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勿 Angel

o Pe
ccer
il
lo

rotass
ic 
and ult
r a
potas
sic 
rocks

Co

mpo
nd ge





io
na
ogic 


 

cha
gni

ic




te
nc



st
ics
,pe

探教篇 枷
tr
oge
nes
is,

孩资
美数 ;燕玲 瑟那:

} 奚戴 笨


娜瓢



ge

 

ft

韶只


n,
哪架 o’

毋瀚
l v
ol
ca

tvo
f }
燕恕燃鳃 骊攒

IC 一

a勿

盆分专丢掀

菇鳌臻熊 铭霆

oto
pic 
ra, 〕澎蓬〔











l 

at

 
su


} Fi
po
ti
gur

as
me

s 
e 

du
I一 Vi
c 







g 


ew 
no.
he l

 
f 
Mt
as
Mt

t 

. 
 Ve
2,0
Ve


uv
00 
uv

ye

us
us 
ars

, 
ha
 
It
al
s e
The 
y,

 


pt
mos
he 



d 

 
mo
ex

tfamo
pl
amo
os
us 

iv




us 
y 
pti






on 
ti



al
was
终钾送影羹
瀚; 一代n


.ai


fe

na,卿

ren
the 
and 
one i
Hercul
n 
79 
A.
aneum.
D., which  de
stro
yed the 
Roma n c
it
ies 
of Pompe i


s.
 T
oge
tj t
he}
I兰全乡

Gu
pta 
and 
Yagi
, 1
980)
. The 
mos
t f
amo
us 
con
ti
nen
tal
 ex
ampl
es

inc
lude t
hose in 
central 
and southern I
tal
y (f
ig. 1), 

he Eifel 
re
gion in
Germa ny, Ug anda, We st
e r
n Aus tr
ali
a, Ind onesia,
 s outh
e a
stern
恤t
as
幸)
扣ti 漏 那渊 Spain, 
we st
ern US A, and northeaster
n People's Republic 
of China.
一 ’一’一’~- - 一 一 研     
The Tris
tan da Cun ha, 
Ca pe Ve r
de,  
and Ma rquesas I
s l
ands 
a r
e the
best 
known oc eani
c exampl es. 
Shos honi
tic 
rocks  
are a
ssociat
ed with
ri
ch 
in 
一亡九e刀乞

Pot
以衷


 

  
aI
} 
a i
s口T
opi
c“

hnn
 a
nd n

pat

bl
e 
e) }nce・ 
indic&
man y c
ontinenta
l  
and oceanic ar
cs.
The mi nera
logical, 
ma jor-el
em    
ent,
 tra
ce-eleme nt
,  
and i
sotopic

)1"t
17V
")1
17a斤‘   der
ived 
eh comp osi
ti
ons of potas
sium- ri
ch rocks ar
e quite var
iable 
( s
ee 
Yo de r


986;
 Fol
ey 
and 
ot
her
s, 
1987
). 
Cons
equ
ent
ly,
 a 
pl
eth
ora 
of 
ge
net
ic


_

 _
 



 h

 


  

 

 _


.-

. hy pothes e
s ha ve  be e
n  proposed  in th e pa st i
n  order t
o e xpla i
n th e
ma n
y c omp os i
tion al 
od dit
ies of t
h ese  ma gma s . 
Thi s
,  
together wi t
h  a
co nfusing and  abu nda nt nome nc lature  that  has pro d
uc ed  a larg e
numbe r of 
loca l 
na me s, ha
s con tr
ibut ed to rend eri
ng po t
ass i
c ro c
ks as
mys terious pe trological objects and  to  ma king  t
he pr o
blem  of their
ge nesis obsc ure.  Mo reove r, t
he  disc overy  of  dia
mond s  i
n  some

羹羚t

ut
i 

it
 I 艇黔熟瓤 pot
ele


me
sic 
nt  

mi
oc

ks
era


 



he 
atio
as
n,
so
 



ia
d 



on 
he s
of 
u r
po
ge 
tas
of 


ic 
yp
ma
othe
gma
ses 





m 
at 

an
ma
d 
ll
 
ra
me
re



fracti
o ns of po tassic comp ositi
o n ha ve  migr ated thr
oug h the  ma ntle
an d ha ve bee n  a ma in proc ess of  ma nt l
e  evolution toge t
he r hav e

ntroduct
ion inc r
ease d the  i
nt erest i
n po tassi
c  ro cks  we ll beyond  the sc ope  of
simpl y explaining  these exotic li
thol og ies.
Rt

ss
iu
m-r

ch 

oc
ks 

re 

imi

ed 

n 
ab
und
an
ce 

ut 

re 
wi
de
sp
re
ad In  th
is ar t
icle,  
I wi l
l summa r i
z e som     
e of the mo st pro mine nt

eogr
aphi
cal
ly.
 The
y i
ncl
ude 
vol
cani
c, 
hypa
bys
sal
, a
nd 
plut
oni
c ch ar
ac teri
sti
c s of po t
a s
s i
c rocks ,
 and  I  will outli
ne a ge n
e ral pi
c t
u re
bodi
es t
hat a
re f
ound i
n s
ever
al t
ect
oni
c envi
ronment
s, s
uch as of  t
he pe t
rog en etic hypotheses . 
I a lso wi ll address the i
mp li
cations

onti
nen
tal 
cr
a t
ons
, p
ost
col
li
sional 
ar
eas,
 ac
tiv
e oro
genic b
elts
, a
nd, tha t
 studies of  pot as
s i
c ma gma t
ism  ha ve on  the comp rehe nsion of

o a mi
nor ext
ent
, oce
ani
c intr
apl
ate s
ett
ings 
(see,
 for exa
mpl e, large-sca l
e evol utionary proc es
s es in the  ma ntl
e.

助i
sod
es,
 Vol
. 1
5, 
no.
 4
,才 ,


erc
ent
. 
Leuc
it
e, 
pl
agi
ocl
ase,
 a
nd 
sa
nidi
ne 

n t
he 
evol
ved 
ro
cks 
ar

Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ion 
and 
compos
iti
onal t
he  ma i
n  sali
c  pha s
es . Py roxene  (A] -r
ic h di opsid e to  salite)  i
s  t
he
charact
eri
sti
cs mos t typical ma ic 
f mi ner al,
  wh erea s o li
vi ne  is fou nd  in  sma ll
er
amo unts in the mo s
t  
ma ic 
f rocks . Ne phe li
n e is a  common  gr ound-
Co
nv
en
ti
on
al
ly
, 
po
ta
ss

c 
ro
ck
s 
ar
e 
de

fne
d。、t

ose
 t
ha
t 
ar
e 

har
ac
- ma
ma


s 
ne


ha
it
e,
se.
 
 Ph
hail
yn
log
e,

 
pi

te,
nd  a
 bi
pa
ot

it
it
e 
e,

 p
re 


rga

es


it
nt
ic a
 as 
mphi
mi no
bol
r 
e,
or 
 t



ta

ni
es
um-
sory

eri
zed by  a mo lar K20/ Na2O  rat
io that 
is 
aroun d or sl
ightly higher
mi n
e ral
s  i
n roc k
s  having  various  deg rees  
of  evo lution.  Roma n-type

han unity 
at Mg O>3  wt  
percent. The rest
ri
ction in t
he MgO  content
ult
rapo t
a ssi
c rocks  c
ommon l
y are  associa t
e d wi t
h  vol canic  rocks  th
at

s req
uired  i
n orde r 
to exclude  t
hose rocks (
suc h as 
so me  t
rachy te
s,
are 
less strongly 
en riched  in 
K, O.  The se a re known  a s 
pot as sic seri
es
daci
tes, a
nd rhy olit
es)  
that 
hav e 
high K2 0/Na 2O rati
os a s 
a result 
of
rocks and  c
losely resembl e ar
c sh osho nites , 
ev en th ou gh the  pota ss
ic
normal evo l
uti
on ary  processes and  t
hat ma y not  i
mpl y a po tass
ic
seri
es roc ks ar
e slightly mo r
e enr iche d in p otassium.
nat
ure for  t
heir pa r
ental ma gma s. The  t
erm  "uttra
po tassi
c"  is r
e-
ser
ved  for the  rocks  that ha v
e  K2 0>3 wt  p ercent  a
nd  mol ar Lamp roi
tes are fou nd  a
s lav as, tuffs,  
a nd hy pa b    
ys sal  
bod i
e s 
of
K20/Na 2o>2. 5.  
Ho we ver
, the t
errns "pota
ssic" or "potassi
u m 
-rich" ultr
ama ic 
f to int
e nned iate compo siti
on.  The y ha ve  very  high  pot as

ote
f n are used  loo s
ely  t
o  i
nd ic
ate  b
oth  p
otassic and  ultr
apot ass
ic si
um  contents and K, O/Na ,O ratios a nd low  A1.03 , 
Na 20,  an d CaO
roc
ks. Th i
s practice will 
be followe d s
ome ti
mes  
in t
his pape r. contents, gener a
lly lowe r than  10-1 1  wt  
pe rc e
nt , 1.5 -2  wt  pe r
c ent,
Th e wide comp ositi
onal variabil
it
y of potassic 
ro cks has 
    
ma de and 6-8  wt percent, 
re s
pe c ti
vely.  
MgO  i
s hi gh to ve ry hig h, in places

hei
r cl
assi
icat
f ion 
a di
icul
f t t
ask,
 and 
a cons
ens
us 
is 
sti
ll 
far 
from up to  20-2 5  wt pe rcent . Mos t  l
a mpr oites  are  pe ralkalin e  [molar
being r
eac hed (
Mi tch ell 
and Ber gman,  
1991). Ho we ver, 
the clas
s i
fi
- (Na20+K2 0) /
Al 201 >l j . The l amp roite mi ne ralogy c on sist
s o f
highly ma gn esi
an o l
ivine , 
a l
umi num- po or dio psidic py rOX eD e, phlog-
cati
on scheme s put  
forth by various 
au t
hors (Saha ma ,
 197 4; 
Ba r
ton,
1979 ; 
Mitche l
l, 1985;  
Fol e
y  and others
, 1987 ) recognize four main opit
e,  san idi
ne,  a nd p ot assi
um- richtent e. Le uc i
te a lso ma y b e
groups of potassi
c  and  ult
rapotassi
c rocks. Th ese incl
ud e shoshon- present, wh ereas  pl
a gioc l
ase  t
yp ica l
ly  is a bsent . So me  lamp roit
es
contain unc ommon  tit
ani um- , ba nu m- , a nd  zircon ium- ric h  pha s
es

