiro, 1 977) me l
ting o f ve i
ns and thereby can d etermi ne some of t
he geo ch emi cal
i
ndica t
e t ha t,
during Iherzolit
e mel ti
ng,
c li
no py rox ene a nd ch aracteristics of po tassic
ma gma s (Fol e
y and Wh eller, 199 0) .
al
umi n um- ri
c h s
pine] preferent i
ally enter the li
qui d and leave a r
e- Thir d, the pota ssic li
qui ds forme d by th e me lti
ng of veins
al
so
f
ractory harzb urgit
ic residue th a
t is deple t
ed in Ca, Na, Al . an d Sc ma y have a role i
n d etermi ning the g eoc hemi cal
and i
s otopic fea t
ures
and i
s en r
ich ed i
n MgO, Ni ,
a nd Cr .
Th ese c hara ct
e risti
cs are of othe r ma gma s. s uch as cont inenta l
t
hol eit
f ic ba s
a l
ts, sodi um-
i
nhe ri
te d by a ny ma gma that
is f
or me d by remel ting of this sou r
ce. al
kal
ine
basal
ts,
and
cal
e-al
kal
ine
vol
cani
c r
ocks
(El
lam
and
Cox,
Acc ording l
y, l amproi t
es a re be lieved t o be de rive d f rom a 1991 ;Crisci
and others, 1991 ). I
n fa
ct ,
ma gma s of any compo si
ti
on
phlogo pite-
a nd (
or) potassium- ri
c hterit
e-bea r
ing ha rzbur gite ha ving ascending through t
he l
it
ho sphe ri
c meta s
oma ti
c layer are li
kely to
a
co mpo si
ti
on that r
esults fr
o m t
he e arl
y e x
traction of ba sa l
tic liquids produ c
e pa rt
ial melting of the vei
ns
an d consequent i
ntramantle
and is followe d by, at some la
ter st
age,
the met asoma tic in pu t
of contamina t
ion of
the upri
s i
ng me l
t.
Th us,
the "po t
assic" g
eoc hemical
potassium and other incomp a ti
ble eleme nts (f
o r ex ampl e, see Foley signatur
es foun d i
n so me c alc-alkal
ine and th
oleiiti
c rocks provide
and ot hers, 1 986, 1 987) .
Th e range in the s i
lica comp os iti
on of stri
king evidence that t
here are few or no ma gmas
that r
ep r
esent
a
l
amp roi tes has been at
tributed by Foley and o thers (198 6) to the given me lt
ge ner
ated by a single-st
age process from gi
ven mantle
pr
e senc e of di ff
erent pres s
u res of melting wi t
hi n a redu ce d upper rocks,
but
ma gma s r
epresent
a blend
of me lts t
hat f
o r
me d atdi
f
f e
rent
ma nt
le (HZO- CH4 -HF volatile compos it
ion), so tha t
the low- SiO, depths and by various degrees of parti
al me lt
ing (And ers
on, 1
9 9
0) .
hi
g h-MgO l
a mpr oit
es are forme d at higher pr essu res tha n are the Fourth, addit
ional compos it
ional change s of potassi
c magma s
hi
g h-SiO,
va ri
e t
ies.
Th e occu rr
enc e of diamon d in t
h e forme r type ma y result
from evoluti
on ary proce
s s
es
at di
fferent depths.
Th ese
suppo rts
this hypo thesis. generate
re s
idua l
l
iquids
tha t
a re
extr
eme l
y en r
iched in many i
ncom-
印i
sode
s,
Vol
. 1
5,
no.
4
250
pat
ibl
e ele
ments
and in vo
lati
l
e p
has
es.
In some c
a s
es,
the
supers
at- Comi
n Chi
ara
mont
i,
P.,
Cun
dar
i,
A..
Gomes
, G.
B.,
Pi
cci
ril
lo,
E.M.