tes, Roma n-type  ult
rapo ta
ssic rocks, l
amp roites, and kama fugite
s.
Kimb erl
ites could  be c o
nsidered  t
o represent a n addit
ion al 
group, s
uch
 as
 pe
rov
ski

e I

Ca,
Na,
Fe-
十,Ce
)(
Ti,
Nb)
031
1 
je
ppe
it
e l

K,Ba
)2
especia
lly the grou p-two  mica ceous ki
mbe rlit
e s, which  have K,O
contents 
up to 
abou t 4 wt per
ce nt 
a n
d K20/ Na 2O rati
os comp arable 
to

hos e o
f lamp r
oites (for  
exampl e, s
ee Mi t
che l
l, 1988) . mal colite J(Mg, Fe)Ti ,05 J (Mi tchell, 1985 ).
 The se u nc ommon  ph ase}

efle ct t
h e high de grees  of enric hme nt  

n  th
e  comp on ent ele
me nts  
ol
These groups do n ot 
cov er 
all 
the p
ota s
sic co mpos    
iti
ons  t
hat a
re

o und i
n n at
u r
e. In fact, se
ver al 
rock ty
pe s 
ha ve transi
ti
ona l c
har a
c- t
h e la mp roiti
c ma gma . Some  'OW-S' 02,  hi
gh -MgO  la mp r
oites c on-

a in diamon ds .
 La mp roites a r
e  present  
in con ti
ne ntal  
intrapl
a t
e en vi-

er i
sti
cs between  the di f
ferent groups, 
and  their cl
a s
siic
f a t
ions and ronme nts suc h as We stern Au stra
lia, Wyo mi ng in  the USA.  an d ir
。。~ 。。。1。,1
1,。 。r。 。 _ - -  
_F 
A_k}t

pos tcoll
isio nal 
a re
a s includ ing Co rsica, southe astern Spa in, and  cen-

ra l It
aly.  
Some  of them  ma y c ontain ma n t
le-de r
iv ed  xenolit
hs .
Mi
ner
alog
y and 
maj
or-
ele
ment
 che
mis
try Kama fugites a re n ame d  from  t
he  katu ngite-ma furit
e-uga n
    
ditt
series lava s cr
op ping  out  
in eas t
e r
n Af rica, whi ch is the type loca li
t)
Some  repr esentati
ve  ma jor- 
and  tr
ace-eleme n
t analyse s 
for  potassi( for these roc ks. Sma ll amou nts of 
ka ma fugitic rocks  also ar
e fou nd ir
and ultrapotas si
c rocks are give n i
n t
able I. a few  othe r places  (see Fo ley  and othe rs, 1987 ), not ably i
n  cen tr

Sho shoni ic 
f roc ks are the  l
east 
en ric
h    

d  i
n  pota s
sium.  The ) Italy, wh ere they a re associ at
e d with  t
he  Roma n-typ e volcanic roc k}
contai
n  abo ut 
2-3  wt  
p e
rcent  
K2 0 and 
ha ve K20/Na 2O  aroun d unity (Pe ccerill
o  and  others,  198 8). Ka ma fug it
es  are strong ly unde rsa t
u-
Ac cor
di ng to Mo rrison (1980) , 
shoshonites 
should cons is
t 
o nly of t
h( rated  in  sili
ca  and  c ontain  ka ls
ili
te  and  me lil
ite  a s typical s al
i(
rocks 
tha t are associated with ca l
cal
kaline vol
canic roc ks 
a l
ong  c
o n pha ses; J eu ci
te a lso ma y b e p re sent. Ma fic mi ne rals
 i nc lud(
vergent  plate  b
ou nda ri
es .
 Su ch  ro
cks  t
yp ic
all
y  hav e hig h  A120 ma gn esium- ri
ch  o
liv i
ne  and  dio psi
d ic t
o  sal
itic pyt ox ene. Mon ti
c el
(I今2 0  wt  per c
e n
t),  lo
w  Ti02  (
<1. 2
-1 .3 wt  
pe r
cent ),
 a nd  i
n  th( l
it
e 
(Ca
MgSi
O,)
, 
phl
ogo
pit
e, 
and 
per
ovs
kit
e 
may 
be 
pr
ese
nt.
 Ka
ma
ma fi
c rang e, a h
igh a bund a
nc e ot 
Ca O (10-12 wt percen t
). 
Ho we ver f
ugi
tes 
shar
e an 
ult
rapot
ass
ic 
nat
ure with l
ampr
oit
es, 
as 
wel
l 
a s 
lom
in more  gener al
 te
rms  (
Joplin, 1968), 
sho shonit
es  
also include  ro
c k: a
bundance
s of 
A12
03  
and 
Na20 a
nd high MgO, 
but 
kar
naf
ugi
tes h
av(
that are  mo de r
ately  nch in  po t
assi
um  bu t a
re  f
oun d  awa y  fron hi
o,h 
CaO  
hin 
to IS 
w t 
nercentl
i- 
Xenol
iths 
of 
m antl
e oripin 
also 
art
volcanic  arcs, such  as t
hos e along the East Africa rit 
f v alley tha
repres
e nt  
the po ta
ss i
c  equi
va l
e nts 
of sodium-transi
tion ai 
roc ks- Th (

hos
honi
ti
c vol
cani
c s
uit
es 
consi
st 
of 
shos
honi
ti
c bas
alt
s, 
lat
it
e, 
an(

rac
hy t
e t
o rhyoli

e. 
Th e
se r
ocks  
are 
ma fi
c t
o in
ter
me dia
te 
in 
c o
mpo Mi
nor-
 and 
trac
e-e
leme
nt 
geoc
hemi
str


it
ion and r
ang e 

rom sl
ight
ly oversatu
rat
ed in 
to 
slig
htl
y undersa
tu

ate
d in s
ili
ca. 
They 
have a 
mine r
alogy 
that 

s dominat
ed by 
diopsi
di( In general t
erms , potassic and ultrapotas si
c rocks  are cha r
ac t
eri
z e


o s
a l
it
ic cl
inopyr
oxene a
nd plagi
oc l
ase. 
Olivin
e i
s a 
commo n phas( by high  t
o  extreme  enri
c hme nt in  t
he  so-
ca l
le d inco mpa ti
ble cle

n the most  maf
ic 
rocks; 
biotit
e  a
nd  s
ani
dine are pr
esent i
n thi men ts. 
The se are  the eleme nts having  a charge  and  i
oni c si
ze tha

nter
medi
ate 
rocks make  them un able  t
o  ent
e r 
into t
h e latt
ice of 
th e ma in rock-forminj
Ro ma n-t
yp e u    
lt
rapotas si
c ro cks ma ke up t he we l
l-knowi miner a
ls i
n the upp er ma ntle. These  i
n c
omp at
ible e l
e me nts 
are espe

euci
te-teph r
ite, l
euc i
tit
e, a nd le
uci t
e-phon oli
te serie
s . 
Th ese rock cia
lly the 
large ion lithophi l
e ele
me nts (
LI LE), pota ssi
u m (K) , 
rubid

ypicall
y are found in th
e Roma n Province of centr
al  

ta l
y (Pecceril
l( ium (Rb ), 
cesium  (Cs ), 
bar i
um  (
Ba ) , 
thorium (Th) , and ura n
ium  (
U)
an
d Ma nett
i, 1985) and in some Ind onesian volcanoes  
(for e
xa mp l
e and the  l
ight rare-ear t
h eleme nts (LREE) ,
 lanthanum  (La ),
 ceriui

Vame  and  Fod en, 1 986) . Recently repor t
ed  occurrences includi (Ce), pras
eo dymi u m  (Pr), and neod ymium  (Nd)

hose in nor t
h east
ern Chi na  (
Wa ng  and oth e
rs ,
 1991 ) 
and  central A  common  grap hi
c  system  used  to displa    
y  t
he  abs ol
u t
e a n

ea
stern Pa ragua y (Co mi n Ch iaramo nti and o thers, 1 992). Th rel
ative abun danc es o t 
eleme nts in  i
gne ous rocks  is one  t
hat gi
v e
Roma n-t
yp e ultr
a p
otas s
ic rocks ar
e  undersaturat
ed in sil
ica, 
maf ic 
ti norma li
z e
d pl ot
s  i
n  which  t
he  e
leme ntal a
bun da nces  
of the rock ar

nter
me diate in comp ositi
o n, r
ich in A1203  (12-20 wt  p
erc e
nt )
, an( divi
d ed by the c on centrati
on  val
u es ot  
a  r
eferen ce ma tena l
. Chon
de
pleted in T'02  (
ge ner
ally  <1.2 wt percent )
. 
Th e ma fi
c types hav dri
tic abunda nces  or c a
lculated primor dial ma ntle comp os i
tions ar

hi
jyh 
CnO-
 tvni
cAl
v ar
oji
nd 
10-13 
wt 
ner
cent
: Na.
0 i
s around 
2-3 
w used gen e
rally as normal izing values .
 Figure 2 repor t
s the patt
erns 0

Derpmher 
199.
    
245

Ta
ble 
1.-Ma
  jor
- an
d t
rac
e-e
leme
nt 
compo
sit
ions 

f r
epr
ese
ntat
ive 
pot
ass
ic 
roc
ks.

SH-AAI  a
nd SH-AA2:  
shosho
niti
c basalt 
and s
hoshonit
ic l
ati
te 
from t
he Ae
olia
n ar
e; 
HKS-MA and HKS-PH: Roman-t
ype high-

otas
sium  

euc
ite 
tephr
ite and 
leuc
ite phonoli
te 
from cen
tral I
tal
y; KAM-SV and KAM-CU: 
kar
nafu
git
ic 
rocks 
fro
m central
 It
aly;
KAM-EA: 
kamaf
ugi
ti
c r
ock 

rom 
eas
ter
n Af
ric
a; 
LAM-CO 
and 
LAM-OR:
 l
amp
roi
ti
c 
roc
ks 
fr
om 
Cor
si
ca 
and 
ce
ntra
l I
tal
y; 
LM-AUI
and 
LM-AU2:  

ow-si
li
ca a
nd  bi
gb-
sil
ica 

amproi
tes f
rom  Wes
tern Austr
ali
a. Da
ta f
rom Bell
 and Powell 
(196
9), 
Mit
chel
l 
and 
Bel
l 
(197
6),
Pecc
eri
ll
o an
d o
the
rs (
1988),
 Jaque
s and 
oth
ers 
(1989),
 and 
author's 
unpubli
she
d data.
 Abbrevi
ation: 
LOI , 

oss 
of 

gni
ti
on3

nU

甘 “ ‘..山

应八
”U
门J曰
了U .且孟
甘 “ 八U

盆n

下七

amp
le

jll

O-AA
1 SH-
AA2 H
IS-
KA HK
S-P
H K
AM-
SV K
AM-
CU K
AM A L
AM-
CO L
AN-
01

.  

  

‘毛孟
1    2    3 ? 8    9
..二 几”甘 甲. 价‘

几“. 几U口 弓 』 几曰甘 八U口 ‘.二 自吸甘 曰了‘ ..口 .J口 孟已. 月占. 八U
八“. 内口 八U

内U甘 几”. 日口. 肠夕曰 自电甘 八“甘 的夕自 p』口


.“. 八仙甘 跪”臼 ‘“叮 介.幼 几UJ n“甘 内勺甘 J压. 口‘

户卜日 nO

血‘日 盛』U  .11甘 .‘甘 n胶U 八甘

J压‘ 自』U 八U 日厅. n砚甘 嘴.人 八甘 口.. ‘且几 J口己 ‘


肠J白 行f  nU 八U

曲资口 ‘.‘ 曰了. .卜口 几了曰 几曰U 几“. ‘已J 介U甘 几M. ‘.几 品了自 几”.

.』U ,胜‘ 二必 J已皿 成了自 1且人 ,』口 丹U口 .


r跳口

』口 丹卜U .‘日 口几日 自‘叨 .”. ‘.

J已‘
no

丹U口
内切.

口几甘

命扭叮

‘三.

户已‘

n甘U
‘口

t孟 介“甘 ,翻 ,.‘ ‘‘‘ 6“. , 叼 .


Sioz    36,22   
57.89   
58.11   
40.98 51.
02

山.

‘.

目乍.
八月甘

nU
几廿

月已‘盛几‘ , 自 .‘日
‘口

,二


.二
TiOz 4.76   2.37   1.43   2.65    



,.占

心.

月加U

.盆. 几 U
几“甘 目盯甘

O甘 白J曰 ,口 八U ,‘L .

自吸叮
心.孟

叨t占

,.盆

目魂甘

,自


盛.止

.二
  工

A1103 8.21   
10.47   
11.is   4.38    


月,
nU 口‘日 .』口 .‘

勺‘

,口

月‘

自卜U

口 盛二飞 八n. 口』U 八U  nJ翻 nJ白 岛

.上
?.58   
2.
17   
1。
74   
3.
40    

  AU 民”灿 ‘”甘 内甘 亩资叨 古


Fe2O3

出.


‘.
二已.

虎卜U
丹nU

n月 仲 n月U

内“甘

J.. 八目U


卜口
Feo 4.55   
2.
52   
3.
32   
4。
27  


..
几“甘

‘.1

月‘

汽”. 几夕自 ‘”U


阮叨

拍』U
妞no 0.18   
0.
08   
0.
08   
0.
10    
山.

‘吸


J怪
口..

‘.1
口介甘

自.日

跳,自

心.上

血J

月 ‘,
.孟
d 八U  ..1 自砚公 斑』臼 nU  .1‘

口 通已通 ..口 曰了



go 9.76   
6.
38   
8.
78   
22.
93    


血.


目.

对.
八“甘 ,.人 n民甘 二盈‘ .‘. 几U叮
‘口二

,.几
1.几

几U
nn甘

‘口

6”甘

‘f 占
』甘 ‘.二

,‘人

月了.

6资‘

由1 ‘
C&O 1
3.98   
3.
64   
3.
60   
5,
71  

‘.

已.
自 
 

‘.
.    
自.

J已. .
价J自

‘J 介ljl l
几“ 甘 nU

几嗯臼

通 几 n皿U ‘
,卜J

心.‘ 八U. ,几口 J己皿 公乍自


几U

的J白
口 .弓口 nU  J

NA2 
0 I.28   
1.
06   
1.
56   
0.
09  

已.



舀』U

, .几

丹几甘 八U
托 』 八”. 6”口 八”.

.几 n甘 勺r 几11甘

丹甘U

月1

目』U  月
K20 7.29   
10.
49   
7.
43   
4.
26    
‘.

山.
门.

..


‘已. 6曰甘 nU日
月上 虎“甘 .,自
”. ‘

‘日 已7曰 ,上
几IIU

.‘曰

二. 日.. ,.

..‘ .
.已‘
“U

内llU

 U 
P2os I.
09   
0.82   
0.70   
0.88    

..
..

J.

日  

舀IIU

八Ij. 八U.
”甘 八U

..1 丹勺口

内U

比”甘

U口 几U
蕊”甘

户几口

目 r   
LOI 3。07
   
2.0
7   
2.
07   
8.
19    


..


内n甘

月U口

几甘                            
几11甘

月U曰

nU.

户介叮

几”.

血“U

, .‘
, 卫占

口.二                                      

, . ‘                                                                               

舀.几                                                                                

甘 .占

八仙叮

肠J
n M 臼       

Tot
al 9
7-97
   

9.9
6 1
00.
00   
97。
84  

 
口                                     
                   叮

    

      

      

    

                                                                                

      
门.


cs 肠 舒 肚 肠 u 恤 ce 湘 防 血 饰 孔 加 Y 朴 九 盯 女 Ni co cr 介

内U.

口‘
  
66, 340   33    74 7    15    91 9             
     3

      
曰了. .咨口
八U. 曰』U

,工
11
n月U 

403 544   459   596 156   343   449   317   169


 
  口

虎叭U
nU
nlj甘
    心

1150 1200    1834    3704 2531   812   646   930 276


嘴 .么

‘月1
咭 健 人

 .

‘.月

心 .几                  


价J自 月』U
..‘ 弓 白
 二

880 880   750    4390


       

2500    1267   1175   835 1
030

                

           口

‘”甘 ,九呼 6盯甘 八U


‘.二
品』日

白J‘
‘.人 ,口 ,.刀』 八从} .吃口 口‘口 ,.孟 几“” 益U} 自”甘 拍卜U .

八”. 月hU 民“U 几IIU 几“V 汽U口 门J曰 ,J


40,
   1843     38.0   137.D 29.0    41.0   
109.
0   16。
  

   

 .                                                    

口口
     
  

10.   30.0    10.5    28.0   5.5   18.


0   2.2            
   


  

‘.二 曲之叨 丹U叮 丹U口 曰,翻 j.几 6尸曰 内U


户介公
   

』卜公 .”甘 才已‘


Iz.
A     17810    96.0   254.0 197.
    ‘ ,

0   183.0   
149。
0   
118.0  


八U

, .卜
 占

I33. 355.0   193.0   578.0 40 4.0   302.0   


315.
0   
312.0
                              


几11甘 .‘公
a已压

62.   0. 0    90.0   232.0   0. 0   111.0   


165.
0   8210    


I2.   22. 6    20.3    41.0  20. 4    19.0   291
0   11.2  


的了曰 几曰甘 ‘.1 ,口
吕““. 几”即

亏』 ,卫‘ ,日 滋”甘 J已. .卜心

肠了曰
八”甘

‘.占
八幼

口』U
2.   3. 00    3.33 ?. 60
   4. 98    2.50   3.
30   2.60
    
‘.

..
‘.几
口nU

月叮
口‘

几U曰
0.     I.12    1.41    2.90  I. 79    0.80   1.
10   0.81    

  Jt. nU

丹勺.

白吸口
,习

‘且.占 , 峥
晶砚叨 已1公


人口

2.   3. 44    3.12    2.60  I. II


     I。10   1.
90   1.09  
‘.

行..

门‘、
n甘

, 口

0.   1. 32    0.46    0.36  0. 13    0.13  


    

,    


目j自

口吕 . 门了曰
八』 U

2I   40   59            26   2 9   1 6           


砚户自
的了 曰

n月甘
月1 者几已 ‘‘‘ 日.. 几曰切 J吕 

16   35   13    46   205    66   41   182


          

几、U 二 甘
几“甘

I.
39   
1.5
0    0.90 3.12    0.86    3.
  
90 1 8-70    3.00   Z.
60   
11.
  
00
..几 盆hU 拍hU 目咨U 月M替

4.
0   5.? 5.3 17.2   911    25.0   10.3    25.0   18.
0   17.0   
      
1盆孟
几盆U
二” 叮

6j目
n 
几U曰 nU  n.

的 户曰
八”甘
品U仙
‘   

介、U


50   
825         
605
   

351   
787
   
575
月目U
丹U口

d.

六U口
,d
 几

工卜臼

12   153    80  
  ,

271   307   980          
,心

  

介.
而1
』甘

.山


14   39    36   46   19    28   69  


  nU
  八

J .nU  .k甘
价了曰
,自
,自

蕊心叨
比』U
月n甘
 口

no                    
   

10   776    50   0   425   455   


1180    
,口
自JJ

门 

,口
‘月.舀
卜日
. 