, Censi
,
ur
ati
on in
vol
atil
e p
ha ses
i
s at
tain
ed,
an
d the se
parat
ion
of H,O- a
nd P. , De Mi n, A. , Be l li
e ni , G. , Velas quez, V.F., and Or ue, D., 1992,
lu
f ori
ne-ri
ch
phases ma y
tr
igger
hug
e explosi
ve vol
canic e
rupt
ions. Pot a
s sic dyke s
wa r m in t
he Sapuca i gr abe n, eas
ter n Par aguay: Petro-
gr aphi ca l
, mine r
alogi cal and geoc hemi ca l out li
nes ,
in Pecc er i
llo,
A. ,
and
The
lu
f i
d
pha
ses
t
hat
a
re
s
epa
rat
ed
f
rom
ev
olv
ed
pot
ass
ic
magma
s a
re
Fol ey, S.F., eds., Pot as s i
c and ult
ra pot as sic magmas and thei
r origin:
able
to
carry l
arge
amou nt
s of i
ncomp ati
ble
elements
int
o s
olutio
n.
Li thos,
v. 28,
p. 283-301.
Th e
per
colati
on of
thes
e lu
f ids t
hrough wall
rocks
is
resp
onsi
ble f
or Conticelli, S. , and Pec ce ri llo, A. , 1992, Pe trology and geoc hermst r
y of
the min
eraliz
ati
o n
of r
are elemen t
s (e
spec i
all
y t
horium, u
ranium, po tas sic and ult
rap ot as sic vol canism in cent r
al It
aly: Petr ogenesis and
LREE, an
d ant
imony) t
hat
some times ar
e a
ssoci
ate
d with
potassi
c inf eren ces on the evol ut ion of the ma nt le sour ces, i
n Pecce r i
llo,
A. ,
and
vol
canoes
(Locar
di,
1986)
. Fol ey, S., eds., Pot a ssi c a nd ult
rapot ass ic magma s and t
heir origin:
Ob vious l
y, ma ny ques
ti
on s tha t are r
el evant t
o th
e o
rigin of Li thos,
v. 28,
p. 221 -240
potassic ma gma tism rema i
n t
o be ans we red. I
n add i
tion t
o the co n- Cri
sci,
G. M. , De Ros a, R. ,
Esp eran ca,
S. , Ma zzuol i
,
R. ,
and Sonni no, M. ,
tr
ove rsy abou t
the t
yp e and compos i
tion of me tasoma ti
c agents an d 1991 ,Tempor al
ev ol ut ion of a t
hree- c ompone nt sys t
em: The i
sland of
th
e r
ole of res i
dua l
pha ses during vei n me lting, a cr i
ti
c al
i
ssue is the Li par i (Aeol i
an arc, sout he rn I
taly):
Bul letin of Volca nologi que,
v. 53, p.
207-221.
re
la t
ionship betwe en sodium- alkaline an d p otassium- alkal
ine ma g-
Daly,
R.A., 1910,
Or i
gin of
th
e al
kali
ne r
ocks:
Geol ogical Society
of Amer-
ma s.
Are t
he t
wo t
ype s of alkaline ma gma s derive d fro
m different
i
ca Bu l
leti
n, v.
21,p. 8
7-115.
depths wi t
hin t
he uppe r
ma nt
le, or do they rele
f ct dif
ferent
type s of Edgar,
A.D. ,
1987. Th e genes
is
of a
lkali
ne magma s wi t
h emphas i
s on thei
r
me ta
soma tism?
Or
are they relat
e d to diffe r
e nt beh aviors
of me t
a so- source
regions;
inferences
fr
om experi
mental
studies, i
n Fit
ton,
J.G. ,
and
ma ti
c mi nerals during pa r
tial
me lting as a respo nse to vari
able ph ys- Upton, B.G. J
.,
e ds.,
Alkali
ne i
gneous
rocks:
Geol ogical
Societ
y Specia
l
io
c hemi cal conditions? Thi s i
ssue ha s bee n discu ssed by Ryab chikov Pu
bli
cat
i
on
30,
p.
29
-52.
and othe r
s (1982 ), Ro gers and other s( 199 2), and Edg ar
and Vu ka d- Edgar, A. D., and Vuka di novi c, D. . 1992, I mpl icat i
ons of exper iment al
in
ovi c (1
992 ),
a mon g others. The larg e s pectrum of hypothe ses petrology t
o the evol uti on of ul
trapota ssi c roc ks , in Pec cer illo, A. ,
and
sugges t
ed by these authors testi
fies t
ha t the topic is con t
roversi
a l
an d Fol e
y, S.