7   19    18    25    10    15    15  


占     


ncompat
ible el
eme nt
     s,
 normali
zed t
o a pri
mordial 
ma n
tle 
compo si
- Ka
maf
ugi
ti
c r
ocks 
have 
var
iabl
e i
nco
mpa
tib
le-
elemen
t p
att
ern



on, f
or 
represent
ative p
otass
ic 
and ul
trapotass
ic 
rocks.
 Roman-type (
ig.
f  21
3).
 Th
ose 
fr
om 
eas
te
rn 
Afr
ica 
hav
e a 
conv
ex-
upwa
rd 
pat
te
rn

ocks 
have fra
cti
ona te
d (th
at 
is, 
ste
ep) patt
erns s
howing hi
gh abun- with 
n o t
it
anium anoma l
y and hi
gh niobi
um  a
nd tant
alum c
oncentr
a-

ances 
of LILE and are 
rel
ati
vely d
epleted 
in t
he hig
h fi
eld
-st
rength t
ions, and they cl
osel
y resemble intr
aplat
e socl

um-  al
kal
ine r
ocks

lement
s (
HFSE)
, t
ant
alum  
(Ta)
, ni
obi
um (
Nb),
 zi
rconi
um (
Zr), (
for ex a
mpl e, Wood, 1979 )
. By contra
st, 
karnafug
iti
c ro
cks fr
om

afni
um 

Hfi,
 a
nd 

ita
niu
m ji
). 
The 
def
ici
enc
y i
n HFSE 

s t
ypi
cal
 of centr
al  
Ita
ly ha v
e negati
v e ano
ma lies 
of ti
tani
um,  ni
obium, and

ubduct
ion-
rel
ated 
rocks 
(Pear
ce, 
1982) 
and 
als
o has 
been 
obs
erved t
an t
alum  a
nd are i
ndis
ti
ngui s
habl
e from Roma n-t
ype hig
h-pota
ssi
um

n 
po t
ass
ic i
ntrusi
ve 
rocks 
and vol
ca n
ic 
rocks 
that 
ar
e  a
ssoc
iat
ed wit
h rocks.


ld or
ogen i
c are
as i
n a 
nu mber o
f pla
ces suc
h as 
the Scot
tis
h Cale- L    
amproi
tes 
from  zones 
o f rece
n t
 oroge
nesis, 
such as
 Corsi
ca,

onicl
es 
(Thomps on 
and Fowler,
 1986),
 Note 
that 
negati
ve 
anoma l
ies c
ent
ral
 It
aly,
 and sou t
heast
ern  Spai
n, have st
eep patt
erns
 showing

f HFSE  ar
e shown as well
 by shos
hon i
ti
c r
o c
ks from th
e Aeoli
an n
ega
tiv
e anoma l
ies of HFSE,  bari
um  (Ba),
 and st
ronti
um  (
Sr).
 In

sl
ands (
fig. 
2A) g
ene
ral 
te
rms ,
 th
es e pat
ter
ns are very s
imila
r t
o those 
that
 t
ypica
lly


pis
ode
s, 
Vol
. 1
5, 
no.
 4
246

山曰}2丈层 闪S Q国0芝田 山、昌UO国


loom
山闷卜之记晌

1000

         称
之曰子曰自名0芝日 八、留QO名

1砚1洲〕 : 厂’*

100
翰热气 少、

100  

帐 米・
・一平

10
10

A 。 Rb 
Ba 
"  
U K 
Ta 
Nb 
La 
Cz 
Sr 
Nd 
P Hf 
Zr 
SM 
Ti 
Th 
Y C 。 Rb 
Ba 
Th 
U K 
Ta 
Nb 
La 
Ce 
Sr 
Nd 
P Hf 
Zr 
Sm 
Ti 
Tb 

田曰』2一
山曰}2〕

1000
1000

丈芝 曰子
、芝 〕侧目

曰0名0芝田 a、园口0国

100
(目 0芝国 a、国VO国

100

10
10

日 D Cs 
Rb 
Ba 
Th 
U K 
Ta 
Nb 
La 
Ce 
Sr 
Nd 
P Hf 
Zf 
Sm 
Ti 
Th 

Cs 
RbBaThU 
KTaNb 
La 
CcSrNdP 
HfZT 
Sin 
Ti-
nY

Figure 
2.-Pat
  ter
ns of 
inc ompatible 
elements  normalized 
to a pn- 户om baseme nt 
in centr
al It
aly 
(ci
rcles
); data 
from table 
1 ,
 Ve n-
mo rd
ial 
ma ntle composit
ion  (
Wo od,  
1979) 
fo r some  r
epresentative tur
ell
i and 
others (1984), 
Nixon and others (
1984), and Sandr o
potas
sium-nc h rocks. 
A, Sho s
honi t
ic (
circl
es) and Ro man-type (as- Conti
cell
i (
un publi
shed  d
ata, 1
989 )
. D,  Lamproiti
c  r
ocks from
ter
isks
) r
ocks ; 
da t
afrom table 1. 
B, Kama fugitic 
rock s
from  central Weste
rn Australi
a (t
riangles
) an
d Leucite Hill
s, 
Wyo ming, in the
It
aly 
(cir
cles) 
a nd eas
ter
n Afiri
c a 
(open squares),. 
dataf
 rom table I. west
ern USA  (c
ircl
es); 
data户o i
n tabl
e I and Vollmer and others
C, Lampr o
ihc  rocks 
from  Cor si
ca (t
riangle
s ), cent
r a
l It
aly (ope n (1984).
squares
), a
nd  s out
heast
er n Spa i
n (ast
erisks
);  
gne is
ses and schists

are shown  by up pe r 
crustal 
rocks l
ike pe l
it
es or thei
r me t
amo rphic ati
ve anoma l
ies of 
HFS E  s
eem  t
o be t
he ma in way to discr
imi na
te
equivalents (
fig, 2Q   (
see Con t
icel
li 
a nd Pecceri
llo, 1
992) .
 Some  of between int
raplat
e and subducti
on-re
lat
ed  potass
ic r
oc ks. 
Ho we ver

thes
e  f
eat
ur es, 
suc h as 
ne gat
ive 
spikes of ni
obium a nd 
stront
ium,  
also it 
mus t be not
ed  t
hat rocks t
hat ar
e ve ry simil
ar to Roma n- t
ype
are observed in  l
a mproi t
es fr
om  Leu ci
te Hills i
n  Wyomi ng in the volca
nic  rocks,
 c ont
a i
ning negativ
e a noma lie
s of HFSE,  have
weste r
n USA  a nd from  We st
ern Australia 
(fi
g.  
2D) been found recentl
y in zones 
that a
re awa y from rec e
nt or acti
ve
Lamp roit
e s 
a nd kama fugit
es contain t
he highes    
t abundances of subducti
on  (
for example, th
e Sapu c
ai graben  i
n Paraguay; Comi n
the fer
rorna g
ne sian  t
race elements nickel (
Ni ) 
and  chromium  (Cr) Chiaramo nt
i an
d others,
 1992). 
This makes the r
elat
ion s
hip between
(s
ome t
ime s mor e than  1,
000  p
arts per mill
ion), but s
c an
dium  (Sc) geochernica
l si
gnature
s and tec
tonic 
set
tings more in
triguing.
rare
ly e xceeds  20 -25  part
s per  
mi lli
on  (
Mi tc
he ll 
an d Bergma n,
1991

I    
n 
summa r
y, t
he degree 
of enri
chme nt 
in 
the i
ncomp ati
ble el
e- St
ront
ium, ne
odymi
um,
 l
ead,
 and 
oxyg
en 

sot
ope
ments of pot
a s
sium-ri
ch rocks essent
ial
ly depends on thei
r  main ge
ochemis
try
pet
rolog
ical charact
eri
sti
cs, es
pe ci
all
y  t
he abundance of K20.  In
cont
rast
, t
he s
tyle o
f i
ncompa t
ibl
e-element e
 
nrichment, 
especi
ally t
he Wor
ldwi
de,
 po
tas
sium-
ri
ch 
roc
ks 
deine 
f two 
dis
tin
ct 
tre
nds 
on 

LILE/HFSE  r
ati
os ,
 see
ms  t
o be a 
functi
on of t
he ge
ologic s
etti
ng in 8
7S
   

/86
Sr-   

43Nd
l   
14
4N
   
d 
di
agr
am 
(ig.
f  3)
. 
One 

rend,
 f
orme
d b
y t
he
which p
otassi
c rocks have 
be e
n  g
ene r
ate
d.  
This makes some rocks Smo
ky 
But
te 

Mon
tan
a) 
and 
Leu
cit
e Hi
ll
s (
Wyo
min
g) 
USA 

amp
roi


rom  
dif
fer
ent 

ect
oni
c envi
ronment
s l
ook 
simi
lar 

n t
erm s 
of 

ndi
vid- t
es i
n t
he 
wes
ter
n USA  and t
he Gr
eenl
and l
arnDroi
tes. di
sr)
lavs
ual
 maj
or-el
ement 
cha
ract
eris
tic
s but 
st
ri
kingl
y di
ffe
rent 
on 
the 
bas
is r
el
at
iv
ely
   

ow 

7S
   

/8
   
6S
   

 an
d v
ari
abl
e 
but
 g
ene
ral

y l
ow 
neo
dymi
ur
r,
of 
some t
rac
e-e
lement 
abundances 
and r
ati
os.
 In 
part
icul
ar,
 t
he 
neg- i
sot
opi
c r
ati
os.
 Th
e s
econd 
tr
end 

s de
fine
d b
y t
he 
bul
k of 
pot
ass
ic

Decem ber 
1992
247


nd ul

rapo
tas
sic r
ocks 
and by g
roup-t
wo micaceous 
kimberl
it
es. 
It R 5130


hows mor
e v
ariabl
e st
ront
ium and n
eodymium  i
sotopi
c r
ati
os a
nd

oin
ts 
to 
th
e i
sotopi
c co
mpos i
ti
on of 
the 
upper
 cru
s t

Lead 

sot
ooi
c r
ati
os 
are 
shown 
in 
igur
f e 4.
 Cent
ra    
l 
It
alv 
Dot
assi


ocks h
a ve l
owe r   
20
7P   
h/2
 0
4P   
h ra
tios t
han s
odium-alkal
ine r
ocks of 0.
5125      


ast
ern Af r
ica (
Voll
me r
, 1977; 1989).
 Some l
a mproit
es f
rom int
ra- 七


lat
e set
tings, s
uch 
as We s
te r
n Au st
ral
ia,
 Gaussbe
r g 
(East 
Antarc- 享

ica
), and th e wes
ter
n USA,  ha v
e a  r
elat
ivel
y wi de rang
e o f

07

   
b/
20
4P
   
b a
nd 
po
orl
y 
va
ri
ab
le   

06
P   
h/

 0
4P
   
h 

sot
opi
c 
si
gna
tu
res
. 勺

Z 0
1 .
512

Oxygen 
isot
opic 
rati
os 
of 
potas
sic 
rocks 
are 
ver
y var
iabl
e. Mu
    
ch

f t
his
 va
riab
ilit
y may be an 
eff
ect 
of cr
u s
tal
 cont
aminati
on dur
ing

he 
ti
me t
hat 
ma gma ri
ses 
to t
he 
surf
a c
e. 
Howe ver,
 maic 
f ro
cks a
lso

how 
a t
ende
ncy 
to 
hav
e hi
gh   
81
80   
wi
th 
res
pec
t t
o ot
her 
bas
alt
ic 0.
5115


ocks. 
It i
s sti
ll und
er deba
te  a
s to whe t
her t
his 
d epends on  t
he

haract
eri
sti
cs of 
the 
source 
or on a
s s
imilat
ion 
processes t
ha t
 si
gni仁

cant
ly modify the oxygen i
so t
opic comp osi
ti
on bu t have minor 0.
704 0 70月 0.
712 0_716 0.
720 0.
724


ffec
ts 
on ma}
lor- 
and 
tra
ce-el
eme nt 
chemi s
tr
y and 
radiogenic i
sot
opic

ompos i
ti
on (see Turi 
a n
d others,
 1 986; 
Holm  and Mu n ksgaar
d, 87Sr 
/ 
86Sr