F. , eds., Pot as sic and ul t
rap ot as sic magmas and their origi
n:
st
ill
is ope n to
de bate. Lithos ,
v. 28,
p. 205-220.
Ell
am,
R.M. ,
and Cox,
K. G. , 1991,An i
nter pr etation of Ka roo picr it
e basalts
i
n ter
ms of interac tion bet we en asthenos pher ic ma gma s and the mant le
lit
hosphe re: Ear t
h and Pl anetary Sc i
enc e Le t
t e
rs, v. 1
05,
p, 330-342.
Fol
ey,
S.F. ,
1992a,
Pet rol ogi cal
character
iz at ion of the source c ompon ents
of
Ac
knowl
edgme
nts potassic ma gmas : Geoche mi cal
and exper imen ta l cons traint s, in Pec-
cerill
o,
A. ,
and Fol ey,
S. F. ,
eds., Potas sic and ultrapotas sic magmas and
Th
is
pap
er
o
ri
gi
na
t
ed
f
ro
m t
he
S
ymp
os
iu
m。。P
ot
as
si
c
a
nd
Ul
t
ra
po
- _
t
hei
r
o
1
r
igi
n:
Li
992b,
t
hos
,
v
. 2
8
Vei
,
p.
18
ns
7
-20
4
pl
.
us wal l
-rock mel ting mec hani sms in the l
ithos phere
ta
ssic
Ma gma s, which wa s org a
nized by the aut
ho r
and W.
Schreyer
and the origi n of potas sic alkal ine magmas, in Pec ce rill
o, A. ,
and Foley,
and wa s held
in St r
asbour g. France, durin
g t
he sixt
h me et
ing of
the S.F. , eds. , Pot as sic and ul tra
pot assic ma gma s
a nd their ori gi n: Lithos,
v.
Europe an Union of
Ge oscienc es
(EUG VI ).
Di s
cus s
ions wit
h Sandro 28,
p. 435-453.
Conticelli,
Steve Foley,
Al an Edgar,
a n
d ma ny other
collea
gues have Fol
ey,
S. F. ,
Ta yl or , W. R. , and Gr een, D. H. ,
1986, The role of luor
f ine and
contri
bu ted t
o clarif
ying seve ral
of
the topi
c s
discussed i
n t
his
pa p
e r
. oxygen f
ugac ity in the pet roge nes is of ultr
apot a ssic r
ocks: Cont ri
but ions
Sandro Con t
icell
i, Alan Ed ga r,
Russe l
Harmo n, and Bekele
Me rgh- to Mi ner alogy and Pet rology, v.
94, p. 183-1 92.
essa cri
ticall
y read earl
y ver si
ons of the ma nuscri
pt .
Research on Fol
ey, S. F. ,
Vent ur elli, G. , Gr ee n, D. H. , and Tosc ani, L. , 1 987,
The
potass
ic ma gma t
ism is s
u ppor te
d ina
f ncial
ly by t
h e
Mi nist
ry
of Uni- ultrapot assic roc ks : Cha rac t
e risti
cs , c lassiicat
f ion, and cons trai
nt s f
or
versi
fy Res ear
c h,
Sc i
en c
e, and Technology (4
0 percent)
and by
CNR pet roge net ic model s: Ea rth-Sci enc e Re views,
v. 24,
p. 81 -1 34.
Fol
ey,
S. F. ,
and Whel l
er .
G. E. ,
1 990,
Pa ral l
els in the origin of the geoc hem-
(pr
o }
j
ect on "Pe tr
ology, Ge oc h
emi s
try, and Min er
al
Che mist
ry of
icat si gna tur es of island arc vol c
ani cs and cont inental p ot a ssic igneous
Orogeni c Ma gmat i
c Roc ks ,
" Me ssina.
Ital
y) .
roc ks:
The rol e of res idual
it
f ana t
es: Chemi c al Geol ogy. v. 85,
p. I一18.
Gupta, A. K_ and Ya gi, K. , 1980, Petrol ogy and gene sis of leu cit
e-be ar i
ng
rocks : Be rlin,
Sp r i
ng er -Ver lag, 252 p.
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