986; 
and 
ref
erences 
ther
ein)

Figure 3.-St r
ontium-ne o
dy mium  is
otopic vari
ations i
n potassi

and ult
rapotass
ic r
ock s
. Dataf 
rom  Sandro Conticell
i 
(unpublis
hed
data, 
1989), Nelso
n  and others 
(1986), Foley and othe
r s
 (1987)

Pe
troge
nes
is Nelson (19
92 )
, and re
ferences t
herein. 
Ab brevia
tions: 
C., ce
ntral

E., e
ast; 
S., s
outh; MORB,  midoc
e anic
-ridge basalt

Hi
stor
ica
l pe
rspe
cti
ve
EAST A FRICA
The genesis of 
potassi
um-ric
h  magma s has b
een one of 
the most


debat
e d 
iss
u e
s of i
gneous 
pet
rology. 
Th e 
mo st 
puz
zlin
g char
acteri
st
ic







NA
 





AL



 


15.
8 CENT RAL

ha t
 
ea rl
y p
e t
rologis
ts 
consi
der
ed wa s 
the 
high a
bundance 
of 
elements I
TALY       


ike pota
ssium,  
rubi
djum, 
thori
u m, 
a n
d  u
ranium, 
which t
ypi
c a
lly 
are PAL
enr
iched 
in 
crus
tal 
rocks,
 in 
maf
ic 
bas
alt
ic 
rocks 
under
sat
urat
ed 
in
si
li
ca of obvious subcrust
al or
igin. Is
otopic s
tudies 
(Hu r
ley 
a nd
ot
hers,
 1966) added a
dditi
onal 
problems by indi
f ng t
hat 
some po
ta s

si
c ro
cks from  ce
ntral 
Ital
y had str
onti
um  isot
opic si
gnatur
es 
that G
AUS
SB
ERG
 0

膺右
were 
closer t
o crust
al 
values 
than to mantl
e values,
 a 
in
f din
g con-
ir
f med by success
ive i
sotopi
c i
nvestigat
ions (
for e
xamp l
e, Hawke s
- 15_

。 ND ONFSI

wor
th 
and 
Vol
lmer,
 1979)

q头寸


Th e fi
rs t 
attemp ts t
o e    
xplain potas s
ic ma gma tism  date back to
0囚、qdL

the beg i
n ni
n g of the  century whe n Da ly (191 0)  
sugg es t
e d that p
ot a
s-
sic ma gma s we re the pr oduc t
s of the assimi l
a ti
on of  ca rbon at
e rocks



CI


 
II

},

oN

by  "norma l" sodiu m- alkali


n e basalts. 
Ri t
tma n (193 3) app lied Daly's
hy pothesis t
o  Somma -Ves uv i
us  and, by ex ten si
on,  to the  "Me dite
r- 15_

rane an Seri
e s," 
a s pota s
s i
c rocks we re name d  at 
that  
time.  
Ac cording PRA IRIE  
CREEK

to Rittma n, 
po tassic ma g ma s 
we r
e the produ cts of t
h e as similati
on of
carbo nate rocks  
by  t
rachy ti
c  ma gma s, wh ich,  
in turn,  we re derived O
from  a sodium- alka line basalt by fract
iona l 
c rystall
iza ti
on  proc e
s s
es. SM OK Y  
BI门 甲
】F

In  t
his  
frame wo rk,  the  hi
gh  content of  potassium  in  the Somma -
Ves



ra
s 
tr


uvi
hy
be
ng



us 
e,
ng 
hen

oc
 wh
a 

ks




 

wa
as
od
d by t
uc

s 
 t

ex

 

e u
of 
e pr
la


es

nd






d 

bo



na
ce o
s 

ur

be

e 

f 





ng 
on i
ynt
hic

inhe
n s
xi
k c
s.

 







Th
bo
d 

e 
na


om 
a wa
hy
e s
po

th
s i

e 
nt

qu

es




nc
vo
pr
s 







wa
s i




15_

夕一,
16    17     18 19 20

the  baseme nt  r


o cks  of  Somma -
Ve suv ius a nd  by  the  p r
e sence of 20
61?
b / 

041
?            

nu me rous carbona te xe nolit
hs  within the lavas a n
d  py roc last
ic ma t
e-
rials 
of t
ha t 
vol can o.  
Howe ver ,
 this 
hy poth esis 
wa s di ic
f ult 
to apply Fi
gure 4.-Le
  ad 
isot
opi
c compos
iti
on of potass
ium-nc
h  rocks


o eas
ter
n Af
rica 
becaus
e of 
the l
ack of 
limest
one 
in 
that ar
ea. Dat
a fr
om  Voll
mer (
1977
), 
Varne 
and Fode n 
(1986)
, Ne
lson and
Accordingly, 
Hol me s (1
95 0) 
propos ed 
the the
or y 
of t
he assi
mi l
ati
on ot
hers 
(1986)
, Nel
son口992),
 and 
re
ference t
herei
n.
of 
granit
es  
by c arbon at
iti
c ma gma s f
or this
 re
gion.
A syn t
ectic origin f
or potassi
um- ri
ch rocks was    
 t
he mo st 
widely
accep
ted  hypoth esis until t
he  1960s  
whe n Sa vell
i (1
96 7) cl
early ni
cke l
, i
n the most  
pri
miti
ve potass
ic r
oc k
s. Furth
ermor e, ca
rbon-
demon st
rated t hat  potassi
c ma gma s ha ve higher incomp ati
ble- at
iti
c me l
ts h
ave temp e
rat
ures 
(600-800 'C; Le Bas, 
1987 ) t
hat a
re
el
eme nt abund anc es than  d
o  both c r
ustal r
ocks ,
 especial
ly li
me - si
milar t
o or lower t
han t
he granit
e sol
idus, an
d  a
ccordingly, 
they
st
ones, a
n d any c ommon  basalt
ic or 
trachyti
c l
iquid. 
Equ all
y i
mpo r- would be 
unabl e 

o assi
mila
te gr
aniti
c r
ocks. 
Th ese 
li
nes of e
vidence

ant, 
the 
a ssi
mi lati
on  of 
granit
e by a carbonati
ti
c me l
t di
d not 
explain le
d to 
r u
ling 
out  
assi
milat
ion a
s a ir
fst-
order pro
c es
s r
espo nsi
ble f
or

he hi
g h 
co nte
nt s of f
e r
roma gnesian el
emen ts,
 such as 
chromium and th
e compos it
ional 
feat
ures
 of p
otassi
c magma s.

即i
sod
es,
 Vol
.万,n
o. 

248

    
In the 
fol lowi ng ye     
ars , 
the hyp othe ses  
that be ca me  po pul ar we re Exp erime nt
a l 
inve s tigation s on  na tura l 
roc k syste ms  (
se e Edga r,
based on  gase ous trans f
e r and  me tasomat ic cha n ge s of eithe r ma ntle- 1
98 7;  
Ed ga r  and  Vu ka di no vic,  1 992;  Fol ey,  1992 a,  for a  revie w)
or crust-derived  ma gma s. Howev er, as not ed by  Car mi cha el (1967 ), demo ns t
rate d that ma n y  ultrapo tas si
c  ma gma s we re  i
n e quilibr i
um  at
it 
wa s a my stery  as t
o  how  such a r andoml y ope ra ti
ng  p roc ess cou l
d high  pr essure  wi t
h  phl o go pite-p yrox e nite  assembl a ges , rathe r than
produ ce simi l
a r comp os itions wo r l
d wide  for  
p otas sic roc ks . with  nor ma l pe r
idot i
tes . Ad dition ally,  
th eor et
ic al 
g eoc hemi c al mo d-
Mu ch mor e con straine d mod e ls 
we re pr opo se d by  Ha rris    
 
(1957 ), cli
n g  s
h owe d  that an enr ich ed  ma nt l
e  sou rce wa s 
requi red in  orde r 
to
O' Hara  and  Yod er  (1967 ) , and  Ka y  an d  Ga st  (19 73 ). Al l thes e acco un t f
o r inc o
mpa tibl e-elemen t conc e ntration s 
in  potas s
ic  basa lt
s.
hypo thes e
s sh ared  t
he  obvi ou s assertion tha t, bec aus e of  t
he ir ma ic
f The se  li
n es of  ev ide nce  led  to  the  c onc lusi
on  t
ha t the  up per    
cha r
ac t
e ri
sti
c s, the gen es i
s  of t
he  primi ti
ve  po tass i
c  ma gma s wa s t
o ma nt l
e  i
s he teroge neous  at  
a  smal l
 sc ale b ecaus e of the  introduc tion
be plac ed with in the up pe r ma ntl
e. of me tasoma tizi
ng  agen ts tha t a re  rich  in  i
n compa tible  eleme nt s

Ha rri
s ( 195 7) sugg este d a zone    
-reini
f ng  pro ces s for th e gen era- Howev er, the na t
ur e an d or igin of  the me tasoma ti
z ing ag ents a r
e  st
il

ti
on  of  
po t
a ssic ma gma s . Zo ne refining  is a  techni q ue  us ed in  t
h e a ma tter fo r disc ussion.  In  ge ne ral  t
e rms ,
  sil
icate  mel ts  or lo w-
st
e el 
in dustry to  purify  me tal bars  by me lt
ing  the m  a t one  en d and den sity ga seous  lu
f ids r epr esent  two  e xtreme  poss i
bi li
ties. Th eor eti

succes sivel
y  allowi ng the  me lt t
o  cross  
the  whol e bo dy  of  the me tal
cal and  exp erime nta l 
studi e s on  lui
f d lo
f w  in p orou s me diums  at high
by  movi ng  the  heat  
sou rc e. Thi s proc es s ex ploits  the  prop erty  of
imp uriti
es  
to  e nter pre ferentially  int
o  the  liqu id  pha se  du ring  t
h e press ure (fo r exampl e,  Wa tson  and  othe rs, 199 0)  sugg est tha t 
lo w-
partial me l
ting  of  
me ta l or  
any  crys tal
line  solid.  The  zo ne- r
e ini
f ng visco sity silica t
e  or c arbon ate  me lt
s  mi g rate  mo re  easil
y  t
ha n  do
gase ou s lui
f ds wi thin th e u pp er ma ntle.
proces s applied  to  potas sic ma gma tism  sug ge sted  tha t a  diapir  of
mol ten ma terial  ascendi ng  throug h the  ma n tl
e  wo uld  rise  adiabati- Ac cordi ng to  Mc Ke nzie  (198 9) , m     
elt fracti
on s  sma ller tha n I
cally 
by  me lti
ng  the roof roc ks  
at it
s top a nd by  crys tallizing  mi nerals perc ent  
ma y  be m o bile  w ithin  the  up pe r m an tl
e. T h ese  
liqu ids are
at i
ts bas e
. The  process wo uld be  able to swee p up  a ll 
the  impu ri
ties lik
el y to be  pre s
en t with in th e su blithos ph eric ma nt l
e  a
nd.  b eing less
(t
ha t 
is,  
incompa tible eleme nts) 
from  t
he  ma ntle tha t 
wa s cros sed by den se  than  the  ho st ro ck s, h av e  
a  ten de ncy  to  sep a
r ate fro m  the
the diapir. 
As  a result, 
th e mi grating mel t  
wo ul d b ecome  e nriche d in ma trix a nd mi gr
a te up wa rd. As  a res ult of the ir 
sma ll 
v olume,  they
incomp ati
ble e leme nts an d  wou l
d  attain ultrap otas sic co mpos iti
on. cann ot  tr
a nsp ort mu c h  hea t a nd,  ac co rding ly, free ze re adily wh en
O' Ha ra a nd Yod er ( 1967 ) s ugg es t
ed t h at p otas sium a n t
    
d hey  enter into  t
he  relativel y coo l  l
itho} phe ric ma n tl
e.  
Be caus e these
incomp ati
ble-el emC Dt enr ich me nt in subc rus t
a l ma g ma s ma y be  de- m elts  
are  
form ed by  
s m a l
l de gre es  
o f 
p artial  
m elti
n g  
o fm
  an tle r
o ck s

ri
v ed from  i
n trama ntle frac ti
on al 
c rystalli
za ti
on  of  omp ha citic pyrox - they  mus t  
be  ric
h  in inc ompa ti
b le eleme nts  and  v
ol atil
e  comp ou nds.
In fac t
,  
both  these comp one n ts st
r ong ly p artit
ion  i
nto  the li
q uid ph ase
ene an d garn et (eclogite fra cti
on ation) from  a ba saltic ma gma.
durin g p arti
a l me l
ting,  and  th eir a bun da nc e i
n  the me l
ts incre ases as
Fin al
ly,  on  the  bas i
s  of trac e-el
e me nt  qu an tit
a ti
v e  mod e
    
li
ng,
the de gree  of  partial 
me lting  de cr eases . Me t
a soma tic me l
ts  also are
Ka y an d Ga st (1 973) sugg ested th at t
he  hig h e nrichme nt in inc om- char acterized  bv  hi2h  ratios  of el ement s havi n2  different de2rees  of
patible e l
eme n ts and  t
he  st
rong  fra ct
iona tion  of  
r are-ea rth e l
e me nts

ncompat
imi
tty, 
sucn 
as 
KL)
/,)
r ane 

Nu/
om ,
 wni
cn 
give 
nign  }

r/一*
3r

RLE)
 i
n p
ota
ssi
c 
has
alt
s 
was 
an 
ef
fec
t 
of 

ery 

ow 
de
gre
es 
of 
pa
rti
al a
nd 
lo
w   

43
N   
d/

   

4N
   
d 
is
oto
pic 
ra
ti
os 
as 

hey 
age
mel
ti
ng of 
garnet
-bear
ing 
peri
doti
ti
c mantl
e. 
In orde
r t
o obta
in 
the
LREE en
richment of 
some u
ltr
apot
assi
c r
ocks, 
they ca
lcul
ate
d t
hat On  cooling, metas
o matic mel
ts yiel
d  vei
    

s  t
hat are ri
ch  i


ess 

han I 
perce
nt  
of 
part

al 
me l
ti
ng of 
a 
normal mantl
e was 
nec
es- phl
ogo pi
te 
an d P
otass
ium-ric
ht er
it
e 
and t
hat 
ma y 
contain 
in
compa tibl
e-
el
eme nt-
ri
c h acces
sory phas
e s s
uch a
s apat
ite. Gaseous 
lui
f ds 
li
be r

sary.
at
ed duri
ng  melt 
crys
tall
izat
ion ent
er 
the wal
l  
rocks 
and cause p
er v
a-

    
hese 
hy pothes
e s 
raised a 
seri
es o
f obJ
ecti
ons r
egard
ing bot
h the si
ve 
m et
asomat
ism  
around t
he vei
ns.
 M et
asomat
ic 
miner
als 
have
geocherni
cal  
and phys i
cal aspect
s of 
ma gma ge
ne r
ati
on and s
egrega-

o we r mel t
ing t
emp eratur
es than the 
s urroundin
g  mantl
e rocks; a
c-
ti
on. 
Howev e r,
 
the s
trong est 
drawb a
ck was t
hat 
the 
high 
and vari
able
cordingly,  
c r
ustal 
stret
ching or the upr i
se of i
sotherms due  t
o an
st
rontium  i
so t
opic signatures of matic 
po t
ass
ic ma gmas were not

mp inging hotsp
ot ,
 f
or ins
tance, may produ ce 
prefere
ntial 
me l
ting 
of
expla
in e
d.  
In fa
ct, 
the general 
view preva
lent 
at 

ha t
 t
ime 
wa s 
thatt
 he veins and  t
he consequent 
ge nera
tion of potass
ic magma s.
ma nt
le had  a homoge neous l
y low  st
ront
ium isot
opic c
ompo sit
ion,

7ST
/1
6S
   

 va
lue
s c
lus
te
ri
ng 
ar
oun
d 0.
703
-0.
704
. No
r wa
s i
t 
li
ke
ly Th e numb er of potas
sic veins present wit
hin the li
    
thospheri


ha t
 the radi
ogenic i
sot
opi c si
gn a
tu r
es were  der
ived fro
m  cr
usta
l ma ntle is a functi
on  of 
both  t
he  pr
ev ious par
tial 
me lti
ng hist
ory
of locahz ed mantle doma i
ns and  t
he time  i
nvolved. 
Cons equentl
y,
as
s i
mi l
ati
on, a
s very 
la
rge  amounts of 
upper crust
al 
ma ter
ial
 (s
ome-

hic k met asomati
c layers 
can  d
evelop u nder s
table 
cratons, 
whe re
as

imes  hi
gher t
han 70-80 pe r
cent) 
are necessary i
n order 
to modi
fy

h ese laye r
s  
are thi
n  or 
lacking  u
nde r young oc ea
nic  c
rust. 
Th i

si
gnifica
ntl
y the r
adiogenic is
otopic si
gnat
ur es of 
potassi
c magma.
explains why  potassi
c and ult
rapotass
ic  magma s ar
e so rar
e in oc
e-
Obviously, 
thi
s st
rongl
y c onf
lict
ed with 
the unde r
sat
u r
ati
on i
n si
li
ca ani
c envi
ronm ent

and t
he ma ic 
f comp osi
ti
o n of 
ma ny pota
ssic rocks.
Th e 
origin of
    
 
me t
asomati
c age
nts i
s l
ikel
y  t
o  v
ary in dif
fere
nt

ect
onic e
nvironme nt
s. I
n crat
oni
c ar
eas, 
the a
gen ts 
ma y be deri
ved

rom part
ial melti
ng of t
he subl

thospher
ic man t
le. I
nde ed, mantl

Mant
le 
met
asor
nat
ism 
and 
pot
assi
c magmat
ism met
asoma t
ism  i
n or
ogenic a
reas 
is 

argel
y a product of 
the lui
f ds 
or
mel
ts 
that 
are 
rel
eas
ed 
from 
the 
subduct
ed 
sl
ab.
 Ther
efor
e, 
it 
is 
not
The adv ent of t
he concept 
of ma ntl
e me t
asoma t
ism repres
ente
d  a un
reasonabl
e t
o e
xpect 
that 
metas
omati
c a
gen
ts of 
di
ffe
rent 
ori
gins

urning point  

n our 
und e
rst
anding of 
potass
ic and 
ultr
apotass
ic 
ma g- ha
ve dis
tinc
t g
eoche
rni
cal 
and i
sot
opi
c c
omposi
ti
ons. 
Me l
ts 
or 
lui
f ds
ma t
ism. Studies 
of per
idoti
ti
c xenoli
ths t
hat 
ha ve 
been t
orn f
rom t
h e i
n or
oge
nic 
env
iro
nme
nts 
are 
li
kel
y t
o be 
cha
ract
er
ize
d by 
high
upper ma ntle an
d brought 
to t
he s ur
face 
by high-speed ki
mbe r
li
tic LILE/HFSE  rat
ios, 
pos sibly as 
a conseque n
ce of HFSE-ri
ch residual
and al
k a
ic 
f basal
t 
erupti
ons p
rovided di
rect 
evidence 
for 
the p
rese
nc e phases bei
n g le
ft i
n th e sl
ab du r
ing melting. 
Thi s 
hypoth
esis nicely
of minerals ri
ch i
n incompati
ble el
eme nts
, such a
s phlogopit
e, 
am- explai
ns the high LILE/ HFSE  r
ati
os ot 
p otass
ic 
rocks t
hat 
are found
phibole, 
and  apat
it
e, wit
hin 
the upper mantl
e.  
In 
s o
me  cas
es, 
these in 
old or 
active 
oroge nic 
a r
ea s. 
Add i
ti
ona l 
complexiti
es 
in 
subdu cti
on
mi
ner
als 
wer
e f
ound 
to 
be 
concent
rat
ed 
in 
vei
ns, 
wher
eas 
in 
other
s zones ari
se from  t
he  fact 
that a l
arge variet
y of su
bducted 
ma t
e ri
al

hey 
wer
e di
spe
rse
d t
hrou
ghou
t t
he 
roc
k b
ody 
(se
e, 
for 
exa
mpl
e, might be i
n volved i
n  me t
as oma t
is
m  i
n the upper mantl
e. 
This ma te-
Ba
il
ey,
 19
82,
 an
d Me
nzi
es 
and 
Hawk
eswo
rth,
 19
87,
 f
or 
a 
rev
iew 
on ria
l ma y i
n clud
e  variously alt
ered sea-
loo
f r basalt
s, 
deep-s
e a sedi-
mant
le 
met
asomat
ism). men t
s, or,  dur
ing c ontinental coll
isi
on,  t
hinned conti
nent
a l crust

December 
1992

Schreyer 
and ot
hers,
 1987). 

    n t
he la
st 
case, 
the metasoma ti
c a
gents Kama fugi t
es  also have  low sodium  and aluminum  and  high

an have geocher
nic
al and i
sotopi
c  c
omp osi
tions ma t
ching t
hose of Mg O,  whi ch poi nt to t
he i
r ge n
erati
o n wi t
hin a refractory typ e of

he u
pp er 
crust
al 
roc
ks, and t
hese 
c har
act
eris
tics 
wi l
l be 
inherit
ed by phlogop it
e-be aring man t
le. Howe ver, t
he i
r high conte
nt  
of Ca O  sug-

otassi
c ma gmas. 
For inst
ance, t
he upper crust
al geocherni
cal and gests t
ha t 
this 
el eme nt 
wa s int
roduced  durin
g  t
he me t
as oma tic event

sot
op i
c signat
ure
s observed in s
ome  potassi
c volcanic rocks (
for al
on g wi th po tassium  and  incompatib l
e  e
leme nts (Con ti
ce lli and

xample,  
in t
he c
entra
l  
Ita
ly and Corsi
ca la
mpr oit
e s
) st
rongly in
di- Pecc er
ill
o,  1992 ). 
Fu rt
hermo re, 
the st
ron g degree of 
silica und ersat


ate 
the in
volvement 
of upper cr
ustal 
roc
ks in mantle 
me tasomati
sm urati
on  indicates  t
ha t t
he  karnafu
gites we re  g
en era
ted  withi n the

Peccer
ill
o, 
1990;
 Cont
icel
li 
and 
Pecceri
ll
o, 
1992)
. cond i
ti
o ns of hi gh pr e
ssure and high  COAC02 +H2 0) , wh ich are
By  c
on t
rast,
 in  intra
plate  envi
ronme nt
s, me     
tasoma t
ic agen t
s known  to favo r the ge nera
tion of si
lica-poor,  
unde r
satur a
ted  me lt

proba bly show  e
nr i
chme nt  
in all 
the i
ncompa t
ible el
emen ts, i
nclud- (s
ee  Mys en, 19 77; Br e
y, 1978;  
Wyl l
ie,  
1979) .

n g HFSE.  Howe ver, I must  
poi n
t out 
that 
subduc t
ion-rel
ated ma t
e- Roma n-type ma gma s 
ha ve hi
gh Ca O,  
A120    
3, 
and Na 20 c on t
e nt


ial can be recycled t
hr ough the upper mantl
e and can be i
nvolved  i
n t
ha t r
equire a " f
ertile" 
pe r
idotiti
c s
ou rce tha
t  
has not und ergon e any
potassic ma gma t
ism long  t
ime  ate
f r i
ts i
ntr
oduction withi
n the upper si
gn ifi
cant  
extrac t
ion of basalt
ic melts before metasomat ism a nd the
ma ntle (Nelson, 1992). In t
his case, 
it 
is 
not s
urprising t
hat pot
a s
s i
c gene r
ation of pot assi
c ma gma s.
ma gma s  having arc-
type  geoch emical cha
racte
risti
cs  ca
n be fou nd
awa y from  any acti
ve or recent subducti
on zone.

Ex
per
ime
ntal
 pe
trol
ogy 
and 
pot
ass
ic 
magmat
ism Conc
ludi
ng 
remar
ks
Ma ntle  me tasoma t
is
m  prov ides an  ade q
ua te ex planation  for ma ny
geocher nic al 
an d isot
o pic ch aracteri
stics of potas si
c ma gma s .
 How- Ge
oc
he
mi
ca
l 
an
d 
ex
pe
ri
me
nt
al
 s

udi

s 
ha
ve 
pr
ov
id
ed 
ne
w i
ns

ght
ever, othe r rel
eva nt characte ri
stics, 
su ch as th
e  pe t
roche mi cal diver
- in
to 
the pet
rogenesi
s 
of pot
ass
ic 
ma gmas 
and have cont
ri
buted t
o our
sit
y in  terms  of  sil
ica  s
atur ati
on  and  of t
he  abu nd ance  of  s
odium unde
rstandi
ng bet
ter 
the pr
ocess
e s
 of 
mantl
e evoluti
on. 
The  f
oll
ow-
(Na), c alcium  (Ca ), 
an d a lumi num  (M) ,  
re q
ui re integration of the in
g main point
s s
eem e ss
enti
al 
in or
der 

o un ders
tand t
he composi-
me t
as oma ti
c hyp o t
hesis .
 Ex pe ri
men ta l 
st
udi es on  synthetic a n
d  nat
- ti
ona
l  
chara
c t
eri
st
ics 
and t
he g
eologic
al 
si
gniic
f a
nce of 
pota
ssic 
ma g-
m as:
ural syste ms  (Edg ar, 198 7; Ed ga r 
a nd Vu ka dinovi c, 1992;  
Foley,
1992a ) ha ve provi ded  a we alth of da t
a that  
allow  us  t
o  sugge st 
an Fi
    
rst,
 the 
met
asomat
ic i
ntr
oduct
ion 
of 
lui
f ds 
or 
mel
ts 
int
o t
he
explana tion for the problems. up per  ma n tl
e  is c ruc i
al  f
or  the  produ ction  of a n e nriche d  sou r
ce
We ndl andt and Eggl e r(     
1980)  
re ported resu lt
s of ex per i
me nta
l ma terial. Me taso ma tic proce sses are be li
eve d to gene rate phl ogo pit
e-
stu
dies  on  the KAI S'O4 _Mg O_ S'O2 -HZ O-CO,  sys t
em,  wh ic h corre
- and  pot assium- amphi bole-rich  veins  
th at 
me l
t  
readily  i
n  respon se to
sponds  to  a me tasoma tized, potas si
um- enriche d, phlog opite-be ar
ing cru st
a l s
tre t
c hing  or  an increa se in tempe rat
ur e. Th e high  stron tiu

peri
d otite. The y showe d tha t, 
in t
h e 
pr esence of low  total 
amou nts 
of and  low  neod ymi um  isotopic ratios  that cha racteri
z e mos t pota ssi

volatil
e  ma tter, small degr ees of p a
rtial 
me lt
ing  wo uld pro duce po- ma gma s ma y b e de ri
ve d either  
from  th e 
time -integ r
a ted evo lution of
tas
sic ma gma s. The stability iel
f d  of enstati
te inc r
ea sed as pre ss
ure high  Nd/ Sr n a nd  Rb /Sr r a
tios of  vein  ma teri
al  
or  f
r om  the  inpu t 
of
incr
e ased  and ma de t
he se l
iqu ids vary from  overs at
ur at
ed to  st
rongly mel ts or lui
f ds th at 
a re r
el e
a sed by  upp er 
c rustal ma t
e ria
l  
bro ugh t in
to
unders atura t
ed  in  s
ili
c a a s the  depth  of  melting i ncrea sed. Th i
s the  ma ntle as  a resu l
t  
of the  s
u bdu ction pr ocess .
experimen tal wor k clea r
ly  highlights the roles  of pressure  and  t
he Sec ond,  the me lting of a ve i
ne d ma nt l
e  prod
    
uces p etrologica l
ly
lu
f id-p ha se compo si
tion  i
n  t
he  gen e
ra ti
on of the  variable de gr
e es 
of va ria
bl e pot ass i
c liqui ds  
that dep end  n ot only on  the  depth  of me lt

sil
ica sa t
ur ati
on  in pota ssi
c  ma gma s. Ho we ver . i
t doe s no t e
xpl ai
n ing,  
th e co mpos iti
on  and abu nd anc e of lui
f d ph ases , and th e na tu
re
other pe trologica l c
ha racterist
ics  su
c h as the  range  of the  sodium, (fertil
e  or refrac t
or y)  
of the ma n t
le prot ol
ith but  al
so  on the d egre e 
of
calci
um,  a nd alumi num  abu ndanc e from  l
a mpr oites to Roma n -t
ype pa rti
al  
me lt
in g. Th e  last determi nes  t
he  relative amou nt o t the ho st

ocks 
and 
shos
honi
tes. roc k that is inv olve d in the me lting (Be rgma n, 198 7; Fole y,  1992b ).
On e wa y to obtain    
 
sodi um- , 
c alci
u m- ,
 and a l
umi nu m- po or mag - The  distribut i
on  of  incompa ti
ble  ele me nts in  po t
a ssi
c  ma gma s i

mas  wou ld be  t
o assume  t
ha t  
their sour c
e  r
egi on  wa s de p leted in likely t o r efle ct th e  comp ositi
o n  of  t
h e  me tasoma ti
zin g  age nts.

hese  comp one nts. De pleti
o n  i
n  these  el
eme n ts wi thin  the  upper The s
e,  in  turn,  ha ve  variable  geoch e rn
ic al signa t
u res tha t de pend
mantle c an 
be  a chi
eve d 
by  extracting ba sal
ti
c liqu ids from  a " fertil
e" upo n  the i
r  so urce  (tha t i
s , the  subdu c
ted  slab  or  sublitho sphe ri



ferzol it
e,  
on e  t
hat has n ot un d
ergo ne  any prev ious  me lting  eve nt
. ma ntl
e ). 
Ho we ver, res i
dua l 
ph ase s 
c an play  a r
ole  as we ll 
du ring  t
he
Exper i
me nt
al  s t
udies ( for e xamp le ,
  Mys en a nd Ku shiro,  1 977) me l
ting o f ve i
ns  and  thereby  can d etermi ne some  of t
he  geo ch emi cal

ndica t
e t ha t,   
during   Iherzolit
e mel ti
ng,    
c li
no py rox ene a nd ch aracteristics of  po tassic 
ma gma s (Fol e
y  and Wh eller, 199 0) .
al
umi n um- ri
c h  s
pine] preferent i
ally enter the li
qui d  and  leave  a  r
e- Thir d, the  pota ssic li
qui ds forme d by th e me lti
ng  of  veins    
 al
so

ractory  harzb urgit
ic residue th a
t is deple t
ed in Ca,  Na,  Al . an d Sc ma y have  a role  i
n d etermi ning the g eoc hemi cal  
and  i
s otopic fea t
ures
and  i
s  en r
ich ed  i
n  MgO,  Ni ,
 a nd  Cr . 
Th ese  c hara ct
e risti
cs  are of  othe r ma gma s. s uch  as  cont inenta l
  t
hol eit
f ic  ba s
a l
ts,  sodi um-

nhe ri
te d by a ny ma gma  that  
is f
or me d by remel ting  of this  sou r
ce. al
kal
ine 
basal
ts,
 and 
cal
e-al
kal
ine 
vol
cani
c r
ocks 
(El
lam  
and 
Cox,
Acc ording l
y,  l amproi t
es a re be lieved t o be de rive d f rom a 1991 ;Crisci 
and others, 1991 ). I
n fa
ct ,
 ma gma s of any compo si
ti
on
phlogo pite- 
a nd  (
or) potassium- ri
c hterit
e-bea r
ing  ha rzbur gite ha ving ascending through  t
he  l
it
ho sphe ri
c meta s
oma ti
c layer are li
kely to
a 
co mpo si
ti
on  that r
esults fr
o m  t
he e arl
y e x
traction of ba sa l
tic liquids produ c
e pa rt
ial melting of  the  vei
ns  
an d  consequent  i
ntramantle
and is followe d by, at some  la
ter  st
age,  
the  met asoma tic in pu t 
of contamina t
ion of 
the upri
s i
ng  me l
t. 
Th us, 
the "po t
assic" g
eoc hemical
potassium  and  other incomp a ti
ble eleme nts (f
o r ex ampl e,  see  Foley signatur
es foun d i
n so me c alc-alkal
ine and  th
oleiiti
c rocks provide
and ot hers, 1 986, 1 987) . 
Th e range  in the s i
lica  comp os iti
on  of stri
king evidence that t
here  are few or no ma gmas  
that r
ep r
esent  


amp roi tes has  been  at
tributed  by  Foley and  o thers  (198 6)  to the given me lt 
ge ner
ated by  a single-st
age  process from  gi
ven  mantle
pr
e senc e of di ff
erent pres s
u res of  melting wi t
hi n  a redu ce d  upper rocks, 
but  
ma gma s r
epresent  
a blend 
of me lts t
hat f
o r
me d atdi
  f
f e
rent
ma nt
le  (HZO- CH4 -HF  volatile compos it
ion), so  tha t 
the  low- SiO, depths and by various degrees of parti
al me lt
ing (And ers
on,  1
9 9
0) .
hi
g h-MgO  l
a mpr oit
es  are forme d  at higher pr essu res tha n  are the Fourth, addit
ional compos it
ional change s of potassi
c  magma s
    
hi
g h-SiO,  
va ri
e t
ies. 
Th e  occu rr
enc e of diamon d  in  t
h e forme r type ma y result 
from  evoluti
on ary  proce
s s
es  
at  di
fferent depths. 
Th ese
suppo rts 
this hypo thesis. generate 
re s
idua l
 l
iquids 
tha t 
a re 
extr
eme l
y en r
iched in many  i
ncom-

印i
sode
s, 
Vol
. 1
5, 
no.
 4
250

pat
ibl
e ele
ments 
and in vo
lati

e  p
has
es.
 In some c
a s
es, 
the 
supers
at- Comi
n Chi
ara
mont
i, 
P.,
 Cun
dar
i, 
A..
 Gomes
, G.
B.,
 Pi
cci
ril
lo, 
E.M.
, Censi

ur
ati
on in 
vol
atil
e p
ha ses 

s at
tain
ed,
 an
d the se
parat
ion 
of H,O- a
nd P. , De  Mi n, A. , Be l li
e ni , G. , Velas quez,  V.F., and  Or ue,  D., 1992,     
lu
f ori
ne-ri
ch 
phases ma y 
tr
igger 
hug
e explosi
ve vol
canic e
rupt
ions. Pot a
s sic dyke  s
wa r m  in  t
he  Sapuca i  gr abe n,  eas
ter n Par aguay:  Petro-    
gr aphi ca l
, mine r
alogi cal  and  geoc hemi ca l out li
nes ,
 in Pecc er i
llo, 
A. , 
and    
The 
lu
f i
d 
pha
ses 

hat
 a
re 

epa
rat
ed 

rom 
ev
olv
ed 
pot
ass
ic 
magma
s a
re
Fol ey,  S.F., eds.,  Pot as s i
c  and  ult
ra pot as sic magmas  and  thei
r origin:    
able 
to 
carry l
arge 
amou nt
s of i
ncomp ati
ble 
elements 
int
o s
olutio
n.
Li thos,  
v. 28,  
p. 283-301.     
Th e 
per
colati
on of 
thes
e lu
f ids t
hrough wall 
rocks 
is 
resp
onsi
ble f
or Conticelli, S. , and Pec ce ri llo,  A. , 1992,  Pe trology  and  geoc hermst r
y  of
the min
eraliz
ati
o n 
of r
are elemen t
s (e
spec i
all
y t
horium, u
ranium, po tas sic and  ult
rap ot as sic  vol canism  in  cent r
al It
aly:  Petr ogenesis and    
LREE,  an
d  ant
imony) t
hat 
some times ar
e  a
ssoci
ate
d with 
potassi
c inf eren ces on the evol ut ion  of the ma nt le sour ces, i
n  Pecce r i
llo,
 A. , 
and    
vol
canoes 
(Locar
di,
 1986)
. Fol ey,  S., eds., Pot a ssi c a nd  ult
rapot ass ic magma s  and  t
heir origin:    
Ob vious l
y, ma ny  ques
    
ti
on s tha t are  r
el evant  t
o  th
e  o
rigin  of Li thos,  
v. 28,  
p. 221 -240     
potassic ma gma tism  rema i
n  t
o be  ans we red.  I
n  add i
tion t
o the co n- Cri
sci,  
G. M. , De Ros a,  R. ,  
Esp eran ca, 
S. ,  Ma zzuol i
, 
R. , 
and  Sonni no, M. ,
tr
ove rsy abou t 
the  t
yp e and  compos i
tion  of me tasoma ti
c agents an d 1991 ,Tempor al 
ev ol ut ion  of a  t
hree- c ompone nt sys t
em:  The  i
sland  of    
th
e  r
ole of res i
dua l 
pha ses during vei n me lting, a cr i
ti
c al
 i
ssue is the Li par i (Aeol i
an arc,  sout he rn  I
taly): 
Bul letin of Volca nologi que,  
v. 53, p.    
207-221.      
re
la t
ionship  betwe en  sodium- alkaline  an d p otassium- alkal
ine ma g-
Daly,  
R.A., 1910, 
Or i
gin of 
th
e al
kali
ne r
ocks: 
Geol ogical Society 
of  Amer-
ma s.
  Are  t
he  t
wo  t
ype s of alkaline ma gma s derive d fro
m  different

ca Bu l
leti
n, v. 
21,p.  8
7-115.     
depths wi t
hin  t
he  uppe r 
ma nt
le, or do  they  rele
f ct dif
ferent 
type s of Edgar,  
A.D. ,
 1987. Th e genes
is 
of a
lkali
ne magma s wi t
h emphas i
s on thei

me ta
soma tism?  
Or  
are they relat
e d to diffe r
e nt beh aviors 
of me t
a so- source 
regions; 
inferences 
fr
om experi
mental 
studies, i
n  Fit
ton, 
J.G. , 
and    
ma ti
c mi nerals during pa r
tial 
me lting as  a respo nse to vari
able ph ys- Upton, B.G. J
., 
e ds., 
Alkali
ne i
gneous 
rocks:
 Geol ogical  
Societ
y  Specia
l    
io
c hemi cal conditions? Thi s i
ssue ha s bee n discu ssed by Ryab chikov Pu
bli
cat

on 
30,
 p.
 29
-52.    
and othe r
s (1982 ), Ro gers and other s( 199 2), and  Edg ar 
and Vu ka d- Edgar, A. D., and  Vuka di novi c, D. . 1992,  I mpl icat i
ons  of  exper iment al
in
ovi c  (1
992 ),
 a mon g  others. The  larg e s pectrum  of hypothe ses petrology  t
o  the evol uti on  of ul
trapota ssi c roc ks , in Pec cer illo, A. ,
 and    
sugges t
ed by  these authors testi
fies t
ha t the topic is con t
roversi
a l 
an d Fol e
y,  S.
F. ,  eds.,  Pot as sic and ul t
rap ot as sic magmas  and  their origi
n:     
st
ill 
is ope n to 
de bate. Lithos , 
v. 28,  
p. 205-220.     
Ell
am,  
R.M. ,
 and  Cox,  
K. G. , 1991,An  i
nter pr etation  of Ka roo  picr it
e basalts

n ter
ms  of  interac tion  bet we en asthenos pher ic ma gma s  and  the mant le    
lit
hosphe re: Ear t
h  and  Pl anetary Sc i
enc e  Le t
t e
rs,  v.  1
05,  
p,  330-342.     
Fol
ey,  
S.F. ,
 1992a,  
Pet rol ogi cal  
character
iz at ion  of the  source c ompon ents 
of
Ac
knowl
edgme
nts potassic ma gmas : Geoche mi cal
 and  exper imen ta l cons traint s, in Pec-    
cerill
o,  
A. , 
and  Fol ey,  
S. F. , 
eds., Potas sic  and  ultrapotas sic magmas  and    
Th
is
 
pap
er
 o
ri
gi
na

ed 

ro
m t
he
 S
ymp
os
iu
m。。P
ot
as
si
c 

nd 
Ul

ra
po
- _

hei
r 



igi
n: 
Li
992b,

hos
, 
 

. 2

Vei
, 
p. 
18
ns 

-20

pl

us  wal l
-rock  mel ting  mec hani sms  in  the  l
ithos phere
   
ta
ssic 
Ma gma s, which wa s org a
nized by the aut
ho r 
and W.  
Schreyer
and  the  origi n of  potas sic alkal ine magmas,  in Pec ce rill
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 4

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